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Journal articles on the topic 'Fifth Crusade'
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1
Chandra, Okky. "The Fourth Lateran Council as the Main Agenda for the Preparation of the Fifth Crusade." Diligentia: Journal of Theology and Christian Education 2, no. 1 (2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/dil.v2i1.2201.
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<p>The Latin Church in medieval time regarded crusades as holy wars against paganism and heretics. Pope Innocent III was one of the church leaders who strongly believed that Christians need to regain the Holy Land. After initiating the Fourth Crusade and was disappointed by the failure of the crusaders, Innocent III organised the Fourth Lateran Council for the main purpose of launching the Fifth Crusade. While some scholars maintained that the reform of universal church was one of the main agenda of the Council, this paper shows that it was ancillary to the preparation of all elements within the Church for the next Crusade.</p>
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Pentek, Zdzisław. "Król węgierski Andrzej II na tronie w Cesarstwie Łacińskim? Bałkański wątek Piątek Krucjaty." Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 24 (March 2, 2018): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2017.24.2.
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The article focuses on the participation of the Hungarian King Andrew II in the Fifth Crusade in 1217. The author rejects the speculations (B. Hóman, S. Runciman, F. Van Tricht et al.) that the reason of the king’s decision was ascending the throne of the Latin Empire after the death of the emperor Henry in 1216. Due to the lack of evidence in sources for these speculations, the author claims that the reasons for which Andrew II took part in the Fifth Crusade were rather prestigious, devotional and ambition oriented.
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Whelan, Mark. "Walter of Schwarzenberg and the Fifth Hussite Crusade reconsidered (1431)." Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 122, no. 2 (2014): 322–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/miog-2014-0202.
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HOUSLEY, NORMAN. "The Papacy, Conciliarism and Crusade, 1449–1517." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 72, no. 1 (2020): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046920000639.
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Between the Council of Basle and the Fifth Lateran Council the papal curia was subject to much pressure to convene a new general council to address the urgent need for a crusade. This essay examines the relationship between the forceful lobbying for a council by Europe's rulers, and the persistence of conciliarist sentiments in society at large, particularly among its educated elite. While secular rulers were exploiting the vulnerability of the popes for their own ends, it would be reductive to interpret their demands for a council as crudely manipulative rather than as the expression of broadly-based fears and aspirations.
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Tsitlanadze, Tea, Tea Karchava, and Nikoloz Silagadze. "Preparations for the Fifth Crusade, Its Progress and the Attempts to Establish Relationship between the Crusaders and Georgia." Telsto slėpiniai 18 (December 16, 2016): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/ts.2016.5.
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Purkis, William J. "Memories of the preaching for the Fifth Crusade in Caesarius of Heisterbach'sDialogus miraculorum." Journal of Medieval History 40, no. 3 (2014): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2014.916505.
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Hautala, R. "The Mongol Expansion and Fifth Crusade according to the Latin Sources of 1221." World of the Orient 2014, no. 4 (2014): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/orientw2014.04.110.
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Classen, Albrecht. "Megan Cassidy-Welch, War and Memory at the Time of the Fifth Crusade. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019, xi, 202 pp., 3 maps, 2 figs." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (2020): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.95.
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Memory Studies matter greatly, especially in conjunction with war. The modern world knows, unfortunately, just too much about the need to remember wars and the victims, but this was also the case in the thirteenth century when public reflections on the past crusades began to assume center position, especially in light of the fifth crusade, which is the topic of Megan Cassidy-Welch’s new monograph, which continues several other projects of a very similar nature. In fact, it seems that she drew heavily from some of her previous publications for this study, although this is not clearly indicated. Although she focuses primarily on a medieval phenomenon, her study allows us to reach many highly valuable conclusions for our own world because war and death have always tortured human life.
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Brewer, Keagan. "War and Memory at the Time of the Fifth Crusade by Megan Cassidy-Welch." Parergon 37, no. 2 (2020): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2020.0079.
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Hurlock, Kathryn. "A Transformed Life? Geoffrey of Dutton, the Fifth Crusade, and the Holy Cross of Norton." Northern History 54, no. 1 (2017): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0078172x.2017.1263069.
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Borbás, Benjámin. "Are There Rules in War?" East Central Europe 47, no. 1 (2020): 10–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763308-04701002.
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This article summarizes new research on the custom of distributing the spoils of war amongst active military participants in the Holy Land. A letter of guarantee records an agreement between John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem, and the Teutonic Knights right after the capture of Damietta (1219) during the Fifth Crusade. This document is compared with contemporary sources reporting on military actions of the Teutonic Order. The article argues that the strength of a military order and power relations between parties participating in military campaigns can be studied through their sharing of the spoils of war.
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Hoffmann, Bert. "Kuba: Die Reform von innen, die nicht stattfand." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 27, no. 107 (1997): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v27i107.884.
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Over the last 3 or 4 years, a new spirit of debate and controversy over the problems and future perspectives of Cuban socialism has emerged within the academic establishment of the island. However, in march last year the Politburo of Cuba's Communist Party launched an aggressive» ideological crusade« against this development, labe!ling it »subversive«, »dangerous deviation« and »the emergence of fifth-columnism in Cuba«. The obective of the article is, first, to sketch the outlines of this intellectual debate by reviewing the most central academic publications as weil on the necessary economic reform steps as on the political and social aspects of Cuba's current c1isis, and, second, to draw - one year after the sadly famous campaign of the Politburo - a first balance of its consequences.
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Villegas-Aristizábal, Lucas. "Was the Portuguese Led Military Campaign against Alcácer do Sal in the Autumn of 1217 Part of the Fifth Crusade?" Al-Masāq 31, no. 1 (2018): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2018.1542573.
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Minnich, Nelson H. "Lateran V and Peace among Christian Princes." Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 48, no. 2 (2019): 309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890433-04802002.
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The establishment of peace among Christian princes was a task assigned to the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–17) by the election capitularies of Julius ii (1503–13) and Leo X (1513–21), formally adopted in the bull of convocation, and repeated in the conciliar speeches of the popes and orators. The popes intervened to settle squabbles among conciliar participants and had the council issue bulls calling for peace and mandating prayers for it and the sending of letters, nuncios, and legates to promote it. Outside the council chamber, Leo X worked tirelessly to negotiate peace terms that would unite the Christian princes in a joint crusade against the infidels. He ended the council with peace agreements in place that would be broken by the French and then by others.
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Flower, Michael A. "From Simonides to Isocrates: The Fifth-Century Origins of Fourth-Century Panhellenism." Classical Antiquity 19, no. 1 (2000): 65–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25011112.
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This article attempts to gather the evidence for panhellenism in the fifth century B.C. and to trace its development both as a political program and as a popular ideology. Panhellenism is here defined as the idea that the various Greek city-states could solve their political disputes and simultaneously enrich themselves by uniting in common cause and conquering all or part of the Persian empire. An attempt is made to trace the evidence for panhellenism throughout the fifth century by combining different kinds of evidence: that is, both poetic and historical texts, as well as the testimonia for monuments which are no longer extant. Any thought of a panhellenic crusade was impossible before the Persian invasions, but such an expedition, under the dual leadership of Athens and Sparta, was espoused by Cimon. After his death it remained an item of popular talk for the rest of the century and this talk intensified during the second half of the Peloponnesian War. The paper has six parts: the first finds hints of panhellenist ideology in the fragments of Simonides' Plataea elegy and in Aeschylus' Persians. The second part attempts to explain several puzzling passages in Herodotus in terms of his reflecting contemporary panhellenist discourse, especially in his account of Aristagoras of Miletus at Sparta. Part three reconstructs Cimon' s belief in dual hegemony and his plans for a joint Athenian-Spartan expedition against the Persian empire. Part four connects an anecdote about Miltiades with the Cimonian monuments and argues that the artistic program of the Stoa Poikile was intended to support Cimon's panhellenist aspirations. Part five discusses panhellenist sentiments in late fifth-century Greek poetry, and dates the Olympic Oration and Funeral Oration of Gorgias to the period 408-405 B.C., Finally, part six relates the panhellenist writings of Isocrates to earlier developments.
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Wyslucha, Kamila. "Echoes of the Rejection of the Aulos in Augustan Poetry." Greek and Roman Musical Studies 7, no. 1 (2019): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22129758-12341336.
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Abstract Athenian elites of the late fifth century BC rebelled against aulos-playing as part of the school curriculum and launched a socio-cultural campaign against the instrument. Echoes of this ‘anti-aulos’ crusade reverberated in literature in the centuries to follow as motifs of hostility towards aulos music. Ovid (Fasti 6.657-710) and Propertius (2.30b) engage in this discourse, largely disregarding the motives of the Athenians for spurning the instrument; instead they embed the rejection myths in their poetical programmes in the context of their precarious relationship with Augustan authority. This paper argues that while both poets oppose the rejection of the doublepipes, they do so for entirely different reasons. Although the negative image of the aulos is present in Latin literary sources, it is largely disconnected from the substantial role of the instrument in Roman musical culture.
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Leiser, Gary. "The Life and Times of the Ayyūbid Vizier al-Ṣāḥib b. Shukr". Der Islam 97, № 1 (2020): 89–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/islam-2020-0005.
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AbstractThis is a description and assessment of the career of al-Ṣāḥib b. Shukr (548–622/1153–1225), the most important vizier of Ayyūbid Egypt. Born in the Delta, and raised in an influential family, he studied to become a jurist. After serving as a judge (qāḍī), he entered the administration of Saladin and subsequently became the vizier of two Ayyūbid sultans, al-ʿĀdil and his son al-Kāmil. His ruthlessness in raising money for them by transforming the Egyptian vizierate into a fund raising institution was a critical factor in their ability to stay in power, and in saving Egypt from the Fifth Crusade. At the same time he patronized the religious class and built the first Mālikī law school (madrasa) in Cairo. His vizierate represented a nexus of administrative and religious authority in Egypt.
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AYRIS, PAUL. "Preaching the Last Crusade: Thomas Cranmer and the ‘Devotion’ Money of 1543." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 49, no. 4 (1998): 683–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046997005678.
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In the summer of 1543 King Henry VIII promised that he would send 40,000 ducats, the equivalent of £10,000, to Ferdinand, king of the Romans and of Hungary, archduke of Austria, to help his brother, Emperor Charles V, in his defence of Christendom against the Turk. Europe witnessed a strange alliance between Henry, himself a schismatic monarch, and Charles, who had effectively blocked Henry's attempts to have the pope annul his first marriage. The coalition of opposing forces was equally remarkable, comprising the Most Christian King of France and his non-Christian ally, the Turk. Francis's support for the Turks was contrasted by some with the king's attitude to Protestant reform. Francis seems to have regretted the presence in 1543–4 of a Turkish colony at Toulon, which appears to have possessed a slave market and mosque. The alliance between Charles V and Henry VIII attests to the persistence of the medieval concept of Christendom (Christianitas), groups of nations which shared basic religious and cultural values despite the religious divides being caused by the Reformation.Henry made elaborate plans to furnish Charles with the promised £10,000 to support military action on the continent. The money, available either as cash or as bills of exchange, was released in two halves, the first on 16 August 1543 and the second on 18 September. In his usual way, the imperial ambassador in England, Eustace Chapuys, made things worse by harrying the Privy Council for speedy payment of the funds. The crown, none the less, hit on an interesting solution to the problem of recovering its money. Henry issued an appeal to every diocese in England to organise voluntary contributions from parishioners to recover the amount of money he disbursed abroad. Working from the financial returns among the exchequer subsidy rolls at the Public Record Office, Dr Kitching has calculated that such collections raised no more than £1,903 8s. 3d., less than a fifth of the money advanced to Charles V. The English parishes reimbursed the crown in late 1543 and early 1544.As Dr Kitching himself has indicated, the background to the whole episode is poorly documented. Previously unknown to historians, however, important material concerning the king's plan survives in the diocesan archives of London and Westminster. The episcopal registers of Edmund Bonner, bishop of London, and Thomas Thirlby, bishop of the short-lived see of Westminster, both shed valuable light on this scheme. Diocesan bishops recorded their formal administrative acts in registers, the compilation of which was supervised by the diocesan registrar. Unfortunately, the archiepiscopal archives at Lambeth are silent on the collections of 1543. The registers for the dioceses of London and Westminster, however, are particularly informative for the opening years of the Reformation. It is my purpose to consider the nature of the new evidence and to offer a transcript of the more important documents.
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Thomas, Scott M. "St. Francis and Islam: A Critical Appraisal for Contemporary Muslim–Christian Relations, Middle East Politics and International Relations." Downside Review 136, no. 1 (2018): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0012580617747850.
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St. Francis of Assisi’s dramatic meeting with the Sultan Malek el-Kamel in Damietta, Egypt, during the Fifth Crusade (1213–1221) has become an important part of the contemporary context for Muslim–Christian relations, Middle East politics and international relations. It is well-known among Catholics and medieval historians, but it was Pope John Paul II who coined the term ‘the spirit of Assisi’ which has given this event its prominence and relevance. However, this has been questioned – it is based on limited and contradictory evidence, and why do we need such historical models of positive Muslim–Christian relations? This article, in response to these objections, argues that critical theory, the Frankfurt School and social constructivism as they are developed in the theory of international relations offer a helpful perspective to examine Francis’ encounter with the Sultan, and this shows more clearly why this early Muslim–Christian encounter is relevant for contemporary international relations.
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Johnson, Galen K. "St. Francis and the Sultan." Mission Studies 18, no. 1 (2001): 146–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338301x00234.
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AbstractThis paper offers a structuralist reading of the various traditions of the meeting of St. Francis of Assisi with Sultan Malik al-Kamil during the Fifth Crusade in 1219. Although there exist various accounts of the "Francis legend," the author argues that their cumulative purpose was to show that the unique character of Francis evoked a positive response from the sultan that made Muslims potential objects of peaceful conversion rather than hopeless infidels to be violently eradicated. While Francis can never be called the "patron saint of religious pluralism," the story of his encounter with the sultan can certainly be an example of how twenty-first century Christians can respond to Muslims as neighbors in our culturally diverse world. "Although Francis probably believed with his contemporaries that Muslims were cunning and fierce ... , his experiences at Damietta direct Christians to consider the log in their own eyes before poking at the speck in another's.
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MacDonald, Matthew A. "Saint Francis and the Sultan." American Journal of Islam and Society 29, no. 4 (2012): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v29i4.1186.
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In August or September 1219 at the height of the Fifth Crusade, Francis ofAssisi audaciously set out to meet Sultan Malik al-Kâmil of Egypt. In SaintFrancis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian–Muslim Encounter,historian John Tolan has produced a fascinating volume on this ratherstrange episode, an encounter that has captivated writers and painters for centuries.In an age when religion has lost much of its traditional power, however,the author wonders how much we can really know about the experience ofFrancis and al-Kâmil meeting each other “in a tent in an armed camp on thebanks of the Nile, during a truce in the midst of a bloody war” (p. 4). Insteadof trying to locate the real Francis and al-Kâmil in the fragments of history,Tolan asks why this particular has fascinated so many different artists. He answers,quite simply, that “for them, it was not merely a curiosity, or a footnoteto the history of a crusade which failed on the banks of the Nile. It was muchmore: an emblematic encounter or confrontation between East and West” (p.326). Whether it was seen as an encounter or a confrontation, in turn, depended in part on the historical, religious, and political context within which the givenartist was working. In this sense, the book reads more like a metahistory ofhow, why, and to what effect a particular historical episode has been depictedover the years.Given the focus on such a momentous encounter between East and West,Islam and Christianity, Muslim and Christian, as well as how it has been portrayedand understood, this book should be of particular interest to students ofChristian–Muslim relations and dialogue. It should also be of interest to peopleinterested in the construction of East/West and Muslim/Christian identity ...
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Stark, John. "The Old Man of Crete." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 37, no. 1 (2003): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001458580303700101.
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The Old Man of Crete, which appears in Inferno XIV, 94–120, is one of the more puzzling figures in Dante's Comedy. Noting allusions to the dream of Nebuchadnezzar and to Ovid's Metamorphoses and its location the middle of the world as known to medieval Europeans have done little to illuminate it. One does better by elaborating on the fact that it is supported by two feet that represent the temporal and spiritual realms and on its relation to Rome and Damietta. That is, it should recall Dante's points in On World Government that peace and the careful separation of the temporal and spiritual realms are necessary for the fulfillment of human potential. Rome's prime condition during Augustus' reign, its current degeneration, due in large part to the Papacy's meddling in temporal affairs, and the blurring of the boundary between the two realms during the battle that occurred at Damietta during the Fifth Crusade all help to explain the statue. The themes of peace and the separation of the temporal and the spiritual realms also are prominent in all the scenes that occur on or next to the rivers of hell, which flow from the statue. That confirms the importance of those themes in the cantiche as a whole and in the scene in which the Old Man appears.
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Bachrach, Bernard S., and David S. Bachrach. "nr="89"Military Intelligence and Long-Term Planning in the Ninth Century : The Carolingians and Their Adversaries." Mediaevistik 33, no. 1 (2020): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2020.01.04.
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Abstract: Historians of warfare in the western tradition have devoted considerable attention to the problem of military intelligence from the Greek and Persian wars of the fifth century B.C.E. up to the recent past. Strikingly absent from this conversation, however, has been the treatment of the acquisition and analysis of information for military purposes in pre-Crusade Europe, particularly in the Carolingian and immediate post-Carolingian world. In part, this lacuna is the result of a general neglect by modern scholars of military matters in the ninth and tenth centuries. A second major reason for the lack of studies of military intelligence is the dead hand of nineteenth-century romantic-nationalist historiography that has imposed a “dark-age” straight-jacket on many aspects of the history of the early medieval world. This emphatically includes the history of warfare, which has been treated in the context of a putatively Tacitean or Beowulfian quest for honor and booty, rather than as a highly complex element of governmental activity. The present study addresses this gap in modern understanding of the complex nature of early medieval warfare through an examination of military intelligence in the ninth century with a focus on the Carolingians and their opponents, primarily the Vikings, the Muslim polity in Spain, and the Slavs. The study is divided into three parts that examine in turn, strategic intelligence, campaign intelligence, and tactical or battlefield intelligence.
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MORTON, NICHOLAS. "The Fifth Crusade in Context: The Crusading Movement in the Early Thirteenth Century. Edited by E. J. Mylod, Guy Perry, Thomas W. Smith and Jan Vandeburie. Routledge. 2017. xxii + 240pp. £95.00." History 102, no. 350 (2017): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-229x.12387.
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Portnykh, Valentin. "War and memory at the time of the Fifth Crusade. By Megan Cassidy-Welch. Pp. xi + 202 incl. 4 figs and 3 maps. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019. £67.95. 978 0 271 08352 0." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 72, no. 2 (2021): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046920002705.
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Madden, Thomas F. "Megan Cassidy-Welch, War and Memory at the Time of the Fifth Crusade. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019. Pp. viii, 202; 4 black-and-white figures and 3 maps. $84.95. ISBN: 978-0-2710-8352-0." Speculum 96, no. 3 (2021): 790–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/714556.
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Lee, Peter. "Selective Memory: Augustine and Contemporary Just War Discourse." Scottish Journal of Theology 65, no. 3 (2012): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930612000130.
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AbstractRecent moral justifications of military intervention in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq have drawn upon just war concepts set out by Augustine of Hippo in the early fifth century. Augustine, writing as the political hegemony of the Roman Empire was ebbing away, provides a valuable touchstone for anyone engaged in analysing the complex interplay of power, war, morality and religious faith. Like most of the problems Augustine addressed in his writings, his attitude to just war was rooted in a potent mix of imperial politics, concern for individual souls and establishing and defending church orthodoxy. Though his personal telos was to be found in the Heavenly City, Augustine did not try to avoid the difficulties of dealing with the contradictions involved in the Christian's encounter with the decidedly ungodly Earthly City. Though he never ruled out the need for political power to be wielded through the medium of martial force, Augustine would only accede to such action with great reluctance. This article investigates aspects of the use and misuse of Augustine and his ideas in both the political and academic arenas in the justification of recent military interventions. Analysis of statements made by the British Prime Minister Tony Blair and the book Just War Against Terror by American political theorist Jean Bethke Elshtain will show how Augustinian concepts have been used selectively to serve broader political agendas. Blair and Elshtain have been chosen for this study because they were both, in their respective fields, influential figures who advocated the 2003 invasion of Iraq; they are both declared Christians; Elshtain has explicitly associated herself with Blair's approach; and they both rejected any notion of religious crusade in the aforementioned interventions. By considering casus belli which included self-defence, opposing evil and liberating the oppressed, this article will demonstrate that the selective use of Augustine would eventually weaken the very case it was meant to strengthen. In the process, commonalities and discontinuities between Augustine's ideas in their original context and their application in the present will be highlighted. The article concludes that, in the process of using Augustinian concepts to justify recent military action, his renowned reticence regarding the use of force was undermined.
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Chiarelli, Leonard C., and Mohammad Mirfakhrai. "Dr. Aziz Suryal Atiya and the Establishment of the Middle East Center and the Aziz S. Atiya Library for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Utah." Perspektywy Kultury 31, no. 4 (2020): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2020.3104.05.
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Aziz Suryal Atiya was an Egyptian Coptic Studies expert, historian and orientalist specializing in the study of the Crusades era. He published several important books, including primarily The Crusades in the Later Middle Ages (1938). He contributed to the creation of the Institute of Coptic Studies in Cairo in the 1950s. He was also the originator and founder of the Middle East Center at the University of Utah, which today is one of the most important centers of wide science research on the Middle East. This article discusses the background and circumstances of the establishment of the Middle East Center and the Aziz S. Atiya Library for Middle Eastern Studies, both at the University of Utah, which is the fifth largest institution of its kind in North America.
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Jotischky, Andrew. "St Sabas and the Palestinian Monastic Network under Crusader Rule." Studies in Church History. Subsidia 14 (2012): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900003811.
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The monastery founded in the fifth century by St Sabas, in the Kidron Valley a few kilometres south-east of Bethlehem, has been described as ‘the crucible of Byzantine Orthodoxy’. The original cave cell occupied by Sabas himself grew into a monastic community of the laura type, in which monks lived during the week in individual cells practising private prayer and craft work, but met for communal liturgy on Saturdays, Sundays and feast days. The laura, which differed from the coenobium in the greater emphasis placed on individual meditation, prayer and work, was the most distinctive contribution of the Palestinian tradition to early Christian monasticism. The first laura had been founded in the Judean desert in the fourth century by Chariton, and cenobitic monasteries had been in existence in Palestine both in the desert and on the coastal strip since the same period. Nevertheless, partly as a result of an extensive network of contacts with other foundations, both laurae and cenobitic monasteries, partly through Sabas s own fame as an ascetic, and partly through a burgeoning reputation for theological orthodoxy, St Sabas became the representative institution of Palestinian monasticism in the period between the fifth century and the Persian invasion of 614. The monastery’s capacity to withstand the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century, and to adapt to the cultural changes brought by Arabicization, ensured not only its survival but also its continued importance as a disseminator of monastic practice throughout the early Middle Ages. In 1099, when the first crusaders conquered the Holy Land, it was almost the sole survivor of the ‘golden age’ of Palestinian desert monasticism of the early Byzantine period. The monastery continued to prosper under crusader rule. It was an important landowner and its abbot was in the twelfth century a confrater of the Knights Hospitaller. Moreover, it is clear both from varied genres of external documentary sources – for example, pilgrimage accounts and hagiographies – and from the surviving manuscripts produced in the monastery between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, that the monastery’s spiritual life also flourished in this period. The role of St Sabas and Palestinian monasticism within the broader scope of Byzantine monastic reform of the eleventh and twelfth centuries suggests that the continuing function of the monastery at the centre of a wider network of practices and ideals across the Orthodox world engendered a revival of early monastic practices in a period more often associated with decline and the struggle to preserve the integrity of monastic life.
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Pun, Santa Bahadur. "Storage Projects in Nepal’s Electricity Development Decade 2016/2026 For Whom Nepal’s Storage Projects Toll?" Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 20 (January 27, 2017): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v20i0.16479.
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The Nepal government’s Electricity Development Decade 2016/2026 to develop 10,000 MW in 10 years has 11 storage projects totaling over 5,000 MW. Nine of these eleven projects would store 11 billion cubic meters of freshwater submerging vast tracts of fertile valleys, villages, farms and forests in Nepal. Brushing aside these social and environmental costs lightly, the government has launched the holy ‘jihad/crusade’ to develop hydroelectricity. Nepal’s policy framers of 10,000 MW in 10 years crusade have totally failed to see the larger picture in the Ganges basin. This failure to see the larger Ganges picture is, to a large extent, attributed to Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal’s 2009 decision to unbundle Water Resources Ministry into Energy and Irrigation. Electricity attained the upper class status with Water downgraded to Dalit class!India’s greatest burning problem in the Ganges basin, that supports nearly fifty per cent of her 1,200 million people, is WATER. India, therefore, is in desperate need of storages in Nepal to realize her master plan, the Interlinking of Rivers. With Nepal in desperate pursuit of hydroelectricity, India sees this as an opportune moment to avail GRATIS stored WATER through Nepal’s default. According to Bhim Subba, a Bhutanese of Nepalese origin, this is the fundamental flaw in all past Indo-Nepal deals. Subba believes India must concede that success of her Ganges water strategy hinges entirely on Nepal. He argues that water stored in Nepal has monetary value and this must be factored in all storage projects. Such a policy would be mutually beneficial for both the countries. Unfortunately, this would be a bitter pill to swallow for our policy framers of 10,000 MW in 10 years crusade. This article dwells on these issues. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 20Page: 6-10
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Bontrager, Shannon Ty. "The Imagined Crusade: The Church of England and the Mythology of Nationalism and Christianity during the Great War." Church History 71, no. 4 (2002): 774–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700096293.
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The Church of England, being the state church of an imperial nation of diverse peoples and creeds, had to contend with provocative controversies in the early twentieth century leading up to the First World War. Perhaps the greatest was secularization, which gained momenturn in the previous century.2 The last fifty years of the nineteenth century proved threatening for church leaders. Horace Mann's 1851 religious census in England and Wales, although controversial, insinuated church attendance was much lower in Great Britain than previously perceived. Causing more anxiety, the State Church consistently lost authority over many of its traditions, including administering burial grounds and the last rights ceremony.3 Additionally Ecclesiastical courts gave up authority to the civic courts of British society.
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Mattos, Ana Flávia Champoski, Maynara Leonardi Schuh Martins, Sarah Fagundes Grobe, Leonardo Brandão Précoma, Luiz César Guarita-Souza, and Dalton Bertolin Précoma. "Histopathological and Immunohistochemical studies of the effects of flaxseed in atherosclerosis of rabbits submitted to hypercholesterolemic diet with lyophilized egg to 0.5%." Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde 11, no. 4 (2019): e278. http://dx.doi.org/10.25248/reas.e278.2019.
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Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of flaxseed in atherogenesis on rabbits submitted to a hypercholesterolemic diet to 0,5% of cholesterol. Methods: The experiment lasted eight weeks and 32 male New Zealand rabbits were randomized into three groups (G1=11, G2=10 and G3=11). All of them received, during the trial period, the diet Nuvilab® increased with 0.5% cholesterol from lyophilized egg. From the 5th to 8th week, in the G2, was added in the hypercholesterolemic diet 8g/kg of crushed flaxseed, totaling an average of 30g/day. The same amount of crushed flaxseed was added since the beginning of the experiment to G3. Blood samples were collected in the beginning and end of the study to analyze total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides. The euthanasia was performed on the sixty-fifth day to remove the aorta. Despite the increase in TC and LDL-C that occurred in the three experimental groups, it was statistically lower in G3. Morphometric analysis of the intima layer showed a statistically significant difference between groups (p=0.030). Results: There was no statistical evidence in immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory markers. Conclusion: The consumption of crushed flaxseed showed anti-atherogenic effects on the intimal thickening.
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Batueva, Nadezhda Sergeevna, and Dmitry Vladimirovich Shmuratko. "Ceramic traditions of monuments of the Harin Time in the Perm Ural Region: uniformity or diversity?" Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (2018): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201871204.
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The results of the technical and technological analysis of ceramics found on the monuments of the Perm Cis-Ural of the era of the Great Migration are presented in the paper. The analysis was carried out in the framework of the historical and cultural approach by AA. Bobrinsky. Five clusters were formed according to the results of multidimensional classification (cluster analysis by the method of k-means) of 67 vessels. Each cluster can be interpreted as an independent pottery tradition. The first tradition is represented by vessels made of without sand clay, taken in a wet state with the addition of a crushed clamshell to the molding mass. This tradition is most widely represented (58,2% of the vessels of the aggregate sample) and can be associated with the local Glydeen tribes of the early Iron Age. Vessels with organic impurities (manure, organic solution) in the molding mass constitute the second tradition - 16,4% of the vessels of the aggregate sample. The tradition has origins in the Sarmatian world of the Southern Urals and can belong to the tribes who migrated to the region. The third tradition can be traced on vessels made of without sand clay, taken in a wet state with the addition of crushed clamshell and organic solution to the molding mass - 19,4% of the total sample vessels. Tradition illustrates the process of mixing local and foreign populations. The fourth tradition includes a single vessel made of clay with a natural admixture of talc. We can find the origins of the tradition on the eastern slope of the Urals. The fifth tradition is represented by a single vessel made of clay in crushed condition. The fourth and fifth traditions are few; together they make up about 3% of the vessels of the cumulative sample. The obtained results allow us to speak about the motley cultural palette of Perm Cis-Ural in the era of the Great Migration. The results of the analysis do not agree with the opinion that all ceramics of the early Middle Ages in the Kama Region belong to the one same type and are left by one ethnic group.
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Masenya, Thabiso Isaac, Victor Mlambo, and Caven Mguvane Mnisi. "Complete replacement of maize grain with sorghum and pearl millet grains in Jumbo quail diets: Feed intake, physiological parameters, and meat quality traits." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0249371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249371.
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In sub-Saharan Africa, the use of maize (Zea mays L.) grain as an energy source in poultry feeds has become unsustainable due to competing demands and suboptimal growing conditions for the maize crop. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench L.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grains are potential sustainable alternatives, given their tolerance to local growing conditions. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of total replacement of maize grain with whole or crushed sorghum and pearl millet grains on feed intake, and physiological and meat quality parameters of Jumbo quail. Five experimental diets were formulated by completely replacing crushed maize grain in a commercial grower diet (CON) with whole sorghum (WSG), crushed sorghum (CSG), whole millet (WMG), or crushed millet (CMG). Three hundred and fifty, two-week-old Jumbo quail chicks (74.7 ± 8.81 g live-weight) were evenly distributed into 35 replicate pens to which the experimental diets were allotted. Statistically similar (P > 0.05) weight gain and FCE values were observed between birds reared on the control and pearl millet-based diets. However, birds fed with sorghum-based diets had the lowest FCE and weight gain. Blood parameters fell within the normal ranges reported for healthy quail. Birds fed the whole sorghum grain diet had the least (P < 0.05) serum calcium and higher monocytes, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations compared to those reared on the control diet. Compared to the control, the whole sorghum-containing diet reduced (P < 0.05) carcass, breast, wing, thigh, drumstick, liver, gizzard, and large intestine weights of the birds. Complete replacement of maize grain with pearl millet grain (whole or crushed) did not compromise feed intake, growth performance, and meat quality traits of the Jumbo quail birds. However, whole sorghum grain reduced growth performance of the birds.
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Sulistiyono, Dwi, Surya Amanu, Kurniasih Imanudin, and Yuli Purwandari Kristianingrum. "Rapid Diagnostic Test of Red Sea Bream Iridoviral Disease (RSIVD) in Grouper Epinephelus Sp. Based on Serological Co-Agglutination and Molecular Study." Materials Science Forum 948 (March 2019): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.948.95.
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Red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) infection is known as a contagious disease in the marine aquaculture commodities mainly on grouper (Epinephelussp.)which causes a high mortality rate. Symptoms of disease were weak, darker skin and swollen spleen of fish. The aim of this study was to create and apply a rapid diagnostic test supported by molecular analysis. Field trials on a mass mortality outbreaks were identified in the city of Tanjungpinang, Indonesia. Serum anti RSIV was obtained by immunizing of the vaccine RSIV intraperitoneally on rabbits with graded doses per week was 0.5, 1, 2 and3mL, to boost antibody titers. In the fifth week, serum was harvested via the auricular vein; serum was purified to obtain immunoglobulin G(IgG)then was coupling with protein A ofStaphylococcus aureus at the same volume(kit co-agglutination RSIVD). Field samples of spleen were taken from the normal fish and suspected fish then crushed and suspended with PBS pH 7.2, and centrifuged at 8.000 rpm for 15 min. Fifty microliters of RSIVDco-agglutination kit and 50 µL of spleen supernatant were reacted on the sterile glass object. The results showed sandy agglutination after 10 min for positively infected spleen, and no agglutination in the samples of healthy fish (negative) as well as in control with PBS (negative). Confirmation testing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primer forward 1-F (5’-CTC-AAA-CAC-TCT-GGC-TCA-TC-3’) and reverse 1-R (5’-GCA-CCA-ACA-CAT-CTC-CTA-TC-3’) had a band of 570 bp. Sequencing results showed the similarity of 99% identity with RSIV. Testing with RSIVD co-agglutination kit showed the advantages such as cheap, fast and an accurate in diagnosing the red bream iridoviral disease (RSIVD).
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Cole, Penny J. "Cross Cultural Convergence in the Crusader Period: Essays Presented to Aryeh Grabois on his Sixty-Fifth Birthday ed. by Michael Goodich, Sophia Menache and Sylvia Schein." Catholic Historical Review 83, no. 4 (1997): 774–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.1997.0174.
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Jahanseir, Khadijeh, Andrew L. Folpe, Rondell P. Graham, et al. "Ewing Sarcoma in Older Adults: A Clinicopathologic Study of 50 Cases Occurring in Patients Aged ≥40 Years, With Emphasis on Histologic Mimics." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 28, no. 4 (2019): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896919893073.
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Objective. We explore the clinicopathologic features of Ewing sarcoma (ES) presenting in older adulthood. Methods. Cases of molecularly confirmed ES arising in patients aged ≥40 years were evaluated. Results. Fifty patients were identified (33 males/17 females; 41-86 years). The majority of tumors (41) arose at extraskeletal sites, while 9 were bone primaries. Twenty-eight cases showed nested architecture, while the remaining cases showed sheet-like growth. Tumor cytology was categorized as conventional (n = 39), crushed (n = 5), clear cell (n = 4), rhabdoid (n = 3), and epithelioid (n = 2). Fifty percent had necrosis, while rosettes were noted in 1 case. Immunostains performed ranged from 1 to 28 (median = 10). Follow-up (n = 43, 1-147 months) revealed 15 patients with metastasis. Conclusion. Although rare, ES should be considered in the differential diagnosis for round cell malignancies in older adult patients. In this cohort, ES is most often extraskeletal, and may show unusual morphologic features, closely simulating more common neoplasms in this age group.
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Bunker, John P. "Ivan Illich and the Pursuit of Health." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2, no. 1 (1997): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135581969700200112.
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Fifty years ago, when medicine had relatively few effective treatments to offer, its value was unquestioned. Twenty-five years ago clinicians had become concerned that treatment could sometimes do harm and McKeown published epidemiological evidence claiming that medicine did little good. This state of affairs was used by Mich to bolster his crusade against technology in general. Today it is clear that medicine now makes a large contribution to health. But doubts still exist and alternative pathways to health are continually exhorted. Large-scale efforts at behavioural modification, encouraging the adoption of healthier lifestyles, have been largely unsuccessful. Social activists now argue that funds should be diverted from medical care to social programmes that, they claim, might contribute more to health. While it is true that health is strongly associated with socio-ecomonic status (income, education and occupation), there is little sense of how best to reallocate scarce resources so as to improve the health impact of social and economic programmes. Social reform is not a substitute for medical care. Rather, our social environment is a second, important but quite separate, determinant of health and well-being.
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De Bruin, Renger E. "Naar het Oosten. Geografische verschillen in het ledenbestand van de Ridderlijke Duitsche Orde, Balije van Utrecht, 1640-1840." Virtus | Journal of Nobility Studies 25 (December 31, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5c07c48ba7eb3.
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In the first half of the seventeenth century the Teutonic Order Bailiwick of Utrecht changed from a Catholic heir of the Crusades, loyal to a Habsburg grand master in Southern Germany into a society of married, Protestant noblemen, embedded in the structures of the Dutch Republic. The strict admission requirements make the Order an exclusive segment of Dutch nobility. The membership file offers rich possibilities of research on the composition of this layer in society. The members of the Bailiwick came from various provinces of the Dutch Republic and its successor states. A few came from the Holy Roman Empire. During the period under investigation the share of the eastern provinces of Overijssel and especially Gelderland increased (from fifty to 75 per cent), whereas that of the other provinces was much smaller and even decreasing. This conclusion confirms the image of the eastern provinces as bulwarks of nobility against the urban, maritime and bourgeois character of the western provinces, especially Holland.
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Necipoğlu, Nevra. "Byzantines and Italians in Fifteenth-Century Constantinople: Commercial Cooperation and Conflict." New Perspectives on Turkey 12 (1995): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600001187.
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During the final centuries of Byzantine rule, the city of Constantinople, unable to recover completely from the effects of the Fourth Crusade (1204) and continuously challenged from two directions by the western world and the Ottomans, could no longer live up to its former glory and reputation as the magnificent capital of a powerful empire. Yet, surprisingly, the critical circumstances of the late Byzantine period that negatively affected almost every aspect of life in the city did not affect its commercial function to the same extent. Hence, despite persistent political, social, economic, and demographic problems during the last fifty years preceding the Ottoman conquest, Constantinople still continued to function as a lively commercial center where Byzantine merchants operated side by side with foreigners, including Italians, Catalans, Ragusans, Ottomans, and others. But the most active group of foreign merchants operating in Constantinople were the Italians, particularly the Venetians and the Genoese, who had established more or less autonomous trade colonies in the city and enjoyed commercial privileges (most importantly exemptions from customs duties) since the eleventh-twelfth centuries. Amplified and made more extensive during the Palaiologan period (1261-1453), these privileges pushed the native merchants of the Byzantine capital into a clearly disadvantaged position vis-à-vis their foreign competitors.
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Tazaki, Junichi, Masaru Murata, Y. Nakanishi, et al. "Simultaneous Implantation of Dental Implants and Autogenous Human Dentin." Key Engineering Materials 493-494 (October 2011): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.493-494.426.
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In our previous clinical study, autogenous demineralized dentin matrices (DDM) prepared from the functional vital teeth (#38, #41) of thirty-five-year-old female were grafted on the bone defect, using newly developed mill, and then received to the host without troubles. In this study, we implanted the human tooth dentin adjusted previously and the dental implants into the regions of missing tooth simultaneously. Fifty-seven-year-old female presented with missing teeth (#35-#37, #45-#47). First, a non-functional vital tooth (#18) were extracted and cryopreserved immediately. 11 months after extraction, the tooth was crushed by newly developed auto-crash mill using ZrO2 vessel and ZrO2 blade for 1 minute. The crushed granules were demineralized completely in 2% HNO3 solution, rinsed in cold distilled water and lyophilized (granule size: 0.5-2.0mm). The bacteria-free of the DDM were confirmed by the bacteriological examination before use. Drilling of the prospective implant beds were then performed according to the manufacture’s protocol and a screw-type rough surface implants (Nobel Biocare® Mk III) were placed. The adjusted DDM granules were implanted into the bone defect (#45). There are no postoperative complications at 3 years after implantation. This case indicates that the preserved autogenous DDM can be used as collagenous biomaterials with osteoinductive potency.
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Khorsandi-Ashtiani, M.-T., M. Hasibi, N. Yazdani, et al. "Auricular leishmaniasis mimicking squamous cell carcinoma." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 123, no. 8 (2009): 915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215108003782.
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AbstractObjectives:We report a rare case of auricular involvement by leishmaniasis, in order to demonstrate the importance of thorough investigation of cutaneous head and neck lesions, and also the importance of inclusion of infections such as leishmaniasis in the differential diagnosis of auricular lesions, especially in endemic areas.Case history:A 42-year-old man with multiple lesions on his head, neck and hands was referred to our centre. He had the following lesions: a painful, crusted, 8 × 8 cm plaque with indurated margins on the left parotid region and auricle; a red papule on the right temporal region; an ulcerative lesion on the skin overlying the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fifth finger of the right hand; and a bluish papule on the neck. Although histopathological examination of the Geimsa-stained specimen was misleading, a direct smear prepared from biopsies showed amastigotes, and therapy resulted in complete recovery.Conclusion:Leishmaniasis can be both under- or over-diagnosed. Especially in endemic areas, parasitic causes of chronic infections should always be kept in mind.
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Cadee, Gerhard C. "Shell-crushing by two duck species, Tadorna tadorna and Somateria mollissima in the Wadden Sea. Paleoecologic implications." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006080.
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Shell fragments from faeces of the mollusc-eating eider (Somatera mollissima) and shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) were studied in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Both species crush shells internally in their gizzard.Shelducks feed mainly on the small gastropod Hydrobia ulvae, which they do not always succeed in breaking: in some cases even surviving Hydrobia were collected from the faeces. This indicates that shelduck may help dispersion of Hydrobia and that not only Hydrobia fragments but also intact empty shells are contributed to the sediment by this predator.Eiders feed mainly on mussels (Mytilus edulis) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule). When these are scarce, they take shorecrabs or the gastropod Littorina littorea. Their crushing method is usually successful; only some Littorina shells were found intact but not alive in their faeces. Shells are crushed to fragments ranging from less than 0.1 to 8 mm, with a peak in the 2 – 4 mm size fraction, 20% was < 1 mm.Annual shell carbonate production in the Dutch Wadden Sea is ca 150.000 tonnes. The annual average number of eiders is 63.000 with a maximum of up to 200.000 in winter. Annually they consume 3200 tonnes meat (ash-free dryweight). If they fed fifty/fifty on mussels and cockles they would produce ca 75.000 tonnes shell-fragments. As they feed partly on non-molluscan food this is an upper limit, but it implies that they are the main producers of shell-fragments (of all sizes, even the smallest) in the Wadden Sea. The typically square shell-fragments they produce, are easily recognisable in Wadden Sea sediments.Others predators (shorecrabs, shrimps, flatfish, other mollusc-eating birds like knot and curlew) produce additional shell-fragments. However, some predators e.g. seastars (Asterias rubens) leave intact the shells they consumed.Shell-fragments in sediments, therefore, may give an indication of predation pressure, but as non-crushed shells may be left over by some predators, total predation pressure on molluscs cannot be estimated in fossil faunas.
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D.K., Sivakumar, and Nithya G. "Study on clinical profile, electrolyte and electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with yellow oleander poisoning." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 5, no. 2 (2018): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20180405.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Poisoning occurs following the ingestion of crushed seeds or fruits of yellow oleander. Objectives of the study were to investigate various arrhythmias and electrolyte abnormalities seen in patients with yellow oleander poisoning and to find out the correlation between various arrhythmias, duration and form of exposure of oleander.Methods: Fifty patients from the toxicology ward in the Institute of Internal Medicine, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, who fulfilled the eligibility criteria, were enrolled for this prospective and observational study among the patients admitted for the ingestion of yellow oleander.Results: Oleander seed poison was most prevalent in the 21-40 years of age. Incidence was more among the young males. Mortality was independent of the number of seeds consumed. More the crushed seeds consumed and delay to admission to the hospital, poorer was the outcome. ECG abnormalities were found in majority of the individuals. Electrolyte disturbances (hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia) were found in significant proportion of the patients.Conclusions: Prognosis was poor among those who presented with bradycardia, electrolyte disturbances and complex arrhythmias. The arrhythmias produced by this poisoning might range from sinus bradycardia to complete heart block and ventricular tachycardia. Sinus bradycardia was the most common arrhythmia seen in this study. As there are no standard guidelines at present to recommend the indications for temporary pacemaker in the management of oleander induced arrhythmias, uniform guidelines have to be formulated.
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Watanabe, Kisaki, and Nobuhiro Shimizu. "Alarm Pheromone Activity of Nymph-specific Geraniol in Chrysanthemum Lace Bug Corythucha marmorata against Adults and Nymphs." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 9 (2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000901.
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The exotic insect pest Corythucha marmorata (Uhler) is increasingly spreading in Japan using the weed Solidago canadensis L. as a major host plant. The nymphs form colonies on the backs of leaves where they crowd together; however, aggregation does not occur in the adults. When an individual nymph is crushed using a needle tip and further the needle tip covered with the nymph's bodily fluids is moved slowly toward the center of the crowd, the surrounding nymphs display an escape behavior and their aggregation is disrupted. We detected geraniol as a nymph-specific volatile component. Bioassay results indicated that geraniol was effective as an alarm pheromone on second to fifth instar nymphs. Furthermore, we found that male and female adults responded sensitively to the alarm pheromone produced by nymphs. These results suggest that although the adult insects do not secrete geraniol, they can detect it produced by nymphs, thereby retaining the ability to escape from danger while suppressing the cost of geraniol production. The present study is the first to demonstrate that an alarm pheromone secreted by nymphs is also effective in adults among Tingidae.
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Pechansky, Flavio, Felix Henrique Paim Kessler, Lisia von Diemen, Daniela Benzano Bumaguin, Hilary L. Surratt, and James A. Inciardi. "Brazilian female crack users show elevated serum aluminum levels." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 29, no. 1 (2007): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462006005000034.
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OBJECTIVE: There is no information in the literature on the impact of crack smoking using crushed aluminum cans as makeshift pipes, a common form of crack use in Brazil. Since aluminum intake is associated with neurological damage, we measured serum aluminum levels in crack smokers. The objective of this study was to ascertain the levels of aluminum in crack users who smoke on makeshift aluminum pipes. METHOD: 71 female crack smokers, their mean age being 28.0 (± 7.7), provided information about their drug use, and had blood samples tested for serum aluminum level. RESULTS: 56 (79%) subjects smoked crack from crushed can pipes, while 15 (21%) smoked from other containers. Fifty-two (73.2%) out of the 71 subjects presented a serum aluminum level of 2 µg/l and 13 (18.3%) had a serum aluminum level of 6 µg/l cut-off point, which is above the reference value. When compared to non-drug users matched by their mean age and gender, they had similar median values and interquartile ranges for serum aluminum level [3 (2-4.6) for crack smokers; 2.9 (1.6-4.1) for controls], but with different means and standard deviations (4.7 ± 4.9 and 2.9 ± 1.7, respectively). DISCUSSION: Crack smokers have high serum aluminum level, but we are unsure of its complete association with aluminum cans. Further studies are needed. If such association is proven true in future research, further issues will be raised in dealing with this important disorder, including proper planning and evaluation of public health policies in this area.
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Kour, Sandeep, and G. Kour. "A Comparative study of Extra-Amniotic Instillation of Ethacridine with Tablet Dinoprostone (PGE2) in Second Trimester Abortion Versus Ethacridine Alone." Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 7, no. 1 (2013): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8831.
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Aims: To study the efficacy of combination of extra-amniotic instillation of ethacridine with tablets Dinoprostone (PGE2) in second trimester abortion as compared to ethacridine alone. Methods: One hundred patients undergoing second trimester abortion were divided into two groups. Fifty patients received extra-amniotic ethacridine lactate 150 ml through Foley’s catheter (Ethacridine group) and the other 50 patients received 150 ml extra-amniotic ethacridine lactate mixed with a 0.5 mg of a crushed tablet of Dinoprostone through Foley’s catheter (Combination group). Both the groups were compared in respect to instillation-abortion interval, completeness of abortion and success rate. Results: The mean age, multiparity parity, and gestational age were comparable in both the groups. The instillation- abortion interval was significantly shorter in combination group as compared to ethacridine group (16.4±7.1 vs. 29.9 ±13.9 hours, p<0.001). Two patients in combination group had instillation abortion interval more than 48 hours as compared to 16 patients in ethacridine group(p<0.0005). Forty one patients (82%) in combination group had complete abortion as compared to 37 (74%) patients in ethacridine group. The success rate was 48/50(96%) in combination group as compared to 45/50 (90%) in ethacridine group. Conclusions: Addition of a 0.5 mg of crushed tablet of Dinoprostone in extra-amniotically instilled ethacridine lactate reduced the instillation-abortion interval significantly, increased the chances of complete abortion and increased the success rate. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 25-27 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8831
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Holmes, Robert B. "The postcranial skeleton of Vagaceratops irvinensis (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae)." Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 1 (October 16, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18435/b5159v.
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The postcranial skeleton of Vagaceratops (= Chasmosaurus) irvinensis (CMN 41357), lacking only the tail, most of the left front and left hind limbs, and portions of the pelvis, is preserved in articulation. It is one of the most complete, best articulated ceratopsid skeletons known. Both the manus and vertebral column exhibit conspicuous pathologies, possibly an indication of advanced age at the time of death. The vertebral column comprises a syncervical, six additional cervical vertebrae, and 12 dorsals. A partial synsacrum is represented by two dorsosacrals, four sacrals, two caudosacrals, and a partial third caudosacral centrum. The ribcage, although crushed, is nearly complete. The sternum is unusually wide compared with other ceratopsids. As in other chasmosaurines, the humerus bears a prominent deltopectoral crest that forms the anterior edge of the broad, rectangular proximal humeral expansion. The medial tuberosity is separated from the dorsal surface of the humerus by a distinct notch. The insertion for the latissimus dorsi is conspicuous. The deltopectoral crest extends a full half of the distance to the distal end of the humerus. Epipodials of the forelimb are relatively short compared to the corresponding propodial. The ulna has a long, distinctly triangular olecranon, broadly rounded anterolateral process, prominent medial process, and a deeply concave trochlear notch. The terminal phalanges on the fourth and fifth manual digits are relatively large, and unlike other ceratopsids have distinct distal ?articular facets. The fourth trochanter of the femur is relatively proximal in position. This study and other recent studies of ceratopsid postcrania suggest that potentially useful taxonomic variation is present in the number of dorsosacrals, size of the groove on the ventral surface of the sacrum, morphology of the last dorsal and dorsosacral ribs, morphology of the scapula and proximal expansion of the humerus, morphology of the ulna, ratio of humerus/epipodium, morphology of the fifth manual digit, and position of the fourth trochanter of the femur.
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Wilson, Andrew, Paul Bennett, Ahmed Buzaian, et al. "Euesperides (Benghazi): preliminary report on the spring 2004 season." Libyan Studies 35 (2004): 149–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900003794.
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AbstractThis article reports on the sixth season of the ongoing project at Euesperides (Benghazi). Excavation in Area P established the date of construction of the penultimate phase (and therefore of the plain pebble mosaic with inscription published last year) as 300-282 BC, following the abandonment and demolition of the antepenultimate phase beneath it. An area used for the preparation and cutting of the materials employed in the final-phase mosaics has been identified. In Area Q the dismantling of the street sequence was completed, and the W building fronting the street found to date from the fifth century BC. In Area R the crushed deposits of Murex shell were removed and working surfaces associated with purple dye production defined. Geological investigations to the west of the city revealed a possible location for the ancient harbour, and showed that the waterlogged deposits of the former sebkha are a good source for further palaeoenvironmental research.Study of the finds also continued. Further work on reconstructing the design of the final phase mosaic in Area P suggests a central motif probably of two dolphins set within a wave-crest surround. The initial results of the analysis of the mosaic samples taken from the final-phase Building A are presented. The study of the wall plaster fragments was begun, enabling some preliminary observations on the decoration. New forms of local black glaze pots have been recovered this year along with fineware imports from Attica, Corinth, East Greece, south Italy and the Punic world throwing light on the interrelations between Euesperides and the Mediterranean world from the fifth to third centuries BC. Full quantification of the coarse pottery assemblages continued this season, doubling the dataset of fully recorded pottery, whilst detailed analysis of vessel forms and their variations identified production techniques and chronological developments of vessel shapes within the local and imported wares. The study of the amphorae identified more Punic amphorae and an unusual basket-handled amphora which may be of Cypriot origin. Initial assessments of environmental and faunal remains were conducted.
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Oakley, Francis. "Cross Cultural Convergences in the Crusader Period: Essays Presented to Aryeh Grabois on his Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Edited by Michael Goodich, Sophia Menache, and Sylvia Schein. New York: Peter Lang, 1995. xxviii + 334 pp. $69.95." Church History 66, no. 3 (1997): 580–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3169489.
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