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1
Zientara, S., C. Beck, and S. Lecollinet. "Arboviroses émergentes : fièvre West Nile, fièvre catarrhale ovine et virus Schmallenberg." Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine 204, no. 9 (December 2020): 992–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.041.
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Reynard, Olivier, Maureen Ritter, Baptiste Martin, and Viktor Volchkov. "La fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo, une future problématique de santé en France ?" médecine/sciences 37, no. 2 (February 2021): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2020277.
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Le virus de la fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo (CCHFV) est l’agent étiologique d’une fièvre hémorragique grave affectant l’Afrique, l’Asie et le sud de l’Europe. Les modifications climatiques de ces dernières décennies induisent depuis peu une remontée de l’aire de distribution de ce virus. Encore peu de données scientifiques sont disponibles sur les interactions avec son vecteur, la tique, ou sur sa biologie propre. Cependant, la présence avérée d’infections humaines en Espagne et des sérologies positives dans le cheptel corse pourraient bien concentrer l’attention sur ce pathogène. Cette revue fait le point sur l’évolution des connaissances éco-épidémiologiques de ce virus, notamment en Europe et plus particulièrement en France.
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Ben Fredj, S., Emmanuel Breard, Corinne Sailleau, Stéphan Zientara, S. Zekri, A. Boudabbous, and Salah Hammami. "Incursion de la fièvre catarrhale ovine en Tunisie : caractérisation moléculaire des isolats viraux." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 56, no. 3-4 (March 1, 2003): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9852.
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La fièvre catarrhale du mouton a été déclarée en Tunisie en décembre 1999. D’autres cas de fièvre catarrhale du mouton ont également été répertoriés dans d’autres pays du bassin méditerranéen. L’objectif de cette étude a été, dans un premier temps, de caractériser les isolats viraux provenant de cette épizootie ayant sévi de décembre 1999 à mars 2000 et, dans un second temps, de déterminer l’origine du virus par phylogénie moléculaire. Pour se faire, les segments génomiques 2, 7 et 10 correspondant respectivement aux protéines VP2, VP7 et NS3/NS3A ont été amplifiés par PCR et séquencés. Des comparaison de séquences de ces différents segments génomiques issus des isolements viraux tunisiens ont pu êtres faits avec la souche virale sauvage et vaccinale corse ainsi que d’autres souches virales de fièvre catarrhale du mouton déjà publiées sur GenBank. Les résultats présentés sous forme d’arbres phylogénétiques et de tableaux de comparaisons de séquences nucléotidiques permettent de positionner l’origine commune de la souche virale tunisienne (sérotype 2) avec la souche virale corse responsable de l’épizootie d’octobre 2000.
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Merle, H., A. Donnio, A. Jean-Charles, J. Guyomarch, R. Hage, F. Najioullah, R. Césaire, and A. Cabié. "Manifestations oculaires des arboviroses émergentes : dengue, chikungunya, infection à virus Zika, fièvre du Nil occidental et fièvre jaune." Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie 41, no. 7 (September 2018): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2018.03.005.
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Fayza, A. O., E. M. E. Abu Elzein, Mohammed H. Tageldin, and I. E. Hajer. "Sensibilité des moutons soudaniens au virus de la fièvre catarrhale isolé sur des bovins apparemment sains au Soudan." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 43, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.8798.
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L'étude tente de clarifier le rôle des bovins apparemment sains comme réservoir du virus de la fièvre catarrhale à l'égard des moutons au Soudan. Elle confirme les travaux antérieurs et établit que les bovins peuvent héberger le virus auquel sont sensibles les ovins de ce pays. Les conditions de transmission expérimentale du virus entre les deux espèces suggèrent que le meilleur indicateur pour déterminer la virémie sur des bovins apparemme nt sains consiste à inoculer des moutons sensibles avec le virus bovin suspecté. Les conditions de la virémie et la survie du virus dans la nature font l'objet d'une discussion.
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Léger, Psylvia, and Pierre-Yves Lozach. "Le virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift et son étonnante protéine NSs." médecine/sciences 37, no. 6-7 (June 2021): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2021090.
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Le virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift (VFVR) est un agent pathogène transmis à l’homme et au bétail par la piqûre de moustiques. Ce virus, découvert au Kenya en 1930, est considéré par l’Organisation mondiale de la santé comme présentant un risque important de provoquer de vastes épidémies. Les moyens dédiés à la lutte contre le VFVR restent toutefois particulièrement limités et le virus est mal connu. Dans cette Synthèse, nous nous attacherons à présenter ce virus avant de nous intéresser plus spécifiquement à son facteur de virulence, la protéine NSs. Nous discuterons la capacité de cette protéine virale à former des fibrilles de type amyloïde et son implication dans la neurotoxicité du virus chez les animaux infectés.
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Tsakiris, J., E. Aronis, M. Sachsamanoglou, P. Petridou, T. Patounis, P. Iliadou, M. Patakakis, S. Doudounakis, and O. Mangana-Vougiouka. "Situation actuelle de la fièvre catarrhale ovine en Grèce." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10030.
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The first incursion of bluetongue (BT) in Greece was in 1979 on Lesvos Island. The disease was caused by serotype 4 (BTV-4), which was endemic in Turkey, with Culicoides imicola the virus vector. Strict measures were applied, preventing the spread of the disease to the rest of the country. In the epidemic of 1998- 2001, four different serotypes invaded Greece: BTV-1, 4, 9 and 16. The vectors were C. imicola and C. obsoletus. In November 2008, the type of virus that invaded Lesvos Island was identified as BTV-16. In few flocks BTV-8 was also identified. In February 2009, seropositive and ribonucleic acid (RNA) positive bovines (BTV-16 again) were detected on Chios Island without clinical disease. In late September 2009, new outbreaks appeared on Lesvos Island caused again by BTV-16. During the recent incursion (until December 2009), 132 flocks of sheep and goats were infected. The epidemic began in north-eastern regions of the island and spread from north to south on the island. Sporadic cases occurred on the east side, and the west side seemed BT free. BT clinical signs that were moderate and slightly different from the previous year were observed in sheep but not in cattle. The humidity (after the first rain) and warm weather present at that time in combination with moderate north winds helped the spread of the disease. Culicoides trapping revealed significant numbers of C. imicola. Clinical suspicion of the disease was followed by laboratory confirmation. Serological, virological and molecular biology tests were conducted. Results were confirmed by the Community Reference laboratory. Appropriate restrictive measures have been taken from 2008 on, in order to protect the other regions of Greece. No clinical signs or seroconversion has been observed at time of writing in the rest of the country.
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Reynard, Olivier, Viktor Volchkov, and Christophe Peyrefitte. "Une première épidémie de fièvre à virus Ebola en Afrique de l’Ouest." médecine/sciences 30, no. 6-7 (June 2014): 671–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/20143006018.
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Totté, Philippe, A. L. W. De Gee, and John Wérenne. "Le rôle des interférons dans les maladies infectieuses du bovin : leurs effets sur les virus et les rickettsies." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 46, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1993): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9403.
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Le traitement aux interférons (IFN) fournit une protection chez le bovin contre certaines infections virales expérimentales. L'efficacité du traitement a été démontrée contre des infections par le virus de la vaccine et par un rotavirus. En revanche, des infections par le virus de l'herpès bovin, BHV1 (cause de la rhinotrachéite et partiellement du complexe de la fièvre de transport), ne sont pas inhibées par IFN. Le rôle d'IFN dans la résistance des bovins à Cowdria ruminantium a été étudié au Zimbabwe. Une bonne corrélation a été trouvée entre la production d'IFN par l'animal après l'infection et sa résistance contre la rickettsie. Cela pourrait indiquer un rôle d'appui des interférons et d'autres cytokines.
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Djerbal, M., and Jean-Claude Delecolle. "Surveillance entomologique de la fièvre catarrhale ovine en Algérie." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10051.
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Culicoides imicola is the major Old World vector of the arboviruses that caused African horse sickness and bluetongue (BT). BT was observed for the first time in Algeria in 2000. BT virus serotype 2 (BTV-2) was then reported, whereas BTV-1 was incriminated in 2006. Various Culicoides species were captured during the trapping campaigns of 2003 and 2006 carried out by Delécolle and Baldet, and those of 2007 and 2009 carried out by the present team. The 2007/2009 campaigns covered two periods (March-April and June-July) and samples were collected in 28 departments of Algeria. More C. imicola were caught in the second period (June-July). Although a weak activity and sometimes absence of C. imicola were observed in some departments, BTV-1 was reported in these areas. It seems likely that other species of Culicoides are incriminated in the transmission of BTV in the country. The 2007/2009 campaigns revealed 10 new Culicoides species, which, added to the 37 species identified by Delécolle and Baldet in the 2003/2006 campaigns, bring the total of known species in Algeria to 47.
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Morvan, Jacques, Pierre E. Rollin, and J. Roux. "Situation de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift à Madagascar en 1991. Enquêtes séro-épidémiologiques chez les bovins." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 45, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.8935.
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Le virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift (FVR) a été isolé pour la première fois à Madagascar en 1979. Il n'a eu aucun impact en santé humaine ou animale jusqu'en 1990 et 1991, où plusieurs épizooties, marquées cliniquement par des avortements massifs chez des bovins, ont été décrites. Depuis, une surveillance sérologique a été mise en place, dans et autour des foyers, dans les zones à forte densité d'élevage bovin et à l'abattoir national d'Antananarivo. Sur la Côte est et les Hautes Terres, les pics de prévalence en IgM spécifiques sont, respectivement, contemporains des épizooties et diminuent les mois suivants. Une augmentation secondaire de la prévalence en IgG est notée dans toutes les régions explorées. Différentes hypothèses sur les circonstances d'apparition du virus à Madagascar, le déclenchement des épizooties et sur la circulation du virus dans l'île sont discutées.
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Maan, N. S., S. Maan, K. Nomikou, and P. P. C. Mertens. "Identification de virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine réassortis dans la région Ouest méditerranéenne." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10072.
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Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the species of the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. BTV can infect most ruminants, causing a severe haemorrhagic disease called bluetongue in sheep. BTV is transmitted among ruminant hosts by certain species of Culicoides (biting midges). The BTV genome is composed of ten linear double-stranded (ds) RNA genome segments, encoding seven structural and three non-structural proteins. The segmented nature of the genome allows different BTV strains infecting the same cell to exchange (reassort) genome segments. Nine BTV serotypes have been detected in Europe since 1998, including strains belonging to both eastern (BTV-1, 9, 16) and western lineages (BTV-1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11). Live attenuated monovalent vaccine strains of BTV-2, 4, 8, 9 (western group) and BTV- 16 (eastern group) have also been used in the Mediterranean region, in attempts to minimise virus circulation. The release of these vaccine strains, some of which have persisted in the field (including BTV-2 and 16), has added further genetic diversity, generating an unprecedented mix of field and vaccine strain viruses. These events have provided unique opportunities for genome segment exchange (reassortment) between different BTV strains and topotypes. Indeed, a strain of BTV-2, derived by reassortment between vaccine strains of BTV-2 and 16 has been previously detected in Italy during 2002. Full genome sequence analysis of BTV-2 and BTV-4 isolates (1999-2004) from the Western Mediterranean region helped to identify multiple reassortant viruses, involving the exchange of several different genome segments. Reassortant viruses were identified as containing genes derived from different western field strains, from western field and vaccine strains, and from eastern field and western vaccine strains. The detection of these reassortant BTVs in Europe highlights concerns about the use of live BTV vaccines in the region.
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Baize, Sylvain, and Vincent Deubel. "Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola : Un vaccin en dose unique efficace chez le primate." médecine/sciences 19, no. 12 (December 2003): 1183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/200319121183.
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Klotz, F. "De la peste pharaonique à la cyber épidémie de fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola." Journal Africain d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie 8, no. 4 (November 20, 2014): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12157-014-0579-z.
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SEEGERS, H., N. BAREILLE, R. GUATTEO, A. JOLY, A. CHAUVIN, C. CHARTIER, S. NUSINOVICI, et al. "Épidémiologie et leviers pour la maîtrise de la santé des troupeaux bovins laitiers : approche monographique pour sept maladies majeures." INRAE Productions Animales 26, no. 2 (April 17, 2013): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2013.26.2.3145.
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Les décisions de gestion de la santé animale correspondent à un large éventail de situations et de problèmes. Illustrant ce constat, sept maladies majeures des troupeaux bovins laitiers sont examinées pour identifier les facteurs les plus courants limitant l’efficacité des plans de maîtrise ainsi que les perspectives d’amélioration de la maîtrise sur le terrain. Pour les infections intra-mammaires, la recherche vise à la mise au point de vaccins multivalents, le ciblage des vaches à traiter par les antibactériens, la méthodologie des interventions en ferme, et l’augmentation de la résistance innée par la sélection génomique. Pour les strongyloses gastro-intestinales, les recherches prioritaires s’orientent aussi vers les stratégies de traitement anthelminthique raisonné et ciblé, la voie génétique semblant moins prioritaire que chez les petits ruminants. La maîtrise de la maladie de Mortellaro, affection de l’appareil locomoteur, ne pourra plus recourir aux désinfectants classiquement utilisés dans les pédiluves et des approches alternatives sont nécessaires. La maîtrise de la fièvre Q est à rechercher par la vaccination de l’ensemble du troupeau sur plusieurs années et l’hygiène de la parturition. La paratuberculose pourrait à terme être maîtrisée par la sélection génomique, en raison de l’absence de traitement et de vaccin efficaces et de l’existence de bases génétiques de résistance/résilience prometteuses. La maîtrise de l’infection par le virus BVDV semble pouvoir être atteinte par des mesures sanitaires combinées ou non avec la vaccination. La quasi-éradication des sérotypes exotiques du virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine pourrait être obtenue par la surveillance ciblée et la vaccination massive et rapide. Les spécificités de l’étiologie, de l’épidémiologie et des moyens de maîtrise des maladies étudiées n’autorisent guère de conclusions génériques.
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Shenge, J. A., G. N. Odaibo, and D. O. Olaleye. "Outbreak of Measles in vaccinated population in Southeastern Nigeria." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i3.4.
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Background: Outbreaks of respiratory disease, febrile illness and rash occurred in two adjoining rural communities of Imo State, Southeastern, Nigeria, at different times between 2006 and 2020. Laboratory investigation was carried out to determine the aetiological agent of the outbreak.
Methodology: Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 6 individuals showing symptoms of disease, within 3-4 days of appearance of rash. Venous blood samples were also collected from a total of 41 symptomatic persons, their contacts and individuals with resolved infections. Swabs were inoculated into Vero, HEp-2c, B95a and MDCK cell lines. Sera were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin G and M to rubella and measles viruses, while immunofluorescence assay was used to detect Lassa fever virus immunoglobulins. Descriptive data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
Results: Four of the 6 (66.7%) swab samples showed viral activity or cytopathic effect characterized by clumping of cells in Vero cells while 2 (33.3%) in Hep-2c characterized by rounding up of cells. Thirty-nine (95.1%) sera were positive for measles IgG while 13 (31.7%) were positive for IgM. Thirty-six (87.8%) sera were positive for rubella IgG but none was positive for IgM. None of the sera was positive for Lassa fever virus IgG and IgM.
Conclusion: Measles virus was responsible for the outbreak among previously vaccinated population in the communities, while Rubella and Lassa fever viruses were excluded as the etiological agents of the outbreak.
Keywords: Epidemics; IgG and IgM; Cell lines; Vaccination; Measles virus
French title: Épidémie de rougeole dans la population vaccinée du sud-est du Nigéria
Contexte: Des flambées de maladies respiratoires, de maladies fébriles et d'éruptions cutanées sont survenues dans deux communautés rurales voisines de l'État d'Imo, dans le sud-est du Nigéria, à des moments différents entre 2006 et 2020. Une enquête en laboratoire a été menée pour déterminer l'agent étiologique de l'épidémie.
Méthodologie: Des écouvillons oropharyngés ont été prélevés sur 6 individus présentant des symptômes de maladie, dans les 3 à 4 jours suivant l'apparition de l'éruption cutanée. Des échantillons de sang veineux ont également été prélevés sur un total de 41 personnes symptomatiques, leurs contacts et des personnes souffrant d'infections résolues. Des écouvillons ont été inoculés dans des lignées cellulaires Vero, HEp-2c, B95a et MDCK. Les sérums ont été analysés en utilisant un test immuno-enzymatique (ELISA) pour les immunoglobulines G et M contre les virus de la rubéole et de la rougeole, tandis que le test d'immunofluorescence a été utilisé pour détecter les immunoglobulines du virus de la fièvre de Lassa. Les données descriptives ont été analysées à l'aide du progiciel statistique pour les sciences sociales (SPSS).
Résultats: Quatre des 6 échantillons sur écouvillon (66,7%) ont montré une activité virale ou un effet cytopathique caractérisé par l'agglutination des cellules dans les cellules Vero, tandis que 2 (33,3%) dans Hep-2c étaient caractérisés par un arrondissement des cellules. Trente-neuf (95,1%) sérums étaient positifs pour les IgG contre la rougeole tandis que 13 (31,7%) étaient positifs pour les IgM. Trente-six (87,8%) sérums étaient positifs pour les IgG contre la rubéole, mais aucun n'était positif pour les IgM. Aucun des sérums n'était positif pour les IgG et IgM du virus de la fièvre de Lassa.
Conclusion: Le virus de la rougeole était responsable de l'épidémie parmi la population précédemment vaccinée dans les communautés, tandis que les virus de la rubéole et de la fièvre de Lassa ont été exclus comme agents étiologiques de l'épidémie.
Mots clés: épidémies; IgG et IgM; Lignées cellulaires; Vaccination; Virus de la rougeole
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Khalafalla, Abdelmelik Ibrahim, M. A. Gaffar Elamin, and Zakia Abbas. "Récentes épidémies de dermatose nodulaire contagieuse bovine observées au Soudan." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 46, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9408.
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Des épidémies de dermatose nodulaire contagieuse bovine observées chez des vaches de races Frisonne et locale dans l'Etat de Karthoum durant la période 1989-1991 sont décrites ici. La maladie a été diagnostiquée grâce à l'examen clinique, à l'isolement et l'identification du virus, au microscope électronique. Les signes cliniques étaient les suivants : fièvre, écoulement nasal, apparition de multiples nodules cutanés de diverses tailles, oedème des membres inférieurs et de la poitrine, avortements. La maladie était sévère chez les bovins de pure race Frisonne, avec un taux de morbidité de 37,9 % et un taux de mortalité de 4,2 % tandis qu'elle était assez modérée chez les bovins de race locale.
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Formenty, Pierre, Joseph Domenech, and H. G. Zeller. "Enquête sérologique sur la fièvre de la vallée du Rift, chez les ovins, en Côte d'Ivoire." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 45, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1992): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.8905.
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De 1988 à 1990, une enquête sérologique portant sur un échantillon de 1051 sérums ovins a été menée dans le Sud forestier de la Côte-d'Ivoire afin d'y étudier l'incidence de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift (FVR) et le rôle de ce virus dans la pathologie de la reproduction. La prévalence de la FVR est de 6,85 %. Aucune différence n'a été observée entre les trois régions géographiques déterminées, ni entre les trois années de l'étude. La prévalence augmente avec l'âge de façon significative. La maladie doit être considérée comme enzootique en Côte-d'Ivoire. On trouve une corrélation positive entre séropositivité et avortements, ce qui doit inciter à mieux évaluer l'impact économique de la FVR en santé animale. La présence d 'anticorps chez les animaux âgés de 6 mois à un an, signant une circulation active du virus, implique une surveillance impérative plus large de la situation en Côte-d'Ivoire en raison du risque pour la population humaine en contact avec les animaux.
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Venter, Gert J., I. Wright, R. Del Rio, D. Majatladi, I. Hermanides, and M. A. Miranda-Chueca. "Culicoides imicola, vecteur du virus de sérotype 8 de la fièvre catarrhale ovine." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10037.
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Based on its abundance near livestock and wide geographical distribution, one of the most important Culicoides virus vector species of orbiviruses is the Afro-Asiatic species C. (Avaritia) imicola. It is considered a proven vector of bluetongue virus (BTV) and is one of the world’s most widely distributed Culicoides species. Strong correlations were found between the presence of C. imicola and outbreaks of BT and African horse sickness (AHS) in Africa and BT in Southern Europe. In 2006, BT serotype 8 (BTV- 8) was responsible for the first outbreaks ever of BT recorded in Northern Europe. Outbreaks first appeared in the Netherlands and Belgium, and subsequently spread to Germany, France, and Luxemburg. The virus apparently overwintered in Northern Europe and, during 2007-2008, spread across the whole of Europe. The outbreaks in Northern Europe happened in the absence of C. imicola. Members of the Culicoides (Culicoides) pulicaris and C. (A.) Obsoletus complexes have been implicated in BTV transmission. In the present study, the oral susceptibility of C. imicola and other South African livestock associated Culicoides species to various isolates of BTV-8 were determined by artificial feeding. During summer 2008, a Belgium and a recent (2004) South African field isolate of BTV-8 were fed to Culicoides collected at two localities in South Africa. Adult Culicoides midges were collected at the Agricultural Research Council; Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI) and at Clarens, in a cooler mountainous area of South Africa. At ARC-OVI the dominant species was C. imicola and at Clarens it was C. (A.) bolitinos. The South African field isolate was fed at concentrations of 5.8 and 7.8 log10TCID50/mL in the blood meal and the Belgium isolate at 6.8 log10 TCID50/mL. The following summer (2009) the same South African (6.8 log10 TCID50/mL) and Belgium (6.8 log10 TCID50/mL), a Dutch (4.8 log10 TCID50/ mL) and a Spanish (6.1 log10 TCID50/mL) isolates of BTV-8 were fed to Culicoides species collected at ARC-OVI. In the same season, the South African and Belgium isolates were also fed to midges collected at Clarens. Virus recovery, after an incubation period of 10 days at 23.5°C in C. imicola, was low for all isolates for both years. The South African isolate (5.8 log10 TCID50/ mL) and the Spanish isolate of BTV-8 could not be recovered from 420 and 492 midges tested after incubation. The recovery rate for the other isolates ranged from 2/403 (0.5%) (2008: SA isolate) to 1/683 (0.1%) (2009: SA isolate). These relatively low recovery rates make direct comparison between isolates problematic. Virus recovery from C. bolitinos fed on the South African isolate (7.8 log10 TCID50/mL) was significantly higher than any of the other isolates. During 2008 the Belgium isolate could be recovered from 4/229 (1.7%) C. bolitinos tested. Other Culicoides species from which BTV-8 could be isolated included C. (Meijerehelea) leucostictus, C. (A.) gulbenkiani and C. (unplaced) angolensis. Viral concentrations in infected C. imicola ranged from 0.7 to 2.4 and from 0.7 to 3.4 log10 TCID50/ mL in C. bolitinos. These results are in agreement with previous studies indicating a similarly low susceptibly in C. imicola for the reference strain of BTV-8. The relatively low oral susceptibility to near refractory status of C. imicola as determined for some of the isolates in this study will easily be compensated for by the high abundance of C. imicola in South Africa. Cumulative laboratory oral susceptibility results from South Africa indicate a consistently higher susceptibility in C. bolitinos for BTV as well as a multi-vector potential for BTV as well as AHSV. The unique biology of potential vector competent Culicoides species emphasizes the complex epidemiology of these diseases.
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Ertürk, A., S. G. Cizmeci, M. F. Barut, Alberto Allepuz, Anna Alba, Sebastian Napp, and Jordi Casal. "Etudes de terrain sur la fièvre catarrhale ovine et la maladie hémorragique épizootique en Turquie." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10025.
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The objective of this study was to detect the presence of new serotypes of bluetongue (BT) circulating in Turkey. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and May 2008 in the provinces of Adana, Mersin, Antalya, Osmaniye, and Hatay (Mediterranean region). The serosurvey was only performed in cattle. This species was not vaccinated and the presence of antibodies would indicate that the animal had been infected by field strains of BT virus. Only animals born after the outbreaks were sampled. The epidemiological unit was the village, which was the lowest level for which census data was available. Random sampling was carried out in 146 villages and eight samples were collected in each village. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was used for detection of BT antibodies. Preliminary results of the study were presented. From a total of 1096 serum samples collected, 352 (32.1%) were positive to BT. The seroprevalence by province ranged from 15% in Antalya (45/257) to 88% in Osmaniye (77/88). In animals under two years old, the seroprevalence was 25%, whereas in adult animals it was 52%. The differences in the seroprevalence detected between the five provinces could be attributed to the different density of vector, cattle and small ruminant populations. The high seroprevalence in unvaccinated cattle indicated that BT infection was widespread in the ruminant population of Turkey. The young animals presented a lower prevalence than the adults, suggesting that the adults had probably been exposed to the virus before the last two years, whereas the presence of positive seroconversion in young animals indicated that BT virus had been circulating in the two-year period.
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Turpaud, Mathilde, Emmanuel Bréard, Corinne Sailleau, and Stéphan Zientara. "Émergence du virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine (stéréotype 4) en France métropolitaine en 2017." Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France, no. 1 (2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/68747.
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Gourreau, J. M., and T. Petit. "Désinfection de cuves et fosses à lisier contaminées par le virus de la fièvre aphteuse." Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France, no. 3 (1988): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/64553.
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Taupin, J. M., O. Riche, A. Winckel, C. Wolf, and V. Durlach. "La fièvre hémorragique avec syndrome rénal due au virus Hantaan dans la région Champagne-Ardennes." La Revue de Médecine Interne 11, no. 6 (November 1990): S255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-8663(05)81743-6.
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Nomikou, K., S. Maan, N. S. Maan, and P. P. C. Mertens. "Epidémiologie moléculaire du sérotype 9 du virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine en région méditerranéenne." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10057.
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Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the prototype species of the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae. There are 24 (possibly 25) distinct serotypes of BTV, eleven of which have entered, or have been identified in Europe and the Mediterranean region since 1998 (types 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15, 16, 24 and 25). The first BTV to arrive in Greece during 1998 was serotype 9 (isolate GRE1998/01), followed by BTV-16 (GRE1999/13) during 1999. BTV-9 spread to mainland Greece, South-Eastern Bulgaria and European Turkey during 1999, to Italy during 2000, then to Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Croatia, mainland Italy and Sicily in 2001. In 2002, BTV-9 was again identified in Bosnia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Yugoslavia and Albania, and was identified in Libya for the first time in 2008. The whole genome was sequenced for representative field and vaccine strains of BTV-9 and 16 from the Mediterranean region, identifying the levels of genetic heterogeneity in each genome segment. The early European isolates of BTV-9 (1998 onwards) were identified as ‘eastern’ strains related to those from India, Indonesia and Australia. BTV-16 isolates are also eastern strains that are most closely related to strains from Turkey and the South African reference strain of type 16 (originally from Pakistan). Analyses of the more conserved genome segments coding for structural and non-structural proteins of BTV-9 (from Bosnia, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey) and BTV-16 (from Greece and Turkey) show that the Eastern European isolates of these two serotypes have the remaining eight genome segments (1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10) with more than 99% similarity, in each case belonging to the same eastern lineage. These data show that the BTV-9 and 16 isolates that were circulating in the Mediterranean region are reassortants, with the majority of their genome segments derived from a single parental lineage. However, the BTV-9 isolate from Libya (LIB2008/08) is more closely related to the western BTV-9 reference strain from South Africa than to the earlier BTV-9 isolates from Eastern Europe. Analysis of the more conserved segments of LIB2008/08 showed only 79.8–80.2% similarity with the eastern European BTV-9 isolates from the Eastern Mediterranean region, but 89–93.5% similarity with the BTV-9 reference and vaccine strains from South Africa. BTV-9 from Libya belongs to a distinct western lineage of viruses and represents both a new introduction to the Mediterranean region and a new threat to Europe.
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Ertürk, A., S. G. Cizmeci, M. F. Barut, Alberto Allepuz, Anna Alba, Sebastian Napp, and Jordi Casal. "Séroprévalence de la fièvre catarrhale dans la partie méditerranéenne de la Turquie." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10069.
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One of the objectives of Medreonet is to identify new serotypes of bluetongue (BT) in some countries of the Mediterranean Basin including Turkey. In May 2008, a cross-sectional study was conducted in cattle to investigate the presence of new serotypes in the provinces of Adana, Antalya, Hatay, Mersin, and Osmaniye. Cattle were the species selected since they had not been vaccinated against BT and the vaccine did not interfere with the serological results. The village was established as the epidemiological unit. The sample size was calculated with the aim to detect at least 2% of positive villages and a within-village prevalence of 30% (with 95% confidence level), resulting in a total of 1168 animals. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and an antigen capture ELISA (BTACE) were used to detect antibody and antigen, respectively. The presence of specific BT serotypes was confirmed by a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To isolate BT virus, all the blood samples that were antigen positive were inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs and into cell cultures. Of the 1096 sera samples obtained, 994 (90.7%) were from dairy cattle (Holstein and crossbred Holstein), and only 102 (9.3%) were from beef breeds. A total of 352 (32.1%) sera samples were positive. Of the 140 villages sampled, 99 (71%) presented at least one positive animal, and the prevalence was 31%. The prevalence in dairy cattle was significantly (P = 0.0002) higher than in beef breeds (34 and 16%, respectively). Older animals presented a higher level of prevalence. Animals up to two years old had a prevalence of 24.3% (P < 0.05), whereas the prevalence in adult animals was 52% (P < 0.05). Given that the last BT cases in Turkey were reported in August 2000 (serotypes 9 and 16), these data indicate that BT virus has been circulating in the country in the last years. There were major differences between provinces: 88% of the samples were positive in Osmaniye against only 14% in Antalya. These differences could be attributable to differences in vector densities, but they could also be related to host factors such as breed, density of cattle and small ruminant populations, and age of the animals (animals were older in some provinces than in others).
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Lage, A. P., R. S. Castro, M. I. V. Melo, P. H. P. Aguiar, J. B. Barreto Filho, and R. C. Leite. "Prévalence d’anticorps dirigés contre les virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine, de l’herpèsvirus bovin de type 1 et de la diarrhée bovine/maladie des muqueuses chez le buffle d’eau dans l’Etat de Minas Gerais, Brésil." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 49, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9512.
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Une étude sérologique visant à identifier les buffles porteurs d'anticorps dirigés contre les virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine (BTV), de l'herpèsvirus de type 1 (BHV 1) et de la maladie des muqueuses (BVD) a été réalisée dans l'Etat de Minas Gerais, au Brésil. Dans 54,4 % des sérums testés, des anticorps précipitants anti-BTV ont été mis en évidence par immunodiffusion en gelose. Le test de séroneutralisation sur microplaque a montré que 14,7 % et 52,7 % des buffles présentaient respectivement des anticorps anti-BHV 1 et anti-BVD. La prévalence d'anticorps dirigés contre BTV était, de manière significative, inférieure chez les buffles d'eau âgés de moins de deux ans à celle observée chez les adultes.
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Martinez-Lopez, Beatriz, and J. M. Sanchez-Vizcaino. "Risques de fièvre catarrhale ovine liés à la propagation éolienne." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10021.
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The introduction of bluetongue virus (BTV) infected Culicoides carried by the wind is an important way of disease introduction into BTV-free areas. The aim of this study was to estimate the amount of Culicoides that could potentially be carried by the wind into Europe from disease-prevalent surrounding countries. Firstly, we focused on the estimation of the potential introduction of Culicoides by using a climatic model called the Dust Regional Atmospheric Model (DREAM). It is used to estimate dust particle transportation and final deposition in Europe by measuring the surface concentration (μg/m3/day). We hypothesised that there is a significant association between dust introduction into Europe and Culicoides introduction by wind. Data of the surface concentration per day were collected for each of the centroids of a 0.5x0.5 degree grid, and a temporal and spatial analysis was performed. Preliminary results of the spatial and temporal variation of dust deposition were presented for Spain. The correlation between outbreak occurrence in North Africa, dust introduction and outbreak occurrence in Spain was also evaluated. Preliminary results revealed that Culicoides introduction was most likely to occur in the south-eastern part of Spain and the Canary Islands, and sporadically in the Balearic Islands. The period from April to July was found to be at highest risk for Culicoides introduction. The combination of outbreak occurrence in Algeria or Tunisia and dust entrance was found to be correlated with the risk of outbreak occurrence in the Balearic Islands. Similarly, the combination of outbreaks in Morocco and dust introduction was correlated with the risk of outbreak occurrence in Andalucía. Results of this study will be useful to help European countries to develop policies and to allocate resources in areas and periods of time at highest risk for BTV introduction, helping ultimately to mitigate the consequences of BTV incursion into the countries.
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Mebanga, A. Sassa, L. Salman Beloko, and Abdoulmoumini Mamoudou. "Prévalence et facteurs de risque de la fièvre aphteuse dans le marché à bétail de Garoua-Boulai et dans la zone de transhumance du Lom et Djerem à l’Est du Cameroun." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 8 (December 9, 2020): 2799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i8.12.
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La fièvre aphteuse (FA) est une maladie transfrontalière qui affecte les ongulés domestiques et sauvages. Elle joue un rôle très important en économie du fait de sa morbidité élevée et de sa restriction du commerce international. En vue de déterminer la prévalence de la FA bovine et les facteurs de risque de transmission de la maladie au marché à bétail de Garoua-Boulaï et dans la zone de transhumance du département du Lom et Djerem à l’Est-Cameroun, une étude rétrospective et transversale a été menée de juin à décembre 2018. Au marché à bétail, l’étude a porté sur l’observation des signes cliniques caractéristiques sur des animaux suspects. Ainsi, 58 bovins atteints de FA ont été identifiés parmi les 614 bovins suspects, soit une prévalence clinique globale de 9,44% (IC95% : 7,13% - 11,76%). Les facteurs internes tels que le sexe n’ont pas influencé la prévalence de la FA. Dans la zone de transhumance, la prévalence rapportée au niveau individuel était de 26,77%. Tous les éleveurs connaissent la FA et ont cité plus de 3 signes cliniques caractéristiques de la maladie. Le fait de considérer la FA comme une maladie mineure, la faible connaissance des sources, des réservoirs et du mode de contamination du virus aphteux par toute la chaine de valeur bovine, expliquent l’endémicité de la maladie dans ces zones.Mots clés : Prévalence, facteurs de risque, fièvre aphteuse bovine, Garoua-Boulai, Lom et Djerem.
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Duarte, A. S. R., T. Nunes, Y. M. Vaz, and K. Fuchs. "Modèle de transmission du virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine pour la région autrichienne de Styria." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10080.
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In the absence of a bluetongue (BT) revaccination plan in 2010, the cattle population from the region of Styria will become again susceptible to bluetongue virus (BTV) after the end of the immunity conferred by the BTV serotype 8 inactivated vaccine that was used in the 2009 emergency vaccination campaign. Even though no BT outbreaks were recorded in Styria, the region extended area has been considered as a high risk zone for BT occurrence during the summer season months. It is therefore essential to investigate the probability of virus establishment and spread in case the cattle population becomes susceptible again. The basic reproduction number (R0) provides an index of transmission intensity and establishes threshold criteria. It is a powerful tool that can be used in the risk assessment of disease invasion, and is defined as the average number of secondary infections derived from the introduction of a single infected individual in a susceptible population. If R0 is higher than 1, the infection is able to invade a host population. An equation used by other authors in 2008 helped to develop a BTV transmission model for domestic cattle of Styria, by computing R0 monthly values for BT infection between April 2008 and February 2009. The input parameters of the deterministic model were based on available scientific data, and field entomological and climate data from the region of Styria. Results indicated that the risk of occurrence of secondary infections in the summer months was not negligible, with an R0 maximum estimate of 2.66.
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Marih, Latifa, and Mustapha Sodqi. "Diagnostic de l’infection par le SARS-CoV2." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 7, S (August 26, 2020): S14—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmstf.2020.s714.
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Le diagnostic de l’infection par le SARS-Cov-2 repose sur un ensemble d’arguments cliniques, biologiques et radiologiques. L’infection par le SARS-Cov-2 se manifeste principalement par des signes respiratoires. Parfois, des manifestations extra-respiratoires peuvent être le premier ou le seul symptôme de COVID-19, avant la fièvre ou les signes respiratoires. Les anomalies biologiques pouvant orienter précocement vers une infection par le SARS-CoV-2 sont la lymphopénie, une C Réactive Protéine (CRP) augmentée. Le scanner thoracique semble utile pour identifier des images compatibles avec la COVID-19. Les tests sérologiques pourraient amener une information diagnostique complémentaire aux tests moléculaires par RT-PCR, méthode de choix pour mettre en évidence la présence du virus SARS-CoV-2.
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Madani, Hafsa, and Jordi Casal. "Résultats préliminaires d'études de terrain sur la fièvre catarrhale ovine en Algérie." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10026.
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A survey has been performed to determine the prevalence and obtain information on the possible presence of new serotypes of bluetongue (BT) and enzootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) in Algeria. The field studies, based on the standardized guidelines designed during the previous meeting, have already been conducted. The preparation of the field study protocol was performed during the meeting in Barcelona with the partners involved in this study. The protocol was explained and included the definition of the period of the study, the type of number of samples to be collected, the areas where the study was to place, the species concerned, the type of diagnostic techniques, the resources. Out of 1307 sera analysed in young animals (between 6 and 12 months of age) of different species, 364 (28%) were positive. Analysis of samples taken in 20 wilayas showed only one positive among them. Cattle samples were also analysed against enzootic haemorrhagic disease and resulted in 60 positive out of the 818 (7.3%) tested animals. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for BT and for African horse sickness antibody detection. EHD virus antibodies were detected with reagents provided by Pirbright laboratories, United Kingdom.
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Napp, Sebastian, I. Garcia-Bocanegra, Anna Alba, Alberto Allepuz, and Jordi Casal. "Evaluation de la probabilité de transmission du virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine par le sperme." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10067.
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In order to prevent the transmission of bluetongue virus (BTV) by semen, in case a semen collection or a storage centre is located within an endemic zone, the European Union established a ban on the movement of semen. However, there is a series of measures which may be applied to allow the exemption of semen from the exit ban. In order to assess the risk reduction achieved by some of these measures, a simulation model was constructed. In addition, the probability of introduction of BTV by importation of semen from a non-restricted area (exotic serotype) was also assessed.
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Antoine, M., M. E. Langlois, E. Bres, M. Rabeyrin, J. C. Lega, J. M. Reynes, D. Fouque, and A. Deeb. "Premier cas de fièvre hémorragique avec syndrome rénal causé par le virus Dobrava–Belgrade en France." Néphrologie & Thérapeutique 15, no. 5 (September 2019): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nephro.2019.07.179.
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Ekue, N. F., and P. J. Wilkinson. "Pouvoir pathogène de deux isolats de virus de la peste porcine africaine chez des porcs domestiques au Cameroun." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 52, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1999): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9664.
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Une étude a été réalisée pour mettre en évidence les liens pathologiques pouvant exister entre deux types de virus de la peste porcine africaine isolés au Cameroun et identifiés par les codes CAM/88 et CAM/86. Cette étude a permis de montrer que les deux isolats provoquaient les mêmes signes cliniques, des lésions caractéristiques et la présence du virus (virus titres ?) chez les porcs infectés. Les signes cliniques étaient les suivants : fièvre, observée dès 3 à 6 jours après l'inoculation, perte d'appétit, apathie, troubles de la coordination des membres postérieurs, frissons, diarrhée. Les autres symptômes observés étaient une dyspnée et des boiteries. Congestion pulmonaire, hémorragie rénale et présence de ganglions lymphatiques dans les viscères étaient les lésions les plus courantes chez tous les animaux. La comparaison des moyennes des taux d'infestation virale dans les organes des porcs infectés par les deux isolats n'a révélé aucune différence significative (p suppp 0.01). La variation de la moyenne du taux d'infestation virale dans les organes ne dépendait pas du type de virus, il n'y avait donc pas d'interaction significative entre les organes et les isolats (p suppp 0.01). Enfin, la moyenne générale du taux d'infestation virale dans les organes des animaux n'était pas significativement différente (p suppp 0.01) selon le type de virus, mais ces taux variaient significativement d'un organe à l'autre (p infff 0.01).
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Kaufmann, C., C. Schaffner, A. Tschuor, and A. Mathis. "Répartition et abondance des moucherons piqueurs, vecteurs potentiels de la fièvre catarrhale ovine, en Suisse." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10039.
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Indigenous biting midges proved to be highly efficient vectors for the recently introduced bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8). Since its introduction in Northern Europe, the virus has rapidly spread, reaching Switzerland in 2008. The aims of this project are to determine the distribution, abundance, and activity patterns of biting midges occurring in Switzerland. Insects were caught with Onderstepoort ultraviolet light traps once weekly at stations representing the 12 climatic regions of Switzerland throughout the whole year. In addition, catches were carried out at five stations in an Alpine region of Switzerland at altitudes between 1300 and 2000 metres above sea level from the end of June to the end of October 2008. Midges were grouped under the stereomicroscope into Obsoletus complex, Pulicaris complex or other Culicoides spp. Midges were caught at all stations, albeit in very different numbers. The highest monthly average was 10,000 midges per night (Dittingen); the third highest average was recorded at the highest station (Juf, 2130 m). At stations below 1500 m, midges of the Obsoletus complex (98% in Dittingen) were predominant. In Central Europe, they are considered the most likely vectors responsible for BTV transmission. With increasing altitude, midges of the Pulicaris complex prevailed (91% in Juf). Catches in two neighbouring Alpine mountains of similar altitude (approximately 2000 m) varied considerably. It is most likely that there are no midge-free zones in the agricultural areas (including Alpine summer pastures) of Switzerland, but the vector competence of the various midges with regard to BTV needs to be urgently clarified.
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Teale, A., M. Payne, J. England, M. Morshed, and M. Hull. "Le virus Zika, un flavivirus émergent, identifié comme cause de fièvre et d’éruption cutanée chez un voyageur de retour d’Amérique centrale." Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada 42, no. 3 (March 3, 2016): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v42i03a04f.
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Del Rio, R., Gert J. Venter, M. A. Miranda, C. Paredes-Esquivel, Javier Lucientes, Carlos Calvete, and R. Estrada. "Taux d'infection de Culicoides imicola par différents sérotypes du virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine après contamination par voie orale." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10044.
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Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious disease that is spreading northwards in Europe. Knowing the infection rates of the different virus serotypes present in a region and of those that have the potential to enter that region is critical to respond adequately to the disease and set up preventive measures such as vaccination. The present study shows that wild-caught South African Culicoides imicola Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) can become infected with and permit the replication of the different strains of BT virus serotypes detected and isolated in Spain (BTV-1, 2, 4 and 8). Virus replication was measured over time by assaying individual midges on baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21 cells using a microtitration procedure. The mean prevalence of BTV infection after 10 days’ extrinsic incubation (DEI) at 23.5ºC was lower than 1% in all four serotypes. The virus concentration of individual C. imicola infected with BTV ranged from 1.4 to 3.9 TCID50. BTV titres higher than 2.5 log10 TCID50 found in individual C. imicola suggest that this species may be able to transmit that viral strain to susceptible hosts.
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Golding, N., Thomas Balenghien, P. Mellor, J. Barber, E. Veronesi, and Simon Carpenter. "Compétence vectorielle des espèces de Culicoides britanniques pour le sérotype 8 du virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10045.
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The proportion of infected vectors which are able to transmit an arbovirus to a susceptible host has a significant impact on the epidemic potential of such a virus. Assessing vector competence is therefore crucial to evaluate accurately the risk posed by such a disease to any non-endemic region. The vector competence of various Culicoides species in Scotland for bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) was assessed by a pad-feeding technique, and a high-throughput virus extraction and isolation procedure. This was coupled with a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify members of the Culicoides Obsoletus complex to species level. These results are compared with vector competence results of further Culicoides Obsoletus in South-East England assessed by the same method. A very low level of competence for this strain was detected in all Culicoides species tested, similar to that described for this strain in C. imicola originating from both Corsica and the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute in South Africa. The implications of this are discussed in relation to future studies and also with regard to wider aspects of orbivirus transmission in the European Union.
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Sghaier, Soufien, Salah Hammami, H. Hammami, A. Dkhil, and Jean Claude Delecolle. "Surveillance entomologique des Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), vecteurs de la fièvre catarrhale en Tunisie." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10047.
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Bluetongue (BT) is an arboviral disease that affects ruminants. BT virus is transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Since 1999, BTV outbreaks have occurred in Tunisia and two serotypes (BTV-2 and BTV-1) have been involved in 2000 and 2006, respectively. Entomological surveillance has been implemented in Tunisia with the aim to study population dynamics of C. imicola and other potential vectors. Two-night catches of midges per site were performed monthly from June 2006 through July 2008 on 14 sites throughout the country. A total of 11,582 Culicoides specimens, collected from 336 light traps, comprised 25 species of which seven were identified for the first time in Tunisia. The seasonal occurrence of these species is described.
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SCHMIDT, S., and A. HANSEN. "IMMUNISATION ACTIVE DU COBAYE CONTRE LA FIÈVRE APHTEUSE AU MOYEN DU VIRUS ACTIF COMBINÉ AVEC L'HYDROXYDE D'ALUMINIUM." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2010): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.1936.tb05997.x.
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Basin, B., R. Piperaud, J. C. Guilbaud, and N. Moussinga. "Bloc auriculo-ventriculaire chez deux patients atteints de fièvre hémorragique avec syndrome rénal (Néphropathie à Hantaan-Virus)." La Revue de Médecine Interne 13, no. 3 (May 1992): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-8663(05)81338-4.
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Mohd Jaafar, F., H. Attoui, X. W. Li, O. Alpar, and P. P. C. Mertens. "Expression des protéines VP2 et VP5 de la capside externe du virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10076.
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Since 1998, nine bluetongue virus (BTV) strains from serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 11, 16 and 25 have invaded Europe, killing more than two million animals (mainly sheep). Live attenuated vaccines of BTV-2, 4, 9 and 16 have also been used in the region, in some cases causing further outbreaks of disease. Recent sequence analysis have shown that there have been cases of reassortment between field strains and live attenuated vaccine strains, hence the need for safer vaccines such as killed vaccines or recombinant protein-based subunit vaccines. The outer capsid protein VP2 of Culicoides-borne orbiviruses is the cell-attachment protein, which carries sero-neutralization epitopes. We have cloned the open reading frame (ORF) (of segment 2) encoding VP2 and expressed the protein from BTV-4 in a bacterial expression system. The entire protein was found to be insoluble. Bioinformatic and evolutionary analysis showed that VP2 was composed of two ‘domains’, which were expressed separately using the same system. Optimization of expression conditions generated soluble proteins, indicating a correct fold of the expression products. These protein domains were used as antigens in mice experiments to raise antibodies against conformational epitopes. VP2 of BTV-4 was also expressed in a baculovirus system and was found to be soluble. The ORF encoding VP2 was cloned into a mammalian expression vector (pcDNA3.1) and is currently used (as a DNA vaccine) in animal experiments (using Chitosan as an adjuvant) to assess the antibody raising capacity of this formulation. One of the intended uses of this protein or its domains is to generate crystals for determination of the VP2 atomic structure using X-ray crystallography. VP5 of orbiviruses is a fusion protein that is involved in membrane penetration during initiation of infection. The ORF (of genome segment 6) encoding VP5 of BTV-4 was cloned and expressed in the same bacterial system. Bioinformatic analysis also defined two domains of VP5. Only about 10% of the full length protein was soluble, while the two separated domains were over 90% soluble. Currently, VP5 and the two separate domains are being used in mice experiments to determine whether these can influence the immune response when concomitantly injected with the VP2 domains. VP5 was also cloned in pcDNA and used in mice experiments, formulated using Chitosan as an adjuvant. Antibodies collected from the mice reacted with the recombinant expressed VP5 showing high titres of antibodies. VP5 and its domains will also be used in X-ray crystallography. A plaque reduction assay was developed to determine whether the antibodies generated against VP2 domains or the VP2/VP5 mixture can neutralize virus infectivity in cell culture assays, opening the way for challenge assays in animals.
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Shaw, A. E., H. Marqardt, A. Lukas, and P. P. C. Mertens. "Commercialisation d'un test RT-PCR en temps réel pour une détection globale de la fièvre catarrhale ovine." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10032.
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The arrival of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Northern Europe (2006), followed by BTV-1, 6 and 11 (2008-09), has resulted in an unprecedented epidemiological situation, which (like the earlier situation in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region) requires rapid and accurate diagnosis to monitor and help control virus transmission and spread. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays and molecular sequencing have increasingly become accepted as front line tools for the analysis and investigation of BTV outbreaks. The increasing number of BTV sequences that are now available provides a basis for molecular epidemiology studies to characterize new incursions into Europe and neighbouring regions, for real-time tracing of virus movement and development of additional diagnostic tools. The resolution and therefore the impact of molecular epidemiology will inevitably increase still further as more sequence data become available. However, although most individual BTV isolates from a single outbreak will not be fully sequenced, it is still important to identify infected animals as rapidly as possible in order to help control disease spread. Real-time RT-PCR is a very rapid, high throughput and effective method for detection of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) (and thus infection) in blood / tissue samples, cell cultures and vector insects. Real-time RT-PCR is not affected by the immune status of the animal, or by vaccination with inactivated BTV vaccines. It has therefore become very important for investigation of suspected clinical cases, as well as screening animals for importation. In order to be fully effective, these diagnostic capabilities must also be concordant across different laboratories. An assay developed at the Institute for Animal Health (IAH), has recently been commercialized in collaboration with Qiagen. Pre-production test kits were initially assessed without denaturation of RNA samples and their sensitivity was below that of the original IAH assay. The assay in this format also failed to detect several weak positive blood samples received by the Community Reference Laboratory at Pirbright, despite an internal positive control signal confirming the absence of inhibition. Heat denaturation of these weak positive samples, before adding the mastermix, increased detection sensitivity of these samples. A denaturation step was therefore included in all further experiments. These data indicate that BTV RNA present in non-clinical, convalescent cases is double stranded and is therefore derived primarily from viral particles, not from actively replicating viral mRNA. The sensitivity and specificity of the optimized assay were subsequently evaluated. Probit analysis using in vitro transcribed RNA copies indicated that the limit of detection was 0.85 copy per microlitre of sample, equal to 8.5 copies per reaction. Further testing showed that assay specificity equalled that of the original IAH assay. It efficiently detected all 24 established BTV types with no detection of non-BTV RNAs, including genetically and clinically related viruses (epizootic haemorrhagic disease, African horse sickness, foot-and-mouth disease, and vesicular stomatitis viruses), or the ruminant hosts. A 100% concordance was observed with the IAH assay when a batch of samples from Libya were tested using the optimized Qiagen assay. This represents a commercially available assay that is fully compatible with different high throughput systems. This assay potentially allows greater concordance between different laboratories that will integrate well with molecular epidemiology investigations of virus origin and movement.
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Hostettler, Charles, Dennis Amundson, Steve O'Connor, Lydia González, and Michelle Depot. "Phenytoin Hypersensitivity with Pulmonary Involvement in a Hemophiliac Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 21, no. 11 (November 1987): 875–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808702101104.
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), with its attendant sequelae of opportunistic infections and aggressive lymphatic malignancies, continues to dominate the world's medical literature. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) remains as the most commonly encountered infection in AIDS and an early cause of morbidity and mortality. Current therapy for PCP revolves around the administration of either pentamidine isoethionate or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; however, the major AIDS centers report a high incidence of adverse drug reactions to these drugs. We describe an association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a hemophiliac with multiple drug-related hypersensitivity reactions, which include constitutional, dermatologic, and pulmonary manifestations. This observance is intriguing and suggests that the presence of HIV infection may predispose a patient treated with a multitude of drugs and medications to a higher incidence of adverse reactions. Extracto El síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) con todas sus complicaciones, como enfermedades oportunistas y malignidades linfáticas, continua dominando la literatura médica. La pulmonía por Pneumocystis carinii es la infección más frecuente en estos pacientes y una de las causas de morbilidad y mortalidad temprana. Esta enfermedad es tratada con pentamidina isoetionato o con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazole. Se ha reportado una incidencia bien alta de reacciones adversas a estos medicamentos. Este artículo describe un paciente hemofílico con una infección con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humano. Este paciente sufrió múltiples reacciones de hipersensitividad a sus medicamentos con manifestaciones constitucionales, dermatológicas, y pulmonares. Esta observación sugiere que la presencia de una infección con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana puede predisponer a los pacientes tratados con múltiples medicamentos a una mayor incidencia de reacciones de hipersensitividad a éstos. Los síntomas de estas reacciones se podrían confundir fácilmente con otras complicaciones infecciosas y neoplásicas asociadas con este virus. Resume Il s'agit d'une patiente âgée de 37 ans souffrant d'hémophilie et présentant une sérologie positive au virus HIV. Suite à un diagnostic d'épilepsie à complexité partielle, un traitement avec la carbamazépine fut initié. Sept à dix jours plus tard, la patiente développa de la fièvre, des frissons et une éruption cutanée maculopapulaire lesquels symptômes disparurent rapidement à l'arrêt de la carbamazépine. Le phénytoin fut alors substitué à la carbamazépine comme agent anticonvulsivant. Une semaine plus tard, la patiente fut réadmise avec fièvre (39.2 °C), frissons, respiration courte, myalgies et éruption cutanée maculopapulaire diffuse. A l'admission, la patiente ne recevait aucun autre médicament. Ses antécédants médicaux ne révélèrent aucune histoire d'allergie médicamenteuse. Les niveaux sanguins de phénytoin était de 14 μg/ml. Le phénytoin fut aussitôt cessé et une antibiothérapie empirique incluant pipéracilline et gentamicine fut débutée. Malgré ce traitement, la patiente resta fébrile avec une lente résolution de l'éruption cutanée. Suite à la détérioration de l'état pulmonaire, l'antibiothérapie en cours fut substituée par du triméthoprim-sulfaméthoxazole intraveineux. Une radiographie des poumons montra une infiltration pulmonaire interstitielle. Les cultures étant négatives, l'antibiothérapie fut cessée au quatrième jour de l'hospitalisation. l'état clinique de la patiente s'améliora peu à peu. La patiente quitta l'hôpital traitée avec du phénobarbital. Les réactions adverses (cutanée et pulmonaire) reliées à la carbamazépine et phénytoin, respectivement, laissent soupçonner que la présence du virus HIV peut augmenter l'hypersensibilité aux médicaments.
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Van Rijn, Piet A. "Fièvre catarrhale ovine aux Pays-Bas : aperçu sur trois ans." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10029.
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Since August 2006, the Netherlands has been facing outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) caused by serotype 8 (BTV-8). In this first BT-season about 470 affected holdings were reported in the southern part of the country. It was believed that restrictions to animal movements slowed down the northwards spread of BTV. After a relatively mild winter, BT simultaneously resurfaced in July 2007 at many locations indicating that BTV-8 had survived well. Thousands of affected holdings across the country were reported during that year. After another mild winter, a vaccination campaign for serotype 8 was launched in May 2008, with massive vaccination of sheep, goats and cattle. In 2008, less than 150 outbreaks were reported. The reported BTV-8 cases were in the north-eastern part of the country where the level of natural immunity and the willingness to vaccinate were relatively low. This third year with outbreaks was followed by a cold winter. In 2009, no BTV-positive animals were reported from mid-March on. Based on a questionnaire, the willingness of farmers to (re)vaccinate animals tended to decline in 2009, but for cattle farmers this was still at an acceptable level. It is questionable whether farmers will (re)vaccinate again in 2010. Optimism is growing with respect to control, and possibly eradication of BTV-8, but re-emergence after a silent year is a serious possibility. One additional year of vaccination is thus probably required for eradication. In September 2008, because of the enhanced risk of BTV-1 introduction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive results were confirmed for BTV-8\net2006 by sequencing the amplicons of the serogroup-specific PCR test and by serotype-specific PCR testing. BTV-6 was found in infected animals in three different herds, irrespective of vaccination. The sequence of genome segment 10 of this virus is genetically close to BTV-2, whereas other segments are all close to those of the modified-live vaccine for serotype 6. This suggests that BTV-6\net2008 is a reassortant of serotypes 2 and 6. Extensive monitoring and additional cases revealed an unusual epidemiology. No other affected animals were detected, but BTV-6 positive animals on a few additional farms were found. The distance between affected holdings was 30-50 kilometres, and there was no epidemiological link between the affected farms. All BTV-6 positive animals were PCR-negative in March 2009, with no new reports of BTV-6 infection. In October 2008, a BTV-1 positive bull was officially reported one month after import. In the same herd, four additional PCR-positive animals were found. Three of these also originated from France and were positive for BTV-8. Detailed investigations revealed a French variant of BTV-8 never found in the Netherlands. We concluded that these animals were infected in France and that BTV-8 appeared to evolve differently in different regions in Europe. The fifth animal was positive for BTV-6 and was moved from the BTV-6 affected area. Since no other BTV-positive animals were found in the respective herds and in the one-kilometre radius zone, no spread of BTV-1, BTV-6 and BTV-8 seemed to have occurred in this area. Furthermore, export of Dutch pregnant heifers began again in December 2008, with 2000 to 3000 animals per month. Export is allowed on the basis of vaccination (against serotype 8) before pregnancy and negative PCR testing. Since, no animals were found PCR-positive by the serogroup-specific PCR test, we concluded that the Netherlands was free of any BTV circulation in 2009. The situation in 2010 will show whether the Netherlands can be considered as BTV-free again.
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Maïna, Alima, Abdoulkarim Issa Ibrahim, Abdou Alassane, and Hassane Adakal. "Epidémiologie de la fièvre Hémorragique de Crimée-Congo (FHCC) chez les bovins dans le département de Boboye au Niger." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 3 (June 18, 2020): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i3.5.
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La distribution et la dynamique des populations des tiques est un élément clé dans la connaissance des maladies transmises par ces vecteurs. C’est ainsi que cette étude a été conduite afin de mieux connaître l’épidémiologie de la Fièvre Hémorragique de Crimée-Congo (FHCC) dans les 8 communes du département de Boboye au Niger, où 355 sérums de bovins ont été collectés. En plus des sérums, des tiques ont été collectées sur 144 bovins, soit 18 par commune. Les sérums ont été soumis à un test ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) indirect pour la détection d’anticorps anti-FHCC. Soixante-douze (72) éleveurs ont été interviewés sur leur connaissance de l’écologie des tiques, vecteurs du virus de la FHCC. Les résultats de l’enquête ont révélé que les éleveurs n’ont pas recours aux acaricides et que, dans leur majorité (55/72 soit 76,4 %), ils pratiquent la transhumance. L’étude a permis l’identification de 1342 tiques réparties en trois genres : Hyalomma (91,7%), Amblyomma (5,7%) et Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) (2,6%). La séroprévalence globale a été de 9,1±0,03%. Les communes de Harikanassou et Kiota ont été celles où les fortes prévalences ont été observées de 26,7 ± 12,9% et 22,5 ±12,9%. Le virus de la FHCC est en circulation chez la population animale, alors des investigations doivent être faites chez la population humaine.Mots clés : Anticorps anti-FHCC, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Indirecte, Prévalence, Sérums, Tiques.
English Title: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) ’s Epidemiology in cattle in Boboye’s department of Niger Republic
To understand disease transmission by ticks, knowledge of population dynamics and distribution of these vectors are essentials. To sought that, the epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Niger Republic was studied by sampling 355 bovines (sera and ticks) in eight (8) local governments in Boboye’s department. Eighteen (18) bovines were sampled for ticks collection per local government making them a total of 144 bovine. Indirect ELISA test (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was used to detect anti- CCHF antibodies. Seventy-two (72) farmers were surveyed on their knowledge on ticks’ ecology, main vectors of CCHF virus. The results revealed that farmers are not using acaricides, and their majority (55/72 thus 76.4%) practice Transhumance. The study allowed the identification of 1342 ticks distributed in 3 genus: Hyalomma (91.7%), Amblyomma (5.7%) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) (2.6%). The global seroprevalence against CCHF was (9.1 ± 0.03) %. Harikanassou and Kiota were the most affected local governments with respectively (26.7±12.9) % and (22.5±12,9) % prevalence. CCHV virus is circulating in animal population, so investigations must be made in human population.
Keywords: Anti-CCHF antibodies, Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Prevalence, Sera, Ticks.
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Sghaier, Soufien, K. Ben Hamida, A. Dkhil, and Salah Hammami. "Enquête sérologique par la technique Elisa du virus de la fièvre catarrhale dans les troupeaux sentinelles de bovins en Tunisie." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10031.
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Bluetongue (BT) is a non contagious infectious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. Isolation of BT virus serotype 2 (BTV-2) was first confirmed in Tunisia in February 2000 and was since detected in several other countries in the Mediterranean region. BTV-1 was detected in November 2006 and in 2007, and several outbreaks were reported in some regions of Tunisia. A structured surveillance study was designed with the aim to determine the dynamics of infection by this virus from June 2006 through July 2008 in 14 sites located throughout Tunisia. In each farm, 10 seronegative calves to BT were identified and monitored monthly for seroconversion by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results showed a different epidemiologic situation between the two years with a BT seropositivity rate at 1.3% during the first year, reaching 54.3% the second year. The majority of seropositive cases appeared between August and November with only one seroconversion in spring 2008. Detailed results are presented and discussed.
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Zeller, H. G., H. T. Rakotoharinadrasana, and Mala Rakoto Andrianarivelo. "La fièvre de la vallée du Rift à Madagascar : risques d'infection pour le personnel d'abattoir à Antananarivo." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 51, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9646.
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La première manifestation épizootique de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift (FVR) à Madagascar a été rapportée en 1990-1991. Une enquête sérologique a été réalisée en janvier 1995 au niveau de l'abattoir principal d'Antananarivo pour déterminer les risques d'infection par le virus FVR chez le personnel. Des anticorps IgG FVR ont été rencontrés chez 12/126 employés (9,5 %), en association dans 11 cas avec des anticorps IgM FVR. Tous les sujets positifs travaillaient dans la première partie de la chaîne d'abattage. Les 11 employés porteurs d'IgM représentaient 48 % du personnel du hall d'abattage. Ils ont été infectés très probablement par aérosol lors de l'abattage d'un animal virémique et n'ont manifesté aucune symptomatologie clinique. La surveillance hebdomadaire de 40 bovins à l'abattoir d'octobre 1994 à janvier 1995 a montré un taux de portage d'IgG FVR de 7,0 %. Un seul animal a présenté des IgM FVR début décembre 1994. Des mesures préventives telles que le port obligatoire d'un masque au niveau de la chaîne d'abattage et, si possible, la vaccination du personnel à haut risque d'exposition sont recommandées.
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ZIENTARA, Stéphan. "Prévention vaccinale de deux maladies émergentes à vecteur : la fièvre catarrhale du mouton et l'infection à virus West Nile." Bulletin de l'Académie vétérinaire de France, no. 1 (2003): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/47661.
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Zientara, Stéphan, Sylvie Lecollinet, and Damien Vitour. "Prévention vaccinale de deux maladies émergentes à vecteur : la fièvre catarrhale du mouton et l'infection à virus West Nile." Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine 196, no. 3 (March 2012): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4079(19)31795-9.
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