Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fièvre hémorragique'
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Deparis, Xavier. "La fièvre hémorragique avec syndrome rénal : aspects cliniques et épidémiologiques." Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR25384.
Full textMouchel, Delphine. "La fièvre hémorragique avec syndrome rénal : à propos de deux cas." Caen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CAEN3057.
Full textDimi, Jean-Luc. "Analyse de modèles épidémiologiques : applications à des modèles parasitaires, à la fièvre hémorragique Ebola." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Dimi.Jean_Luc.SMZ0602.pdf.
Full textThis work comprises two parts. It is a study of the dynamics of epidemiological models. The first part deals with malaria intra-host models with and without immunity. For models with immunity we give some results of the global stability by using techniques of dynamical systems (Lyapounov, LaSalle,. . . ). For models with immunity, we improve the De Leenheer –Smith conditions for R0 on the stability of the endemic equilibrium. The second part deals with stastical transmission models and models of the dynamics of the hemorragic fever. For wich we have data on the episodes statistique occured at Mbomo (Congo) and Kikwit (RDC). For the statistical transmission models we compute R0 for data with incomplete contacts (Mbomo) and data with complete contacts b(Kikwit). Lastly, a study on the global stability is done for the dynamic models
Moroso, Marie. "Étude des mécanismes impliqués dans la physiopathologie induite par le virus de fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN032.
Full textCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) belongs to Nairovirus genus and to Bunyaviridae family. It is responsible for a severe hemorrhagic disease in humans, associated with non-specific symptoms and high lethality. Transmission is made by tick’s bite or by direct contact with contaminated body fluids. Since no vaccines or treatments are available, there is a need to accumulate knowledge on all aspects of CCHFV-host cell interaction as well as on response mechanisms that are taking place during infection.We first investigated pharmacological ways to interfere with CCHFV replication. Chloroquine and chlorpromazine (known modulators of some viral infections) were efficiently inhibiting viral replication and induce a protection in mice against CCHFV infection, particularly in the presence of ribavirin. Since several viruses are targeted by, or take advantage of, the autophagy response of infected cells, we explored whether CCHFV infection was associated with modulation of autophagy and whether virus replication was impacted by the autophagic activity of infected cells. By using hepatocytes and epithelial cells, we found that CCHFV induced a massive mobilization of the major marker of autophagic vesicles LC3. This mobilization reflected an induced autophagy flux and was of a novel type since known pathways of LC3 recruitment were not involved. The replication of CCHFV was indeed not directly modulated by this atypical form of autophagy but indirect effects remain to be studied. Most of these observations were found to be valid for the related, Dugbe virus (DUGV) with however, a distinct kinetic.Finally, we analyzed whether DUGV was sensitive to the IFITMs, restriction factors that can interfere with membrane fusion processes. Studies revealed that DUGV replication could be inhibited by some IFITMs. Additional studies on virus host-cell interactions and their associated molecular mechanisms should help to better understand the physiopathology induced by CCHFV and to devise therapeutic strategies
Ahossi, Eusebe, and Eusebe Ahossi. "Soins infirmiers en contexte d'épidémie à mortalité rapide : cas de la fièvre hémorragique à virus Lassa au Bénin : un défi professionnel." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38121.
Full textProblématique : Les fièvres hémorragiques virales (FHV) sont caractérisées de maladies à mortalité rapide parce que causant la mort dans 50% à 90% des cas cliniquement diagnostiqués (Hewlett et Hewlett, 2005). Le virus Ébola a sévi en 2014 en Afrique faisant plus de 28.607 cas et 11.289 décès. Le virus de Lassa infecte chaque année 100 000 à 300 000 personnes en Afrique de l’Ouest et en tue plus de 5000. La République du Bénin a connu entre 2014 et 2018 quatre épidémies confirmées de FHV Lassa et s’est inscrit sur la liste des pays endémiques à la maladie Lassa. Au total 43 décès, dont 5 agents de santé (un médecin et 4 prestataires de soins) sur 93 personnes infectées ont été enregistrés. Chaque flambée épidémique déclenche une crise de panique dans la population et au sein des agents de santé. But : Cette étude qualitative vise à explorer la pratique infirmière en contexte d’épidémie de FHV Lassa au Bénin afin de mieux comprendre les raisons qui expliquent les fortes létalités enregistrées dans la population et dans le rang des agents de santé. Cadre de référence : Le cadre de référence de l’étude intègre trois éléments : la théorie des soins centrés sur la personne de McCormack et McCance (2015), le cadre de soins fondamentaux de Kitson, Robertson‐Malt et Conroy (2013) et les guides des mesures de prévention et de contrôle des FHV de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS, 2014b) et du Centre de Prevention et de Contrôle et des infections (CDC, 2014). Méthode : Dans le cadre de cette recherche, un devis qualitatif de type d’étude de cas multiple est utilisé avec une approche exploratoire, descriptive et explicative. Trois techniques sont utilisées pour la collecte des données, il s’agit de l’entrevue (type narratif), de l’exploration documentaire et de l’observation. Au total cinq groupes de participants sont recrutés : les survivants patients (n= 4), les survivants patients soignants (n= 2), les prestataires de soins infirmiers et obstétricaux (n= 6), les témoins n’ayant pas administré de soins (n=13), les agents formés pour la prévention et la prise en charge des cas de FHV (n= 6) et les autorités et partenaires impliqués dans la gestion des épidémies (n=7). Résultats : Les cinq thèmes issus du cadre de référence ayant servi de thématiques pour la collecte des données ont servi de base pour l’analyse grâce à la méthode d’analyse de Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls et Ormston (2013). Ces thématiques sont les suivantes : prérequis, environnement de soin, prestation de soin, la satisfaction au soin et les mesures de prévention et de contrôle des FHV. Les résultats ont mis en relief les facteurs qui expliquent les forts taux de létalité enregistrés durant les épidémies, les contraintes auxquelles les infirmières béninoises sont confrontées pendant l’offre des soins en contexte d’épidémie de FHV Lassa et le rôle autonome qu’elles jouent dans cet environnement de soin à haut risque. Discussion : Cette étude a permis d’explorer les soins infirmiers en contexte d’épidémie mortelle et les conditions d’exercice des infirmières dans les formations sanitaires étudiées. Les résultats empiriques ont fourni des informations pertinentes pouvant servir de guides pour la préparation et l’amélioration de la prise en charge infirmière des cas de FHV Lassa. À cet effet, un modèle de prise en charge centré sur le patient atteint de fièvre Lassa a été proposé pour servir d’outil de travail aux infirmières béninoises et d’Afrique.
Problematic: VHF are characterized as quick lethal fatal diseases because they cause death in 50% to 90% of clinically diagnosed cases (Hewlett & Hewlett, 2005). The Ebola virus struck Africa in 2014, causing more than 28,607 cases and 11,289 deaths. The Lassa virus infects 100,000 to 300,000 people in West Africa every year and kills more than 5,000 one. Between 2014 and 2018, the Republic of Benin experienced four confirmed outbreak cases of Lassa VHF and was recorded on the list of endemic countries to Lassa disease. A total of 43 deaths, including 5 health workers (one doctor and 4 health care providers) out of 93 infected persons were recorded. Each outbreak case triggers a panic attack in the population and among health workers. Purpose: This qualitative study aims to explore nursing practice in the context of the Lassa VHF epidemic in Benin in order to understand more the reasons explaining the high mortality rate among the population and among health workers. Framework: The study framework incorporates three elements: McCormack and McCance's theory of person-centred care (2015), Kitson, Robertson-Malt and Conroy's basic care framework (2013) and World Health Organization's (OMS, 2014b) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's guides (CDC, 2014) to VHF prevention and control measures. Method: In this research, a qualitative estimate type of multiple case study is used with an exploratory, descriptive and explanatory approach. Three techniques are used for data collection: interviewing (narrative type), document exploration and observation. A total of five groups of participants were recruited: patient survivors (n=4), caregiver survivors (n=2), nursing and obstetrical care providers (n=6), non-caregiver controls (n=13), trained agents for the prevention and management of VHF cases (n=6) and authorities and partners involved in epidemic management (n=7). Results: The five topics from the reference terms that served as themes for data collection served as the basis for the analysis using Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls and Ormston's (2013) analysis method. These themes are: prerequisites, care environment, care provision, case satisfaction and measures to prevent and control VHF. The results highlighted the factors that explain the high case-fatality rates during epidemics, the constraints faced by Beninese nurses during the provision of care in the context of a Lassa HSF epidemic and the autonomous role they play in this high-risk care environment. Discussion: This study enabled to explore nursing care in the context of a fatal epidemic and the conditions of practice of nurses in the health facilities studied. The empirical results provided relevant informations that can be used as guideline for the preparation and improvement of nursing management of Lassa VHF cases. To this end, a model of management focused on the Lassa fever patient has been proposed as a working tool for nurses in Benin and Africa.
Problematic: VHF are characterized as quick lethal fatal diseases because they cause death in 50% to 90% of clinically diagnosed cases (Hewlett & Hewlett, 2005). The Ebola virus struck Africa in 2014, causing more than 28,607 cases and 11,289 deaths. The Lassa virus infects 100,000 to 300,000 people in West Africa every year and kills more than 5,000 one. Between 2014 and 2018, the Republic of Benin experienced four confirmed outbreak cases of Lassa VHF and was recorded on the list of endemic countries to Lassa disease. A total of 43 deaths, including 5 health workers (one doctor and 4 health care providers) out of 93 infected persons were recorded. Each outbreak case triggers a panic attack in the population and among health workers. Purpose: This qualitative study aims to explore nursing practice in the context of the Lassa VHF epidemic in Benin in order to understand more the reasons explaining the high mortality rate among the population and among health workers. Framework: The study framework incorporates three elements: McCormack and McCance's theory of person-centred care (2015), Kitson, Robertson-Malt and Conroy's basic care framework (2013) and World Health Organization's (OMS, 2014b) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's guides (CDC, 2014) to VHF prevention and control measures. Method: In this research, a qualitative estimate type of multiple case study is used with an exploratory, descriptive and explanatory approach. Three techniques are used for data collection: interviewing (narrative type), document exploration and observation. A total of five groups of participants were recruited: patient survivors (n=4), caregiver survivors (n=2), nursing and obstetrical care providers (n=6), non-caregiver controls (n=13), trained agents for the prevention and management of VHF cases (n=6) and authorities and partners involved in epidemic management (n=7). Results: The five topics from the reference terms that served as themes for data collection served as the basis for the analysis using Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls and Ormston's (2013) analysis method. These themes are: prerequisites, care environment, care provision, case satisfaction and measures to prevent and control VHF. The results highlighted the factors that explain the high case-fatality rates during epidemics, the constraints faced by Beninese nurses during the provision of care in the context of a Lassa HSF epidemic and the autonomous role they play in this high-risk care environment. Discussion: This study enabled to explore nursing care in the context of a fatal epidemic and the conditions of practice of nurses in the health facilities studied. The empirical results provided relevant informations that can be used as guideline for the preparation and improvement of nursing management of Lassa VHF cases. To this end, a model of management focused on the Lassa fever patient has been proposed as a working tool for nurses in Benin and Africa.
Wittmann, Tatiana. "Analyse phylogénétique des souches du virus de la fièvre hémorragique Ebola et mise en évidence de souches atypiques." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10129/document.
Full textThe virus Ebola, a negative non segmented RNA virus, is responsible for an hemorrhagic fever disease. Together with the Marburg virus, they compose the Filoviridae family (order Mononegavirales). Ebolavirus is geographically divided into 4 species: Zaire in Central Africa, Sudan in East Africa, Ivory Coast in West Africa, and Reston in Asia. Zaire ebolavirus, first appeared in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the highest mortality rate in humans (up to 88%) and has caused several outbreaks since its re-emergence in 1995. Outbreaks from 2001 to 2005 are characterized by multiple independent epidemic chains and large concomitant outbreaks in chimpanzee and gorillas. The viral glycoprotein (GP) gene was amplified and sequenced from samples obtained during the two last human outbreaks in 2003 and 2005 and samples from great apes carcasses found in the forest of the Gabon-Congo area since 2001. A second viral gene coding the nucleoprotein (NP) was amplified and sequenced from animal samples and human outbreaks since 2001. Phylogenetic analysis based on the GP gene showed the separation of Zaire ebolavirus strains into two genetic lineages. This separation is supported by molecular signatures specific to sequences of each lineage, and by genetic distances between sequences. Analysis based on the NP genes give the same results. However, the topology of human strains recovered between 2001 and 2003 is different in both trees. Results show the existence of two phylogenetic lineages and suggest a recombination event between strains of these lineages.The estimation of the age of the most recent common ancestor tracks back the separation of the lineages before the first appearance of Ebolavirus, up to 1975 (1971 estimated on the NP gene). With this method, the recombination event is dated to 1998-1999
Legrand, Judith. "La modélisation mathématique dans le cadre de la préparation contre une épidémie d'origine malveillante : application à la fièvre hémorragique Ebola et à la variole." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066196.
Full textDe, Oliveira Rodrigues Raquel. "Modulation of target cells induced by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus : the contribution in the pathogenesis of the disease." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENSL0707.
Full textCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a widely distributed tick-borne member of the Nairovirus genus (Bunyaviridae) inducing an average mortality rate of 30% in humans. CCHFV induces a severe hemorrhagic disease in infected patients that includes, among other bleeding symptoms, acute inflammation and liver lesions. The mononuclear phagocytes, the hepatocytes and the endothelial cells were described to be the main target cells in both human clinical studies and animal model in vivo studies.We analysed the in vitro cellular response of host antigen presenting cells (APC) and hepatocytes. Then, to better elucidate the pathogenesis of CCHFV, we compared the response of these cells after infection with Dugbe virus (DUGV), a mild pathogenic virus genetically close to CCHFV. In order to improve DUGV detection in vitro and in field studies, we also developed a molecular real-time quantitative tool to detect and quantify DUGV.We found that CCHFV induced an inflammatory response in both APCs tested; however DUGV induced a higher cytokine/chemokine response in these target cells than CCHFV. Our results suggest that CCHFV was able to selectively inhibit the activation of some inflammatory mediators in the in vitro infection and that CCHFV/DUGV cellular response differences could be relevant in pathogenesis. On the other hand, when we in vitro infected hepatocytes with CCHFV, we observed that it was able to induce ER-stress, activate IL-8 secretion and modulate both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways of apoptosis. When we compared this cellular response with that induced by DUGV, we found that the most striking difference was the absence of apoptosis. These differences could, in part, explain the role of the liver in the pathogenesis induced by CCHFV
Bertrand-Cervi, Claire. "Evaluation d'un test rapide de détection des IgM anti Puumala virus et son intérêt dans la prise en charge du patient dans un service du centre hospitalier de Charleville-Mézières." Reims, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REIMP075.
Full textGasquet, Clélia. "Une géographie de la fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola : représentations et réalités d'une maladie émergente au Gabon et en République du Congo." Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100131.
Full textThe Ebola hemorrhagic viral fever is a disease which constitutes a threat for the populations of Central Africa, in particular in rural forester areas. In the Gabon and Republic of Congo (7 epidemics between 1994 and 2005) it became a problem of public health? This zoonos appears at the man's during a direct contact with a contaminated animal, a carcass or a vector of the Ebola virus. The emergence is directly connected, in these enclosed villages, to the ancestral practices of places (hunting, picking, etc. ). The contamination takes place during a direct contact with the physical fluids of a patient. It's made first of all within the families of the victims, during the care lavished on the patients and during those given to the deaths during ceremonies funeral. Firstly, with pathocenosis' concept help, we try in this study to understand in which terms the viral emergence lights us on existing links between people and virus. The amplified rôle of hospital's care confirms the inmportance of the risk in this structure and th panic perception of the world opinion. The North carries a particular interest there. There is no epidemic of Ebola which is accompanied with the procession of international institution. This procession « joins » to the national health system of which takes it territorial is low locally. Several types of care's offers exist with the biomedical model of health represented by « house of health » and health centers. During an epidemic of Ebola, because of his high mortality rate (ut to 80%) and of its contagiousness, the logic of the patient seems more connected to a therapeutic wandering, conditioned by the search for the care and for the causality of the misfortune. In the absence of vaccine, the treatment against Eobla remains symptomatic. The multiplicity of the present actors during the crisis aggravates the anomie created by the disease and highlights a balance of powers, violence, wich is sometimes only the expression of the contesting of the most deprived
Garcia, Stephan. "Etude de deux nairovirus de la famille des Bunyaviridae, virus Hazara et virus de la fièvre hémorragique de Crimée-Congo : induction et analyse de la résistance antivirale liée à un phénomène de résistance dérivée du pathogène dans les cellules de tiques et développement d'outils moléculaires pour le diagnostic." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX20656.
Full textThis manuscript presents the different studies that we have conducted on two nairoviruses, Hazara virus and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). We have used recombinant Semliki forest virus replicon to induce and study a pathogen-derived resistance against Hazara virus in tick cells. We showed that the resistance is directly linked to a phenomenon associated with RNA interference induced in the tick cells and we have detected two markers of this interference: a specific ribonucleasic activity and specific siRNAs. We have then set up an original system using a reporter gene to induce RNA inference in tick cells and to study of viral suppressors of RNA interference. In the last part of our work, we have developed tools to diagnose the CCHFV infection. We have set up two methods to diagnostic an infection, based on the use of a recombinant antigen or on the real-time quantification of viral nucleic acids. We have validated the recombinant antigen to detect specific antibodies against CCHFV in human and animal sera from Iran and we showed that this recombinant antigen is as sensitive and specific as a native antigen produced in infected cell cultures
Dimier, Julie. "Développement d'un vecteur virus de la vaccine, réplicatif et atténué, pour la vaccination antivariolique et pour la vaccination contre la fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870840.
Full textDuvignaud, Alexandre. "Aspects cliniques, biologiques et pronostiques de la fièvre de Lassa en contexte endémo-épidémique en Afrique de l’Ouest : exemple du Nigeria." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0254.
Full textLassa fever, an endemic disease with seasonal epidemic recrudescence, is considered to be responsible for 300 000 cases and 5000 death each year throughout Western Africa. As such, it has been listed as a priority for research. Over the past few years, Nigeria reported the highest and ever increasing number of cases, now exceeding a thousand per year. However, fifty years after the discovery of the disease, our knowledge is still limited and clinical research capacities remained poorly developed. The efficacy of the only available treatment, ribavirin, is still to be assessed. Hence, there is a need for up to date and reliable data on the disease course, management, mortality and prognostic factors. It is also of paramount importance that the patients suffering from Lassa fever could gain access to an optimised standard of care. Lastly, clinical research capacities need to be developed urgently in endemic areas.In this thesis, we review the knowledge gathered on Lassa fever from its discovery in 1969 till date. Then, we explain the reasons that led us to set up a response and research program on Lassa fever, as well as our approach to reinforce the standard of care and build a clinical research platform in collaboration with one of the main Lassa treatment centres in Nigeria. Next, we present the first results of the LASCOPE cohort study which represent the cornerstone of our program.From April 2018 to March 2020, 534 patients with RT-PCR proven Lassa fever were followed-up of whom 77 died (14.4%). 510 participants were enrolled in the cohort: 258 men and 252 women, 84 being children. The median delay between the symptoms onset and admission was 8 days (IQR 7-13). On admission, 37.8% had a Lassa RT-PCR Ct value <30. From admission to end of follow-up, 120 (26.5%) had a NEWS2 ≥7, 67(13.5%) had a KDIGO ≥2, and 41 (8.0%) underwent dialysis. All of them received ribavirin therapy with a median duration of 10 days (IQR 9-13). 62 (12.2%) died (57 [13.4%] adults, 5 [6.0%] children. The median delay between admission and death was 3 days (IQR 1-6). The following characteristics on admission were independently associated to mortality: age ≥ 45 years (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 16.30 [95%CI 5.31-50.30]), NEWS2 ≥7 (aOR 4.79 [95%CI 1.75-13.10]), KDIGO ≥2 (aOR 7.52 [95%CI 2.66-21.20]), ALAT ≥ 3 times the upper limit of normal range (aOR 4.96 [95%CI 1.69- 14.60]), a Lassa RT-PCR Ct value <30 (aOR 4.65 [95%CI 1.50-14.50]). Those results will be helpful for the conception of future therapeutic clinical trials as well as for updating existing management guidelines. The framework of this cohort also gave us the opportunity to describe an unusual presentation of the disease, namely delayed paraparesis. This original observation add to the evolving knowledge regarding the spectrum of Lassa fever-related neurological manifestations.Two complementary studies are nested in the LASCOPE cohort, concerning the pharmacokinetics of ribavirin, as it is used for the treatment of Lassa fever, as well as the pathophysiology of cardiovascular dysfunction that can occur during Lassa fever. Inclusions in these nested studies is still ongoing.Finally, an upcoming phase II clinical trial evaluating the pharmacokinetics, security and tolerability of a novel antiviral drug, favipiravir, for the treatment of Lassa fever is currently being prepared in two Nigerian sites, including the one we are collaborating with
Baillet, Nicolas. "Pathologie comparée de la fièvre de Lassa chez le singe cynomolgus : mécanismes pathogéniques précoces, réponses immunitaires et marqueurs d’infection." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1307.
Full textLassa virus causes a hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa and represents a threat for civilians. The pathogenesis and the immune responses associated with the disease are poorly understood. We followed pathological, virological and immunological parameters associated with fatal and non-fatal Lassa virus infection in the cynomolgus monkey. The clinical picture was characterized by depression, anorexia, weight loss and asthenia in survivors whereas the same symptoms were supported by fever, respiratory difficulties and epistaxis in animals infected with the lethal dose. Only fatalities have shown coagulation parameters dysfunction, rhabdomyolysis and an increase of renal function markers. We observed a different viral tropism in a function of the disease severity, with viral dissemination in organs that was more important and faster in fatalities, the appearance of numerous infectious particles number and more severe pathologic changes. Early and robust innate and adaptive immune response has been associated with the control of infection and recovery whereas fatal infections were characterized by a sepsis like inflammatory response, defective immune response as well as uncontrolled viral replication. This study sheds light on the pathogenesis of Lassa fever and reveals infection markers predictive of the disease outcome
Russier, Marion. "Cellules NK et fièvres hémorragiques virales : étude de leur rôle dans la mise en place des réponses immunes et dans la pathogenèse lors de l'infection par les virus Lassa et Ebola." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835079.
Full textFuhrmann, Didier. "Les fièvres hémorragiques africaines : les virus Lassa - Ebola - Marbourg." Strasbourg 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR15028.
Full textElla-Ondo, Thimothée. "Fièvres hémorragiques virales majeures en Afrique noire : épidémiologie et réflexions." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2M149.
Full textPaix, Marie-Anne. "Les virus des fièvres hémorragiques : 200 résultats d'études sérologiques menées en France et en Afrique." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR2B001.
Full textSchaeffer, Justine. "Étude in vitro et ex vivo de la réponse des cellules dendritiques à l’infection par le virus Lassa." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1249/document.
Full textLassa virus (LASV) is responsible for a viral haemorrhagic fever in humans and the death of 3,000 to 5,000 people every year. There is currently no vaccine or treatmentavailable against LASV, and its pathogenesis is not completely understood yet. According to studies on humans and primates, type I interferon (IFN-I) and T cell responses appear to be critical for the host. We studied the response of dendritic cells (DC) to LASV, as DC are involved in both IFN-I production and T cell activation. We compared the response of primary human DC to LASV and Mopeia virus (MOPV), which is similar to LASV, but non-pathogenic.We focused on plasmacytoid DC (pDC), specialized in IFN-I production, and myeloid DC (mDC), specialized in antigen presentation. We showed that neither pDC nor mDC were productively infected by LASV and MOPV. pDC infected with MOPV produced large amounts of IFN-I, whereas pDC infected with LASV did not. mDC produced substantial amounts of IFN-I in response to both LASV and MOPV. However, only MOPV-infected mDC were able to activate T cells. More surprisingly, coculture with T cells completely inhibited the activation of LASV-infected mDC. These differences between LASV- and MOPV-infected mDC were mostly due to LASV nucleoprotein, which has major immunosuppressive properties, but the glycoprotein was also involved. Overall, these results showed differences in pDC and mDC response to MOPV and LASV. Therefore, both pDC and mDC may be important for the global response to LASV in vivo, and play a role in the outcome of Lassa fever
Emonet, Sébastien. "Arénavirus à potentiel bioterroriste : génomique, évolution et diagnostic." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20680.
Full textGrard, Gilda. "Génomique et évolution des flavivirus transmis par les tiques et découverte d'un nouveau lignage du genre flavivirus." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20679.
Full textMoyen, Nanikaly. "Epidémiologie des infections par les filovirus et arbovirus en République du Congo." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5069.
Full textThe Republic of Congo (RC) where our work took place is a Central African country, sharing borders with the Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Gabon, Cameroon, and Angola (Cabinda). In these countries the circulation of arboviruses is documented. In RC, there was little or no documentation on arboviruses prior to our work. We conducted studies of arbovirus seroprevalence in Congolese blood donors for different virus families. We also studied the epidemic caused by the chikungunya virus that prevailed in RC in 2011.Our work have highlighted the high rate of seroprevalence for incriminated major pathogens: 47.2% for Dengue, 27.8% for Yellow Fever, 24.4% for West Nile, 38.8% for Chikungunya and 7.9% for Rift Valley fever. These high seroprevalence rates indicate that these viruses actively circulate in Congo, although no epidemic has yet been reported for some viruses. We have also isolated and genetically characterized a strain named "Brazza_MRS1", belonging to the East Central and Southern African lineage, after the chikungunya epidemic in 2011. The RC has experienced several outbreaks caused by the Ebola virus. We have performed a filovirus seroprevalence study to attempt to better characterize the circulation of filoviruses in asymptomatic Congolese blood donors. The observed rate of seroprevalence of anti Ebola IgG was 2.5% overall (1.6% in Brazzaville, 4% in Pointe-Noire and 4% in rural areas). Identified epidemiological risk factors were the exposure to bats (p <0.001) and birds (p = 0.04). The seroprevalence rate of Marburg virus IgG was low (0.5%)
Carbonnelle, Caroline. "Mécanismes moléculaires de la haute pathogénicité du virus Ebola : détermination du rôle de la protéine structurale VP24." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSL0351.
Full textShoemaker, Trevor. "Surveillance et épidémiologie des fièvres hémorragiques virales (FHV) : identification de l'émergence, de la séroprévelance et des facteurs de risque des FVH en Ouganda." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG044.
Full textViral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases caused by RNA viruses. They infect both humans and animals (zoonotic) and are clinically characterized by acute onset of high fever and sometimes severe hemorrhagic symptoms especially in the late stages of the disease. Viruses in the genera Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus in the family Filoviridae are known as causing “classical” hemorrhagic fever disease. Other viral families that cause VHFs include Phenuiviridae (Rift Valley fever virus), Nairoviridae (Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus), and Arenaviridae (Lassa virus)
Grimaud, René. "Dynamique des populations de Culicoides à l’île de La Réunion, moucherons vecteurs d’orbiviroses." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0034.
Full textCattle farms in Reunion Island regularly experience outbreaks of "bavites", a local term designing diseases due to epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV), two orbiviruses transmitted by hematophagous midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Several serotypes of these two orbiviruses circulate in Reunion Island and are responsible for economic losses and deterioration in the health status of bovine livestock. Among the 5 species of Culicoides recorded in Reunion Island, Culicoides imicola, Culicoides bolitinos, Culicoides enderleini, Culicoides grahamii, and Culicoides kibatiensis, at least the first two are vectors of BTV and EHDV to ruminants. In this context, it seems important to characterize the ecology and to specify the vector role of Culicoides in Reunion Island. The aims of this work are to i) determine the environmental and climatic factors that govern the presence and abundance of each Culicoides species on the island; ii) model their temporal and spatio-temporal dynamics; iii) identify the species potentially involved in the transmission of the two orbiviruses and characterize the circulation of these two viruses in local Culicoides populations. A longitudinal survey consisting in bimonthly collections of midges in 11 sites during 26 months enabled characterizing and modelling the temporal dynamics of the different Culicoides species using hurdle statistical models in order to identify environmental and climatic drivers of their dynamics. These dynamic models were then spatialized using Ocelet spatial dynamics software and validated using data originating from a large trapping campaign carried out in 101 sites throughout the island. Finally, the screening of 1500 monospecific pools of Culicoides for EHDV and BTV by polymerase chain reaction enabled detecting each virus in 4 of the 5 species of Culicoides: BTV was detected in all species except C. grahamii and EHDV in all species except C. enderleini. The work carried out during this thesis therefore contributed to improve knowledge of the vector ecology in relation to EHDV and BTV transmission in Reunion Island and, in the absence of prevention methods such as vaccination and vector control strategies, to develop approaches to specify the risk of transmission of these two viruses
Vanhomwegen, Jessica. "Approches moléculaires et sérologiques appliquées à la détection et à la caractérisation des pathogènes émergents et des infections associées." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077246.
Full textControl of epidemics depends on the rapid detection and identification of emerging pathogens posing a threat to public health. The objective of this thesis was to produce the necessary tools for early detection and accurate identification of emerging agents and the surveillance of associated infections. For this purpose, we developed and validated multi-analytical approaches to detect of a wide range of emerging infections. In a first stage, we demonstrated the capacity of a broad-spectrum resequencing microarray to detect and characterize neurotoxin -producing clostridia, particularly in contaminated food samples. In parallel, we developed a differential serological assay, based on a mixture of antigen-conjugated microspheres, allowing the rapid and simultaneous diagnosis of a wide range of arboviruses and viral hemorrhagic fevers. In addition, we piloted the first evaluation study of molecular and serological methods for die diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Finally, we used the described methods for the detection of infections by arboviruses and viral hemorrhagic fever viruses, during large-scale surveys of human, animal and vector populations. These approaches have established robust data on the spread of emerging pathogens in these populations. In addition, the performances of the developed methods raise many application prospects in the field of differential diagnosis
Pourrut, Xavier. "Implication des chauves-souris dans les épidémies de filovirus en Afrique : modalités de contamination de l'homme et des grands singes." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20669.
Full textGallo, Giulia. "Study of interactions of orthohantaviruses with their hosts in context of pathogenicity and persistence." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS628.pdf.
Full textOrthohantaviruses are globally widespread emerging viruses hosted by small mammals. In these natural reservoirs, orthohantavirus establish asymptomatic chronic infection. Nevertheless, orthohantavirus can be occasionally transmitted to humans and may cause hemorrhagic fevers with renal syndrome in Eurasia.we carried out a comparative study of Puumala orthohantavirus, responsible for an attenuated form of HFRS, with non-pathogenic orthohantavirus Tula and Prospect Hill. We first identified suitable cellular models for our studies and we described differences in the production of viral particles depending on the host from which cells were obtained. Secondly, we shed light on the interactions of viral proteins with cellular compartments and factors during the viral cycle by 1) analyzing the regulation of protein expression, especially implicated in the immune reponse, in infected human cell line, 2) detecting the localization and interaction of viral proteins with cellular compartments in the infection, 3) defining how viral proteins antagonize the interferon signaling pathways and 4) discovering by mass spectrometry the cellular factors interacting with the nucleocapsid of our three orthohantaviruses. We showed that these viruses share common characteristics in the interaction with the cell during the viral cycle. However, we also revealed differences of regulation of cellular pathways, depending on the virus and on the viral proteins.These studies allowed to identify adapted cellular models for further studies on these viruses, as well as cellular factors that are currently been investigated for their role in the viral proteins