Relevant bibliographies by topics / Field drainage; Runoff processes

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Field drainage; Runoff processes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Field drainage; Runoff processes"

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Han, S., D. Xu, and S. Wang. "Runoff formation from plot, field, to small catchment with shallow groundwater table and dense drainage system in agricultural North Huaihe River Plain, China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 4 (April 2, 2012): 4235–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-4235-2012.

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Abstract. Runoff formation processes at the experimental plot (1600 m2), the field (0.06 km2), and the small catchment (1.36 km2) with shallow groundwater table and dense drainage system in North Huaihe River Plain (the northern part of the Huaihe River Basin, China) were analyzed based on observed rainfall, runoff and groundwater table depth data of 30 storm events during the flood seasons from 1997 to 2008. At the outlet of the furrow of the experimental plot, only the surface runoff was collected and measured, whereas both the surface and subsurface runoffs were collected at the drainage ditches outlets of the field and the small catchment. The present study showed that the relatively narrow range of rainfall amounts resulted in significantly different runoff amounts at all the three scales. When the ground water is close to surface, the runoff amount is a great percentage of rainfall amount. Significant linear relationships between the difference of rainfall and runoff amounts and the changes in water table or the initial water table depth were found. When the 30 events were divided into three groups with initial water table (as a parameter indicating the antecedent moisture condition) shallower than 0.5 m, deeper than 2.3 m or between 0.5 m and 2.3 m, significant rainfall-runoff relationships existed for each group. These imply that saturation-excess surface flow dominated the runoff response, especially when water table is shallow. For almost all the events, the water table rose above the bottom of drainage ditch during the event, and the total runoff amounts were larger at the field and the catchment than that at the plot with only surface flow measured, showing a great contribution of subsurface flow. Groundwater table depth, not only reflecting the antecedent moisture conditions, but also influencing the lateral sub-surface flow to the drainage ditches, would be an important parameter dominating runoff formation process in catchment like the study area with shallow water table and dense drainage system.
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Maršálek, J., and D. Sztruhár. "Urban Drainage: Review of Contemporary Approaches." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0645.

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Recent developments in urban storm drainage are reviewed starting with rainfall/runoff processes, followed by discussions of combined sewage, drainage impacts on receiving waters, impact mitigation, hydroinformatics, regulatory programs and conclusions. The most promising trends in this field include improvements in spatial definition of rainfall data, runoff modelling with a limited number of model parameters and recognition of modelling uncertainties, analytical statistical modelling of runoff quality, advances in the understanding and modelling of sewer sediment transport, the use of biomonitoring and modelling in assessing drainage impacts on receiving waters, further refinement of best management practices for stormwater management, development of new processes for treatment of stormwater, experience with vortex combined sewer overflow structures and their applications in combination with other treatment devices, real time control of sewer system operation, advances in hydroinformatics leading to improvements in the integrated management and modelling of drainage systems, interfacing of drainage models with geographic information systems, and improved regulation of drainage effluents.
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Yu, Yanmei, Junzeng Xu, Pingcang Zhang, Yan Meng, and Yujiang Xiong. "Controlled Irrigation and Drainage Reduce Rainfall Runoff and Nitrogen Loss in Paddy Fields." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073348.

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In southern China, the growing period of rice is synchronized with the rainy period, and the loss of nutrients (such as nitrogen) due to unreasonable irrigation and drainage, along with rainfall and runoff, has become the main source of agricultural nonpoint source pollution. The laws of runoff and nitrogen loss in paddy fields under different irrigation and drainage modes are not clear. In this study, field experiments were adopted to observe the runoff and nitrogen loss under typical rainfall and throughout the whole growth period. The results showed that, compared with the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the controlled irrigation and drainage mode reduced the drainage of two typical rainfall processes by 47.5% and 31.3% and the peak drainage by 38.9% and 14.4%. Compared with those under the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the average concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen under the controlled irrigation and drainage mode were reduced by 22.2%, 22.7%, and 27.8%, respectively, during the whole rainfall process on July 21 and were decreased by 27.1%, 11.4%, and 25.6%, respectively, on August 25. In irrigated rice areas, under the controlled irrigation and drainage mode, drainage was reduced after two intercepts through paddy fields and drainage ditches. The nitrogen concentration in the drainage ditch decreased due to the increase in retention time and the effect of the ditch and field wetland. Compared with the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen loads of the controlled irrigation and drainage mode were reduced by 69.8%, 65.3%, and 69.7%, respectively.
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Hagen, Jon Ove, Bernd Etzelmüller, and Anne-Marie Nuttall. "Runoff and drainage pattern derived from digital elevation models, Finsterwalderbreen, Svalbard." Annals of Glaciology 31 (2000): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756400781819879.

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AbstractFinsterwalderbreen (77°26’ N, 15° 15’ E) is a 35 km2 polythermal, surge-type glacier in southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Extensive field investigations have been carried out on the glacier, including mapping of bed topography by radio-echo soundings, mass-balance measurements and hydrological and meteorological registrations. In this paper we have used surface and bed topography and observations of summer ablation to estimate total runoff and subglacial drainage pattern by means of spatial map analysis in standard geographic information system software. The location and relative importance of the water-channel outlets from the glacier were estimated, as well as the change in drainage pattern over the period 1970–90. The results could be compared to direct observations of drainage pattern and discharge recordings. The analyses indicate that the location of the subglacial channels is dominated by the surface topography and thus that the channels are partly pressurized.
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Schärer, Lotte Askeland, Jan Ove Busklein, Edvard Sivertsen, and Tone M. Muthanna. "Limitations in using runoff coefficients for green and gray roof design." Hydrology Research 51, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2020.049.

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Abstract Climate change combined with urbanization increases the performance demand on urban drainage systems. Green roofs are one of the most used green infrastructure measures to alleviate the pressure on the urban drainage system through the detention and retention of runoff. The rational method with the runoff coefficient (C) is one of the most commonly used design tools for stormwater design in Norway. This method relies on a runoff coefficient being available for green roofs, which is typically not the case. This paper compares laboratory and experimental field studies to investigate runoff coefficients from different types of detention-based roofs. The methodology described in the German ‘FLL Guideline’, one of the world's most commonly used green roof standards, was used to measure the runoff coefficients for the different components making up a typical green roof. The contribution from each layer is reflected in the runoff coefficients. The runoff coefficients from the field experiments were calculated using observed precipitation and runoff from existing green roofs in Oslo, Trondheim, Sandnes, and Bergen, Norway. Events that had a cumulative precipitation comparable to the laboratory events, but longer durations, were selected. These events gave significantly lower and varying runoff coefficients, clearly demonstrating the limitation of choosing a suitable runoff coefficient for a given roof. However, laboratory experiments are important in understanding the underlying flow processes in the different layers in a detention-based roof.
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Hadadin, N. "Spatial stochastic and analytical approaches to describe the complex hydraulic variability inherent channel geometry." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (July 19, 2011): 6967–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-6967-2011.

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Abstract. The effects of basin hydrology on channel hydraulic variability for incised streams were investigated using available field data sets and models of watershed hydrology and channel hydraulics for Yazoo River Basin, USA. The study presents the hydraulic relations of bankfull discharge, channel width, mean depth, cross- sectional area, longitudinal slope, unit stream power, and runoff production as a function of drainage area using simple linear regression. The hydraulic geometry relations were developed for sixty one streams, twenty of them are classified as channel evaluation model (CEM) Types IV and V and forty one of them are streams of CEM Types II and III. These relationships are invaluable to hydraulic and water resources engineers, hydrologists, and geomorphologists, involved in stream restoration and protection. These relations can be used to assist in field identification of bankfull stage and stream dimension in un-gauged watersheds as well as estimation of the comparative stability of a stream channel. Results of this research show good fit of hydraulic geometry relationships in the Yazoo River Basin. The relations indicate that bankfull discharge, channel width, mean depth, cross-sectional area have stronger correlation to changes in drainage area than the longitudinal slope, unit stream power, and runoff production for streams CEM Types II and III. The hydraulic geometry relations show that runoff production, bankfull discharge, cross-sectional area, and unit stream power are much more responsive to changes in drainage area than are channel width, mean depth, and slope for streams of CEM Types IV and V. Also, the relations show that bankfull discharge and cross-sectional area are more responsive to changes in drainage area than are other hydraulic variables for streams of CEM Types II and III. The greater the regression slope, the more responsive to changes in drainage area will be.
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Silburn, DM, and DM Freebairn. "Evaluations of the CREAMS model. III. Simulation of the hydrology of vertisols." Soil Research 30, no. 5 (1992): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920547.

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The CREAMS hydrology model was evaluated for two Vertisols, each with three fallow management strategies, by comparing predictions of runoff, soil moisture and drainage with 5-8 years of measured data. Model parameter values were derived by: (i) using a combination of measured site characteristics and published values, and (ii) optimizing selected parameters, particularly the runoff parameter (curve number). With parameter values from published sources, runoff was overpredicted by 1 to 39%; good estimates of total soil moisture were obtained. Using optimized curve numbers, runoff was predicted well (daily, r2 = 0.83; monthly, r2 = 0.92; annual, r2 = 0.94). Total soil moisture values were predicted well, the main source of error being from overprediction of transpiration. Errors in predicted runoff caused little of the error in predicted total soil moisture. The distribution of soil moisture in the soil was poorly predicted. Drainage predictions were similar to estimates from steady-state solute mass balance. Optimized curve numbers derived in this study provide parameter values for modelling the water balance of self-mulching Vertisols. Values of other model parameters, derived from field measurements and published sources were near optimal, and predictions were not improved by adjusting the more sensitive of these parameters. The model is considered adequate for many practical applications. Some enhancements to the model are suggested.
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Ruan, Mingchaun, and Jan B. M. Wiggers. "Application of time-series analysis to urban storm drainage." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0180.

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In urban storm drainage, deterministic models, such as SWMM, HydroWorks and MOUSE are commonly used. However, comprehensive research programmes, including field surveys, have indicated that most processes related to urban storm drainage have stochastic characteristic, like the occurrence of rainfall events, the processes of rainfall-runoff and flow routing in sewer networks3etc.. Particularly, sediments found in sewers either in suspension or in deposition, cannot be considered as having a unique entity. Inhomogeneity and randomness are just the nature of sewer sediment behaviour. Most data required for urban storm drainage are time-series data, such as rainfall intensity, water level measured in an outfall, CSO discharge and pollutant load etc.. Consequently, time-series analysis should be an alternative for predicting some relationships of urban storm drainage, such as (net) rainfall-CSO discharge, rainfall-water level and CSO discharge-pollutant load.
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Rammal, Mohamad, and Emmanuel Berthier. "Runoff Losses on Urban Surfaces during Frequent Rainfall Events: A Review of Observations and Modeling Attempts." Water 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102777.

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Quantifying urban runoff during frequent rainfall events is a key element in quality management of urban water due to their high contribution to the annual runoff flow. This explains the growing interest among hydrologists in studying runoff flow on urban surfaces. In this paper, we review most of the experimental approaches as well as the modeling ones conducted in the literature to understand and estimate runoff flow on urban areas. This review highlights the incoherence between our current understanding of the hydrological behavior of urban areas during frequent events and our conception of the loss functions in the urban drainage models. Field studies provided more insight into the determinant processes occurring on the different surface types during frequent events with depression storage being a fundamental element varying between surface types and for the same surface type and infiltration process being relatively important on paved areas especially in their cracks that constitute preferential pathways for rainwater. Analyzing a wide range of urban drainage models showed that these elements along with the temporal evolution of the hydrological behavior of urban surfaces due to seasonal and state conditions are not fully integrated in the models’ structures, which were initially developed for heavy rainfall events. Adapting the assumptions of urban drainage models based on these new factors must improve the performance of hydrological models for frequent rainfall events.
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Guo, Tian, Margaret Gitau, Venkatesh Merwade, Jeffrey Arnold, Raghavan Srinivasan, Michael Hirschi, and Bernard Engel. "Comparison of performance of tile drainage routines in SWAT 2009 and 2012 in an extensively tile-drained watershed in the Midwest." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-89-2018.

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Abstract. Subsurface tile drainage systems are widely used in agricultural watersheds in the Midwestern US and enable the Midwest area to become highly productive agricultural lands, but can also create environmental problems, for example nitrate-N contamination associated with drainage waters. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been used to model watersheds with tile drainage. SWAT2012 revisions 615 and 645 provide new tile drainage routines. However, few studies have used these revisions to study tile drainage impacts at both field and watershed scales. Moreover, SWAT2012 revision 645 improved the soil moisture based curve number calculation method, which has not been fully tested. This study used long-term (1991–2003) field site and river station data from the Little Vermilion River (LVR) watershed to evaluate performance of tile drainage routines in SWAT2009 revision 528 (the old routine) and SWAT2012 revisions 615 and 645 (the new routine). Both the old and new routines provided reasonable but unsatisfactory (NSE < 0.5) uncalibrated flow and nitrate loss results for a mildly sloped watershed with low runoff. The calibrated monthly tile flow, surface flow, nitrate-N in tile and surface flow, sediment and annual corn and soybean yield results from SWAT with the old and new tile drainage routines were compared with observed values. Generally, the new routine provided acceptable simulated tile flow (NSE = 0.48–0.65) and nitrate in tile flow (NSE = 0.48–0.68) for field sites with random pattern tile and constant tile spacing, while the old routine simulated tile flow and nitrate in tile flow results for the field site with constant tile spacing were unacceptable (NSE = 0.00–0.32 and −0.29–0.06, respectively). The new modified curve number calculation method in revision 645 (NSE = 0.50–0.81) better simulated surface runoff than revision 615 (NSE = −0.11–0.49). The calibration provided reasonable parameter sets for the old and new routines in the LVR watershed, and the validation results showed that the new routine has the potential to accurately simulate hydrologic processes in mildly sloped watersheds.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Field drainage; Runoff processes"

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Addison, Paula Jane. "An investigation of soil water movement on drained and undrained clay grassland in south west England." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2062.

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The Rowden Moor experimental site (A.F.R.C. I.G.E.R., North Wyke) provided an opportunity to characterise discharge regimes, elucidate runoff generation mechanisms and to consider implications for solute movement under natural and drained conditions. Research was conducted on a heavy clay grassland soil in an area of high rainfall (1053 mm a ˉ¹) in South West England. A combined hydrometric and tensiometric study was undertaken within a nested experimental design (1 m² to 1 ha) on one undrained and one drained site throughout a drainage season (October to March). Results at the hectare scale demonstrated that drainage did not substantially alter the volume of field runoff ( ~ 400 mm) but did change the dominant flowpaths. Drainage diverted water from surface/near surface routes to depth so that drain storm runoff was lagged by some 30 minutes over undrained site discharge. The drained site also exhibited a more peaky regime, with a maximum daily discharge of 45 mm being almost twice that for the undrained field. At the field and plot scale, the significance of macropore flow was noted. To investigate this in more detail, a tracer experiment was performed on an isolated soil block which had been mole drained and so had enhanced macroporosity. Macropore flow was generated under unsaturated conditions (little matric potential response and no water table was identified). Stable oxygen concentrations were δ18O +3.5 and -5.8 in tracer and background water respectively. Drainflow indicated that there was rapid interaction between applied tracer and soil water (peak flow δ18O -1.1). Thus, the matrix-macropore interface was not a boundary between two separate domains of old and new water, high and low conductivity but a site of rapid interchange and mixing. Temporal variability of soil status and malric water composition, also indicated that limited areas of the matrix were capable of transmitting rapid flow. It became clear that even in a heavy clay soil such as that found at Rowden, where macropore flow was promoted by drainage operations, the matrix still had an important role to play. On the basis of potential, soil moisture and observation of tracers, it is proposed that discrete (finger-like) volumes of the matrix are capable of rapid water transmission. Although it was frequently impossible to relate moisture content and soil water potential because instrumentation monitored different volumes of soil, hysteretic soil moisture behaviour over the drainage season was evident in both data sets. This study confirmed the importance of rapid subsurface runoff generation mechanisms on drained soils, but noted that discontinuous translatory flow in the matrix and macropore flow occurred and that the two ‘domains’ were inextricably linked. Further work should be undertaken at the detailed scale to elucidate the soil characteristics which promote rapid runoff mechanisms and the consequences for water quality, especially where the soil subsurface represents a major reservoir (e.g. nitrates).
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Klaiber, Laura B. "Edge-Of-Field Water And Phosphorus Losses In Surface And Subsurface Agricultural Runoff." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/565.

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Quantifying effectiveness of soil management practices on surface and subsurface water quality at the field scale is becoming increasingly important in the Lake Champlain Basin and other agricultural watersheds. During 2012 and 2013, field plots (22.9 x 45.7 m) were established at the Lake Alice Wildlife Area in Chazy, NY to begin a long-term water quality monitoring study. Plots were established in a cool season grass field (1 ha) leased and managed by the William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute in Chazy, NY. The soil type transitions from an excessively drained outwash soil on the upslope to a very poorly drained silty clay series at the toeslope. Tile drainage lines were installed in each plot and drained to concrete manholes at the corner of each plot where water was sampled and measured. Plots were randomly assigned to a tile-drained (TD) or naturally-drained treatment (UD). Tile outlets were plugged in the UD treatment to enable natural drainage conditions. Surface runoff water was collected at the lower boundary of each plot by shallow PVC-lined trenches that outlet to the manholes. Continuous water flow from each hydrologic pathway was measured in 5-gallon buckets with v-notch weirs and pressure transducers. Total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus SRP), unreactive phosphorus (UP) and sediment (TSS) loads were estimated by multiplying the mean hourly runoff volume by the respective sample concentration for each hydrologic pathway. Data were collected April 21, 2014 through June 30, 2015. Loading rates were unable to be calculated from February 22, 2015 through April 9, 2015 due to freeze/thaw cycles preventing accurate water flow data collection. Event-based loading for TP, SRP, UP, TSS, and water yield were calculated in addition to cumulative losses over the study duration. No significant differences in cumulative TP exports were found between treatments (UD = 230.9 g ha-1; TD = 233.9 g ha-1). Approximately 55% more SRP and 158% more TSS was exported by UD (130.8 g ha-1; 168.8 kg ha-1) than TD (84.2 g ha-1; 65.5 kg ha-1). Unreactive P exports from TD (149.7 g ha-1) were 50% greater than UD (100.1 g ha-1). Two runoff events dominated the treatment response. An intense rain storm on May 16, 2014 generated the greatest sediment losses in both treatments during an individual event, contributing 65 and 67% of the cumulative losses from TD and UD, respectively. This event was also responsible for 40% of UP losses from TD. A 3 d rain/snowmelt event beginning on December 24, 2014 resulted in 61 and 84% of all SRP losses for TD and UD, respectively. The results of this study indicate that tile drainage may not have a negative impact on water quality relative to a naturally drained field. However, additional years of data are needed to develop more robust conclusions as different management strategies and weather conditions could result in different outcomes.
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Eyerdom, Timothy J. "Treating Organic Pollutants in Urban Runoff Using Slow-Release Oxidants: Laboratory and Field Investigations." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1398683119.

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He, Wenle. "Atmospheric corrosion and runoff processes on copper and zinc as roofing materials." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3431.

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An extensive investigation with parallel field andlaboratory exposures has been conducted to elucidateatmospheric corrosion and metal runoff processes on copper andzinc used for roofing applications. Detailed studies have beenperformed to disclose the effect of various parameters on therunoff rate including: surface inclination and orientation,natural patination (age), patina composition, rain duration andvolume, rain pH, and length of dry periods inbetween rainevents. Annual and average corrosion rates and runoff rateshave been determined consecutively during urban field exposuresin Stockholm on naturally patinated copper and zinc of varyingage and patina composition. The corrosion rate was found todecrease with time, amounting to 6.7 g Cu/(m2.y) and 5.0 gZn/(m2.y) after 48 weeks of exposure, whereas the runoff ratewas relatively constant with time on a yearly basis, being 1.3g/(m2.y) and 3.1 g/(m2.y) for copper and zinc, respectively.The annual runoff rate was found to be significantly lower thanthe corresponding corrosion rate for both copper and zinc.Somewhat higher runoff rates of copper were determined fromnaturally green-patinated copper (>40 years old, 2.0g/(m2.y)) compared to brown-patinated copper (1 year old). Themain reasons are specific environmental conditions combinedwith characteristics of the patina layer, which increase themagnitude of dissolved species flushed from the surface duringthe first flush volume of a rain event. No intrinsic effect ofpanel age on the runoff rate was seen for naturally patinatedzinc. However, differences in prevailing environmentalconditions during the initial exposure period and, hence,differences in formation rate and surface coverage of thecorrosion patina, resulted in variations in runoff rate. Thisinitial difference remained also during prolonged exposureperiods and was referred to as a memory effect.

Model roof investigations and laboratory studies showedsurface orientation and inclination to have a detrimentaleffect on the runoff rate with high runoff rates from surfacesof low inclination from horizon and surfaces exposed towardsthe wind direction.

Based on fieldexposures and literature data, a correlationwas established between the runoff rate and the prevailingSO2-concentration. The runoff rate increases with increasingSO2 level for exposure sites of similar annual precipitationquantities (500-1000 mm/y). A rain device, using artificialrain, was shown to successfully simulate outdoor rain events ofvarying intensity and pH and result in realistic runoff ratesof both copper and zinc. The device was used to monitor changesin metal concentration and quantity of runoff water duringindividual rain events. High metal concentrations are found inthe initial rain volume flushing the surface (first flush),which decreased to rather constant metal concentrations duringthe subsequent rain volume (steady-state). The magnitude offirst flush depends primarily on environmental conditions priorto a rain event and the characteristics of the corrosionpatina. The metal concentration in runoff water increases withrain acidity, decreases with rain intensity and increases withlength of the dry period preceding a rain event.

A comparison between instantaneous corrosion rates,monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a2-electrode set-up, and runoff rates during a continuous rainevent was performed for naturally patinated copper panels.Corrosion rates were found to be approximately 10 (brownishpatina) and 25 times (greenish patina) lower than correspondinginstantaneous runoff rates.

A schematic description of the first flush and steady-stateregion of the runoff process was established. The magnitude ofthe concentration during first flush is primarily affected byprevailing environmental conditions prior to a rain event,while rain pH and intensity primarily affect the concentrationduring steady-state.

Key words:atmospheric corrosion, corrosion rate, runoffrate, copper, zinc, field study, laboratory study, roof, firstflush, rain quantity, rain intensity, rain pH, dry and wetdeposition, corrosion and runoff process.

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Akhavan, Bloorchian Azadeh. "EFFECT OF MAJOR FACTORS ON BIOSWALE PERFORMANCE AND HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES FOR THE CONTROL OF STORMWATER RUNOFF FROM HIGHWAYS." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1531.

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Highways and roadways are the major source of stormwater runoff due to their prevalence and large non-permeable surface area. Best Management Practices (BMPs) such as bioswale provide effective on-site management and control of stormwater runoff from linear infrastructure such as highways. Many factors affect the performance of bioswales for stormwater volume reduction. The ratio of the installed BMP area to its service drainage area, characteristics of precipitation and the amount of sediment build-up over the surface of the BMP area are among the most important factors. Earlier studies have indicated that volume reductions in stormwater runoff from bioswale application range from 50% to 94%. However, the reported research lacks adequate information for a full understanding of how bioswales perform under various conditions. Consequently, additional systematic and in-depth research to better understand and the potential of bioswales as a method of controlling stormwater runoff is indicated. This research examined the effect of the following factors on bioswale performance: the ratio of the BMP area to the service drainage area, precipitation amounts and intensity, and sediment build-up. Hydraulic and hydrological processes were developed and analyzed through conceptual and physical models using appropriate governing equations including the Green-Ampt method. Field study of discrete rainfall events was conducted to collect information to calibrate and validate the numerical models. The field study tested various bioswale conditions with different levels of sediment accumulation. It also considered expected soil loss in the study area using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method. In addition to field study, extensive simulations were conducted considering various contributing areas, rainfall depth and intensity, and sediment accumulation. These variables were manipulated to evaluate their effect on runoff volume reduction. Findings indicate that, for a given rainfall depth and duration, increasing the ratio of the BMP area to the service drainage area from 4% to16% results in increased bioswale efficiency ranging from 84% to 99%. The results revealed that input flowrate to the bioswale ranged from 0.04 to 4.7 in./min. depending on the rainfall intensity and soil type in the area. The runoff reduction performance of a newly constructed bioswale ranged from 44% for the highest input flowrate to 99% for the lowest input flowrate rainfall events. On the low end of rainfall volume/intensity, a 4% increase in the BMP area ratio results in a 34% improvement in efficiency (50% to 84%). On the high end of rainfall volume/intensity, a 16% increase in the area ratio results in only a 5% increase in efficiency (94% to 99%). Results also show that sediment accumulation has a substantial negative effect on infiltration rate. The observed efficiency of a bioswale in runoff reduction ranged from 13% to 100%. According to the USLE, the expected amount of soil loss occurring in the right-of-way area of a highway is approximately 1 ton/acre annually. The research revealed that for a given rainfall depth, duration, and area ratio; increasing the amount of sediment accumulation from 0 lbs./sq. ft. (equivalent to a newly constructed bioswale) to 2.7 lbs./sq. ft. (equivalent to a 10-year old bioswale) results in a 52% reduction in the runoff effectiveness of the bioswale sub-catchment from 98% to 46%. Finally, the physical model and associated governing equations were analyzed to describe the process of each studied factor. These results can be used for further study where the sediment accumulation rates differ from those modeled in this research.
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Salmon, Sally Ursula. "Geochemical modelling of acid mine drainage in mill tailings : Quantification of kinetic processes from laboratory to field scale." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Civil and Architectural Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3638.

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Assessment of the potentially acidic, heavy metal-ladenleachates that leave deposits of sulfide ore mill tailings andevaluation of various possible options for mill tailingremediation are scientific problems of increasing practicalimportance. High costs may be associated with the mill tailingremediation, not least after recent changes in Swedish andEuropean environmental legislation. This thesis presents amethodology for studying and quantifying geochemical processesthat contribute to generation of so-called acid mine drainage(AMD). The methodology builds from first principles regardinggeochemical processes, and is based on geochemicalcharacterisation of the mill tailings combined with explicitmodel quantification of the effect of factors, such astemperature, pH, and mineral (BET) surface area, that influencemineral weathering rates. Application of the modellingmethodology to a case study site, Impoundment 1, Kristineberg,northern Sweden, including quantification of slow processesthrough literature rate laws, successfully reproduced the pHand relative concentrations of major ions in the impoundmentgroundwater. Absolute concentrations of most major ions, withthe exception of Zn, were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher in themodel than in the field, which is consistent with the commonlyobserved scale dependence of mineral weathering rates; however,application of a single calibration factor, Xr=10-2, to all weathering rate expressions, sufficed toaccount for this apparent scale dependence.

Subsequent laboratory determination of mineral weatheringrates in Impoundment 1 tailings indicated that rates for themajor minerals pyrite (FeS2) and aluminosilicates were in fact 1-2 orders ofmagnitude lower in the ~50-year-old tailings than ratesreported in the literature. Weathering rates of chalcopyrite(CuFeS2) and sphalerite (ZnS) were by contrast 1-3 ordersof magnitude greater than predicted by the literature rate lawsthat were used in the modelling study. While the mechanism ofZn release requires further investigation for improved forwardmodel prediction, the underestimation of Zn concentration inImpoundment 1 by the model was resolved. The laboratory studyfurthermore indicated that the weathering rates of most majorminerals exhibited the same dependence on pH, temperature andsurface area as reported in the literature, and therebysupported the use of literature rate laws for model assessmentof dominant geochemical processes in tailings deposits, onceallowance is made for lower rates in older tailingsmaterial.

Analysis of the dominant geochemical processes in the modelof Impoundment 1 indicated that slow weathering ofaluminosilicate minerals provided the bulk of protonattenuation and, as a result, considerably affected the rate ofdepletion of fast-reacting pH-buffering minerals. Inclusion ofthe kinetics of aluminosilicate dissolution and of thefeedbacks between slow and fast processes is thus potentiallycrucial for prediction of pH and its long-term evolution. Thesensitivity of modelled groundwater composition and pH to ironredox reactions, such as may be accelerated by acidophilicbacteria, indicated that, while iron redox cycling was low atthe present case study site, quantification of microbialmediation of these reactions may be necessary for predictingAMD quality under other conditions. The laboratory studies alsoindicated that application of common sterilisation techniques,such as is necessary for study of relative contributions ofabiotic and biotic weathering processes, had little effect onthe long-term (>30 days) abiotic element release rates inthe tailings.

This study suggests that within certain limits, which appearnarrower than currently recognised in industrial predictionpractices, it is possible to predict the weathering behaviourof major minerals, and hence proton release and attenuation, inbase metal tailings under field conditions.

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7

Beaulieu, Mathieu. "A shifting hydrological regime : a field investigation of snowmelt runoff processes and their connection to summer baseflow, Sunshine Coast, B.C." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31299.

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The annual hydrographs in British Columbia rivers are either characterized by glacial, nival, pluvial or “hybrid” (both pluvial and nival) sources of runoff. Climate change scenarios for the 2050s indicate that snow-water-equivalent (SWE) will diminish by 50 to 80% in lower snowfed-dominated basins in the South Coastal region compared to historical values. This could trigger a shift from a hybrid to a pluvial regime for many creeks, including streams used as primary water supply such as Chapman Creek on the Sunshine Coast. It has been suggested in previous studies that this change in runoff regime will negatively impact summer low flows due to an earlier onset of snowmelt and a prolonged summer recession period. However, the connection between groundwater recharge during snowmelt and late-summer water yield remains unclear. A local headwater catchment (Stephen’s Creek) was instrumented and monitored from the fall of 2008 to the fall of 2009. A two- and a three-component isotopic hydrograph separation (2-, 3-IHS) method was developed by adapting the runoff-corrected model (runCE) to a semi-distributed environment in order to account for spatial variability in snowmelt and in isotopic release from the snowpack. IHSs results show that event water (snowmelt) and soil water composed most of the streamflow both at the headwater site (66 ± 19%) and at the mouth (62 ± 23%) during the peak of the freshet, while the contribution of event water to streamflow was significantly different in July (34 ± 11 % at the headwater site vs. 7 ± 4% at the mouth). Hydrometric, isotopic and geochemical data suggest that saturated throughflow was the predominant flow-path taken by melt water during freshet. Preliminary streamflow recession analysis revealed that the snowmelt-recharged headwater catchment can support a steadier summer baseflow than Robert’s Creek – a much larger, but rainfed-dominated watershed. It is concluded that the large input of melt water during the spring was sufficient to “over-turn” the shallow subsurface reservoir of the headwater catchment and recharge deeper flow-paths at a rate that can not be matched by rainfed-dominated systems. The results are of interest to water resource planning in the South Coastal region.
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8

Sarrazin, Benoit. "MNT et observations multi-locales du réseau de drainage d'un petit bassin versant rural dans une perspective d'aide à la modélisation spatialisée." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENU042/document.

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Le fonctionnement hydrologique des petits bassins versants ruraux de quelques km² à régime intermittent est complexe car de nombreux processus affectent le cheminement des eaux de surface. Il en résulte une variabilité de la densité de drainage et de la dynamique de l'écoulement au sein du réseau hydrographique. Cette dynamique de fonctionnement est peu prise en considération du fait des difficultés d'ordres techniques et économiques pour suffisamment observer les mouvements de l'eau à la surface. Or, c'est une information essentielle pour décrire la connectivité hydrologique du bassin qui représente la distribution spatiale et temporelle des surfaces contributives à l'écoulement par leur connexion au réseau de drainage. De telles connaissances seraient utiles pour traiter la question de la séparation entre production et transfert effectuée dans les modèles hydrologiques, avec la perspective de proposer des simulations plus justes physiquement. L'objectif de la thèse est de proposer des approches spatiales pour mieux intégrer la dynamique de fonctionnement du réseau de drainage en lien étroit avec la réponse hydrologique du bassin. Le Mercier (7 km²) est le site expérimental situé en tête du bassin versant de l'Yzeron (142 km²) localisé à l'ouest de l'agglomération lyonnaise. Ce bassin sur socle cristallin est composé essentiellement de surfaces agricoles et de forêts. Son fonctionnement hydrologique est affecté par l'existence de zones humides contributives. Un réseau de routes et de fossés anthropiques s'ajoute aux talwegs naturels. Les méthodes développées relèvent de deux approches : (1) la microtopographie issue d'un MNT LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) permet d'identifier et décrire des extensions fonctionnelles du réseau de drainage d'une part au niveau des linéaires artificiels avec un apport minimal de données externes, et d'autre part au niveau des talwegs naturels en distinguant la présence ou l'absence d'un chenal de drainage, signe d'un potentiel d'écoulement concentré. (2) Un dispositif de 18 capteurs limnimétriques est mis en œuvre pour assurer un suivi permanent de la réponse hydrologique par emboitement de stations au sein du réseau hydrographique. Cette observation « multi-locale » permet de mesurer l'évolution de la densité de drainage, d'identifier localement la hiérarchie des facteurs qui affectent la réponse et de distinguer différentes dynamiques de transfert dans le réseau de drainage. Les résultats des approches par la microtopographie et par observations multi-locales aident à identifier des régions du bassin au comportement différent. Ils permettent notamment de mieux comprendre les interrelations entre occupation du sol et processus hydrologiques, voire géomorphologie et processus. Ces résultats valident donc l'intérêt du capteur LiDAR et celui d'un dispositif in situ souple et adaptable pour proposer un « pattern de drainage » réaliste en limitant le recours au terrain. Enfin, ce pattern décrivant la tendance d'organisation spatiale des écoulements, est paramétré dans une fonction de transfert géomorphologique calculée sur la base des cheminements fournis par un MNT. L'usage de cet outil constitue une ébauche mais conforte l'idée d'un couplage entre le pattern de drainage et la réponse du bassin versant dans des conditions d'intensité pluvieuse soutenue et d'humidité modérée pour expliquer la réponse rapide du bassin. L'ensemble des résultats justifie donc la mise en avant de la nature transitoire du réseau de drainage pour paramétrer des modèles spatialisés avec la perspective d'améliorer leurs capacités prédictives
Hydrological functioning of small temporary catchments depends on several processes governing transfer from surface water paths. As a result flow dynamics and drainage density are highly variable in space and time. But this complex dynamic is not enough taken into account because of technical and economical limitations. However, it is essential to describe hydrological connectivity as a spatial and temporal pattern of contributive areas to the drainage network. Get this pattern may facilitate the conceptual distinction between production and transfer functions to improve spatially distributed models. The aim of the study is to develop methods to describe spatial and temporal patterns of the drainage network in relation to catchment hydrological responses. The Mercier headwater catchment (7 km²) is located into the Yzeron catchment near Lyon (France). The land use is principally composed of agricultural plots and forested areas. The hydrographical network consists of natural thalwegs and many roadside ditches and agrarian ditches. Both approaches are developed for this purpose: first, the micro-topography from a LiDAR DEM helps to describe potential flow lengths from drainage network extensions during rainfall events. On the one hand, main artificial ditches are mapped from the DEM with minimal corrections from ancillary data. On the other hand, channelized or unchannelized reaches are located from the DEM into the natural thalwegs. Second, a water level sensor device is set up to record hydrological response from 18 stations located in nested sub-catchments into the hydrological network. These synoptic measurements are used to estimate temporal changes in drainage density, to analyze local hydrological functioning, or to describe flood propagation to the outlet. Results from both approaches lead to the identification of specific behaviors inside the hydrological network controlled by functional thresholds. These patterns help to better understand the relationship between land use and hydrological processes. The results also show the interest of LiDAR DEM and the suitability of adaptable distributed measurements as a substitute to heavy in situ studies for the identification of drainage patterns. Finally, to test the assumption of a gradual drainage network extension during a rainfall event, a simplified drainage pattern is processed into a geomorphological transfer function. This tool is fairly easy to set and is used to initiate an association between local hydrological knowledge and global catchment response. Both approaches lead to conclude that various drainage pattern must be integrated into spatially distributed models according to hydrological conditions, rather than a single hydrological network
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Graciosa, Melissa Cristina Pereira. "Trincheiras de infiltração como tecnologia alternativa em drenagem urbana: modelagem experimental e numérica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-29032016-112054/.

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A infiltração das águas de chuva dentro dos lotes urbanos é uma possível forma de promover o controle descentralizado do escoamento superficial na origem, com vistas ao gerenciamento das águas pluviais urbanas e conseqüente atenuação das cheias. Neste trabalho, foram conduzidos ensaios de campo com trincheiras de infiltração, em dois solos distintos, um arenoso e outro argiloso, com o objetivo de avaliar quantitativamente o comportamento hidráulico das estruturas de infiltração em resposta a volumes de escoamento. As trincheiras foram alimentadas com volumes de água controlados, e o campo de umidade do experimento foi monitorado com sonda de nêutrons, durante o processo de redistribuição da água no solo. Foi realizada a modelagem matemática do fenômeno bidimensional de infiltração em torno de trincheiras de seção retangular, em resposta à entrada de águas pluviais provenientes de áreas impermeabilizadas contíguas. A comparação entre os resultados experimentais e simulados pela equação bidimensional de Richards indica uma pequena defasagem dos valores de volume infiltrado e umidade do solo nos processos de infiltração e drenagem interna simulados em relação aos observados. A capacidade de infiltração da trincheira mostrou-se maior nos dados observados, possivelmente devido à simplificação de distribuição unimodal dos diâmetros dos poros adotada na modelagem numérica, uma vez que, experimentalmente, observou-se multimodalidade nos dois solos estudados. A curva de van Genuchten é, juntamente com a equação de Richards, a base do modelo computacional, e divergências no seu ajuste em relação aos dados observados podem conduzir a pequenas divergências dos volumes infiltrados e perfis de umidade ao longo do processo de infiltração simulado, em relação ao observado. São apresentadas algumas considerações de dimensionamento sobre a implantação de trincheiras de infiltração em lotes residenciais, bem como discussões com respeito aos planos diretores urbanos. É apresentado um estudo simplificado, baseado no método racional, sobre a redução no hidrograma de cheia proporcionada pelo uso de trincheiras em uma micro bacia urbana, o qual revelou reduções da ordem de até 94% do deflúvio superficial direto gerado pelo lote.
Stormwater infiltration process at the scale of housing is a possible way to promote the decentralized runoff control in order to manage the urban water and to attenuate flood peaks. In this work, field essays with infiltration devices at two different soils, either sandy and clay-loam soils, are assessed in order to study the hydraulic behavior of infiltration trenches to attenuate incoming runoff volume inputs. The infiltration trench experiments set a controlled water supply for specific boundary conditions, and the experimental moisture field were monitored with neutron probe during the water redistribution process at soil core. Bi-dimensional (2D) mathematical modeling is depicted at specific boundary conditions with a rectangular-trench layout, thereby mimicking a potential situation of runoff incoming from adjacent impervious areas. The comparison between experimental and numerical results, simulated by two-dimensional Richards\' equation, shows a small lag-time difference of both infiltrated volumes and soil moisture contents during infiltration and drainage periods. The trench infiltration capacity of observed data appears to be greater than simulated results, possibly due to an overall simplification of a uni-modal, homogeneous pore diameter distribution adopted by the modeling scheme. Experimental retention curves outline indirect evidences of multi-modal, heterogeneous behavior of pore structure. Bon van Genutchen-type retention curve and Richards-momentum equations represent the baseline approach to the computational model of non-saturated soils. Some fitting discrepancies between observed and simulated results could lead to negligible different estimations of infiltrated volumes and moisture profiles. Finally, further discussions on project design and best management practices (BMPs) of infiltration trenches at housing scale as well discussions on urban master plan are outlined herewith. A simplified study, based on rational method, is presented on the reduction of incoming hydrograph with the use of infiltration trenches. Preliminary results perform volume reductions of approximately 94% from incoming runoff generated at housing lots.
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(5930210), Samaneh Saadat. "EVALUATION OF HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FREE AND CONTROLLED SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE." Thesis, 2019.

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Controlled drainage is a management strategy designed to mitigate water quality issues caused by subsurface drainage. To improve controlled drainage system management and better understand its hydrological and environmental effects, this study analyzed water table recession rate, as well as drain flow, nitrate and phosphorus loads of both free and controlled drainage systems, and simulated the hydrology of a free drainage system to evaluate surface runoff and ponding at the Davis Purdue Agricultural Center located in Eastern Indiana.

Statistical analyses, including paired watershed approach and paired t-test, indicated that controlled drainage had a statistically significant effect (p-value <0.01) on the rate of water table fall and reduced the water table recession rate by 29% to 62%. The slower recession rate caused by controlled drainage can have negative impacts on crop growth and trafficability by causing the water table to remain at a detrimental level for longer. This finding can be used by farmers and other decision-makers to improve the management of controlled drainage systems by actively managing the system during storm events.

A method was developed to estimate drain flow during missing periods using the Hooghoudt equation and continuous water table observations. Estimated drain flow was combined with nutrient concentrations to show that controlled drainage decreased annual nitrate loads significantly (p<0.05) by 25% and 39% in two paired plots, while annual soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) loads were not significantly different. These results underscore the potential of controlled drainage to reduce nitrate losses from drained landscapes with the higher level of outlet control during the non-growing season (winter) providing about 70% of annual water quality benefits and the lower level used during the growing season (summer) providing about 30%.

Three different methods including monitored water table depth, a digital photo time series and the DRAINMOD model simulations were used to determine the generation process of surface ponding and runoff and the frequency of incidence. The estimated annual water balance indicated that only 7% of annual precipitation contributed to surface runoff. Results from both simulations and observations indicated that all of the ponding events were generated as a result of saturation excess process rather than infiltration excess.

Overall, nitrate transport through controlled drainage was lower than free drainage, indicating the drainage water quality benefits of controlled drainage, but water table remained at a higher level for longer when drainage was controlled. This can have negative impacts on crop yields, when water table is above a detrimental level, and can also increase the potential of nutrient transport through surface runoff since the saturation excess was the main reason for generating runoff at this field.

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Books on the topic "Field drainage; Runoff processes"

1

Sansalone, John Joseph. Bench scale development and field testing of a partial exfiltration trench (PER) for controlling highway runoff quality. Cincinnati, Ohio: University of Cincinnati, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002.

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2

Surface and Subsurface Runoff Generation Processes in a Poorly Gauged Tropical Coastal Catchment: A Study from Nicaragua. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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N, Ghezzi Mark, Oregon. Dept. of Transportation. Research Group., and United States. Federal Highway Administration., eds. Roadwaste management: Field trials : final report. Salem, OR: Oregon Dept. of Transportation, Research Group, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Field drainage; Runoff processes"

1

Geiger, Wolfgang F. "Use of Field Data in Urban Drainage Planning." In Urban Runoff Pollution, 103–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70889-3_5.

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Gichuhi, Getrude, and Stephen Gitahi. "Sustainable Urban Drainage Practices and Their Effects on Aquifer Recharge." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_67-1.

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AbstractBetween 1994 and 2006, an 18% increase of freshwater flow into the earth’s ocean was recorded, as well as extreme weather events such as prolonged drought and intense floods. Following this period was an era of increased evaporation from oceans and seas, which heightened global warming in Africa. This chapter proposes the use of man-made aquifers recharge processes as methods of draining water into the soil before the runoff water reaches water bodies. Source control involves controlling the volume of water entering drainage systems or rivers by cutting off runoff water through storing for reuse or evapotranspiration as seen in green roofs. Pre-treatment is the use of trenches to filter and remove contaminants from water before getting to water bodies. Retention systems on the other hand is controlling the rate at which water is discharged to waterways by providing water storage areas such as ponds, water retention areas, etc., while Infiltration Systems are areas that allow natural soaking of stormwater runoff to the ground naturally recharging the water table. The proposed methods will see replenishing of the water table, a great leap in the efforts of curbing global warming. This practice can easily be adopted by both individuals and government as we build more and more buildings creating a balance between the need for human settlement and the natural way of water replenishing itself. The methods do not introduce extra costs to an already existing budget. In some cases, the methods help to reduce the costs of projects especially in urban areas. Africa which hosts many of the growing countries sees and will continue to experience surges in urbanization. For such, these methods presented in this topic will be, if implemented, a best method to solve the urban drainage problems before this even occurs.
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Gichuhi, Getrude, and Stephen Gitahi. "Sustainable Urban Drainage Practices and Their Effects on Aquifer Recharge." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 809–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_67.

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AbstractBetween 1994 and 2006, an 18% increase of freshwater flow into the earth’s ocean was recorded, as well as extreme weather events such as prolonged drought and intense floods. Following this period was an era of increased evaporation from oceans and seas, which heightened global warming in Africa. This chapter proposes the use of man-made aquifers recharge processes as methods of draining water into the soil before the runoff water reaches water bodies. Source control involves controlling the volume of water entering drainage systems or rivers by cutting off runoff water through storing for reuse or evapotranspiration as seen in green roofs. Pre-treatment is the use of trenches to filter and remove contaminants from water before getting to water bodies. Retention systems on the other hand is controlling the rate at which water is discharged to waterways by providing water storage areas such as ponds, water retention areas, etc., while Infiltration Systems are areas that allow natural soaking of stormwater runoff to the ground naturally recharging the water table. The proposed methods will see replenishing of the water table, a great leap in the efforts of curbing global warming. This practice can easily be adopted by both individuals and government as we build more and more buildings creating a balance between the need for human settlement and the natural way of water replenishing itself. The methods do not introduce extra costs to an already existing budget. In some cases, the methods help to reduce the costs of projects especially in urban areas. Africa which hosts many of the growing countries sees and will continue to experience surges in urbanization. For such, these methods presented in this topic will be, if implemented, a best method to solve the urban drainage problems before this even occurs.
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4

Holden, J., P. J. Chapman, S. N. Lane, and C. Brookes. "Chapter 22 Impacts of artificial drainage of peatlands on runoff production and water quality." In Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 501–28. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-2025(06)09022-5.

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Strelbitskаya, E. B., and A. P. Solomina. "СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ УЗЛОВ ОЧИСТКИ СТОКА В СОСТАВЕ МЕЛИОРАТИВНЫХ СИСТЕМ НЕЧЕРНОЗЕМНОЙ ЗОНЫ РФ." In НАУЧНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЛИОРАТИВНО-ВОДОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА, 15. ФГБНУ «ВНИИГиМ им. А.Н. Костякова», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37738/vniigim.2020.92.11.051.

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В статье обоснована необходимость очистки от загрязняющих компонентов дренажного стока гидромелиоративных систем Нечерноземной зоны России с целью внутрисистемного использования для увлажнения сельскохозяйственных культур и безопасного водоотведения в природные водоемы и реки, являющиеся водоприемниками стока. Определены основные тенденции развития в области совершенствования схем очистки, сформулированы базовые технические требования, обеспечивающие их надежную работу с наибольшим экологическим эффектом.The article substantiates the need to clean up the polluting components of drainage runoff of hydro-reclamation systems in the non-Black-earth zone of Russia in order to use them internally for moistening agricultural crops and safe drainage to natural reservoirs and rivers that are water receivers of runoff. The main trends of development in the field of improvement of cleaning schemes are defined, and the basic technical requirements that ensure their reliable operation with the greatest environmental effect are formulated.
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Barrera Olivarez, Marilú, Mario Alfonso Murillo Tovar, Josefina Vergara Sánchez, María Luisa García Betancourt, Francisco Martín Romero, América María Ramírez Arteaga, Gabriella Eleonora Moeller Chávez, and Hugo Albeiro Saldarriaga Noreña. "Mobility of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments Impacted by Ancient Mining-Waste." In Water Quality - Factors and Impacts [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98693.

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The mobility of heavy metals in aquatic environments, impacted by discharges from mining waste, is one of the major processes causing metal pollution mainly by arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), which could be risky for biota and human health. The heavy metals contained in mining waste constituted by large amounts of sulfides can reach the aquatic compartments by acid mine drainage and runoff and eventually become deposited in sediments and associated with colloidal material, being this one of the main reservoirs and ways of transport. However, the mobility of heavy metal is influenced by their specific chemical properties and undergo several physicochemical phenomena as sorption, oxidation–reduction, hydrolysis and this can be influenced by water flow, the size and composition of geological material. Hence, this work aims to review the processes and mechanism involved in the fate and transport of heavy metals from mining-waste to aquatic compartments and the methods used for identification of the specific chemical species associated with their mobility and ecological risk.
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Ma, Liang, Cheng Huang, and Zhong-Sheng Liu. "The Application of Artificial Neural Network to Predicting the Drainage from Waste Rock Storages." In Deep Learning Applications. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96162.

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Reliable prediction of drainage flow rate and drainage chemistry is essential to the treatment of drainage from waste rock storages at mine sites. The traditional predictive models require simplification and assumption of geo-bio-chemical processes followed by intensive characterization, and sometimes lead to poor prediction accuracy. In the big data era, various sensors are installed in field to constantly monitor mine sites, which enables machine learning to utilize the generated monitoring data and study the underlying pattern behind the data. This chapter describes an approach to use artificial neural network to predict the drainage flow rate and drainage chemistry based on weather monitoring data collected at mine sites. The advantage of this approach is that generally no additional characterization are required to make prediction because the relevant geo-bio-chemical mechanisms are embedded naturally in the monitoring data, which can be captured through machine learning process.
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8

Rickson, R. J., E. Dowdeswell Downey, G. Alegbeleye, and S. E. Cooper. "Advances in techniques to assess soil erodibility." In Advances in measuring soil health, 175–214. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2020.0079.14.

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Soil erodibility is the susceptibility of soil to the erosive forces of rainsplash, runoff and wind. It is a significant factor in determining present and future soil erosion rates. Focusing on soil erosion by water, this chapter shows that erodibility is determined by static and dynamic soil properties that control a range of sub-processes affecting soil erosion, but there is no standardised test procedure, making comparison of erodibility assessment techniques and their results challenging. Most researchers agree that aggregate stability is the best indicator of soil erodibility. Selection of techniques to measure aggregate stability need to consider the type of disruptive forces and breakdown processes to which field aggregates are subjected. New indices must incorporate spatial and temporal variabilities in erodibility; the different erosion processes operating; the impact of climate change; and the role of soil biology. New analytical techniques such as computer aided tomography show promise in considering soil erodibility as a dynamic continuum operating over 3 dimensions.
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9

Fuller, Michael S., and Peter D. Roffers. "Erosion due to a century of road construction and maintenance at Mount Diablo State Park, California." In Regional Geology of Mount Diablo, California: Its Tectonic Evolution on the North America Plate Boundary. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.1217(07).

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ABSTRACT Mount Diablo State Park exemplifies many other conservation areas where managers balance the dual missions of protecting natural resources while providing public access. Roads and trails that crisscross the park are etched into the geomorphic surface, capturing and redirecting storm runoff, and presenting both a challenge for soil conservation and a consequence of construction and maintenance. We used field mapping, remote sensing, and modeling to assess erosion along the roads and trails in Mount Diablo State Park, which encompasses the headwaters of several urbanized watersheds. The field mapping in 2011 determined that 56% of the assessed roads and trails required either repair or reconstruction to control erosion and that ~67% of the culverts in the park required either repair or replacement. Aerial photography and modeling showed that other erosion (unrelated to roads or trails) preferentially occurred during wet periods, in specific lithologies, and on convergent slopes. Although lithology and climate drive slope-forming geomorphic processes, we found that the road and trail system (1) expanded the stream network with a capillary-like system of rills, (2) catalyzed prolonged erosion, and (3) altered the timing and pattern of sediment yield. In addition to water-driven erosion during wet periods, road and trail surfaces were subject to mechanical and wind erosion during dry periods. Spatially, dry erosion and runoff both conformed with and crossed topographic gradients by following the road and trail network. Road- and trail-induced erosion occurred across a wider range of rock properties and slope geometries than is typical for other erosion. Hence, the roads and trails have expanded the spatial and temporal boundary conditions over which geomorphic processes operate and, due to continual soil disturbance, have accelerated erosion rates. Although road density is a commonly used metric to rank road-related impacts at watershed scales, it misses both spatial variability and the opportunity to identify specific road and trail segments for remediation. We developed a spatially explicit scoring scheme based on actual erosion and the potential for sedimentation of discrete waterbodies. The data were incorporated into the park’s road and trail management plan in 2016.
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Graf, William L. "The Northern Rio Grande Basin." In Plutonium and the Rio Grande. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089332.003.0008.

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In northern New Mexico, the environmental plutonium bound to sedimentary particles is the most mobile in river systems, particularly the Rio Grande. This chapter describes the physical characteristics of the drainage basin into which Los Alamos National Laboratory has released plutonium. I review those characteristics of the basin that most strongly influence the movement of sediment and its associated plutonium: landforms, geology and soils, climate, vegetation, and precipitation. Precipitation and elevation provide the energy that is the primary driving force behind river processes in the Northern Rio Grande Basin. The geographic variation in stream flow and the temporal characteristics of its magnitude and frequency explain how water, sediment, and contaminants such as plutonium move through the system. An accurate accounting of stream flow is therefore essential to the development of a basinwide budget for water, sediment, and contaminants. Calculations for the mechanics of sediment transport (and the transport of associated contaminants) thus depend on measurements of stream flow from a variety of places within the system. In this chapter I examine the basic data for stream flow in the basin and then define and explain the temporal and geographical variation in the system’s river flows. The result is a regional stream-flow budget. The portion of the Northern Rio Grande emphasized in this book consists of the watershed upstream from the U.S. Geological Survey stream gage on the Rio Grande at San Marcial, at the headwaters of Elephant Butte Reservoir. The drainage network in this 71,700-sq-km area is the principal mechanism for the surface transport and storage of plutonium. The Rio Grande begins as a trickle of meltwater from a semipermenant snowbank at Stoney Pass in the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado. Steep mountain tributaries are the primary sources of water, joining the main stem as it trends southeastward to the San Luis Valley and the Alamosa, Colorado, area. Additional mountain waters from the Rio Conejos, which drains the southern San Juan Mountains in southern Colorado, join the main stream as it flows southward into New Mexico. The northern Sangre de Cristo Mountains in Colorado generate surface runoff, but relatively little reaches the main river.
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Conference papers on the topic "Field drainage; Runoff processes"

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Stankevičienė, Rasa, and Oksana Survilė. "Land Drainage Development Processes and Changes in the Context of Runoff Change in Northern Lithuania." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.807.

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The impact of the drainage of excessively wet land on river runoff has so far been assessed differently and very carefully because of its complexity and diversity. The article analyses changes of drained land areas and runoff in the river basins of Mūša, Lėvuo Tatula and Nemunėlis. Wet land areas in the Mūša, Lėvuo and Nemunėlis rivers basins account for more than 70% from the total basins area and in the Tatula about 90%. Increase of drained land areas in the studied river basins has no significant influence on the change of river runoff. Studies have shown that the change in drained land areas did not affect the change in runoff height. Drainage does not have a significant effect on changes in the annual runoff distribution of the studied rivers.
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Veldkamp, Robin, Guy Henckens, Jeroen Langeveld, and François Clemens. "Field Data on Time and Space Scales of Transport Processes in Sewer Systems." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)293.

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Mohamed Chikhaoui, Chandra Madramootoo, and Apurva Gollamudi. "A Comparison of DRAINMOD and SWAT for Surface Runoff and Subsurface Drainage Flow Prediction at the Field Scale for a Cold Climate." In 9th International Drainage Symposium held jointly with CIGR and CSBE/SCGAB Proceedings, 13-16 June 2010, Québec City Convention Centre, Quebec City, Canada. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32109.

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SIKSNANE, Ieva, and Ainis LAGZDINS. "ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC LOSSES ASSOCIATED WITH NITROGEN LEACHING IN AGRICULTURAL LAND IN LATVIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.204.

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Water is significantly important resource in everyday life. Parameters that characterize the quality of water resources are affected by human activities. In Latvia, water pollution with nutrients is often related to agricultural activities. As water circulation is sustained and uninterrupted process, nitrogen compounds are lost throughout the hydrographic network and transported both locally and internationally. Increased levels of nitrogen in the water lead to intensive eutrophication processes in the inland water bodies and the Baltic Sea, therefore, availability of clean water is decreasing. It is necessary to minimize and prevent water pollution as much as possible. The aim of this research is to evaluate the economic losses caused by nitrogen leakage through agricultural drainage systems in Latvia. For this purpose, water protection regulations and agricultural runoff monitoring data are examined. Evaluation process of the economic losses includes a comparison of the maximum extent permitted rates of nitrogen application with the theoretical optimum application rates and application rates determined at the research sites. For calculations ammonium nitrate was used as a type of fertilizer. From the results of this research it can be concluded that in about 41% the amount of nitrogen needed to reach the current yield level was exceeded. In addition, on average 13.2% and 15.4% of nitrogen applied annually as mineral fertilizers are lost through the subsurface drainage systems at the Berze and Mellupite research sites, respectively. This causes economic losses to farmers on average 61.13 EUR ha-1 year-1.
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Silva, Victor, Ana Moliterno, Carlos Henrique Araujo, Francis Pimentel, Jose Ronaldo Melo, Claudio Falcao, and Thiago Pessoa. "Buzios Drainage Strategy: A Combination Of Reservoir Characterization, Risks Mitigation And Unique Contract Features." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31170-ms.

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Abstract Petrobras acquired the right to produce 3.058 billion boe under the Transfer of Rights (ToR) in Buzios field, which still has a recoverable surplus, recently auctioned by the Brazilian Petroleum Regulatory Agency. Properly planning the production development of a supergiant field and under two tax regimes, requires a large multidisciplinary effort of data acquisition, characterization and modelling. Located in the Santos Basin Pre-Salt Pole, the Buzios field is a deep-water supergiant that has a large thickness of carbonate reservoirs, with significant areal and vertical variation. The presence of faults, fractures, karsts and other diagenetic processes adds complexity to the field, which motivated the development and implantation of industry innovations to enable its development. The presence of high levels of CO2 and H2S in the reservoir fluid, the risk of inorganic scaling and asphaltene deposition and risks of early fluid channeling and low sweep efficiency due to the aforementioned geological complexities are challenges that need to be addressed. One of these challenges is to ensure a better seismic data for the reservoir characterization. The 3D seismic data from a streamer acquisition did not have sufficient quality for this. The geological complexity of the field, the great reservoir depth and mainly the very irregular topography of the overlying evaporitic sequence indicated the need for rich azimuth seismic data. This led to the world's largest ultra-deep water seismic survey using Ocean Bottom Nodes (OBN) technology. This paper will address the static and dynamic data acquisition from the wells and the Early Productions Systems (EPS), as well as the challenges that arose and were faced by Petrobras through technology and innovation, and the complexity of the reservoir dynamic modelling. Furthermore, the OBN seismic acquisition in Buzios will be discussed in more detail, as well as the frontier that this acquisition opens to the development of the field.
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Russo, Wanderley Camargo, Alcindo Pereira dos Santos Filho, Celso Rodrigues da Silveira Filho, Cláudio dos Santos Amaral, Maurício Martines Sales, Carlos Alberto Lauro Vargas, Patrícia de Araújo Romão, and Diego Tarley Ferreira Nascimento. "Susceptibility to Erosion of Pipeline Rights-of-Way in Tropical Soils: Case of a Brazilian Pipeline." In ASME 2013 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2013-1935.

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TRANSPETRO is responsible, among other activities, by operation and maintenance of pipelines throughout Brazil. Particularly in the Midwest region the company operates the OSBRA pipeline, which moves about 8.7 Mm3/years of fuel and covers approximately 1,000 km long, predominantly in tropical soils. Erosive processes are significant and constitute the main geotechnical occurrence in OSBRA pipelines rights-of-way. In order to identify the susceptibility to erosion of the area close to the pipelines were developed basic thematic maps, that overlaid will help in identifying homogeneous zones in terms of existing material susceptibility. The mapping is being accompanied by an extensive endeavor of field inspections along the pipeline rights-of-way, that comprised geotechnical investigations, verifying the conditions of use and soil management, the conservation status of existing drainage works and geotechnical characterization of soil samples of major geological formations, including erodibility tests. The methodology is being developed in ArcGIS frame, starting from the morphometric analysis and the use of Digital Elevation Models (DEM), aiming to understanding superficial flow conditions (acceleration and concentration) and consequent soil loss. The modeling results will be compared with historical occurrences erosive 15 (fifteen) years of pipeline operation, seeking for an adherence on various geological, topographical and meteorological tested. The methodology will improve further procedures for identifying potential erosions in tropical soils and will allow to anticipating preventive maintenance in the most susceptible locals the pipeline rights-of-way, suggesting mitigation measures best suited for each type of potential erosive mechanism.
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Quadrato, Vito. "Reinforced concrete prototypes for the factory in Italy (1950-1975). The architectural expressive machines." In 8º Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura Blanca - CIAB 8. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ciab8.2018.7608.

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The relationship between architectural expressiveness and concrete formal structure was the leitmotif of the Italian structuralism in the second post-war two decades. The design of industrial structures radicalized this relationship because of the nature of the production processes that imposed to the architect the dimension of standardisation, repetition and economy of means. This approach reduced the distance between architectural form and informal building. This research aims to show how this condition transforms the idea of design process by some Italian authors, in the restricted field of reinforced-concrete structures for industry. The architectural form becomes a process that includes all the aspects of the project: the technological content (cooling, ventilation and water-drainage systems), the economic side, the engineering start up. In this way, the project of industrial structures is an outcome of the components design, constituted by structural elements (pillars, beams, desk boards), and controlled by the project of a structural bay, as a device for the design process. In this sense, the proposed paper shows the research on the Kodak factory in Marcianise by Aldo Favini and Gianluigi Gh. as a paradigm of this phenomenon. The paper illustrates how the hollow structural form of the elements addresses the problem of the technological content in the architectural design, showing morphological- structural models that isolates the bay as a design device. This aspect defines a specific quality of the industrial prototypes, developed through the professional partnership between the architect and the engineer. The knowledge about this kind of industrial prototypes is useful on one hand to admit these building as an Italian historical heritage that needs to be preserved, on the other hand to understand how it is possible transform these buildings through a new adaptive reuse.
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Fjeldberg, Egil Romsås, Yngve Bolstad Johansen, Lodve Hugo Olsborg, Geir Frode Kvilaas, Tor-Ole Jøssund, and Harish Datir. "X-RAY DIFFRACTION, X-RAY FLUORESCENCE, AND NEUTRON INDUCED SPECTROSCOPY BASED CORRECTION TO IVAR AASEN GEOMODEL: AN OILFIELD FROM THE NORWEGIAN NORTH SEA." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0042.

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The Ivar Aasen (IA) oilfield is located on the Gudrun Terrace on the eastern flank of the Viking Graben in the Norwegian North Sea. The field was discovered in 2008. The reservoir is located within a sedimentary sequence of Mid-Jurassic to Late-Triassic age, which consists of shallow marine to fluvial, alluvial, floodplain and lacustrine deposits overlying a regionally extensive, fractured calcrete interval. The sequence exhibits a complex mineral composition and is heterogeneous at a scale below that of a logging sensor. Shale layers, re-deposited shale and what was first believed to be redeposited calcrete fragments present in various forms throughout the sequence. Looking more in depth to XRD and XRF data and contrasting Fe concentration in the dolomite, it is also possible to explain some of the carbonate deposits through other processes. Extensive data acquisition in the form of advanced wireline logs and coring with analysis performed in “geopilot” wells before production start, enabled a novel thin bed formation evaluation technique based on the modified Thomas-Stieber method (Johansen et al. 2018). The method increased the in-place oil volumes within the Triassic reservoir zone internally named Skagerrak 2. This led to several improvements and a modified drainage strategy of Ivar Aasen. Several good producers were placed in the complex net of the Skagerrak 2 Formation. Results from these producers have encouraged development of an even more marginal and complex net, deeper into the Triassic sedimentary sequence. Therefore, another “geopilot” was drilled into the deeper Triassic sediments, internally named as the Alluvial Fan. This zone exhibits conglomerate clasts in a matrix varying between clay, silt, feldspars, and very fine to very coarse sand fractions, grading towards gravel. Previously, this zone was considered to be mostly non-net. Applying the same interpretation method as for Skagerrak 2, the Alluvial Fan promised economic hydrocarbon volumes. The latest geopilot proved producible hydrocarbons, and subsequently a producer was also successfully placed in this part of the reservoir. Production data and history matching from the beginning of production have for a long while established the previous increase of IA Triassic oil volumes published in 2018. Advanced studies of mineralogy and spectroscopy (Johansen et al. 2019) have indicated that a significant amount of the previously interpreted dolomite, could be reinterpreted as ferroan dolomite. The latter is a heavier mineral that increases the matrix density, hence also the total porosity. The additional findings described provided another necessary first-order correction to further enhance the evergreen geomodel. This paper describes this methodology which resulted in improved petrophysics and reservoir properties of the Alluvial Fan, yet again demonstrating the value of advanced wireline logs and detailed analysis that in total impacts the IA reserve volumes in a significant manner. Repeated success with the applied spectroscopy data and the thin bed methodology used today (Johansen et al. 2018), has resulted in even the deeper Braid Plain Formation becoming of economic interest. It is expected to lie within the oil zone in an upthrow block in the northern part of the IA field and could be developed into the next target.
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