Dissertations / Theses: 'FIDIC form of contract'

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Day, Keith D. "The administration of the #botched' FIDIC contract : the problems arising out of the administration of a wrongly #slanted' contract for turnkey projects." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280915.

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Sertyesilisik, Begum. "An Investigation On The Application Of Standard Contracts In The Turkish Construction Industry." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608116/index.pdf.

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Construction contracts are one of the most important tools in the construction sector. They define the various aspects, obligations and relations between each party that are necessary to reach a common expected goal. They contribute to successful completion of projects. Turkish construction companies have successfully completed many projects in domestic and international venues and gained important experience in this respect however, they still encounter problems in application. The aim of this study was: - to analyze Yapim &amp #272 slerine Ait Tip S&ouml zlesme (Standard Contract for Construction Works, YIATS) of Kamu &amp #272 hale Kurumu (Public Procurement Authority KIK) and F&eacute d&eacute ration Internationale des Ing&eacute nieurs-Conseils (International Federation of Consulting Engineers, FIDIC) standard contract for construction - to identify problem areas and their causes in application of contracts - to compare YIATS and FIDIC contracts with respect to problem areas - to analyze views, experiences and recommendations of companies about YIATS and FIDIC contracts. In this study, based on survey conducted on contract literature, questionnaire was applied to member companies of T&uuml rk M&uuml teahhitler Birligi (the Turkish Contractors&rsquo Association, TMB). Applied standard contracts, Court of Cessation decisions and International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) arbitration awards were analyzed to determine problem areas. Telephonic and face-to-face interviews were performed with staff of companies for further information on their answers, their opinions and recommendations on problem areas. Additionally, hypotheses were tested: to determine the effect of existence of clauses on exposure of contractors to consequences of problems emerged in execution phase of contract to analyze relationship between problems encountered in FIDIC or YIATS and financial, temporal and non-compliance problem areas to analyze effect of cost determination method on emergence of problems related to these areas. These studies revealed main problem areas as: financial, temporal and non-compliance issues.

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Usta, Ergun. "Comparison Of International Federation Of Consulting Engineers And General Specification For Public Works Contracts From Risk Management Perspective." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606443/index.pdf.

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Contractors have to construct the projects efficiently in accordance with the contract provisions when they accept a contract. All construction projects involve risk and there is no possibility to eliminate all the risks associated with a specific project. Management of risk requires identification and analysis of risk factors. After this risk assessment step, proper response strategies have to be developed so that an optimum risk-reward structure is ensured. Contracts are the grounds where risk allocation schemes between parties are settled and risk-reward mechanisms are defined. Since contractors are usually unable to influence the contract conditions and clauses, they should understand which risks they are retaining under contract conditions. Thus, succesful management of risk requires understanding of contract clauses and identification of secondary risk factors created due to poorly defined contract clauses. The aim of this thesis is to investigate standard conditions of contract, namely FIDIC and GSPW, which are the most widely utilised contracts by the Turkish contractors, from the risk management point of view. For this purpose an interview form is prepared and interviews are conducted using this structured form. Implications of the contract clauses for the risk management strategy of contractors are discussed based on interview findings. The basic philosophy of FIDIC and GSPW are investigated so that necessary suggestions for the contractors can be made considering the risk allocation schemes defined in these documents.

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Bennani, Ali. "Les contrats FIDIC." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD073.

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Participant d'un mouvement global d'élaboration du droit par des organismes privés, la Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs Conseils (FIDIC) élabore et diffuse les contrats FIDIC. Il s'agit de contrats-types utilisés dans les grands projets de construction internationaux par les acteurs du secteur de la construction internationale. Les contrats FIDIC participent à la transnationalisation du droit applicable à ces projets. Cette transnationalisation pose la question de l'existence d'une lex constructionis, dérivée spécifique de la lex mercatoria.Pour répondre à la question de l'existence de la lex constructionis, l'auteur procède à l'étude de la formation et de l'application des contrats FIDIC The FIDIC ContractsThe International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC), participating in a global trend of creation of the rule of law by private organizations, elaborates and issues the FIDIC contracts. These contracts are standards widely used in major international constructionn projects by the main actors of international construction market. The FIDIC contracts participate to the transnationalization of the applicable law to such major projects. This transnationalization raises the question of the existence of a lex constructionis, a specific derivative of the lex mercatoria. In order to answer the question of the existence of the lex constructionis, the author procedes to the study of the formation and the application of the FIDIC contracts

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Stramignoni, Umberto-Igor A. "Form in contract law : a silent revolution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308992.

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Vitásek, Stanislav. "Stavební zakázka v Německu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227308.

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This work deals with the bid price for a development project base on the construction of houses funded by a private German investor. The bid price create with help of budget in a various structures. The various structures of the budget, which use in German environment usually. Specifically, it uses the norm DIN 276 and classification StLB includes software. The main target of my diploma thesis is suggestion for create the bid price. The suggestion with choose form and manner of valuation build works, which respect all legislation for realization construction in Germany.

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Aktug, Fatma Pelin. "Comparison Of Fidic Conditions Of Contract (1999) And Uncitral Legal Guide From Prospective Disputes And Claims Perspective." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614297/index.pdf.

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8

Gozzi, Elcio Fagundes Marques. "Contrato de EPC (Engeneering, Procurement e Construction) e o padrão FIDIC." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17285.

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Submitted by Elcio Fagundes Marques Gozzi (elciofagundes@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-18T16:08:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação EPC e FIDIC Final.pdf: 428824 bytes, checksum: 0055e43ff3a18c798173bc9f863eac68 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2016-10-18T16:25:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação EPC e FIDIC Final.pdf: 428824 bytes, checksum: 0055e43ff3a18c798173bc9f863eac68 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T17:04:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação EPC e FIDIC Final.pdf: 428824 bytes, checksum: 0055e43ff3a18c798173bc9f863eac68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 This dissertation aims at analyze the Engineering, Procurement and Construction Agreement (EPC) and its use as standard form, as presented by the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC). The work is divided in two parts. The first, to verify the adequacy of construction agreement (empreitada) rules to the EPC agreement and the possible need for specific ruling on this matter. Analyzes the legal framework of construction agreement (empreitada) stated on Brazilian Civil Code, drawing a parallel with the main characteristics and differences between construction agreement (empreitada) and the EPC from its legal and economic perspective of project finance. The second part analyzes the main characteristics of the FIDIC’s EPC standard form, known as Silver Book, and its application in Brazil considering the peculiarities of our legal system. Esta dissertação de mestrado visa analisar os contratos de EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) bem como sua utilização em padrões ou formulários, tal como o apresentado pela Federação Internacional de Engenheiros Consultores (FIDIC). O trabalho está dividido em duas partes. A primeira tem como objetivo verificar a adequação das normas da empreitada ao contrato EPC e a eventual necessidade de regramento específico sobre a matéria. Analisa-se o regime jurídico do contrato de empreitada do Código Civil de 2002, traçando um paralelo entre suas principais características e diferenças em relação ao EPC considerando o modelo de project finance como seu racional jurídico. A segunda parte analisa as principais características do contrato EPC no padrão FIDIC, conhecido como Silver Book, e sua aplicação no Brasil diante das peculiaridades de nosso sistema jurídico.

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9

Larsson, Sofie. "Contract knit : Explores form possibilities in knitwear through material interactions." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-205.

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The focus of this degree work is on material interaction within the field of knitwear. Material combinations are often seen in fashion as a decorative effect to add shine, transparency or blocks of colour. The materials are put together as one flat material. This work embraces the different qualities and explores the possibilities to use material interaction as a way of creating form on the body. To achieve this, material experiments have been made to find combinations that had a big impact on each other. The materials that were found to be most suitable for this were the combination of metal and lycra yarn. This combination showed contrast in both volume and in density. The result is a collection of seven examples that is based from square knitted pieces where the interaction changes the form of the material and the garment. Creating form from material combination could lead to a new method of creating garments with larger form possibilities than is seen today in ready to wear knitted garments.

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10

Williams, Gail Antoinette. "Contract as organisation : an economic analysis of the joint contracts tribunal's standard form of building contract 1980." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/624.

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The objective of this thesis is to consider whether the institutionalist hypothesis that the choice of organisational form functions to limit the transaction costs of organising productive activities explains a major standard-form contract which is used in building production. I approach this task by demarcating three models of contract which represent different points along a "contracting continuum". Each of the three governance structures - classical contract, relational contracting and the firm - represents a distinct patterning of resource co-ordination and each generates its own configuration of transaction costs. Thus the contracting continuum provides a basis for comparing the cost-reducing strengths and weaknesses of governance structures that vary with respect to their characterisation of relations between economic actors, and of the form and substance of both planning and implementation of decisions. The second part of the thesis focuses on the standardform building contract and its location along the contracting continuum. This part of the thesis addresses the question of "transactional fit" between the building contract and the activity which it purports to regulate. The analysis proceeds by identifying sources of transaction costs in the context and in the practices of building production and examining the governance implications of the contractual responses to such costs. 11 In its conclusions the thesis attempts to evaluate the contribution of institutional analysis our understanding of legal conceptions of contract. By using an industry-wide standard-form contract as a focus, I hope to illustrate some of the strengths and also the limitations of this approach. Building contracts have received little academic attention in the UK., and transaction cost analysis of governance structures is a young science which has been pursued with more enthusiasm by economists than by lawyers. As yet there has been little attempt to relate substantive aspects of the lawyer's understanding of contract to the "new institutional economics". It is hoped that this thesis will make a contribution to that exercise.

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11

Carboni, Julia L. "Structural Predictors of Contract Performance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/255195.

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Government increasingly contracts out public functions to the private sector. While theory about contract performance management is abundant, there is little empirical evidence on contract performance. Additionally, the public management contract literature emphasizes management strategies to produce desired performance but largely disregards how the structure of ex post contract settings influences individual contract performance. In this dissertation, I develop theory and measures to assess how structural variables influence contract performance on quality dimensions. I focus on networked structures of exchange between contracted programs and government funders and the way exchange is situated in a larger environment. The empirical basis for my dissertation is a set of government funded residential services programs for delinquent youth. The outcome variable is a measure of program quality created by the government funder. Predictor variables include competition at the program and parent organization level and the overall presence of public and nonprofit programs in the contract network. I also examine the effects of organizational form on performance. Most programs are contracted to nonprofit and for-profit organizations with a small number of programs directly provided by government. The mixed market provides an opportunity to test existing theory about organizational form and performance. I use hierarchical linear models (HLM) and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to examine how structural variables influence performance. In the HLM analysis, I find some support for my hypotheses about structural predictors of performance. In the QCA analysis, I find that effects of organizational form are conditional upon structural variables. It appears that nonprofit and public programs perform well under a variety of conditions while for-profit programs are more likely to perform acceptably when they are constrained by structural factors like competition. This dissertation makes theoretical, empirical and practical contributions to the field of public management. Following recent, scholarly tradition, I examine the changing role of government and its increasing use of the nonprofit and for-profit organizations to deliver government services. I incorporate structural theory into the contract management literature and demonstrate the structure of contract settings influences performance. I also develop formal measures of competition in contract settings. I also find that HLM and QCA can be complementary analytical tools and provide a richer picture of causal processes when used on the same dataset.

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12

Ting, Sim Nee. "Construction procurement framework incorporating form enhancement modules for the selection of standard form of contract in Malaysia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/37.

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The research work here has produced a procurement selection framework to help and guide choice of an optimally, fit-for-purpose standard form of contract with enhancement modules for the Malaysian construction industry. The developed framework and guideline for standard form selection alongside relevant directed enhancement modules provide the Malaysian construction industry with a systematic, comprehensive and efficient guideline able to enhance existing local standard forms of construction contract.

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Ko, Chun Wa Johnason. ""Is adoption of Public Private Partnership (PPP) model in infrastructure contract an effective form of contract to minimize disputes?"." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b21844197a.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007. "Master of Art in arbitration and dispute resolution, LW6409 dissertation" Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 22, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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14

Čáp, Radim. "Modelování ceny stavebního díla v závislosti na reálných smluvních vztazích." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392283.

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Dissertation deals with the design of appropriate procedures for modeling of construction costs in accordance with contractors bid, considering possible risks of construction project with focus on one type of FIDIC contract conditions, the so-called Red Book. The description of the potential risk and cost impacts on the construction contract in the pre-production stage of the bid preparation and in the implementation phase.

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15

Osborn, Jones Tim. "Managerial attitudes to work, employment & career : exploring the form of psychological contract." Thesis, Henley Business School, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413579.

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DeLorme, Robert. "Property rights and innovations, the choice of contract form in R&D." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq61547.pdf.

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17

Chaves, Renato Lago Pereira. "Reinventing a business model: how contract breweries became a permanent form of organizing." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17610.

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Submitted by Renato Lago Pereira Chaves (renatochaves.jazz@gmail.com) on 2016-12-07T12:00:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação versão final - completa.pdf: 944839 bytes, checksum: 8b600dfc73c30bb2aa4684d3725ced47 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2016-12-07T19:18:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação versão final - completa.pdf: 944839 bytes, checksum: 8b600dfc73c30bb2aa4684d3725ced47 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-20T16:02:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação versão final - completa.pdf: 944839 bytes, checksum: 8b600dfc73c30bb2aa4684d3725ced47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-31 The impacts of the so-called craft beer revolution reached Brazilian beer industry in the first years of this century. As a result, a group of new entrepreneurs emerged in the country, who argue that they are restoring beer to its rightful status, not only as a local business but also as a product that may bring a specific regional personality. The recent evolution of the craft beer segment is paving the way to the development of different forms of organizing, such as contract brewing, designed for companies which do not own physical brewing facilities. Although most companies still understand contract brewing as a transitional business model, it did change into a permanent form of organizing. Limited to contract breweries from the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, this research attempts to assess how contract breweries changed from a temporary, transitional business model into a permanent form of organizing. Furthermore, in view of some distinctive features observed in the models adopted by contract breweries, which may differ from each other considerably with regard to their temporariness and the ability to survive in the long term, I propose a typology of contract breweries. Os impactos da chamada revolução da cerveja artesanal chegaram à indústria de cerveja brasileira nos primeiros anos deste século. Por conseguinte, um grupo de novos empreendedores surgiu no país, segundo os quais eles estariam retornando a cerveja a seu devido lugar, não apenas como um negócio local, mas também como um produto que pode conferir uma personalidade regional específica. A recente evolução do segmento de cerveja artesanal está abrindo caminho para o desenvolvimento de diferentes formas de se organizar, tais como produção por contrato, modelo desenhado para empresas que não dispõem de instalações fabris próprias. Embora a maior parte das empresas ainda perceba produção por contrato como um modelo de negócio de transição, este modelo evoluiu até tornar-se uma forma permanente de organização. Limitada a cervejarias por contrato da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, esta pesquisa busca analisar como as cervejarias por contrato evoluíram de um modelo de negócio temporário e de transição para uma forma permanente de organização. Ademais, haja vista algumas características específicas observadas nos modelos de negócio adotados pelas cervejarias por contrato, que podem diferir consideravelmente uma das outras no que concerne a sua temporariedade e capacidade de sobreviver a longo prazo, uma tipologia de cervejarias por contrato é proposta.

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18

Khan, Athieammal Sally. "The use of standard form contracts in the procurement processes of the South African Police Service." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73476.

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This research deals with an evaluation of the standard form procurement contracts in the South African Police Services ,which is a government department. Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. Private Law LLM Unrestricted

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19

Helmholz, Niels. "Contract formation and the Internet : an analysis of contract formation in English, South African and German law with special regard to the Internet." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52746.

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the conclusion of contracts on the Internet in English and South African law on the one hand, and German law on the other. Because these legal systems have not developed specific rules for the formation of contracts by way of this medium of communication, the question is whether the traditional doctrines are adequate to the demands of tecnological innovation. The study accordingly proceeds from a detailed discussion of the traditional rules of offer and acceptance developed in each of the systems. To this end, the leading cases and of English and South African law are considered with an emphasis on the points of difference between the approach of the courts in these systems. Where there is uncertainty or different points of view, regard is had to the critical points of view of English and South African commentators. In respect of the codified German civil law, the authoritative provisions of the general part of the civil code are discussed against the background of the commentary of academic authors. An investigation of the technical structure of the Internet and the various methods of communication afforded by it, provides a foundation for an examination of the application of the general principles of the various legal systems to contract formation on the Internet. It is concluded that despite fundamental differences in the of approach of the systems under consideration, the general principles of each system are capable of application in the context of electronic contracting. The dissertation endeavours to develop proposals regarding adequate solutions to the problems typical of the process of contract formation on the Internet. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is afgestem op die hantering van kontraksluiting op die Internet in die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse Reg aan die een kant, en die Duitse Reg aan die ander kant. Omrede geeneen van hierdie stelsels tot op hede spesifieke maatreëls daargestel het vir kontraksluiting deur middel van hierdie kommunikasiemiddel nie, is die vraag of tradisionele beginsels afdoende is met die oog op eise van die nuwe tegnologie. Die ondersoek gaan derhalwe uit van 'n behandeling van die tradisionele reëls van aanbod en aanname soos wat dit in elkeen van die stelsels ontwikkel het. Met die oog hierop, word sleutelvonnisse van die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse reg ontleed, veral dan ook met klem op verskille in die benadering van die howe in hierdie twee stelsels. In geval van onsekerheid en verskille van mening, word verwys na die kritiese standpunte van Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse kommentatore. Met verwysing na die gekodifiseerde Duitse stelsel word die gesaghebbende bepalings van die Burgerlike Wetboek behandel teen die agtergrond van die kommentaar van Duitse akademiese skrywers. 'n Ontleding van die tegniese struktuur van die Internet en die verskillende kommunikasiemetodes wat dit bied, verskaf die grondslag vir 'n ondersoek na die toepaslikheid van die algemene beginsels aangaande kontraksluiting van die onderskeie regstelsels in die konteks van elektroniese kontraktering. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ten spyte van fundamentele verskille in benadering, die algemene beginsels van die verkillende stelsels wel aanwendbaar is in die nuwe omgewing. Die verhandeling poog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van aanvaarbare oplossings tot die probleme wat tipies is aan kontraksluiting deur middel van die Internet.

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Možnár, Matej. "Řízení průběhu zakázky firmou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224354.

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This thesis deals with the process of contract management in the company Duo Form Ltd. and it's conceptual departments as well as it's manufacturing process. The aim of this work is to analyze the current situation and to propose a better way of contract management. The proposal consists of two parts. The first part deals with contract processing and the proposal talks about implementation of a new management information system. In the second part, the production process is proposed to purchase a new machinery to replace the existing laser. These two parts intend to use the time and cost more effectively in the contract management side and are hoping to be a great asset for customers and for the company Duo Form itself.

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Miliukas, Eugenijus. "Sutarties sąlygų pakeitimas šalių konkliudentiniais veiksmais - Estoppel taisyklė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100224_105516-93408.

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Romėnų teisininkai aiškino, jog sutarčiai sudaryti vien šalių vidinės valios, noro nepakanka - vidinė valia, kol nėra išreikšta, negali sukelti teisinių padarinių, nes žmonės apie ją tiesiog nieko nežino. Kadangi šalys privalo aiškiai išreikšti savo valią sudarant sandorį, šiandien toks valios išreiškimas dažniausiai pasireiškia įtvirtinant ją sutartyse. Tačiau sudarius sutartį, neretai šalys atitinkamai veikia, ko pasėkoje siekia pakeisti savo sutartinių santykių turinį, to neįtvirtindami sutarties pagrindu. Todėl natūraliai kyla klausimas – ar toks valios išreiškimas (konkliudentiniais veiksmais) gali lemti tai, jog rašytinės sutarties nuostatos bus pakeistos? Būtent į šį klausimą ir mėginama atsakyti šiame darbe. Siekiant atsakyti į aukščiau įvardytą klausimą, darbe analizuojami sutarties formos reikalavimai nuo pat Romos teisės laikų. Pateikiamas šiandieninis reguliavimas dėl keliamų reikalavimų sutarties formai Anglosaksų ir Kontinentinės tradicijos šalyse, tai lėmusios priežastys ir ateities vizija pagal Troikos (CISG, Unidroit ir PECL principų) reguliavimą. Išsamiai atskleidžiami sutarties formos laisvės bei contrarius actus principai. Daugiausia dėmesio šiame darbe skiriama contrarius actus principo išimčiai, vadinamai Estoppel taisyklei Anglosaksų tisinėje tradicijoje, kurią yra perėmę dauguma Kontinentinės tradicijos šalių, o taip pat ir Troikos reguliavimas. Paskutiniame šio darbo skyriuje analizuojama Lietuvos teisėje įtvirtinta Estoppel taisyklė, kuri yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Rome lawyers annotated that only the will or desire of the parties to conclude a contract is not enough, until it is expressed bilateral. In other way the contract would be concluded because parties would not know each other will . Since parties must express their will unequivocal, today they will generally is expressed in written contracts. But sometimes parties after concluding a contract takes some kind of performance expecting that this action will change content of the contract, without amendments established in the contract. This situation brings to light a question – whether these actions can amend content of concluded contract? Exactly this question is observed in this work. With a view to answer above set question, author of this work researches requirements of contract form starting from ancient Rome regulation. Author also overlooks contract form requirements in common law and continental traditions law systems, named regulation reasons and the vision of the future in accordance with the Troika (CISG, Unidroit and PECL principles). Disclosed in details principles of freedom of the contract form and contractus actus. The focus of this work is granted exceptionally about contrarius actus principle exemption which is known as Estoppel rule in common law tradition system, which is also detected in continental tradition law system and Troika. The last chapter of this work analyzes the Estoppel rule in Lithuanian law system and how it is successfully applied in... [to full text]

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Pain, James. "Design-build and the traditional approach : a comparative study with particular reference to the JCT 'with contractor's design' 1981 form of contract." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253001.

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23

Creven, Fourrier Caroline. "Individual offshoring as a new form of expatriation." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAB003/document.

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Les missions internationales en entreprise ne parviennent plus à retenir les talents alors même que leur coût reste très élevé. La délocalisation de l’individu apparaît donc comme une nouvelle forme d'expatriation à mi-chemin entre expatriation auto-initiée et mission internationale en entreprise. Cependant, celle-ci résonne comme une violation du contrat psychologique liant l’individu à son entreprise. En effet, le diplôme ne semble plus protéger l’employé contre la délocalisation de son poste vers des pays à coût plus bas. Cette étude de cas a aidé à identifier les facteurs influençant les talents à accepter une relocalisation sous contrat local dans un pays à moindre coût. De ce fait, cette thèse fournit aux entreprises des éléments contributifs à la gestion globale des talents dans un contexte de délocalisation Individual offshoring emerges as a new form of organizational-initiated expatriation which bridges self-initiated-expatriation and international assignment. The failure of IA to retain talented individuals (talent) and a growing pressure on costs leave no choice to companies but to dramatically reconsider how expatriation can develop talent globally in a different but still sustainable way.However, this new form of expatriation resonates as a breach of the psychological contract. If talent no longer expect to remain in the same company for a large part of their career, they still hold an expectation that white collar activities associated to higher degrees would protect their jobs from moving abroad. This thesis was a case study of a company offshoring some of its global talent to lower cost locations. The purpose was to understand what factors talent consider in accepting to relocate to a lower cost location under a local contract. This research contributes to talent retention and sustained talent management while offshoring ac-tivities to lower cost countries

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Mustafa, Riham, and Sehmi Sanae Massioui. "Hållbara strategier för renovering av bostäder : Lämpliga strategier vid olika förutsättningar." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211128.

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Mer än hälften av Sveriges samtliga lägenheter är byggda mellan 1950 och 1975. Renoveringstakten har inte kunnat hänga med konstruktionstakten av dessa lägenheter. Detta har lett till ett stort behov av renovering av bostäder. Renovering kan ske på olika sätt, genom olika strategier och i olika nivåer. Valet av strategi kommer att påverka renoveringstakten. De studerade strategierna i detta examensarbete är: totalrenovering, renovering med en åtgärd i taget samt renovering av styckvisa lägenheter. Detta projekt avser att öka effektiviteten av renovering och energi och samtidigt möta samhällets krav på hållbara och moderna bostäder. Detta görs genom att sätta fokus på hållbarhetsaspekter, d.v.s. de ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att studera lämplighet och hållbarhet av olika strategier med hjälp av följande frågor: vilka strategier använder kommunala bostadsföretag och erbjuder de sina hyresgäster olika nivåer på renovering? Vilken hållbarhetsaspekt prioriteras under renoveringsprocessen? Vilken typ av upphandlingsform: entreprenad, partnering eller egen regi används under renoveringsprocessen? Motsvarande till dessa frågor har tre hypoteser gjorts och sedan jämförts med resultaten för att undersöka om det finns någon korrelation mellan dessa två. En mixad metodik har använts för att hjälpa att besvara frågeställningen: 23 semistrukturerade intervjuer och en självadminstrerad enkätundersökning med 101 svarande. Resultaten beträffande strategier visar att totalrenovering är den vanligaste strategin vid renovering ett helt område och där renoveringsbehovet är stort. Totalrenovering och renovering av styckvisa lägenheter är också vanligt förekommande bland bostadsföretag som erbjuder olika upprustningsnivåer, och den sistnämnda föredras när lägenheten är vakant. Renovering med en åtgärd i taget används mestadels av företag som har en svårighet att erbjuda sina hyresgäster evakueringslägenheter samt även i de fall där endast några få åtgärder behöver genomföras i byggnaden. v Vidare visar resultaten att prioritering av hållbarhetsaspekterna skiljer sig beroende på om intervjuer eller enkätundersökning används. Enligt intervjuerna är den sociala aspekten mest prioriterad, medan enkäten visar att den ekonomiska aspekten har företräde. Emellertid är den miljömässiga aspekten minst prioriterad i båda fallen. Det kan bero på faktumet att lagen gör det svårt att bygga något som direkt skadar miljön. Detta i åtanke med lagändringen 2011 som anger att varje projekt ska vara lönsamt, är det rekommenderat att den sociala aspekten bör ges mest fokus, följt av den ekonomiska och den miljömässiga aspekten. Detta är inte avsett att minimera betydelsen av andra aspekter, utan understryker snarare vikten av att lyfta fram den sociala faktorn. Resultaten beträffande den tredje frågeställningen indikerar att entreprenad är den vanligaste upphandlingsformen samt att partnering blir mer frekvent bland företagen. Det tredje alternativet, som inte är en egentlig upphandlingsform, är egen regi. Endast en liten andel av företagen använder sig av egen regi. Emellertid indikerar deras svar på en förhoppning om en framtida ökning av egen regi då det kan konkurrera med byggentreprenörer med syfte att pressa ner upphandlingspriserna. Slutsatsen är att den mest hållbara lösningen som tar hänsyn till både företagets och byggnadernas specifika förutsättningar är en kombination av alla tre strategier vid renovering av ett bostadsbestånd. Förslag till fortsatt forskning är att undersöka och vidareutveckla behovet av och tillgång till evakueringslägenheter vid renoveringar, vilket har visat sig vara en bristvara på olika marknader. Detta kan möjligen leda till andra typer av lösningar eller strategier för både kommunala och privata företag. More than half of the current housing stock in Sweden was built between 1950 and 1975. The renovation pace of this housing stock has not been able to keep up with the pace at which it was constructed. This has led to an increase in the need for renovation of the housing stock. Renovation can be carried out in different ways, strategies and to different levels. The choice of strategy will influence the pace of the renovation. The strategies studied in this degree project are: total renovation, renovation one step at a time and renovation one apartment at a time. This project intends to increase the efficiency of renovation and energy whilst meeting society’s demand for sustainable and modern housing. This is done by putting focus on the sustainability aspects, i.e. economic, social and environmental. The aim of this degree project is to study the viability and suitability of different strategies by studying the following three questions: What strategies municipal housing companies use and whether they offer their tenants various levels of refurbishment? Which sustainability aspect is prioritised during the refurbishment process? Which type of contract form: tender, partnering or in-house, is used during the refurbishment process? Corresponding to these questions, three hypotheses were developed and then compared to the results in order to study if there is any correlation. A mixed method approach was used to help answer the research question: 23 semi-structured interviews and one self-administered survey with 101 respondents. Results from the first research question suggest that total renovation is the strategy used when renovating a housing stock consisting of several buildings and where there exists a comprehensive renovation need. Total renovation and renovation one apartment at a time are also common for companies that offer their tenants different refurbishment levels, and the latter is often chosen when the apartment is empty. Renovation one step at a time is mostly used by housing companies that have difficulty offering their tenants evacuation apartments and also in cases where only a few renovation measures need to be taken. Results regarding prioritization of the sustainability aspects differ depending on the interviews and survey. According to the interviews the social aspect was the most prioritized, whilst survey results showed that the economic aspect takes precedence. In both cases, the environmental aspect was the least prioritized. This could be due to the fact that law regulations make it hard to build anything that directly harms the environment. Keeping this in mind together with the amendment of 2011, which states that each project should be profitable, it is recommended that there should be more focus on the social aspect. This is not meant to minimize the importance of other aspects, but rather underlines the importance of highlighting the social factor. Results concerning the third research question indicate that while contract by tender might be the most common contract form, partnering is becoming more frequent. A third option studied in this project, which is not a contract form, is in-house. Only a minor percentage of the firms use renovation by in-house, however their answers attest to a hope for a future increase in in-house since it can compete with contractors in order to push the prices down. In conclusion, the most sustainable solution that takes into consideration both the company's and the buildings' specific conditions is a combination of all three strategies for the renovation of a housing stock. Proposal for further studies is to further develop the need for and the supply of evacuation apartments during renovation, which has proven to be a hardship for several housing companies in different locations. This could potentially lead to various solutions and/or strategies for both municipal and private companies.

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Hon, Chi Yi Ludwig. "Dispute resolution procedures in the Hong Kong standard form of building contract 2005 does it best suit the latest developments in the private sector of construction industry in Hong Kong? /." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b22052471a.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Sept. 7, 2007) "Master of Arts-arbitration and dispute resolution, dissertation" Includes bibliographical references.

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Mofti, Wirya. "FÖRFRÅGNINGSUNDERLAG-TOTALENTREPRENAD : BYGGNATION AV DUBBELSPÅRFUNKTION GODSSTRÅKET HALLSBERG- DEGERÖN DELEN STENKUMLA-DUNSJÖ." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-29310.

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Turnkey contract is a commonly used form of contract for procurement of projects, however not so common when it comes to rail infrastructure, because railway installations are so complex and makes greater demands on availability and traffic safety. Performance contracts have occurred in railway projects for a long time. The Swedish Transport Administration has received directives from the government to push for increased productivity and increased degree of innovation in the construction industry. The Swedish Transport Administration has the ambition to transform its role as a client to create the conditions for the market and its driving forces for increased innovation and productivity by handing over a greater commitment and responsibility to the contractors. A strategic primary focus is to increase the proportion of turnkey projects within the construction industry. Contracts relating to investments between 25-500 million will be procured through turnkey projects. The purpose of this report is to identify how the market views the specifications with emphasis on object-specific technical description, its calculability, structure and clarity. The section that has been analyzed in this report is the construction of the freight line between Stenkumla - Dunsjö that is part of the whole distance between Hallsberg - Degerön. Interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs who have participated in the bidding contest. The purpose of the interviews was to get the contractors' views on the specifications that can be taken into account in future projects. Responses will be analyzed by the Swedish Transport Administration and taken into account for the development of future specifications in turnkey contracts for the construction industry. OTB for the route Stenkumla - Dunsjö, entrepreneurs are not allowed to come up with innovative solutions, since the specifications contain many technical solutions specified by the Swedish Transport Administration. The contractors want more freedom in the specifications in order to provide innovative solutions. One reason that there are many technical solutions in this project is because, the project was meant to be procured as performance contract and Traffic Authority had already planned a lot before they decided to purchase it as Turnkey contract. Totalentreprenader är vanligt förekommande entreprenadformen vid upphandling av projekt dock inte så vanligt när det gäller järnvägsanläggningar eftersom järnvägsanläggningar är så komplexa och ställer större krav på tillgänglighet och trafiksäkerhet. Utförandeentreprenader har varit entreprenadformen som har förekommit vid järnvägsprojekt under en längre tid. Trafikverket har fått direktiv från regering att verka för ökad produktivitet och ökad innovationsgrad i anläggningsbranschen. Trafikverket har som ambition att förändra sin roll som beställare för att skapa förutsättningar för marknaden och dess drivkrafter till ökas innovation och produktivitet genom att överlämna ett större åtagande och ansvar till entreprenörerna. En strategisk huvudinriktning är att öka andelen totalentreprenader inom anläggningsbranschen. Entreprenader som avser investeringar mellan 25 – 500 Mkr ska 50 % av entreprenaderna upphandlas genom totalentreprenader. Syftet med denna rapport är att kartlägga hur marknaden ser på förfrågningsunderlaget med tonvikt på det objektspcifik tekniska beskrivningen, dess kalkylbarhet, struktur och tydlighet. Sträckan som har i denna rapport analyserat är byggnationen av godsstråket mellan Stenkumla – Dunsjö som är en del av hela sträckan mellan Hallsberg – Degerön. Intervjuer har utförts med entreprenörerna som har deltagit i anbudstävlingen. Syftet med intervjuerna har varit för att få entreprenörernas synpunkter på förfrågningsunderlaget som kan tas hänsyn till i kommande projekt. Svaren kommer analyseras av Trafikverket och tas i hänsyn till utvecklingsarbetet av framtida förfrågningsunderlag inom totalentreprenader för anläggningsbranschen. OTB för just sträckan Stenkumla – Dunsjö, tillåts inte entreprenörerna komma med innovativa lösningar eftersom förfrågningsunderlaget innehåller många tekniska lösningar som angivits av Trafikverket. Entreprenörerna vill ha mer frihet i förfrågningsunderlagen för att kunna bidra med innovativa lösningar. En anledning till att det finns många tekniska lösningar i detta projekt är att det finns en beslutad järnvägsplan. Järnvägsplanen styr utformningen av anläggningen.

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Berggren, Ellen, and Josephine Nilsson. "Anställningsformens påverkan utifrån ett psykosocialt perspektiv - en kartläggning och analys inom vård och omsorg. The Influence of the Form of Employment Contract from a Psychosocial Perspective – an analysis within health care units." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22990.

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Studiens syfte var att undersöka eventuella konsekvenser av numeriskt flexibla anställningar på individnivå, i jämförelse med eventuella konsekvenser av tillsvidareanställningar. Fokus låg på huruvida anställningsformen påverkade individens uppfattning av psykosociala förhållanden i arbetet. Studien utfördes inom vård- och omsorgsenheter inom Malmö stad då direktiv från Arbetsgivarutskottet påtalar en minskad andel timavlönade timmar och en ökad grundbemanning. Studien utfördes med en kvantitativ metod, där en enkätundersökning och två kvalitativt kompletterande intervjuer utfördes. Sju dimensioner i enkäten kopplades till studiens underfrågeställningar. De teoretiska grunder studien i huvudsak byggde på var organisatoriska modeller, stressmodeller, copingstrategier, mental ohälsa, samt tidigarestudier. Utfallet visade två statistiskt signifikanta resultat mellan de två undersökta grupperna, för dimensionerna “socialt stöd”, där timanställda uppfattade socialt stöd i mindre utsträckning än de tillsvidareanställda, och “anställningsotrygghet”, där timanställda uppfattade en större anställningsotrygghet än de tillsvidareanställda. Resultatet från intervjuerna styrkte resultaten med statistisk signifikans. Gällande resterande dimensioner kunde intervjuerna möjliggöra en inblick och större förståelse, men generella slutsatser för respektive undersökningsgrupp kunde inte dras. I analys och diskussionen visades att ett stort antal faktorer kunde påverka individens uppfattning av olika psykosociala förhållanden i arbetet, exempelvis arbetets organisering, individens livssituation eller individens hanteringsstrategier i påfrestande situationer. Slutsatsen blev att anställningsformen påverkade individens uppfattning gällande socialt stöd och anställningsotrygghet i den undersökta kontexten. The purpose of the study was to examine the possible consequences of numerically flexible employments at an individual level, in comparison to the potential consequences of permanent employments. The main focus was on whether the employment contract affected the individual’s perception of the psychosocial work conditions. The study was carried out in health care units in Malmö Stad, since directions from Arbetsgivarutskottet were given concerning a reduced proportion of hourly-paid hours and an increased amount of permanent employment. The study was carried out with a quantitative method. One questionnaire survey and two complementary interviews were executed. Seven dimensions of the questionnaire were connected to the issues of the study. The theoretical foundation of the study was mainly based on organizational models, stress models, coping strategies, mental health, and previous studies. The outcome was two statistically significant results between the two research groups, the dimension of “social support”, where hourly employees perceived less social support than the permanent employees, and “job insecurity”, where hourly employees perceived a greater job insecurity than permanent employees. The result from the interviews supported the statistically significant results. The interviews gave more insight and greater understanding regarding the remaining dimensions, though a general conclusion could not be made regarding the two research groups. In the analysis and discussion showed that many different factors may affect an individual’s perception of psychosocial conditions at work, such as organizational factors, the living conditions or the coping strategies the individual is able to practice under stressful conditions. The conclusion was that employment status affects the perception of the individual regarding social support and job insecurity in the context of this study.

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Coetzee, Juana. "INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law : an analysis of the interplay between mercantile custom and substantive sales law with specific reference to the passing of risk." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5222.

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Thesis (LLD (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International sales contracts have very specific needs that stem from the multiplicity of legal systems which apply to such contracts. In addition to harmonised law, mercantile custom is able to address many of these needs. Mercantile custom represents usages which are clear, certain and efficient and are expected to be known and applied by merchants in a particular trade or region. To this extent mercantile custom fulfils an automatic harmonisation function. However, where a custom does not enjoy uniform application across all branches of trade, the harmonisation function of mercantile custom is limited, as is the case with trade terms. Trade terms reflect mercantile customs and usages which developed over a long time in order to simplify the trade in goods that are transported from one place to the other. They regulate the delivery obligations of the seller and buyer as well as associated obligations such as the passing of risk. Trade terms negate the need for elaborate contract clauses and appear in abbreviated form in contracts of sale. Although they provide a uniform expression of mercantile custom in a particular location or trade, the understanding of trade terms tend to differ from country to country, region to region or from one branch of trade to the next. The ICC INCOTERMS is an effort to standardise trade term definitions at the hand of the most consistent mercantile customs and practices. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law. For purposes of the investigation the focus is limited to the passing of risk. Although national laws usually have a default risk regime in place, merchants still prefer to regulate risk by means of trade terms. This study will investigate the legal position in the case of FOB, CIF and DDU terms. An analysis of the risk regimes of a few selected national systems will show that each has their own understanding of these trade terms. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) does not refer to trade terms, but many commentators have concluded that the CISG risk rule is consistent with INCOTERMS. The study will discuss this in more detail. To determine the efficiency of INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law, the study examines their characteristics, legal nature as well as their limited scope of regulation. Specific emphasis is placed on the interplay between the CISG and INCOTERMS and the possibility of some form of interaction and collaboration between the two instruments. It is concluded that collaboration between INCOTERMS and the CISG adds value to the international law of sales by increasing the efficiency of an international business transaction and thereby facilitating international trade. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale koopkontrakte het spesifieke behoeftes wat voortspruit uit die veelvoudigheid van regstelsels van toepassing op so ‘n kontrak. Baie van hierdie behoeftes kan aangespreek word deur geharmoniseerde regsreëls in samehang met handelsgewoontes en –gebruike. Handelsgewoontes verteenwoordig duidelike, seker en effektiewe gebruike. Daar word dus van handelaars wat in ‘n bepaalde bedryf of streek handel dryf, verwag om van hierdie gebruike kennis te neem en hulle toe te pas. In hierdie konteks vervul handelsgebruike ‘n outomatiese harmoniseringsfunksie. Waar ‘n gebruik nie eenvormig toegepas word oor alle bedrywe heen nie, is die harmoniseringsfunksie van handelsgebruike egter beperk. Handelsterme bied ‘n tipiese voorbeeld hiervan. Handelsterme verteenwoordig bepaalde handelsgewoontes en –gebruike wat oor ‘n geruime tyd ontwikkel het ten einde handel in goedere wat van een plek na die ander vervoer word, te vergemaklik. Hulle reguleer die leweringsverpligtinge van die verkoper en koper asook ander verpligtinge wat met lewering verband hou, soos byvoorbeeld die oorgang van risiko. Handelsterme doen weg met lang en omslagtige kontraksbedinge aangesien hulle in die vorm van afkortings in die kontrak figureer. Alhoewel handelsterme ‘n uniforme uitdrukking van gebruike in ‘n bepaalde gebied of bedryf verteenwoordig, is dit egter so dat die inhoud van handelsterme van land tot land, streek tot streek of van een tipe bedryf tot die ander verskil. INCOTERMS is ‘n poging om die inhoud van handelsterme te standaardiseer aan die hand van die mees eenvormige handelsgewoontes en –gebruike. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die effektiwiteit van INCOTERMS as ‘n vorm van standaardisering in die internasionale koopreg te ondersoek. Vir doeleindes van die ondersoek word die fokus beperk tot die oorgang van risiko. Al het nasionale regstelsels gewoonlik ‘n verstek risiko-reël in plek, verkies handelaars steeds om risiko by wyse van handelsterme te reguleer. Die studie ondersoek die regsposisie in die geval van FOB-, CIF-, en DDU-terme. ‘n Analise van risiko-regulering in ‘n aantal nasionale sisteme toon dat elk hul eie betekenis heg aan die inhoud van hierdie terme. Alhoewel die Weense Koopkonvensie geensins na handelsterme verwys nie, voer verskeie kommentatore aan dat die Konvensie se risiko-bestel verenigbaar is met dié van INCOTERMS en sal hierdie aspek gevolglik in meer besonderhede in die studie aangespreek word. Ten einde die effektiwiteit van INCOTERMS te bepaal, word daar ondersoek ingestel na hulle kenmerke, regsaard en beperkte aanwendingsgebied. Spesiale klem word gelê op die wisselwerking tussen die Weense Koopkonvensie en INCOTERMS asook die moontlikheid van interaksie en samewerking tussen die twee instrumente. Die gevolgtrekking is dat interaksie tussen die Koopkonvensie en INCOTERMS waarde toevoeg tot die internasionale koopreg deur die effektiwiteit van die internasionale besigheidstransaksie te verhoog en gevolglik internasionale handel te bevorder. Harry Crossley Fund NRF Thuthuka Fund

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Buchan, Jennifer Mary. "Franchisor failure : an assessment of the adequacy of regulatory response." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/39027/1/Jennifer_Buchan_Thesis.pdf.

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Franchisor failure is one of the most problematic areas of the franchise relationship. It impacts negatively on landlords and other suppliers, but the contracting parties that are currently without legal rights to respond when a franchisor fails, and thus without consumer protection, are its franchisees. In this thesis I explore the current contractual, regulatory and commercial environment that franchisees inhabit, within the context of franchisor failure. I conclude that ex ante there are opportunities to level the playing field through consumer protection legislation. I also conclude that the task is not one solely for the consumer protection legislation; the problem should also be addressed ex post through the Corporations Act.

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Muškát, Petr. "Marketingové systémy malých a středních stavebních firem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227072.

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The main objective of this thesis is to create an effective database system, which also serves as a source of information. The proposed system aims to facilitate and simplify the clarity of internal company information, about customers but also their employees. Then there is also the possibility to control workforce planning for individual contracts and globally but also meeting their the deadlines. We can notforget the marketing approach of the company and its public promotion.

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Peglion-Zika, Claire-Marie. "La notion de clause abusive : au sens de l’article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020071/document.

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La législation sur les clauses abusives, issue de l’article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation, est d’application quotidienne. La notion de clause abusive n’en demeure pas moins confuse. Il est vrai que trente-cinq années d’applications erratiques ont contribué à la rendre peu accessible et peu prévisible, ce qui nuit à la sécurité juridique. Pour restaurer cette notion, une double démarche s’impose. Il faut, d’abord, la délimiter afin de réserver son application uniquement aux personnes qui méritent d’être protégées contre les clauses abusives et aux seules stipulations qui créent véritablement un déséquilibre significatif entre les droits et obligations des parties au contrat. La notion de clause abusive apparaît alors comme un mécanisme destiné à sanctionner les abus de la liberté contractuelle dans les contrats de consommation. Il faut, ensuite, procéder à l’identification de la notion de clause abusive en cherchant à définir et à caractériser le standard du déséquilibre significatif, notamment à l’aune des critères dégagés de la pratique. Chemin faisant, la notion de clause abusive s’impose comme une notion incontournable du droit de la consommation et, plus largement du droit des contrats, notamment en ce qu’elle participe au renouveau de la théorie générale du contrat The legislation on unfair terms set out by Article L. 132-1 of the French Consumer Code is applied on a daily basis. The notion of unfair terms nevertheless remains unclear. Thirty-five years of inconsistent and erratic application have indeed contributed to making this legislation inaccessible and difficult to predict, thereby damaging legal security. The reinforcement of this notion necessitates a two-pronged approach. First of all, the concept must be delimited in order to restrict application solely to those individuals requiring protection against unfair terms and only to those terms that genuinely do generate a material imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. The notion of unfair terms then becomes a mechanism aimed at sanctioning abuses of contractual freedom in consumer agreements. The concept must then be identified, by seeking to define and characterize the standard of material imbalance, in particular against the yardstick of criteria generated by practical application. In doing so, the notion of unfair terms becomes a central notion of consumer law and, more widely, of contract law, in particular with regard to its participation in the renewal of general contract theory

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Siri, Aurélien. "Le mutuus dissensus : notion, domaine, régime." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32054.

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Le mutuus dissensus est une locution latine de droit positif français. Elle est utilisée par la doctrine civiliste depuis la fin du XIXème siècle pour désigner une notion fondamentale du droit des conventions. La notion juridique de mutuus dissensus peut être définie comme la convention par laquelle toutes les parties consentent à la révocation de la convention qu’elles ont conclue antérieurement. La notion de mutuus dissensus présente une unité. Elle repose sur la réunion de deux éléments constitutifs essentiels. Le premier est une procédure classique : une convention. La convention de mutuus dissensus est une véritable convention extinctive plutôt qu’un nouveau contrat identique en sens inverse du contrat révoqué. Le second est un effet de droit spécifique : la révocation. La révocation par mutuus dissensus est plutôt une résiliation du contrat opérant uniquement pour l’avenir qu’une prétendue résolution d’un contrat à effet rétroactif. La notion de mutuus dissensus a un domaine très large en droit positif. La révocation par mutuus dissensus est un principe général du droit des conventions fondé sur l’article 1134, alinéa 2, du Code civil, qui a vocation à s’appliquer à toutes les conventions et dans toutes les matières. La notion de mutuus dissensus détermine un régime juridique spécifique. Les parties sont libres de déterminer les effets de la révocation par mutuus dissensus. Le principe de la liberté des parties est limité par l’ordre public. La sécurité des tiers est assurée par une protection générale et des protections spéciales reposant principalement sur le mécanisme de l’inopposabilité Mutuus dissensus is a latin expression in the French positive law. It has been used by civil doctrine since the end of the nineteenth century to designate a basic notion of Contract Law. The juridic notion of mutuus dissensus may be defined as an agreement between all the parties to rescind their precedent contract. The notion of mutuus dissensus has an unity. It stands on two essentials constituent elements. The first one is a classical procedure: an agreement. Mutuus dissensus agreement is a real subsequent agreement to end a contract, rather than a new identical contract but opposite to the rescinded contract. The second one is an effect of specific right: the rescission. Rescission by mutuus dissensus is the termination of a contract for the future rather than a supposed discharge of a contract with a retroactive effect. The notion of mutuus dissensus has a very wide field in positive law. Rescission by mutuus dissensus is a general principle of law of contracts based on section 1134, subsection 2, of the French civil code, which is to apply to every contract and in every subject. The notion of mutuus dissensus determines a specific juridical system. Parties are free to decide the effects of the rescission by mutuus dissensus. The principle of freedom of parties is limited by law and order. The protection of third parties is ensured by a general protection and special protections which limit the effects of the rescission of contract by mutuus dissensus

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Bouaziz, Hafedh. "La conversion des actes juridiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3006/document.

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La thèse se propose d’abord de redéfinir la notion de conversion. L’analyse du droit positif montre que la définition classique de la conversion, comme l’opération qui consiste à tirer d’un acte nul un acte nouveau valable, peut s’élargir à un double point de vue. On ne s’était occupé que de la conversion des actes juridiques ; on a découvert qu’elle peut être étendue aux actes instrumentaires. Dans le même sens, on n’avait envisagé qu’une cause de la conversion, la nullité d’un acte ; on admet aujourd’hui qu’elle pouvait opérer à la suite d’une cause survenant a posteriori, à l’instar de la caducité, la prescription, la forclusion et la résolution. La conversion peut, dès lors, être définie comme la technique qui donne effet, par la volonté de la loi ou du juge, à un acte juridique, qui n’a pu se former, à cause d’un vice originaire, ou qui n’a pu survivre, en raison d’une cause survenant a posteriori, lorsque les éléments qui demeurent correspondent à la définition d’une figure juridique nouvelle, satisfaisant l’objectif économique poursuivi par les parties.La thèse se propose également de moderniser ou de rénover le régime de la conversion. La conversion modernisée exige l’intervention active du juge pour vérifier que les conditions de la conversion sont réunies, mais aussi et surtout pour se prononcer sur son opportunité. La conversion place de la sorte le juge au rang de véritable formateur ou de « faiseur» du contrat. Les analyses doctrinales qui présentent la conversion comme reposant sur une prétendue volonté virtuelle des parties sont artificielles. Il n’y a pas cependant lieu de diaboliser l’office du juge en prétendant que la conversion est un procédé exorbitant et autoritaire. Les inquiétudes que peut faire naître l’accroissement du rôle du juge dans la conversion s’apaisent dès lors que le juge est tenu de puiser les éléments de l’acte nouveau dans l’acte initial. Elles doivent encore être tempérées par la recherche constante d’un acte nouveau qui répond au but initialement voulu par les parties.L’ambition de cette thèse était donc double : la redéfinition de la notion de conversion, d’une part et la rénovation de son régime, d’autre part. Au regard de cette analyse renouvelée, la conversion est vouée à un avenir prospère en tant que technique tendant au sauvetage des actes juridiques The thesis proposes to redefine the notion of conversion. The analysis of positive law shows that the classical definition of conversion, such as (like) the operation which consists in drawing from a null act a valid new act, may be extended from a double point of view. All that had been done was the conversion of legal acts; it has been discovered that it can be extended to instrumental acts. In the same sense, there had been contemplated only one cause of conversion, the nullity of an act; it is now accepted that it could operate as a result of a case arising a posteriori, like the lapse, the prescription, the foreclosure and the resolution. Conversion may, therefore, be defined as the technique which gives effect, by the will of the law or the judge, to a legal act which has not been formed because of an original defect or which Was able to survive because of a posteriori cause when the elements which remain correspond to the definition of a new legal figure satisfying the economic objective pursued by the parties.The thesis also proposes to modernize or renovate the regime of conversion. The modernized conversion requires the active intervention of the judge to verify that the conditions of the conversion are met, but also and especially to decide on its expediency. Conversion thus places the judge at the rank of true trainer or "maker" of the contract. The doctrinal analyzes which present conversion as based on an alleged virtual will of the parts are artificial. There is, however, no need to demonize the office of the judge by claiming that conversion is an exorbitant and authoritarian process. The anxiety which may arise from the increase of the role of the judge in conversion is appeased as soon as the judge is obliged to draw the elements of the new act into the original act. They have yet to be tempered by the constant search for a new act which responds to the original purpose of the parties.The ambition of this thesis was therefore twofold: the redefinition of the notion of conversion on the one hand and the regeneration of its regime on the other. In view of this renewed analysis, conversion is destined for a prosperous future as a technique for the rescue of legal acts

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Nogueira, Leila de Mello Yañez. "Estabilidade versus flexibilidade: a dicotomia necessária à inovação na gestão de recursos humanos em uma organização pública, estatal eestratégica como Bio-Manguinhos / Fiocruz." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2009. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/2500.

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Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 Este trabalho propõe analisar o fenômeno da terceirização desenvolvido ao longo das duas últimas décadas em Bio-Manguinhos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado na unidade de produção de vacinas e reagentes para diagnóstico da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Inicialmente foi realizado um estudo de cenário, analisando a política de gestão do trabalho desenvolvida pelo Estado brasileiro para as instituições públicas. A seguir, a análise passou a verificar a inserção da Fiocruz nessas políticas, desde a sua criação e no decorrer de vigência de diferentes formas de contratação, alternando da extrema rigidez para a total flexibilidade sempre com foco na gestão do trabalho, e, como essas políticas se refletiram no desempenho de Bio-Manguinhos. Baseado no contexto da conformação do Estado e na análise do desempenho da unidade, o trabalho critica a falta de planejamento e de prospecção dessas políticas, que favoreça a inovação de processos, produtos e procedimentos e o desempenho pleno de uma unidade de produção de insumos para a saúde, tão necessários ao atendimento das necessidades da população brasileira. Critica também, a ausência de um modelo de Estado consolidado que sirva de arcabouço à formulação dessas políticas. Devido às fortes críticas dos órgãos de controle acerca da extrapolação dos limites da terceirização praticada nas últimas duas décadas e à falta de definição clara desses marcos legais, o trabalho apresenta uma metodologia baseada nas atribuições dos cargos do plano de carreiras da Fiocruz e culmina com a apresentação de uma matriz de atribuições passíveis de serem realizadas por contratação indireta. Conclui pela necessidade de convivência de dois quadros de trabalhadores: um permanente formado por servidores, estáveis e de carreira e outro flexível, executado por contratação indireta, de caráter eventual, temporário ou de apoio às atividades relacionadas à missão de Bio-Manguinhos. O trabalho ainda sugere a aplicação da mesma metodologia às demais unidades da Fiocruz e que a instituição afirme, frente aos órgãos de controle, quais atividades que ela precisa manter no quadro de servidores permanente e quais ela quer delegar a terceiros sem contudo, ferir a legislação vigente. Por fim, constata-se que a metodologia apresentada ameniza, mas não resolve o problema, dessa forma, recomenda-se à Fiocruz buscar mecanismos que altere o modelo de gestão pelo qual está submetida a fim de viabilizar as duas formas de incorporação de mão-de-obra.

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Kalenský, Tomáš. "Variace a úpravy dle smluvních podmínek FIDIC." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372675.

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The main aim of this thesis is to analyze variations and adjustments under FIDIC contractual conditions, especially in relation to the private law limits of the Czech legal order. The goal of this analysis is to answer the question whether variations as a special contractual institute are permissible and validly applicable in the framework of construction projects realized in the Czech Republic. The thesis is clearly divided into five main chapters, which are systematically structured from the general introduction to basic issues through the main analysis of variations and adjustments to specific examples of their use in practice. The first and the second chapters briefly present the FIDIC organization and its issued sample contractual conditions, with a brief discussion of most of the sample books. The contractual conditions are also set in the context of Czech law, where emphasis is placed on distinguishing the business terms from FIDIC contractual conditions. In this chapter, the examples of use of the individual sample books in the Czech Republic are also mentioned. In the third chapter, the institute of variations and adjustments according to individual sample books is analyzed in detail. With the exception of the general description of the variation process, the thesis is focused on a...

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Chen, Rebecca, and 陳姿伶. "A Contract Management Study for E/P/C Turnkey Project Management -Base on FIDIC Contract (Silver Book) and PMBOK." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31279812912487725037.

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碩士 國立中央大學 營建管理研究所在職專班 101 In Taiwan, EPC Turnkey Project relevant to all citizen life. But controversial disputation is still over and over again happened. How to minimize controversial disputation happened through project execution management is an essential topic for both client and contractor parties. The study is integrated and analyzed from the general conditions of Contract FIDIC (Silver Edition) and the project management theory (PMBOK) in order to highlight the importance of project management knowledge during the execution of project. With well manage and integrate all project management phases: integration, scope, time, cost, quality, human resource, communication, risk and procurement, it will be effective of avoiding any potential controversial disputation happened and to minimize the conflict events happened between client and contractor in order to improve the work efficiency during the execution of turnkey project. Therefore, this study is intending to integrate the general conditions of Contract FIDIC (Silver Edition) into the project life cycle by applying the tools and techniques to each process of work items based on PMBOK’s 9 knowledge areas. Furthermore, it can be served as project management guideline for a turnkey project before, during and after the Contract signed. In addition, PMBOK project management methodologies can be utilized for developing project procedures and execution plans in more effective manner.

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Hsu, Chih-Chieh, and 許智傑. "A research proposal for framing the contract clauses about the public construction procured on a DBO basis -Perspective based on FIDIC Condition of contract for Design, Build and Operate Projects." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53322290186936153723.

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碩士 國立中央大學 營建管理研究所 96 Conducting procurement on a Design-Build or Turnkey basis, the entity may procure the construction with the less contract price but after taking over the facility , the entity may need additional expenses to operate the facility. FIDIC thinks that a project which is essentially made up of two principle periods – the Design-Build period and the Operation period – as a single contract with a single contractor – rather than use the FIDIC Silver Book for the Design-Build and prepare a new document for the Operation part. The commitment of the contractor to the complete project - and the best way to do that is to cover the whole D-B plus the operation elements in a single contract. The DBO approach to contracting combines design, construction and long-term operation and maintenance of a facility into one single contract awarded to a single contractor. DBO contract has a principal advantage-optimization of life-cycle costs. The format of a DBO arrangement can be based on FIDIC Silver Book. Either is quite common, however the contractual requirements and procedures are quite different. If the entity want to conducting procurement on a DBO basis based on actual needs, since there is yet a standardized from of DBO to be followed. Therefore, how to properly frame the DBO contract clauses about public construction are essential issues worth to study now. In this research, problems and corresponding solutions in performing contracts are summarized by comparing the differences between FIDIC DBO and FIDIC EPC to figure out the right and responsibilities and right between both parties during the operate period. Next, identify problems about contract on public construction from some case studies and investigation reports on contract disputes. Then, referenced some comprehensive literature and proposed a feasible checking items for operate period of contracts which is more practical.

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Pessrová, Monika. "Smlouva o dílo v mezinárodních výstavbových projektech." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340043.

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Contract for work in international construction projects (Summary) The present master thesis analyses the contemporary practice in the field of making contracts for work in international construction projects. Its goal is to answer the following research question: is it possible to use the new Czech trust concept as a payment instrument under the most used FIDIC standard form of contract - Conditions of Contract for Construction First Edition 1999 (better known as "Red Book")? The thesis is divided into three chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the new trust concept: from construction projects through construction contracts for work to payment conditions. The opening part of Chapter One focuses on construction projects. It defines their characteristic features and describes the main types of their management, organization and contractual relationships. Next, the chapter discusses the international character of construction projects and concentrates on situations involving a conflict of laws. Party autonomy and the choice of law rule, that empowers parties to designate the applicable law to their contractual relationship, are assumed to be fundamental principles of contract formation in international construction projects. This part of the chapter is concluded by the proposition that...

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Wang, Yuan-Fu, and 王元甫. "Discussing construction contract disputes according to the FIDIC." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31322176970754519379.

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Huang, Chih-Hung, and 黃智弘. "Comparison between FIDIC Contract Model with Taiwan Construction Specifications." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27203115316062344607.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 土木工程學研究所 97 Since Taiwan acceded to the GPA in 2008, the agreement must affect Taiwan public construction. Taiwan''s contractors need to cooperate with foreign companies or competition in many large-scale public constructions. Taiwan’s construction industry inevitably aligns with the international construction industry. The domestic contractors must figure out relevant regulations such as rights and obligations, risk allocation, administrative procedure of the international construction contract. It will have lots of merits for Taiwan’s construction industry to take the challenge of the international markets in the future. The study believes construction contract transgresses neither the legislation the Government Procurement Law nor the prohibition and force under the provisions of the Civil Law. It should return to the relevant provisions of the lease conditions to solve the dispute of complex engineering and technical level problems based on the degree of autonomy of private law. First, the sudy sruggles to classfy and compare the general condition between FIDIC with construction specifications and then discovered differences by the terms of the claims and regulations. The analysis of survey conducted uses Fuzzy Delphi Method with dispute mechanisms to discuss the relationship between domestic common dispute and imperfect clauses. In conclusion, there’re some suggestions of amendment for Taiwan construction specifications.

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Chen, Guan-Yu, and 陳冠宇. "Reconstruction of Acceptance System–A comparison with FIDIC contract and public construction contract in Taiwan." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2g6n3x.

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碩士 中原大學 財經法律研究所 103 Abstract 　　The acceptance plays an important role in public construction contract in Taiwan, not only the point which the contractor could get payment from the employer or not , but the risk sharing of the achievement. In our country,just some rules for the acceptance, we are lack of an integral standard and formal definition in our legislation and public construction contract. We don’t have a detailed statement for the acceptance and we may get wrong results after being examined by civil law. Because of it,there are more and more different explanations of the acceptance between the construction and the legislation. 　　Under the legal system in Taiwan, the legislation of the acceptance is weakness and empty.It’s not the same specifications of the acceptance for the major public construction contracts each other in Taiwan and the global construction contracts in the world .It is a big problem that attracts foreign investments groups in collaboration with our groups in Taiwan and our investment groups is hard to make an investment overseas. Now, we must compare with global public construction contract and correct the mistakes first,then make some integral rules for the public construction contract in Taiwan. 　　Although the public construction contract is one of the hire of work in the civil code,based on the characteristic of public construction contract,it’s different from the hire of work in the civil code.Under the public construction , In this situation we can’t used our active civil theory or article to explain or make clean like the Interim Payment、Retention Money and the employer should Take Over the contractor’s finished work or not, and because the employer doesn’t have enough engineering sense or professional knowledge, we developed the Engineer system, But discussed about The Engineer characteristic in our judge system too, Therefore, this paper take our main public construction contract to make clear by global public construction contract, Hope to make sense and arrange each other, And try to draft some must correct article sentence in the end, As well as to be the direction when our public construction contract be revised.

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Wang, Yu-Ting, and 王鈺婷. "A Study on FIDIC Dredging Contract and Related Disputes in Taiwan." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xqjwej.

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碩士 國立政治大學 法律科際整合研究所 107 A harbour dredging work is typically much more complex than other construction works. It usually includes underwater excavation, which requires rather sophisticated technology to obtain accurate information such as soil and sediment conditions of the dredging area. Climatic, hydrological conditions, ship movements and dredger mobilizations are also important factors for a dredging project. FIDIC, International Federation of Consulting Engineers, published the first edition of standard contract for dredging works in 2006 (as known as FIDIC Form of Contract for Dredging and Reclamation Works, The Blue Book). The second edition is released in 2016, which is more user-friendly and more specific to dredging industry. In light of the above mentioned, this thesis focuses on FIDIC Blue Book and related disputes on habour dredging projects in Taiwan. This study concludes that the current contract for construction of PCC, Public Construction Commission Executive Yuan, may be unsuitable for dredging works in Taiwan. To avoid possible disputes, PCC shall refer to the related clauses of FIDIC Blue Book. PCC may draft a special contract for dredging constructions or adjust provisions of the current contract to provide more specific guidance. This study classifies disputes on harbour dredging works in Taiwan into three categories: natural factors, human factors and siltation factors. Few suggestions are followed along the above categories. For soil conditions of natural factors, the employer shall provide contractors with a geological base report as the reference for soil conditions of the dredging area. On the other hand, contractors shall investigate the site within reasonable time and cost. This establishes expecting soil conditions around the dredging area. For climatic and hydrological conditions of natural factors, clearly allocating risks of climatic and hydrological conditions is recommended. Employers shall provide contractors with detailed climatic and hydrological information of the dredging area. For obstacles of human factors, clarifying the definition of obstacles in the contract is suggested. Employers shall bear the risk if an unexpected or hazardous obstacle occurs on the site. For ship movements of human factors, employers shall provide information of ship movements in the dredging area. This allows contractors to choose proper dredgers and methods of the dredging project. For siltation factors, contractors shall be entitled to extend time for completion within prompt notification to the employer. The provisions of partial taking-over shall be planned well to avoid disputes in cases of sudden siltation, where it is unfair for contractors to bear the risk.

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Liang, Yu-Ming, and 梁育銘. "A Comparison With FIDIC Contract and Public Construction Contract In Taiwan－Focusing on The Warranty Conditions of Works." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ywagg5.

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碩士 中原大學 財經法律研究所 105 The public construction contract is starting from the tender, when The Administrative orangs award the construction, The Contractor should be fulfill the responsibility of the contract, and The Administrative orangs has to pay Engineering section to The Contractor. As the The Administrative orangs accept the works, The Contractor will burden with the warranty of the contract in a considerable period of time. After warranty period expires, The Administrative orangs should be return the maintenance bond to The Contractor. At this time, the right and the oblingations of the contract will be end. This series of legal acts across public law and private law, not only the warranty conditions is important to maintain the works, but also it is important to The Contractor how to finish the defects liability. When the public construction is finished, The Contractor should fulfill the warrenty of the contract by Warranty Conditions. But The Court often occur the disagreement of the judgment for the warranty conditions of explanation. For example, whether the warranty conditions is equiralent to the civil law of contract？ Or the both are different, so how to apply？ And the warranty period conflicts with the civil law of contract, how to be applicate？ The maintenance bond claim for return of the dispute should be base on law and regulations, but there is no concensus on The Court and The Academic, so resulting in contractual performance dispute. This article based on the warranty conditions of the public works contract、the judgment、the schoalar''s opinion, and sort out with analysis that the warranty of definition、the warranty conditions of nature、the warranty conditions of purpose、the judgment of the warranty conditions dispute、others warranty conditions、the defense of defects liability. Finally the public works contract compare with FIDIC contract, and find the way to fix the public works contract of missing, reduce the dispute.

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Jegorova, Anastázie. "Vyčíslování nároků u výstavbových projektů realizovaných podle smluvních vzorů FIDIC." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-354456.

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The aim of this thesis is to put the liability obligations arising from the FIDIC contract templates into the context of the current Czech legislation, while uncovering potential conflict areas and evaluating the pros and potential risks arising from the use of these contract templates in the Czech construction industry. The first part of the thesis contains characteristics of all components of civil liability, defines its role in the legal and theoretical field and lays the basis for the practical conclusion in the second part, which focuses in more detail on the treatment of liability obligations under the FIDIC contracts. To illustrate these conclusions, the comparison is made on a particular narrow issue of the quantification of the claims of the parties arising from the above-mentioned liability obligations.

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Kuo, Shih-Shou, and 郭詩收. "Contract Administration Practice Derived From The Relevance Between FIDIC General Conditions And Civil Law." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68482184105991993803.

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碩士 國立成功大學 土木工程學系碩博士班 93 The general conditions is the basis of construction contract to stipulate each party’s right and obligation. They are the criteria for judging responsibility in a dispute. However, these conditions are often used for ascertaining responsibility and results. They do not guide contract administration practice for engineers. 　FIDIC general conditions of contract are complete, rigorous and fair, consisting of legal, technical, and economic provisions. Besides right and obligation, they also include management provisions of schedule, quality, etc. Therefore, if the provisions can be linked with the civil law and relate legal effect, it will benefit engineers when managing contract and dealing with disputes. 　This research classifies FIDIC general conditions into five categories: right and obligation, progress, cost, quality, and administration, and sums up main issues of each category. Then relevant provisions of each category with civil law are compared and their relevances are identified with the aid of court cases. The practice for contract administration is derived, and tested on dispute cases to check its applicability. 　The developed practice of contract administraction is transformed into procedures. Engineers who are unfamiliar with the law can follow these procedures implied by the law while implementing the contract. These practice and procedures can help the contract party understand preliminarily their rights and becomes a basis of protection in a lawsuit or arbitration.

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Wen, TzuHeng, and 溫子恒. "Standard Form Contract for Digital Content." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84279543613179107651.

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碩士 國立臺北大學 資訊管理研究所 99 With the digital environment coming. Digital Content have gradually led to the virtual replacement of traditional Content. Digital Content keep of all the transactions on the Internet. For instance, a user who purchased the right of the legitimate use is granted to make deals online, which means he may sign a contract with a non-specific person. And a standard form contract is one of the contract templates. The study aims to improve the cost that is caused by a buyer and a seller when signing a contract and provide a convenient and fast negotiation mechanism. Both parties’ doubts about the contract can be resolved by consultations with each other. Through an appropriate contract template, both parties are able to make a choice and modify the contract’s content to meet the needs of both sides. This study intends to design an interactive process of authorizing distribution and offer a platform for both parties’ to negotiate on the authorization contract.

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Kohout, Petr. "Mezinárodní smlouvy o dodávce investičních celků." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-313329.

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Large industrial works represents an interesting subject of foreign trade in which countries may have competitive advantage. These industrial works also forms a large part of the state economy. Contracts that covers such transactions are very difficult, whether due to the volume and duration of supply, and because of possible problems with funding, with the political situation at the place of delivery, etc. Contracts covering such a transactions could be very tricky to draft because of either volume and duration of supply, funding issues or political instability in the region etc. The aim of this thesis is to introduce basic concept and principles that are linked to international trade with large industrial works. The thesis is mainly focused on contracting opportunities, ie the general approaches to contracting for the supply of capital equipment. The main theme is - within the specification, form of contract for the supply of capital equipment, as well as other resources that can be used during drafting the contract, such as commercial conventions and more. Thesis is logically divided into six chapters (including introduction and conclusion).The firts part of the thesis familiarize the reader with basic concepts - those are the "large industrial works " and "international business transactions."...

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Huai-Shiuan, Chen, and 陳懷玄. "A Study of Standard Form Contract on the Pharmaceutical Procurement." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27814878308938212704.

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碩士 東吳大學 法律學系 99 Abstract The competition of the market of pharmaceuticals is extremely complicated, and as nothing is strange for various marketing tactics, including the bonus goods, allowance, donation, etc., and also many hospitals, utilizing “ Freedom of Contract ” principle on the market at present, require the pharmaceutical suppliers to reduce the price of pharmaceuticals according to certain proportion or amount of money and thus enabling the hospitals to enjoy the interests of the price difference of pharmaceuticals. Bureau of National Health Institute handling the sixth price volume survey on pharmaceuticals, have found that domestic pharmaceutical market exists various marketing activities produced to derive from sales throughout the tactics at the market in 2009. Through the price volume survey, Bureau of National Health Institute is difficult to obtain the real transaction materials of the market. Because of this, the pharmaceutical price information has been so insufficient that it would hinder to settle the whole reimbursement prices for pharmaceuticals and to control pharmaceuticals expenditure. In order to impel the pharmaceuticals market order to reach normalization and so to disclose transaction information, it is necessary for Bureau of National Health Institute to justify all of this. The transactions between hospitals and pharmaceutical suppliers are the behavior of the free trade of market. If not relevant regulations dully authorized, then Department of Health and Bureau of National Health Institute should be unable to get involved. Department of Health has drafted the law of National Health Insurance article 75, which regulates the medical institutes, on the trade of pharmaceuticals, should sign the standard form contract for pharmaceutical procurement with pharmaceutical suppliers. Both sides of transactions should obey the rules of the contract. Implementation of the standard form contract for pharmaceutical procurement will define specific contract content that hospitals sign with pharmaceutical suppliers and make the transactions of both sides can be fair, reasonable and clear. If so, not only can ensure both sides to have rights and interests, can also assist Bureau of National Health Institute to handle the pharmaceutical price volume survey correctly in the future. Meanwhile, Bureau of National Health Institute can acquire the complete pharmaceutical transaction materials, which make the adjustment of the pharmaceutical price corresponding to reality further, and then can control the price difference of pharmaceutical in the rational range. Key words: National Health Insurance, Pharmaceutical price difference, Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme, Price Volume survey, Standard form Contract for the Pharmaceutical Procurement

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Chiu, Yu-Chen, and 邱于真. "A Study on Reviewing Period of Standard Form Contract Terms." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9um49e.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 法律學研究所 105 Standard form contract, which is common in modern society transaction, brings market advantage of mass contract and lower transaction cost, and effectively improves ecomomic efficiency and promotes economic development. However, because the process of making standard form contract lacks negotiation and exists severe gap of information between two parties, it will bring out an acute problem of abuses of freedom of contract to the weaker party. To achieve freedom of contract, procedural control of standard form contract is crucial and necessary. The emphasis is on the incorporation of standard form contract terms and how to ensure the weaker party has enough information to make the decision of making a contract or not. According to Article 11-1 of Consumer Protection Act, the stronger party shall provide a reasonable period for the weaker party to review all standard form contract terms, before entering into a standard form contract. Furthermore, where standard form contract terms in violation of reviewing period shall not constitute part of the contract. The core purpose of Article 11-1 is to ensure that the weaker party has the opportunity to understand terms, and Article 11-1 is part of procedural control. The theoretical basis of reviewing period is the obligation to provide information of the stronger party before entering into a standard contract. It is mostly based on problems of information asymmetry and principle of good faith. Also, the function of reviewing period is to give the weaker party time to understand information that is provided. As a matter of fact, it plays a vital role in making a contract. Since the theoretical basis of reviewing period is the obligation to provide information, not only consumer standard form contract but also non-consumer standard form contract can apply to reviewing period, because in non-consumer standard form contract, unfairness and inequity exist too. Moreover, in Civil Law, there are no procedural control of standard form contract. This implies that we should make application of reviewing period, Article 11-1 of Consumer Protection Act, by analogy to non-consumer standard form contract, but not to individually negotiated terms. On legal requirement of reviewing period, it should be provided unconditionally, disclosing all terms and other related documents and informing the right to review. What is more, it should mainly be provided to the weaker party and before entering into a standard form contract. In addition, the central competent authority may proclaim the appropriate contract reviewing period. However, there are problems like reviewing period proclaimed is not long enough, or inequity in different types of standard form contract. In violation of reviewing period, according to Article 11-1 of Consumer Protection Act, the terms shall not constitute part of the contract. However, it is not easy to claim in practice. The difficulties of the claim are mostly due to judicial opinions that confused procedural control with substantive controls. Based on the fact that reviewing period is a kind of procedural control, we should take the point of view of formal review. The emphasis is on that the weaker party have the opportunity to review, not actually reviewed or not. Thus, reviewing period system will become more effective. In addition, because that reviewing period is for the purpose of protecting the freedom of contract of the weaker party, and it is part of obligation to provide information. Then, in violation of reviewing period, the weaker party may be able to revoke the expression or claim for compensation for damages. The procedural control of standard form contract is crutial to procedural justice of contract, we should make reviewing period system more effective and efficient. Then we can essure the weaker party can make a standard form contract with the opportunity to access to information, and achieve the freedom of contract.

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Tseng, Chih Ning, and 曾稚甯. "The Discussion of The Terms in Standard Form Credit Card Contract-with Analysis of The Appropriateness of The Terms in Standard Form Credit Card Contract." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44087958004839663781.

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碩士 國立臺北大學 法律學系一般生組 99 There are developed Industrial, commercial world, and service industry in the modern society of capitalism, each type of business transactions is more and more mature that makes the scale of transaction become broad and induces the consideration of the transaction to be massive, seeking efficiency and to reduce its costs. It is indispensable to enter into a contract in our daily life. Because of the standard form contract has the advantages of quickly and convenient to the transaction, all circles of life are fond of using it. Since the standard form contract is drafted by the party of another in advance, sometimes it may be unavoidable to give advantages to the former. In fact, the party who drafted the standard form contract is usually standing in a better position. In the other hand, the relative person of the contract is usually in an inferior position. This paper is going to explore the questions which might be induced by the terms in standard form contract. Besides, the credit card system is developed in our country, the credit card institutions are almost using the standard form contracts to deal with the applicants of credit cards. And the situations that the rights and interests of cardholders are violating by the term of the standard form contracts are always happening. This paper is going to discuss the terms in standard form credit card contracts which are easily to induce the disputations and to find the ways to balance the benefits of card issuers and consumers. The resources which is using in this paper are writings and books of scholars from our or foreign counties, master papers, periodical papers, judicial judgments, administrative orders, and the data of internet. And to assist with fore-mentioned resources, there are foreign legislations, judicial judgments to be the foundations of comparative laws. There are six chapters in this paper. Chapter One is the prolegomenon of the paper. Chapter Two is the summary of the credit card system, including the origin of the system and the introduction of each type of credit cards. And to refer to the laws of America and Japan. Finally, to illustrate the procedure of the credit card transactions and the legal relationship between the persons involved in it. Chapter Three is to make a description of the standard form contracts and the terms in it. Chapter Four is to introduce the relationships between standard form contracts and Civil Code, Consumer Protection law, and Fair Trade Act. Chapter Five is to discuss the appropriateness of the terms in standard form contracts which is deemed important and easily to induce disputes in our society. Chapter Six is to make a conclusion of the paper and give some suggestions. The terms in standard form credit card contracts which drafted by card issuers of our country are sometime not exactly ideal. This paper finds that it is only to use Civil Code, Consumer Protection law, and administrative standards to bind the standard form credit card contracts in our country and recommends we can refer to the regulations of America and Japan to make the special laws with a clear and definite ways to be followed in this field.

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