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1
Broom, L. J., H. M. Miller, K. G. Kerr, and P. Toplis. "Removal of both zinc oxide and avilamycin from the post-weaning piglet diet: consequences for performance through to slaughter." Animal Science 77, no. 1 (April 2003): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053674.
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AbstractAvilamycin (AGP) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are both frequently included in the post-weaning piglet diet to enhance growth performance and prevent diarrhoea. This study investigated what effect removing these compounds from the post-weaning diet would have on the growth performance and faecal microbiota of weaned piglets. Fifty-two crossbred piglets (JSR Healthbred) were allocated, at weaning, to one of two dietary treatments on the basis of weight, litter origin and gender. The diets were (i) control (no supplemented ZnO or AGP); (ii) ZnO + AGP (supplemented with 3100 mg ZnO per kg food and 40 mg avilamycin per kg food). These diets were offered ad libitum for 20 days post weaning. Thereafter, the pigs received the same non-supplemented grower and finisher diets ad libitum. All piglets were individually weighed, and faecal samples were obtained from pre-selected piglets, at various time points throughout the trial period. Ten-fold serial dilutions of faecal material were cultured on specific media to enumerate aerobes, anaerobes, Lactobacillus spp. and Escherichia coli. ZnO + AGP supplementation enhanced weaned piglet average daily food intake (ADFI) (P < 0·001), average daily live-weight gain (ADG) (P < 0·001) and food conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0·01) during the initial 20 days post weaning. Piglets previously supplemented with ZnO + AGP gained more weight per day during the non-supplemented grower phase (days 21 to 60) than their control counterparts (741·5 v. 672·5 g per pig per day) (P < 0·01). The bacteriological data showed that ZnO + AGP piglets had lower counts of anaerobic bacteria in their faeces than control piglets (P < 0·01). These findings indicate that dietary AGP + ZnO may enhance growth by reducing gastro-intestinal bacterial populations, and that their removal from the post-weaning diet will increase days to slaughter.
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Christensen, Brenda, and Lee-Anne Huber. "30 The Effect of Creep Feed Composition and Form on Pre- and Post-weaning Growth Performance of Pigs and the Utilization of Low-quality Nursery Diets." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.038.
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Abstract Fifty-six litters standardized to 12 piglets from first-parity sows were used to determine the effects of creep and nursery diet compositions on pre- and post-weaning pig growth performance. At three days of age, litters (initial BW 2.31±0.61kg) were assigned to one of four creep feeding regimens (n=14): [1] commercial creep feed (COM), [2] liquid milk replacer (LMR), [3] pelleted milk replacer (PMR), or [4] no creep feed (NO); creep feeds contained 1.0% brilliant blue as a fecal marker. Fecal swabs were collected every 3±1 days to identify piglets that regularly consumed creep feed. At weaning (18±1 days of age), six pigs per litter that consumed creep feed were placed on either a HIGH- (contained highly digestible animal proteins) or LOW- (contained corn and soybean meal as the main protein sources) quality nursery diet (n = 7) in a three-phase feeding program over 38 days. The LMR disappeared at the greatest rate (37.7 g/pig/d; DM-basis) versus COM and PMR (10.8±1.5 g/pig/d; P < 0.001). Litters that received LMR had the greatest proportion of pigs with blue fecal swabs between study days 4 and 15 (85.0 vs 59.0±0.4%; P < 0.05) and LMR piglets had greater BW at weaning versus all other treatments (6.32, 6.02, 5.92, 5.67±0.14 kg, for LMR, COM, NO, and PMR, respectively; P < 0.001). Over the entire nursery period, pigs that received LOW diets had reduced ADG (399 vs 485±42 g; P < 0.001), ADFI (520 vs 595±37 g; P< 0.001), G:F (0.77 vs 0.82±0.03; P < 0.01), and BW at the end of the nursery period (21.2 vs 24.4±1.6 kg; P < 0.001), with no carryover effects of creep feeding regimen. Providing supplemental nutrition during the suckling period via LMR improved pig body weight at weaning, but did not improve post-weaning growth performance, regardless of nursery diet quality.
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Martinez, E. A., J. M. Vazquez, I. Parrilla, C. Cuello, M. A. Gil, J. A. Tornel, J. Roca, and J. L. Vazquez. "19 LOW-DOSE DEEP INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION IN SOWS UNDER CONDITIONS: INCIDENCE OF UNILATERAL FERTILIZATIONS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab19.
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A new procedure for nonsurgical deep intrauterine insemination (DUI) in non-sedated sows has recently been reported (Martinez et al. 2002 Reproduction 123, 163–170). In comparison to traditional artificial insemination (AI), using this procedure, a 20-fold reduction in the number of spermatozoa inseminated can be used without a decrease in fertility when hormonally treated post-weaning estrous sows are used. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of DUI under field conditions. In Experiment 1, crossbred sows (2–6 parity) were weaned at 20.75 ± 0.06 days. Estrous detection was performed once per day, beginning 3 days after weaning. Sows with a weaning to estrus interval of 4–5 days were selected to be inseminated. A total of 190 sows were inseminated at 12, 24, and 36 h after onset of estrus using one of the following two regimes: (1) DUI with 150 × 106 fresh spermatozoa in 5 mL of BTS (n = 95) and (2) Traditional AI with 3 × 109 fresh spermatozoa in 100 mL of BTS (n = 95) prepared from the same semen samples used for the DUI group. Farrowing rates (FR) and litter sizes (LTS; mean ± SEM) from both groups were compared using chi-squared test and ANOVA, respectively. There was no significant difference in the FR between groups (83.2 and 86.3% for DUI and AI groups, respectively). However, a decrease (P < 0.001) in the LTS was observed in sows inseminated by the DUI procedure (9.8 ± 0.29 and 10.9 ± 0.17, respectively). In Experiment 2, seventy one natural post-weaning estrus sows were used. Fifty-five sows were DUI inseminated three times with 150 (n = 17), 300 (n = 19), or 600 (n = 19) × 106 spermatozoa in 5, 10, or 20 mL of BTS, respectively. The remaining sows (n = 16) were traditionally inseminated. On Day 6 after estrus, sows were subjected to laparotomy and the tips of both uterine horns were flushed in order to evaluate pregnancy rate (PR: percentage of sows with at least 4 viable embryos) and fertilization rate (ratio of viable embryos to the total number of embryos and oocytes). PR was similar in all the groups, ranging from 84.2% (DUI 300 × 106 spermatozoa group) to 94.7% (DUI 600 × 106 spermatozoa group). Fertilization rate and the percentage of bilateral fertilization after DUI with 600 × 106 spermatozoa did not differ from those of the AI group (97.8 and 100% vs. 98.4 and 100%, respectively), but a significant decrease in both parameters (P < 0.05; chi-square test) was observed in sows inseminated with 300 (94.3 and 87.5%) or 150 (84.4 and 66.7%) × 106 spermatozoa. In conclusion, DUI with 150 × 106 spermatozoa offers similar FR but a lower LTS in sows with natural estrus in comparison with those parameters obtained when traditional AI is used. The lower litter size could be related to the low percentage of bilateral fertilization observed in that group. This work was supported by CDTI 020003.
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Martin, Paul. "An Experimental Study of Weaning in the Domestic Cat." Behaviour 99, no. 3-4 (1986): 221–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x00568.
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AbstractThe first part of the paper describes the process of weaning in domestic cats. The subjects were seven families of cats living under laboratory conditions-each family consisting of a mother and her two kittens, living in their own large indoor pen. Observations were carried out at regular intervals from the third week after birth until the kittens were 10 weeks old. Weaning is viewed as the period during which the rate of milk transfer from mother to offspring drops most sharply. According to this definition, weaning commenced when the kittens were four weeks old and was largely completed by the time they were seven weeks old. During the weaning period mothers made suckling progressively more difficult for their kittens by increasingly adopting body postures that blocked access to their nipples. The amount of suckling declined sharply from four weeks after birth and seldom occurred after seven weeks. Kittens were first seen to eat solid food during the fifth week, and this was associated with a large increase in the variability of their daily weight gain. Prior to the start of weaning, mothers' food intake was approximately double that of non-lactating females. Male kittens grew more rapidly than their sisters and were significantly heavier. However, there was no evidence that males suckled more than females prior to the start of weaning. In general, weaning was characterised by a gradual reduction in the ease with which kittens could suckle, rather than by any overt rejection or aggression by the mother. The absence of any obvious weaning conflict is thought to be related to the favourable housing conditions (small litter size, ad libitum food, freedom from disturbances, etc.) used in this study. The second half of the paper describes the results of an experiment in which maternal lactation was interrupted during the first week of weaning. Seven Experimental (E) mothers were injected with the lactation-blocking drug bromocriptine on days 28, 30 and 33 post partum, each injection being sufficient to interrupt lactation for about 18-24 h. In the period immediately following the injections (days 29-46), E mothers and their kittens were more active than the controls, and E mothers washed their kittens more. Later on (days 47-70), E kittens suckled more than the controls-notably in the eighth week after birth, at a time when suckling would normally be rare. E mothers appeared to be more willing to let their kittens suckle during this period, as they adopted a fully accessible posture more often, and a blocking posture less often, than controls. The overall pattern of results is interpreted in terms of an initial withdrawal from the kittens in the period immediately after lactation was interrupted, followed by a later resumption of maternal care and a postponement of the end of weaning. Perhaps as a result of this continuation of suckling, the experimental treatment had no overall effect on the kittens' growth, although the Experimental kittens did grow more slowly in the week of the injections. One tentative hypothesis is that the apparent postponement of weaning represents a compensatory response to the earlier reduction in the rate of parental investment.
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Szendrö, Zs, T. Gyarmati, L. Maertens, E. Biró-Németh, I. Radnai, G. Milisits, and Zs Matics. "Effect of nursing by two does on the performance of sucking and growing rabbits." Animal Science 74, no. 1 (February 2002): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052280.
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AbstractFive hundred and eighty-four Pannon White kits of 73 newborn litters were submitted to one of five treatments. Control litters (SS) were nursed once a day for 35 days post partum (traditional method of nursing). DD litters were raised by two does and the kits were nursed both in the morning and in the evening until day 35 post partum. DS litters were nursed twice a day for 23 days, and then once a day until weaning at 35 days. Part of the DS litters were nursed at 08:00 and 20:00 h (i.e. every 12 h, DS12), the rest were nursed at 08:00 and at 16:00 h (DS8). Kits of the fifth treatment (D0) were nursed twice a day until day 23, and then immediately weaned.Rabbit kits that were nursed twice a day (DD, DS12, DS8, D0) consumed on average 1·89 more milk compared with SS individuals until day 23 (overall treatment effect P < 0·001). The 21-day body weight of these young was 1·7 times greater than that of the SS kits (overall P < 0·001). D0 rabbits were weaned early and their growth curve showed a slight break at this point. However, they compensated for this lag by the end of the fattening period. SS rabbits and DD ones were respectively the first and the last to start consuming solid food. The food consumption of DS rabbits was similar to that of DD until day 23 and from then until day 35 it was not significantly different from that of SS. After having been weaned on day 23, D0 kits consumed only very small quantities of pellets for 2 days. Afterwards their food intake increased abruptly. Rabbits that were nursed twice a day (DD, DS12, DS8 and D0) consumed more food as compared with the SS individuals throughout the total period of fattening (157 v. 137 g/day; P < 0·05). The weight at 10 weeks of age was 2·49 v. 2·88 kg (overall P < 0·001), respectively for SS and doublenursed (DD, DS, D0) rabbits. Nursing twice a day did not affect dressing proportion but the proportion of the carcass in the front part of the body decreased slightly (318 v. 323 g/kg; P < 0·05) while that in intermediate part increased (321 v. 307 g/kg; P < 0·05). Nevertheless, rabbits that were nursed twice a day had more (P < 0·05) perirenal + scapular fat and produced heavier livers. Total fat content of the empty body, however, was not significantly higher, with the one exception of the DD rabbits which had higher levels than any other group. The results of our experiment show clearly that the growth potential of rabbit kits is strongly limited by the milk availability during the first weeks post partum.
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Patterson, D. C., C. A. Moore, B. W. Moss, and D. J. Kilpatrick. "Parity-associated changes in slaughter weight and carcass characteristics of 3⁄4 Charolais crossbred cows kept on a lowland grass/grass silage feeding and management system." Animal Science 75, no. 2 (October 2002): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980005298x.
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AbstractA total of 77 heifers (3⁄4 Charolais crossbred) completed a study which examined the effects of parity number on growth, changes in size of the carcass, carcass composition and meat quality. The experiment had a factorial design based on the factors: parity and level of finish. The parities were: 0 (maiden), 1, 3 and 5. At each parity animals were slaughtered at medium (EU fat class 3) and high (EU fat class 4H) levels of finish. All data were analysed by analysis of variance using individual animal observations, and linear, quadratic and asymptotic trends were explored. Where appropriate, regression equations were derived using individual animal values to describe the relationships between key parameters and the parity status of the finished animal. Animals calved at turn-out to grass in spring (April/May) and the cows were housed at weaning in mid October (mean lactation length of 163 days) and all pregnant animals were given a diet of grass silage without concentrate supplementation during the winter period. The medium level of finish animals were slaughtered 24 days after commencement of the breeding programme for parity 0 or at the end of lactation for the remaining parities, except for parity 1 animals which had a short finishing period. For the high level of finish treatment, parity 0 heifers had a longer finishing period, while all bred animals had a post-weaning finishing period. The high finish animals were finished on a diet of grass silage and concentrates. Birth weights of calves increased until the fourth parity, while weaning weights increased linearly until the fifth parity. Mean daily milk yield increased until the third lactation. Live weight, carcass weight and weights of saleable beef, separable lean and separable fat all followed asymptotic patterns of rapid initial increase and then tended to plateau with increase in parity. The asymptote values for live weight and carcass weight were 723·0 and 383·2 kg respectively. Statistically significant asymptotic relationships with parity number were obtained for live weight and various tissue weights. Nominal mature weight was assumed to be 0·99 of the asymptote and nominal mature weights for live weight, carcass weight, saleable beef, separable lean and separable fat were attained at parity (age, years) 4/5 (6·1), 3/4 (5·3), 4/5 (6·2), 3/4 (4·7) and 1/2 (2·7) respectively. The proportion of high-priced joints declined with increase in parity (linear trend P 0·01) thus indicating a reduction in relative growth of the main muscle groups of the hind limb. Shear value measurements on cooked muscle from the maiden and first parity animals indicated very tender meat, but tenderness declined with increase in parity (asymptotic trend P 0·001). Taking animals to the higher level of finish effected increases in carcass weight and separable fat in the carcass of 55·1 kg (P 0·001) and 72 g/kg (P 0·001) respectively, while separable lean declined by 53 g/kg (P 0·001). Cooked muscle from the high finish animals was less tender than from the medium finish animals (P 0·05). It was concluded that slaughtering cows at the third parity would enable a self replacing closed herd to be operated, while obtaining 0·97 of the potential maximum output of saleable beef from the cow, but there may be some compromise in the tenderness of the meat for some consumers by the third parity.
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Adedibu, I. I., F. E. Sola- Ojo, and M. Lawal. "Sokoto Red and Sahelian goats: The untapped potential for improving meat production in the developing economy of Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.494.
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A study was conducted on indigenous unselected Sokoto Red (SR) and Sahel (SH) goats in National Animal Production Research Institute, (NAPRI), Ahmadu Bello University, Shika- Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study was carried out to understand how birth, pre- weaning and post-weaning weights in the SR and SH goats can be used to improve their productivity. Thirty kids (10 males and 20 females) of SR and thirty kids (10 males and 20 females) of SH breeds of goat were utilised for this study. Results obtained showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) was very low. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) among mean bodyweight at birth, 30 days pre-weaning, 60 days pre-weaning, 90 days post- weaning and 120 days post-weaning weights of SR and SH goats except at 150 days post- weaning weight. Highly positive phenotypic correlations existed in the SR goats between 90- day weaning weight and 120-day post weaning; 90-day weaning weight and 150-day post weaning.120-day post weaning weight and 150-day post weaning.The birth weight of the SH goats were highly significant (P<0.05) and positively correlated with body weight at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days old. It was observed that the sampled population was homogeneous for all traits. The 90-day weight of the SR can be utilised to improve for body weight at 30-, 120- and 150- days of age while in the SH goat, selection for high birth weight would enhance improvement for high body weight at later stages of growth.
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Bueno, A. R., R. Rasby, and E. T. Clemens. "Age at weaning and the endocrine response to stress." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 55, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352003000100001.
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Seventy-five Angus x MARC II crossbred heifers were used to assess the effects of age at weaning on calf performance and blood constituents. Calves were weaned at 150, 210, or 270 days of age with comparisons made to their non-weaned counterparts. Changes in blood chemistry and hematology (cortisol, glucose, T3, total proteins, packed cell volume and the differential white blood cell count) were recorded on the day of weaning (day-0), and at 2, 7, 14, and 28 days post-weaning. Calves weaned at 210 days of age presented the highest plasma cortisol, glucose, and total protein concentrations during their early post-weaning period. Calves weaned at 150 days of age had significantly lower plasma T3 values. Packed cell volume and differential white blood cell counts showed no relationship to age at weaning. Calves weaned at 210 days of age presented the most rapid post-weaning growth performance, relative to the 150 or 270 days of age weaned calves.
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Liu, Fan, Erin M. Ford, Chris J. Brewster, David J. Henman, and Robert J. Smits. "Effects of duration of betaine supplementation on growth performance and blood IGF-1 in light- and normal-weight weaner pigs under commercial conditions." Animal Production Science 61, no. 7 (2021): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20144.
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Context Betaine supplementation has been reported to increase insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in pigs. Betaine is not generally added to weaner pig diets due to a lack of knowledge on the duration of supplementation and effect on targeted bodyweight class. Light-weight weaners, known for their inferior growth performance, may benefit from betaine supplementation during the early days post-weaning. Aims This experiment aimed to identify the timing of betaine supplementation over the weaner phase (early (0–7 days) or late (7–35 days) post-weaning periods) and targeted weaning weight class (light vs normal). Methods The experiment followed a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for studying the effects of 0.1% betaine supplementation during early (0–7 days post-weaning) and late (7–35 days post-weaning) weaner phase in light-weight and normal-weight weaners. One hundred and forty-four pens (18 pigs/pen) of weaned pigs (26 days age) were allocated into a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement on the basis of weaning weight class ((light (3.6 ± 0.75 kg, mean ± s.d.) vs normal (6.6 ± 0.84 kg, mean ± s.d.)), early weaner phase diet (control vs 0.1% betaine) and late weaner phase diet (control vs 0.1% betaine). Basal diets contained sufficient methionine and choline as per industry practice. Growth performance during early, late and whole weaner phase were recorded. Blood IGF-1 was measured at 7 days and 35 days post-weaning. Key results Supplementing 0.1% betaine during the early weaner phase reduced (P < 0.05) growth rate over the early post-weaning period (0–7 days) in both light- and normal-weight weaners, although blood IGF-1 concentration (7 days post-weaning) was not affected. Betaine supplementation during early or late weaner phase did not affect growth performance over the late weaner phase (7–35 days), whole weaner phase (0–35 days) or blood IGF-1 concentration (35 days) of light- or normal-weight weaners. Light-weight weaners had a lower feed intake, and a lower average daily gain than did the normal-weight weaners during the early, late and whole post-weaning periods (all P < 0.01). Conclusions Light-weight weaners had inferior production performance during the weaner phase, which was not improved by betaine supplementation. Implications Betaine supplementation is not recommended in the weaner phase when other dietary methyl donors are sufficient.
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Tokuda, T., C. Delavaud, and Y. Chilliard. "Plasma leptin concentration in pre- and post-weaning lambs." Animal Science 76, no. 2 (April 2003): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053479.
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AbstractLeptin has an important rôle in the control of appetite and energy expenditure. Several studies have reported the effects of leptin in ruminants. However, little is known about changes in circulating leptin concentrations in neonates of ruminant species, or the effects of weaning on plasma leptin concentrations. The main objectives of this experiment were: to examine plasma leptin concentrations in lambs, in the period from just after birth through to weaning; to examine the effect of weaning on plasma leptin concentrations, and to compare leptin concentrations measured using a ‘multi-species’ leptin radio-immunoassay (RIA) kit and a specific ovine RIA in lambs during the 6-month period after weaning. In a previous paper, we reported leptin concentrations using a commercial RIA during the post-weaning period. However, we were not able to measure plasma leptin concentrations from just after birth to weaning as they were apparently below the level of sensitivity of the assay. In the present study, five crossbred lambs were removed from their dams within 2 days after birth, and bottle-fed on milk replacer at a level sufficient to meet a 1•2 times maintenance metabolizable energy intake. Lambs were weaned 45 days after birth, and housed individually in pens. The lambs were offered timothy hay, rolled barley and soya-bean meal to meet a 200 g daily gain during the post-weaning period. During the pre-weaning period, blood samples were collected within 5 h of birth and thereafter at 09:00 h; every day from 2 to 6 days of age; at 2-day intervals from 6 to 14 days of age; and at 3-day intervals from 14 to 45 days of age. During the post-weaning period, blood samples were collected before and 3 and 6 h after the morning meal at the ages of 0•5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months. Plasma leptin concentrations slightly increased (P < 0•05) just after birth and then remained constant until 45 days old (P > 0•05). Additionally, plasma leptin concentration was not significantly changed following weaning. During the post-weaning period, plasma leptin concentrations were compared using two RIA systems. The correlation between plasma leptin concentrations measured by the ‘multi-species’ leptin RIA kit and specific ovine RIA was poor (r = 0•41). These findings are consistent with other reports and suggest that the ‘multi-species’ leptin RIA kit is not suitable for estimating leptin plasma concentrations in ruminants.
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Dunshea, F. R., D. K. Kerton, P. D. Cranwell, R. G. Campbell, B. P. Mullan, R. H. King, G. N. Power, and J. R. Pluske. "Lifetime and post-weaning determinants of performance indices of pigs." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 4 (2003): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02172.
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The present study was designed to determine the interrelationships between sex, weaning age, and weaning weight on subsequent growth performance. Ninety-six Large White × Landrace pigs were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the respective factors being: age at weaning (14 or 28 days), weight at weaning (heavy or light), and sex (boar or gilt). Eighty pigs were offered a high quality pelleted weaner diet ad libitum while the remaining 16 pigs (2 pigs from each treatment group) were removed from the sow and fasted for 24 h before being euthanased for determination of gut histology and enzymology. The remaining pigs were weaned into individual pens and given an ad libitum diet containing 15.5 MJ DE/kg and 0.95 g available lysine/MJ DE. On Day 6 and 13 after weaning, 2 pigs from each group at each time had their feed removed and, 24 h later, were euthanased. From 3 weeks post-weaning, the remaining pigs were group-penned with contemporary pigs and fed commercial rations until slaughter at 23 weeks of age. In the first week after weaning, the heavy pigs and those weaned at 28 days ate more feed and grew faster, and gilts ate more and grew faster than boars over the same time. Pigs that were heavier at weaning were also heavier at every subsequent age. At slaughter, heavy boars weighed more than heavy gilts (110.5 v. 103.7 kg, P = 0.027), whereas this was not the case for light boars and gilts (94.1 v. 94.4 kg, P = 0.96). Whereas there were no effects of sex or weight at weaning on P2 backfat depth, pigs weaned at 14 days had more backfat at 23 weeks than pigs weaned at 28 days (13.1 v. 10.9 mm, P = 0.009). In conclusion, these data clearly indicate that the greatest determinants of immediate post-weaning performance under the present conditions were the age and weight of the pigs at weaning. However, the key determinant of lifetime growth rate appeared to be weight of pigs at weaning or, by inference, birth. Although age at weaning had no effect on lifetime growth rate, early-weaned pigs were fatter at slaughter.
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Nowland, Tanya L., Valeria A. Torok, Wai Y. Low, Kate J. Plush, Mary D. Barton, and Roy N. Kirkwood. "A Single Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Altered the Microbiota of Weaned Pigs." Life 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10090203.
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Weaning is a stressful time for piglets, often leading to weight loss and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A leading cause for these post-weaning problems is enteric dysbiosis and methods to improve piglet health at this crucial developmental stage are needed. This study aimed to determine whether an enteric dysbiosis caused by weaning could be corrected via a faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy piglets from a previous wean. Two or four focal piglets per litter were assigned to one of two treatments; FMT two days post weaning (n = 21; FMT) or a control which received saline two days post weaning (n = 21; CON). FMT consisted of homogenised donor faeces administered orally at 3 mL/kg. Weaning occurred at 18 days of age and weights and faecal samples were collected on days 18, 20, 24 and 35. 16S rRNA amplicon analysis was used to assess the faecal microbiota of piglets. FMT increased Shannon’s diversity post weaning (p < 0.001) and reduced the scratch score observed at 24 days of age (p < 0.001). The bacterial populations significantly differed in composition at each taxonomic level. In FMT pigs, significant increases in potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli were observed. However, increases in beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus mucosae and genera Fibrobacteres and Bacteroidetes were also observed in FMT treated animals. To our knowledge, this is the first study to observe a significant effect on piglet faecal microbiota following a single FMT administered post weaning. Therefore, FMT post weaning can potentially alleviate enteric dysbiosis.
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Adhikari, Bishnu, Sung Kim, and Young Kwon. "Characterization of Microbiota Associated with Digesta and Mucosa in Different Regions of Gastrointestinal Tract of Nursery Pigs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071630.
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Weaning is a crucial period when piglets have to cope with sudden dietary, social, and environmental stressors that often lead to serious intestinal dysbiosis and mortality. In this study, five mucosal and five digesta samples from each proximate jejunum, distal jejunum, and mid-colon were collected from 7- and 27-day post-weaned pigs and subjected to microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA gene profiling. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level revealed that Proteobacteria was significantly higher at 7 days (13.54%), while Bacteriodetes was higher at 27 days (30.72%) post weaning. Genera such as Campylobacter, Veillonella, Helicobacter, and Blautia that were previously reported in intestinal dysbiosis were significantly enriched in seven-day post-weaned pigs. However, microbial communities shifted as post weaning age increased with a significant increase in alpha diversity, and genera such as Moryella, Dialister, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Bacteroides become significantly abundant in 27-day post-weaned pigs. Interestingly, the genus Campylobacter was significantly abundant on seven-day post-weaning in two piglets with diarrhea, implicating its role in post-weaning diarrhea. The results of this study suggest that gut microbiota in pigs with dysbiosis on 7-day post weaning undergoes significant changes toward a more normal state as the post-weaning age reaches 27 days.
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Li, Yimeng, Minghui Shi, Tianxiang Zhang, Xin Hu, Baofeng Zhang, Shanghua Xu, Jianhong Ding, Defu Hu, and Shuqiang Liu. "Dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota in young forest musk deer during weaning." PeerJ 8 (April 13, 2020): e8923. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8923.
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Weaning is an important event for all mammals, including young forest musk deer. However, weaning stress may cause intestinal microbiota-related disorders. Therefore, high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was applied to study the dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota during pre-weaning (10 days before weaning) and post-weaning (10 days after weaning) in 15 young forest musk deer. We saw that intestinal microbiota diversity in the post-weaning period was significantly higher than that in the pre-weaning period. The most dominant bacterial phyla were similar in the two groups (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia). Meanwhile, we applied Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) to identify the most differentially microbial taxa in the pre-weaning and post-weaning groups. In the post-weaning forest musk deer, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Treponema and Prevotella was higher than in the pre-weaning group. However, higher relative abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes was found in the pre-weaning group compared with that in the post-weaning group. In summary, this research provides a theoretical foundation for the dynamics of young forest musk deer intestinal microbiota during the weaning transition, which may benefit in understanding the growth and health of forest musk deer.
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Lee, Sophie A., Erica Febery, Pete Wilcock, and Michael R. Bedford. "Application of Creep Feed and Phytase Super-Dosing as Tools to Support Digestive Adaption and Feed Efficiency in Piglets at Weaning." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072080.
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A total of 64 piglets were used in a 35-day study to evaluate whether creep feeding piglets on the sow or super-dosing phytase to piglets post-weaning can be used as a tool to reduce stress and support adaption to weaning. Treatments consisted of creep or no creep feed being offered pre-weaning and with or without phytase supplementation at 2000 FTU/kg post-weaning. Blood samples were collected from eight piglets per treatment on days 0 (weaning), 7 and 21 post-weaning to determine plasma cortisol and myo-inositol concentrations. Four piglets per treatment (n = 16) were administered Heidelberg pH capsules 1 week prior to weaning, on the day of weaning, as well as 7 days and 21 days post-weaning, with readings monitored over a 3 h period. In the first week post-weaning, creep-fed piglets had higher daily gains (0.23 vs. 0.14 kg/d, p < 0.05) and a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR, 0.99 vs. 1.35, p < 0.01), compared to non-creep-fed pigs. At 21 days post-weaning, irrespective of creep feed, phytase supplementation reduced FCR (1.10 vs. 1.18, p = 0.05) of piglets. Average real-time stomach pH was lower in creep-fed piglets at 1 week prior to weaning (pH 3.2 vs. 4.6, p < 0.001) and on day of weaning (pH 3.1 vs. 3.7, p < 0.01). Following weaning, phytase reduced average stomach pH of piglets at days 7 (pH 2.6 vs. 3.3, p < 0.001) and 21 (pH 2.2 vs. 2.6, p < 0.01). Both cortisol and myo-inositol concentrations in plasma decreased with age; however, cortisol levels were unaffected by either treatment. Plasma myo-inositol concentrations were higher in creep-fed piglets at day of weaning (p < 0.05) and with phytase super-dosing on day 21 (p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that both creep feeding and phytase super-dosing are useful practices to encourage better adaption to weaning and support piglet performance. This response was not related to reduced stress in piglets, as determined by cortisol levels, but instead appears to relate to improved gastric conditions for digestion, phytate degradation and myo-inositol provision in piglets.
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Osoro, K., and I. A. Wright. "A note on the post-weaning performance of autumn-born suckled calves." Animal Science 52, no. 3 (June 1991): 551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100013143.
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Thirty-nine Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) autumn-born calves, whose dams had been given either 92 or 63 MJ metabolizable energy per day during winter and subsequently grazed at two sward heights, either 4-8 (short) or 7·6 (tall) cm from 6 May until weaning on 3 July in a factorially designed experiment, were used to examine the effect of pre-weaning performance on post-weaning growth rates. Following weaning the calves grazed as one group for a period of 76 days. There was no effect of winter treatment on postweaning performance. From weaning until 76 days later there was a significant (P < 0·01) effect of pre-weaning sward height on live-weight gain (0·94 and 0·69 kg/day for the calves from the short and tall swards respectively), so that the 41 kg liveweight difference at weaning was reduced to 22 kg (P > 0·05) with compensatory growth occurring independently of the height of the sward grazed.
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Schmitt, O., K. O'Driscoll, EM Baxter, and LA Boyle. "Artificial rearing affects the emotional state and reactivity of pigs post-weaning." Animal Welfare 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.28.4.433.
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Artificial rearing involves removing piglets from their mother at seven days of age and feeding them milk replacer until weaning. Earlylife rearing conditions can influence piglets' mental development, as reflected by their emotional state and reactivity. This study compared the post-weaning emotional state and reactivity of pigs which were either sow-reared or artificially reared pre-weaning. Behavioural tests (startle test, novel object test, human-animal relationship test and open door test) were conducted one week post-weaning (weaner 1, 34 [± 0.6] days old), one week after movement to weaner 2 (69 [±1.2] days old) and to finisher (100 [± 1.3] days old) stages. Qualitative Behavioural Assessments (QBA) were conducted on the same days in weaner 2 and finisher stages. QBA descriptors were computed by PCA and all other data were analysed using linear models. Artificially reared pigs were less fearful of human contact in weaner 1 (45.1 [± 8.43] vs 81.3 [± 7.89]%) and finisher (25.8 [± 5.19] vs 45.7 [± 6.00]%) stages; but there was no difference in the other tests. Artificially reared pigs had a higher QBA score (more positive) than sow-reared pigs in weaner 2 (54.49 [± 10.102] vs 17.88 [± 9.94]) but not in finisher (70.71 [± 8.860] vs 52.76 [± 9.735]) stage. In conclusion, artificially reared pigs appeared to have a more positive emotional state transiently post-weaning and a lower fearfulness towards humans, which are likely mediated by their pre-weaning conditions. These data emphasise the need to consider the entire life of the animals to fully evaluate the long-term impacts of a rearing system.
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Webster, S., and M. Dawkins. "The post-weaning behaviour of indoor-bred and outdoor-bred pigs." Animal Science 71, no. 2 (October 2000): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800055107.
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AbstractThe effect of two different lactation environments on the development of pig behaviour was examined at weaning and on days 1, 8, 15 and 57 post weaning. Ten focal indoor-bred pigs and 10 focal outdoor-bred pigs were weaned and mixed together into a group of 60 to 80 mixed indoor- and outdoor-bred pigs. There were six replicate groups. Scans of all focal animals were made using time sampling with a 2-min interval, for 3·0 h immediately following weaning and from 06:00 to 11:00 h on days 1, 8, 15 and 57 post weaning. All pens were straw bedded with two different types of feeder system: one seven-space ad libitum hopper and two rooting-action feeders each accommodating up to four piglets at one time.From weaning to day 1 post weaning, outdoor-bred pigs were observed to feed more than were indoor-bred pigs (115·6 v. 97·0 observations per pen per day, P < 0·05, s.e.d. = 1·18). From days 8 to 57 post weaning, outdoor-bred pigs were observed to root more than were indoor-bred pigs (22·5 v. 14·7 observations per pen per day, P < 0·05, s.e.d. = 1·22). These findings support the hypothesis that the lactation environment has a significant effect on the behaviour of pigs in their subsequent growing environment. However, such effects appear not to lead to differences in carcass weights, rigor following dressing or carcass blemish at slaughter.
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Wilson, Alexandra K., Carolyn E. Ragsdale, Ila Sehgal, Micah Vaughn, Eimeira Padilla-Tolentino, Amanda N. Barczyk, and Karla A. Lawson. "Exposure-Based Methadone and Lorazepam Weaning Protocol Reduces Wean Length in Children." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-26.1.42.
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OBJECTIVE Determine if a standardized methadone and lorazepam weaning protocol that is based on dose and duration of exposure can reduce the length of opioid and benzodiazepine weaning and shorten hospital stay. METHODS Retrospective cohort study performed in a 24-bed medical/surgical PICU. A total of 177 patients on opioid and/or benzodiazepine infusions for >3 days were included; 75 patients pre protocol (June 2012– June 2013) were compared with 102 patients post implementation of a standardized weaning protocol of methadone and lorazepam (March 2014–March 2015). The recommended wean was based on duration of infusions of >3 days up to 5 days (no wean), 5 to 13 days (short wean), and ≥14 days (long wean). RESULTS Median number of days on methadone for patients on opioid infusions for 5 to 13 days was reduced from 8.5 to 5.7 days (p = 0.001; n = 45 [pre], n = 68 [post]) and for patients on opioid infusions for ≥14 days, from 29.7 to 11.5 days (p = 0.003; n = 9 [pre], n = 9 [post]) after protocol implementation. The median number of days on lorazepam for patients on benzodiazepine infusions for 5 to 13 days was reduced from 8.1 to 5.2 days (p = 0.020; n = 43 [pre], n = 55 [post]) and for patients on benzodiazepine infusions for ≥14 days, from 27.4 to 9.3 days (p = 0.011; n = 9 [pre], n = 8 [post]). There was no difference in methadone or lorazepam wean length for patients on 3 to 5 days of infusions. There was no difference in adverse events or hospital length of stay. CONCLUSIONS A methadone and lorazepam weaning protocol based on patient's exposure to opioids and benzodiazepines (dose and duration) reduces weaning length.
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Everts, H. "The effect of feeding different sources of crude fibre during pregnancy on the reproductive performance of sows." Animal Science 52, no. 1 (February 1991): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610000581x.
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ABSTRACTA long-term experiment was designed to study the effect of feeding different sources of crude fibre during pregnancy on the reproductive performance of sows. The four treatments imposed during pregnancy were: C, a control compound diet; CS, the same control diet with additional chopped straw (0·2 kg/day); CM, the same control diet in which 0·25 kg was replaced daily by 1·5 kg maize silage; and CFR, a compound diet with a higher crude fibre content. In total 567 sows were used. On the treatments C, CM, CS and CFR the number of sows was 147, 142, 147 and 133 respectively. The sows remained on the experiment for five successive parities on a treatment or until the moment of culling. Feeding levels were about 32 MJ digestible energy (DE) per day during the first months of pregnancy and about 40 MJ DE per day in the last month of pregnancy. During lactation the feeding level ranged between 75 and 90 MJ DE per day.In sows giving birth to five litters, the effect of parity was calculated irrespective of the treatments. The optimum litter size was observed in the fourth litter and the percentage of successful services within 10 days post weaning stabilized after the third parity. The live weight of the sows increased gradually up to the fifth parity.Compared with the sows on the control treatment the proportional changes in consumption of the sows on the other treatments were: 0·45 more crude fibre, up to 0·02 more digestible energy and up to 0·06 less digestible protein.There were only slight differences in reproductive performance. The mean number of weaned piglets per sow per year were 19·7, 19·3, 20·1 and 20·2, respectively for the treatments C, CM, CS and CFR. Higher piglet birth weights were observed for sows on the CM treatment and a higher proportion of the culled sows had leg disorders. On the CS treatment a higher number of weaned piglets per litter was observed and this was due to the higher number of piglets born and lower piglet mortality during lactation. The sows on this treatment tended to have more difficulty in becoming pregnant after the third and fourth parities. The sows on the CFR treatment had the highest body weights and had a higher number of litters per year mainly due to lower numbers returning to service and less nonproductive days. The results from this experiment gave no clear evidence that either the inclusion of roughage or a higher crude fibre content in the diet improved reproductive performance.
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Allen, M. J., C. M. Harrison, A. H. Stewart, and A. M. Mackenzie. "Effect of mixing piglets prior to weaning on immune responses of piglets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011935.
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Mixing piglets pre-weaning at 14 days of age has been shown to improve post-weaning performance and reduce skin lesions caused by fighting without any detrimental affects on pre-weaning performance and behaviour (Allen et al., 2000). The stress associated with weaning has been shown to alter immune function of piglets and increase their susceptibility to infections. The aim of this experiment was to assess the effect of mixing piglets pre-weaning on their humoral and cell-mediated immune responses post-weaning.
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Vangroenweghe, Frédéric A. "238 Vaccination with an E. coli F4/F18 Vaccine for the Prevention of F4-ETEC Post-weaning Diarrhea Resulted in Reduced Post-weaning Mortality and Antibiotic Use." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.236.
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Abstract Post-weaning Escherichia coli diarrhea (PWD) remains a major cause of economic losses for the pig industry. PWD, caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), typically provokes mild to severe watery diarrhea between 5–10 days after weaning, which may result in mortality. Most common adhesins in ETEC are F4 and F18 fimbriae. Therapy to combat PWD typically consists of antibiotic treatment in combination with ZnO (3,000 ppm). Recently, an oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine (Coliprotec® F4/F18; Elanco) was approved on the European market, which reduces the impact of PWD provoked by F4-ETEC and F18-ETEC. The objective was to evaluate mortality and antibiotic use following E. coli F4/F18 vaccination under field conditions. A 160-sow farm (weaning at 26 days) with diagnosed problems of PWD due to F4-ETEC was selected. Piglets were vaccinated at 21 days with the oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine. At weaning, no standard group medication (ZnO and antibiotics) was applied for prevention of PWD. Several performance parameters were collected: treatment incidence (TI100), mortality and days in nursery. Vaccination (n = 3 groups) was compared to a historical control (n = 3 groups) Oral E. coli F4/F18 vaccination significantly reduced TI100 (18.6 ± 6.3 days to 2.4 ± 1.9 days; P < 0.05) due to the reduction in days of antimicrobial group treatment. Mortality rate significantly reduced (11.2 ± 2.6% in control to 4.5 ± 1.5% in vaccinated group; P < 0.05) following vaccination. Days in nursery (48.5 ± 0.3 days) remained constant throughout the trial. The results show that live E. coli F4/F18 vaccination against PWD has significantly impacted mortality, in combination with a reduction in medication use. In conclusion, control of PWD through oral vaccination is a successful option in order to prevent piglets from the negative clinical outcomes of F18-ETEC infection during the post-weaning period.
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LIU, Q., C. WANG, Y. L. ZHANG, C. X. PEI, S. L. ZHANG, Y. X. WANG, Z. W. ZHANG, et al. "Effects of isovalerate supplementation on growth performance and ruminal fermentation in pre- and post-weaning dairy calves." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 8 (August 18, 2016): 1499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859616000630.
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SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of isovalerate supplementation on growth performance and ruminal fermentation in pre- and post-weaning dairy calves. Forty-eight Chinese Holstein male calves at 15 days of age and 45·1 ± 0·36 kg body weight (BW) were assigned randomly to four groups. The treatments were: control, low-isovalerate, moderate-isovalerate (MIV) and high-isovalerate (HIV) with 0, 3, 6 and 9 g isovalerate per calf per day, respectively. Isovalerate was hand-mixed into milk in pre-weaning calves and the concentrate portion in post-weaning calves. The study lasted 75 days, including a 15-day adaptation period followed by a 60-day sampling period. Weaning was conducted when calves were 60 days old. Six calves were chosen from each treatment at random and slaughtered at 30 and 90 days of age. Average daily weight gain increased linearly whether during pre-weaning or post-weaning period with increasing isovalerate supplementation. Dry matter intake linearly increased at 90 days of age with increasing isovalerate supplementation. During weaning, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen (N) decreased linearly, whereas total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration increased linearly with increasing isovalerate supplementation. The ratio of acetate to propionate increased linearly with increasing isovalerate supplementation due to increased acetate concentration and the unchanged propionate concentration. Activities of caboxymethyl-cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and pectinase linearly increased at 90 days of age, α-amylase and β-amylase activities linearly increased at 30 and 90 days of age. Relative quantities of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus albus, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens increased linearly with increasing isovalerate supplementation. Ruminal fermentation, enzyme activities and cellulolytic bacteria were higher for HIV and MIV than for the control. The present results indicate that isovalerate accelerated growth of calves by improving ruminal fermentation, microbial enzyme activities and cellulolytic bacteria growth during weaning. In the experimental conditions of the current trial, the optimum isovalerate dose was about 6·0 g isovalerate per calf per day.
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Lawlor, P. G., P. B. Lynch, P. J. Caffrey, and J. V. O’Doherty. "Effect of cooking wheat and maize on the performance of newly weaned pigs 2. Level of dairy products and sequence of feeding." Animal Science 76, no. 2 (April 2003): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053510.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the effect of feeding steam flaked wheat and maize in diets with high and low levels of dairy products and to examine the effect of sequence of feeding the processed cereals in diets for newly weaned pigs. In experiment 1, 96 pigs were weaned at 27 days of age, blocked on sex and weight and assigned as individually penned pigs to four dietary treatments as follows: (a) high dairy product diet (6 kg of starter diet containing 230 g/kg milk powder followed by a link diet containing 125 g/kg milk powder to 26 days) with uncooked cereal (HDP), (b) high dairy product diet with steam flaked cereal (HDPC), (c) low dairy product diet (6 kg of starter diet containing 125 g/kg milk powder followed by a link diet containing no milk powder to 26 days) with uncooked cereal (LDP) and (d) low dairy product diet with steam flaked cereal (LDPC). In experiment 2, 96 pigs were weaned at 19 to 24 days of age, blocked on sex and weight and assigned as individually penned pigs to four dietary treatments containing: (a) uncooked cereal for 26 days, (b) uncooked cereal for 14 days followed by cooked cereal to 26 days post weaning, (c) cooked cereal for 26 days and (d) cooked cereal for 14 days followed by uncooked cereal to 26 days post weaning. Steaming and flaking of wheat and maize did not significantly affect pig performance during the experimental period or at any subsequent period up to slaughter. Daily gain from day 0 to 26 post weaning was 415 and 453 g/day (s.e.13•5; P < 0•05) for low and high dairy product diets, respectively. Food conversion efficiency (FCE) from day 0 to 14 post weaning on the low and high dairy product diets was 1•86 and 1•33 g/g (s.e. 0•14; P < 0•05), respectively. Pigs given the high dairy product diets during the experimental post-weaning period reached final carcass weight 5 days earlier than pigs given the low dairy product post-weaning diets (P < 0•05). In experiment 2, treatment did not affect food intake (mean = 450 s.e. 13•2 g; P > 0•05), daily gain (mean = 382 s.e. 12•5 g; P > 0•05) or FCE (mean = 1•19 s.e. 0•02 g/g; P > 0•05). In conclusion, feeding steamed flaked wheat and maize in post-weaning diets failed to improve pig performance irrespective of dairy product or sequence of feeding cooked cereals.
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Jolly, PD, CS McSweeney, AC Schlink, EM Houston, and KW Entwistle. "Reducing post-partum anoestrous interval in first-calf Bos indicus crossbred beef heifers. III. Effect of nutrition on responses to weaning and associated variation in metabolic hormone levels." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 6 (1996): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960927.
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Interactions between effects of undernutrition and weaning on the duration of post-partum anoestrus and associated variation in milk yield, suckling behaviour, and metabolic hormone levels in Droughtmaster [Bos indicus x Bos taurus (518, 3/8)] first-calf cows were studied in 2 successive years. Low body condition score at calving (3.5f 0.1, scale 1-9) was associated with prolonged post-partum anoestrous intervals in suckled cows, but provided cows were maintaining liveweight, ovarian cyclicity resumed within 50 days if calves were weaned 70 days post-partum. This response to weaning was totally inhibited in cows that calved in low body condition that lost liveweight post-partum (Year 1). In contrast, marked levels of post-partum liveweight loss (23%) did not affect resumption of ovarian cyclicity in response to weaning (at 50 days post-parturn), or time to conception, among cows that calved with high body condition scores (5.8 � 0.2, Year 2). Reduced milk yields and calf weight gains among underfed cows were associated with higher suckling frequencies and durations ( P < 0.05). Acyclic interval after weaning was negatively related to body condition score at weaning (P < 0.01), and positively related to preweaning suckling intensity (P < 0.01). The time taken to resume ovarian cyclicity after weaning increased by a factor of 1.2 for every half unit decrease in body condition score at weaning, and by a factor of 1.3 for every 30-min increase in time suckled per day prior to weaning. Within level of nutrition, higher frequencies and durations of suckling were associated with higher plasma prolactin levels. Plasma IGF-1 levels were consistently depressed in underfed cows, whereas plasma insulin and GH levels were less affected by nutritional treatments. Effects of undernutrition in suckled cows appear to operate at least partly through interactions with milk yield and suckling intensity. Management of post-partum anoestrus in Bos indicus cows should focus on the conservation of cow body condition and on the strategic use of early weaning.
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Selaive -Villarroel, Arturo Bernardo, Marcus Brocardo Maciel, and Nelson Manzoni de Oliveira. "Effects of weaning age and weight on lamb growth rate of Morada Nova breed raised in a tropical extensive production system." Ciência Rural 38, no. 3 (June 2008): 784–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782008000300030.
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The aim of this research were to study the effect of weaning age and weight on post-growing rate (PWG) and to estimate the optimal weaning age (WA) and weight (WW) of Morada Nova-white variety breed lambs raised under extensive system conditions. A total of 31 male and female lambs were evaluated, being 19 lambs born in April/May 2001 and 12 lambs born in February/March 2002. Lambs were distributed in the following treatments at weaning: 1) weaning age = T1: weaned at 60 days; T2: weaned at 75 days; T3: weaned at 90 days, and 2) weaning weight = T1: weaned with 9 to 10.4kg weigth; T2: weaned with 10.5 to 12.4kg weight and T3: weaned with above 12.5kg weight. The PWG was recorded through successive weightings done every fourteen days from weaning to 180 days of age. Data were analysed through a statistical model that included age and weight at weaning, sex and year of birth as fixed effects. Lambs weaned with 60, 75 and 90 days of age showed non-significant differences (P>0.05) on PWG. However, WW had a significant influence (P<0.05) on lamb weight. The group weaned with 9-10.4kg had smaller live weight than those weaned with 10.5-12.4kg or above 12.5kg. No differences were found between these last two groups. Also, sex had significant effect (P<0.05) on lamb growing with males being heavier than females (20.7kg and 17.6kg, respectively). Year of birth did not affect PWG. It was concluded that weight at weaning is more important than age at weaning on post-weaning growing of lambs. The most efficient live weaning weight on white Morada Nova lambs raised in extensive system production is over 10.5kg.
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Lawlor, P. G., P. B. Lynch, P. J. Caffrey, and J. V. O’ Doherty. "Effect of pre- and post-weaning management on subsequent pig performance to slaughter and carcass quality." Animal Science 75, no. 2 (October 2002): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053005.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of weaning weight and post-weaning diet on the performance of weaned pigs. In experiment 1, 30 litters with more than 10 pigs born alive per litter were selected. At 11 days of age, pigs of average weight for the litter were removed from 15 litters so that eight pigs remained per sow. These litters were given access to creep food (16·5 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg and 18·7 g/kg lysine). The remaining litters were left complete and were not given creep food. Pigs were weaned at 28 days of age and pairs of pigs (a male and a female littermate of similar weight) were formed from each litter (no. = 54 pairs). Pairs were blocked on the basis of litter origin and weight and assigned at random to one of the following treatments: (1) 10 kg starter diet (16·1 MJ DE per kg and 17·4 g/kg lysine) followed by link diet (15·3 MJ DE per kg and 15·0 g/kg lysine) to 27 days (high dietary regimen; HDR); or (2) 4 kg starter diet, 10 kg link diet and weaner diet to 27 days (low dietary regimen; LDR). Thereafter pigs were given common diets to slaughter at about 95·6 kg live weight. On experiment 2, four pigs (two light and two heavy) were taken from each of 32 litters (no. = 128 pigs; age = 22 days), blocked on sex, litter origin, and weaning weight and within weight category individually assigned at random to two dietary treatments: (1) high density diet (16·1 MJ DE per kg and 17·4 g/kg lysine); and (2) low density diet (15·1 MJ DE per kg and 15·7 g/kg lysine). The duration of the experiment was 26 days. In experiment 1, reducing litter size and creep feeding increased weaning weight by 0·6 kg (P 0·05). This weight advantage at weaning was lost by day 14 post weaning (P > 0·05). From day 0 to day 27 post weaning daily gain was 472 and 427 g/day (s.e.12·8; P 0·05) and food conversion efficiency was 1·26 and 1·36 g/g (s.e. 0·026; P 0·05) for HDR and LDR, respectively. In experiment 2, weaning weight was 7·1 and 5·8 kg (s.e. 0·08; P 0·01) and pig weight at day 26 post weaning was 17·5 and 15·4 kg (s.e.0·23; P 0·01) for heavy and light weight categories, respectively. In the period from day 0 to 26, food intake was 440 and 396 g/day (s.e. 8·0; P 0·01) and daily gain was 389 and 355 g/day (s.e. 8·0; P < i 0·01) for heavy and light weight categories, respectively. Weaning weight was found to be a good determinant of weight at day 26 when terms for litter origin were included (R2 = 0·67; P 0·001 for the high density diet and R2 = 0·77; P 0·001 for the low density diet). It is concluded that weaning weight can be increased by pre-weaning management but that this weight advantage is lost in the early post-weaning period. Where weaning weight was naturally higher the weight advantage was still evident at day 26 post weaning.
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Gabb, S., S. Hatcher, J. Eppleston, B. Watt, and K. J. Thornberry. "Managing the weaning transition of Merino lambs by promoting positive growth rates and increasing survival – is yard weaning a viable option?" Animal Production Science 52, no. 7 (2012): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12075.
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The effectiveness of yard weaning to manage the weaning transition period for Merino sheep was investigated on three commercial properties in the New South Wales Central Tablelands. Three experiments were conducted, Experiment 1 investigated the duration of yard weaning, Experiment 2 compared two alternative rations provided to yard-weaned animals, while Experiment 3 compared yard weaning with paddock weaning. The ‘Control’ for each of the three experiments was each producers’ normal paddock-weaning strategy with comparisons based on post-weaning growth rates and weaner survival. Liveweights were recorded at weaning and at 15, 50 and 180 days post-weaning. Growth rates were calculated from liveweight measurements. Survival was determined by the continuing presence of an individual animal at subsequent measurements. Compared with the paddock-weaned Control group, variable responses in liveweight, growth rates and weaner survival to 50 and 180 days post-weaning occurred in the three experiments. Yard weaning was not superior to any of the producers’ normal paddock-weaning practices, however, favourable seasonal conditions in early 2010 prompted high growth rates in the paddock-weaned Control animals relative to those achieved by the yard-weaned animals. Further research is required to determine the optimum duration of confinement and ration (including composition and method of delivery). This work should include comparisons of the behaviour of paddock- and yard-weaned animals and model production benefits versus economic costs for a range of production systems and market scenarios.
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Ribeiro, Marinaldo Divino, José Carlos Pereira, Augusto César de Queiroz, Paulo Roberto Cecon, Edenio Detmann, and José Augusto Gomes Azevêdo. "Performance of dairy calves fed milk, milk replacer or post-weaning concentrate with acidifiers." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38, no. 5 (May 2009): 956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982009000500024.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of acidifiers to milk, milk replacer or post-weaning concentrate on the performance and health status of weaning and post-weaning calves. Three experiments were carried out, in the first experiment 62 Holstein × Zebu crossbred calves (males and females), reared from birth to 60 days of age, were distributed and fed milk with or without acidifier. From the third day, the calves were suckled (5L of milk/d) for 56 days, split into two meals. The acidifier was added to milk at the time of feeding. From the second week of calf's age a starter diet (18% of CP) was also offer. In second experiment, the same animals from first experiment, but from 61 to 120 days of age were distributed and fed (2 kg/d) post-weaning concentrate (18% of CP) with or without acidifier and Cynodon dactylon hay ad libitum. In third experiment, 16 male Holstein × Zebu crossbred calves, reared from birth to 60 days of age, were distributed and fed milk replacer with or without acidifier. The acidifier used in the first and third experiments was composed by the citric, lactic, fumaric, and phosphoric acids, and vitamin C (liquid diet); and by betaglucans, flavonoides, linoleic and oleic and citric acids, and vitamin C (solid diet). The addition of acidifier to milk or to post-weaning concentrate did not affect the dry matter (DM) and CP intakes, which were 818 and 196; 1740 and 217 g/d respectively. Similarly, it did not show high average daily gains, with 525 and 513 g/d, respectively. The addition of acidifiers to milk replacer showed results similar to those observed in calves fed milk. Therefore, the use of acidifiers in milk, milk replacer or in the post-weaning concentrate did not result in beneficial effects for calves.
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Weng, Ruey-Chee. "Variations in the body surface temperature of sows during the post weaning period and its relation to subsequent reproductive performance." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0576.
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Objective: A study was made investigate factors affecting body surface temperature changes after weaning in sows, whether these can be used to aid detection of natural estrus and how they relate to subsequent reproductive performance.Methods: A total of 132 sows were selected during summer from a breeding farm, with mean parity of 3.6±2.3 and 28.5±0.9 days lactation length. Four daily measurements (6:00, 8:00, 16:00, and 18:00) of vulva (VST), udder (UST), ear base and central back skin temperatures for individual sows were taken by an infrared thermometer, continuing up to 8 days post weaning.Results: The VST obtained from sows showing estrus at 4 days post-weaning (4DPW), 5DPW, and 6DPW showed a peak at the fourth day post-weaning, but then started to decrease. The VST of sows not detected in standing heat (NDPW) remained at a lower level during the experiment, but UST was increased soon after weaning. The VST-UST temperature differences during daytime of sows that were showing behavioural standing heat on 4DPW, 5DPW, 6DPW, and 7DPW were 0.46°C±0.123°C, 0.71°C±0.124°C, 0.66°C ±0.171°C, and 0.58°C±0.223°C, respectively. The NDPW sows had the highest UST observed, but also the lowest VST so that a more negative value of temperature difference (–0.31°C) was seen during first few days post-weaning. A total of 119 sows were observed to show standing heat and were bred. The later the estrus, the smaller the litter size (p = 0.005).Conclusion: Sows which did not show behavior indicative of stable standing heat after weaning had a VST which remained at a lower level, but the UST increased soon after weaning. Therefore, for sow heat detection under field conditions, the changes of VST and UST and difference between the two should be considered together to increase the accuracy of detection.
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Franek, S. P., and G. Bilkei. "Effect of Gonadotropins during Hot Summer Season Given at Different Times after Weaning on Selected Reproductive Indicators of the Sow." Acta Veterinaria Brno 77, no. 2 (2008): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200877020193.
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The experiment was performed on a large indoor herd during a hot season period in Alföld, Hungary. The post-weaning sows (F1 and F2 of Large White × Landrace mated to Duroc boars (mean parity 3.4 +/-0.7 SD; mean body condition 3.01 +/-0.3 SD, previous lactation length of 28.3 +/-1.5 d) were divided into four groups of similar body condition, lactation length and parity and were treated as follows: Group 1: sows (n = 420) were injected subcutaneously with 400 I.U. of Gonadotropinum sericum (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, PMSG [eCG]) and 200 I.U. of Gonadotropinum chorionicum (human choriongonadotropin, HCG [hCG]) one day after weaning. Group 2: sows (n = 405) received subcutaneously 4 ml of saline injection one day after weaning. Group 3: sows (n = 425), purposely chosen from among animals that did not show heat within 7 days after weaning, were treated on day 7 post-weaning with PMSG and HCG as the animals in group 1. Group 4: sows (n = 415) purposely chosen from among animals that did not show heat within 7 days after weaning, were treated on day 7 post-weaning as group 2. Sows expressing oestrus, sows ovulating after treatment, treatment to oestrus intervals and follicular sizes were evaluated. The number of sows expressing oestrus, sows ovulating, and treatment to oestrus intervals differed between the groups (group 1 vs. 2: P < 0.05, group 3 vs. 4: P < 0.01). The sows treated with PMSG and HCG on day 7 post-weaning (group 3) had smaller (P < 0.05) follicular diameters compared to the sows that were treated one day after weaning. Group 4 sows had a smaller follicular diameter (3.6 +/- 0.6 mm) compared to group 1 (P < 0.001) and 3 (P < 0.01). The present results show that the gonadotropin treatment one day after weaning or in the case of anoestrus 7 days after weaning overrides the negative effects of the hot summer season and effectively prevents seasonal infertility of the breeding sow.
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Vaz, Ricardo Zambarda, and José Fernando Piva Lobato. "Effects of the weaning age of calves on somatic development and on reproductive performance of beef cows." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 5 (May 2010): 1058–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000500016.
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This study evaluated body development and reproductive performance of beef cows whose calves were submitted to early weaning (76 days of age), or conventional weaning (148 days of age). It was used 141 Braford cows that calved in 2004, 2005, and 2006 to evaluate weight at calving at 76 days, weight at calving at 148 days, weight at the beginning and end of the breeding season, variation of the average daily weight, body condition, pregnancy rate, and calving interval. Dams of calves weaned at 148 days of age showed daily weight gain higher body weight and better body condition at 148 days of age. The weights at the end of breeding season and average weight gain during the breeding season were higher in early weaning cows than in conventional cows. Pregnancy rate of early weaning cows (86.34%) was higher than those submitted to weaning at conventional age (55.45%). Pasture interval was similar among early weaning cows and conventional weaning cows. The best benefit on reducing weaning age in pregnancy rate was in primiparous cows. There was significant interaction between weaning age and the year for calving interval and milk production. The early weaning of calves carried out at 76 days of age allows cows to better weight recovery in the post-weaning and breeding periods, improving their body condition and consequently increasing pregnancy rate regarding to cows whose calves suckled until 148 days of age.
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Leonard, S. G., T. Sweeney, B. Bahar, B. P. Lynch, and J. V. O'Doherty. "Effects of dietary seaweed extract supplementation in sows and post-weaned pigs on performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora and immune status." British Journal of Nutrition 106, no. 5 (May 9, 2011): 688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000997.
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The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of a seaweed extract (SWE) to sows and weaned pigs on post-weaning growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid concentrations and immune status of pigs at days 11 and 117 post-weaning. Gestating sows (n20) were supplemented with a SWE (0v.10·0 g/d) from day 107 of gestation until weaning (day 26). At weaning, pigs (four pigs per sow) were divided into two groups based on sow diet during lactation and supplemented with a SWE (0v.2·8 g/kg diet), resulting in four treatment groups: (1) BB (basal sows–basal pigs); (2) BS (basal sows–treated pigs); (3) SB (treated sows–basal pigs); (4) SS (treated sows–treated pigs). Pigs weaned from SWE-supplemented sows had a higher average daily gain (ADG) between days 0 and 21 (P < 0·05) post-weaning compared with pigs weaned from non-SWE-supplemented sows. Pigs offered post-weaning diets (PW) containing SWE had decreased colonicEscherichia colipopulations on day 11 (P < 0·01) and decreased colonic Enterobacteriaceae numbers on day 117 (P < 0·05). Pigs offered PW containing SWE had a greater mRNA abundance ofMUC2in the colon at day 11 post-weaning (P < 0·05) compared with pigs offered unsupplemented diets. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that SWE supplementation post-weaning provides a dietary means to improve gut health and to enhance growth performance in starter pigs. Dietary SWE supplementation increased ADG during the grower–finisher (GF) phases. However, there was no growth response to SWE inclusion in GF diets when pigs were weaned from SWE-supplemented sows.
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Vente-Spreeuwenberg, M. A. M., J. M. A. J. Verdonk, A. C. Beynen, and M. W. A. Verstegen. "Interrelationships between gut morphology and faeces consistency in newly weaned piglets." Animal Science 77, no. 1 (April 2003): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053686.
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AbstractA total of 104 weanling piglets was used to study the interrelationships between faeces consistency and mucosal integrity, as assessed by specific aminopeptidase and isomaltase-sucrase activity, villus height and crypt depth. Piglets were weaned at 26 (s.d. 1·4) days of age, weighing 8·4 (s.d. 0·70) kg. On the day of weaning (day 0), dissection was performed on one group of eight piglets. The remaining piglets were given restricted amounts of diets containing different protein sources. However, during the first 7 days post weaning 72% of the piglets ate on average less than 0·9 of the amount offered and thus actually had ad libitum access to food. On days 3 or 7 post weaning pigs were weighed and euthanased. Diet composition did not effect small intestine integrity and the data were pooled for further analysis. The weight of the stomach, large intestine and pancreas increased with time post weaning (P < 0·001). Small intestine weight decreased from day 0 to 3 and was increased again on day 7, exceeding the pre-weaning value (P < 0·001). Isomaltase-sucrase and aminopeptidase activities were decreased on days 3 and 7 when compared with day 0. Villus height was decreased after weaning, followed by an increase on day 7 post weaning at the proximal small intestine, but by a further decrease at the mid small intestine (P < 0·001). Crypt depth was increased after weaning (P < 0·001). Faeces consistency was scored twice a day on a scale from 0 to 3 with increasing liquid nature. The average percentage of days during which piglets had more-liquid faeces was 26%. During the 1st week post weaning, 73% of the piglets showed a faeces score of 2 during at least 1 day. Villus height was positively correlated with food intake level, brush-border enzyme activity and dry matter content of the chyme. Villus height was negatively correlated with more-liquid faeces. Crypt depth was positively associated with the weight of various parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. It is concluded that this study supports the concept that food intake by weaned piglets determines villus height in the small intestine and brush-border enzyme production which in turn determine the risk of diarrhoea development.
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Lawlor, P. G., P. B. Lynch, P. J. Caffrey, and J. V. O’Doherty. "Effect of cooking wheat and maize on the performance of newly weaned pigs 1. Age and weight at weaning." Animal Science 76, no. 2 (April 2003): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053509.
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abstractThe objective of this study was to determine if weight and age at weaning affect the response of pigs to inclusion of cooked cereal in their post-weaning diet. In experiment 1, pigs (no. = 116) weaned at 17 to 28 days of age and weighing between 4 and 10 kg were individually given for 28 days post weaning, diets based on: (1) uncooked cereal or (2) cooked cereal (steamed and flaked wheat and maize). The gelatinized starch proportion was 0•265, 0•838, 0•203 and 0•745 for uncooked maize, steam flaked maize, uncooked wheat and steam flaked wheat, respectively. Pigs were offered 2•5 kg of starter diet (16•1 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg and 17•4 g/kg of lysine). This was followed in each case by link diet (15•2 MJ DE per kg and 16•2 g/kg of lysine) to 28 days post weaning. Thereafter, pigs were grouped and given a common weaner diet and a common finisher diet to slaughter. In experiment 2, pigs (no. = 408) were weaned at between 20 and 28 days of age. Pigs were allocated by weight to heavy (7 to 8 kg), medium (6 to 7 kg) and light (5 to 6 kg) groups (24 groups of 17 pigs) and assigned to treatments as in experiment 1 for 26 days. A common weaner diet was offered between day 26 and day 56. In experiment 1, pig weight, food intake, daily gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass measurements were not affected by cooking (P > 0•05). Regression analysis indicated that weight and age at weaning had a significant association with weight at 28 days post weaning for uncooked (R2 = 0•628; P < 0•001) and cooked (R2 = 0•579; P < 0•001) cereal diets. In experiment 2, there was no interaction between weaning weight and cooking (P > 0•05) and no performance benefit resulted from cooking (P > 0•05). In conclusion, steam flaking did not improve pig performance during the treatment period or at any subsequent period.
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Giroux, S., S. Robert, and G. P. Martineau. "The effects of cross-fostering on growth rate and post-weaning behavior of segregated early-weaned piglets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-122.
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Cross-fostering involving piglets older than 2 d of age is often used in segregated early weaning (SEW) units to increase piglets' body weight homogeneity. This study was conducted to document the effects of such cross-fostering on weight gain, skin lesions, and post-weaning behavior of SEW piglets. Cross-fostering was done at 6 ± 1 d of age, in half of the 32 litters studied, by exchanging two piglets between pairs of litters. Piglets (n = 256) were weighed at birth, fostering, weaning (day 18 ± 1), and every week during the next month. The behavior of piglets was video-recorded during 3 h after weaning, and during 1 h on days 19, 20, 22, 24, 31, 38 and 45. Adopted piglets gained only 76% of the weight of non-adopted piglets between fostering and weaning (P < 0.001) and this difference persisted until day 45 (P < 0.05). Piglets from fostered litters fought less than control piglets during their first 2 d in nursery pens (P < 0.01) and skin lesions tended to be less frequent (P < 0.1). In all treatment groups, eating frequency was low on days 18 and 19 and increased abruptly on day 20. In conclusion, fostering impaired growth of piglets, but also facilitated their adaptation to unacquainted piglets after weaning. Key words: Pig, fostering, behavior, growth, welfare, segregated early weaning
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Reynolds, F. H., J. M. Forbes, and H. M. Miller. "Influence of mixing on the initiation of piglet feeding and post weaning growth performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029616.
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Weaning is a stressful period for the piglet, invariably typified by low voluntary feed intake and reduced performance. Moreover, if siblings are separated and mixed with other litters, stress increases and the learned stimulus of the group to feed is disturbed (Brooks et al., 2003). This experiment was part of a larger investigation into the voluntary feed intake of the piglet in the immediate post weaning period. We investigated the difference between mixed litter origin or sibling groups on latency to initiate feeding and performance to day six post weaning. We hypothesised that mixing litters would increase latency to first feeding and reduce growth rate in the first few days after weaning.
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Sopková, D., R. Vlčková, Z. Andrejčáková, Z. Hertelyová, S. Gancarčíková, and R. Nemcová. "The Influence of Probiotic Lactobacilli and Flaxseed on the Health of Weaned Piglets and Metabolism of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)." Folia Veterinaria 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fv-2016-0037.
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Abstract This study investigated for 14 days post-weaning, the influence of dietary supplementation of synbiotics in the form of probiotic cheeses containing cultures of L. plantarum and L. fermentum and crushed flaxseed (source of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids — PUFAs and fibre) on 36 commercial piglets originating from an infected herd (Coronavirus and E. coli) during the critical period of weaning. We focused on the health and metabolism of PUFAs in this critical period of a piglet’s life. The dietary supplementation positively affected: the overall health state of weaners, reduced diarrhoea by 29 % by 14 days post-weaning and significantly increased the counts of lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria and the production of volatile fatty acids. The PUFA concentrations in the m. biceps femoris of the piglets were analysed by gas chromatography. High levels of ω-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in flaxseed increased significantly the level of ALA, eicosapentaenic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenic acid (DHA) in the pig muscles on days 7 and 14 post-weaning. The levels of ω-6 linolenic acid (LA) were less affected by the diet, but were increased on day 14 post-weaning, while the conversion products of LA, and arachidonic acid (AA), were decreased on days 7 and 14. The increased level of dietary ALA favoured the activity of Δ-6-desaturase for the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA, at the expense of AA synthesis from LA. The ability of synbiotics to incorporate high levels of DHA in the pig muscles appear prospective for improving the nutritional properties of pork and reducing the occurrence of civilization diseases in consumers of this product of animal origin.
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Slade, R. D., and H. M. Miller. "Early post-weaning benefits of porcine plasma re-emerge in later growth performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001216.
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Porcine plasma is known to improve immediate post-weaning performance but this is often only evident in the first week to ten days after weaning (Toplis and Miller, 1999). Few if any studies have investigated whether there are any long term effects over the entire growth period. It has previously been shown that piglets in poor health situations (Coffey and Cromwell, 1995) demonstrate markedly greater responses to porcine plasma. The objective of this study was to determine whether porcine plasma produced long-term benefits and whether this was modulated by health challenge during the weaning period.
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Windle, Richard J., Susan A. Wood, Yvonne M. Kershaw, Stafford L. Lightman, and Colin D. Ingram. "Adaptive Changes in Basal and Stress-Induced HPA Activity in Lactating and Post-Lactating Female Rats." Endocrinology 154, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 749–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1779.
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Lactation represents a period of marked adaptation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal HPA axis. We characterized basal and stress-induced HPA activity during lactation and experimental weaning using dynamic blood sampling in rats. Pulsatile and diurnal corticosterone release occurred at all reproductive stages studied (virgin; day 10 of lactation; 3 and 14 days after experimental weaning on day 10 of lactation). However, in lactating rats the diurnal peak was significantly reduced, resulting in a flattened rhythm, and three days after weaning, basal HPA activity was markedly suppressed: the number of pulses and underlying basal levels of corticosterone were reduced and the diurnal rise phase delayed. Marked changes in the HPA response to 10 min noise stress also occurred at these times: being completely absent in lactating animals, but restored and highly prolonged in early weaned animals. Injection of methylprednisolone (2 mg, iv) was used to determine whether changes in fast glucocorticoid suppression correlated with these adaptive changes. Methylprednisolone induced a rapid suppression of corticosterone in virgin animals, but this effect was markedly attenuated in lactating and early weaned animals and was accompanied by significant changes in relative expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA. All effects were reversed or partially reversed 14 days after experimental weaning. Thus, the presence of the pups has an important influence on regulation of the HPA axis, and while postpartum adaptations are reversible, acute weaning evokes marked reorganisation of basal and stress-induced HPA activity.
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Arsenakis, Ioannis, Annelies Michiels, Gabriele Schagemann, Charles Oliver Gomez-Duran, Filip Boyen, Freddy Haesebrouck, and Dominiek G. D. Maes. "Effects of pre-farrowing sow vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on offspring colonisation and lung lesions." Veterinary Record 184, no. 7 (January 10, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104972.
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This study investigated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae colonisation and lung lesions at slaughter in pigs from vaccinated (V) and non-vaccinated (NV) sows, in two herds (A and B). In each herd, two sow batches were V against M. hyopneumoniae with a commercial bacterin at six and three weeks before farrowing and two sow batches remained NV. From each sow batch, laryngeal swabs were collected from the litters of five primiparous sows at weaning and seven days post-weaning. All samples were tested for M. hyopneumoniae by nested PCR. In total, 488 piglets were sampled. At slaughter, the extent of Mycoplasma-like pneumonia lesions (lung lesion score (LLS)) was assessed. The colonisation rates with M. hyopneumoniae at weaning and seven days post-weaning were (V-A=14.2, NV-A=20.0 (P=0.225); V-B=0.9, NV-B=0.8 (P=0.948)) and (V-A=0.8, NV-A=7.0 (P=0.039); V-B=1.8, NV-B=2.5 (P=0.738)), respectively. The average LLS (in per cent) was V-A=15.5, NV-A=26.4 (P=0.021); V-B=9.7, NV-B=8.4 (P=0.541). In conclusion, in herd A, with a substantially higher level of piglet colonisation at weaning than herd B, offspring from V sows had a significantly lower colonisation rate seven days post-weaning and a significantly lower LLS at slaughter compared with the offspring of the NV sows. This implies that sow vaccination might be useful for control of M. hyopneumoniae infections, although significant results may not be achieved at all times (such as in herd B).
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Cavaye, JM, JL Knight, TJ Tierney, and AM Kelly. "Growth and carcass characteristics of three-way Africander multiply Simmental multiply Hereford crossbreds in south-western Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 6 (1992): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920675.
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Liveweight and carcass traits of 3-way Africander (A) x Simmental (S) x Hereford (H) crossbreds and purebred Herefords were monitored predominately on native pastures at Dirranbandi, Queensland, for 2 calf crops over 6 years. The relative breed compositions of the crossbreds were A4S2H2, A4S 1 H3 and A4H4. The mean liveweight of the A4S2H2 cattle ranked highest from about 250 days post-weaning to slaughter (520 days post-weaning) for steers, and at first joining for heifers (560 days post-weaning). Differences in liveweight were not significant at all times. The A4S2H2 and A4SlH3 steers had the highest (P<0.05) post-weaning average daily gains. Differences in weaning weight between crossbreds were carried through to slaughter for steers and to joining for heifers. The A4S2H2 steers had the highest (P<0.05) mean final liveweight (433 kg) and mean carcass weight (232 kg). There was no difference in carcass weight between the other crossbreds and Herefords. Fat depth at the P8 rump site of A4H4 crossbreds (8.5 mm) was higher (P<0.05) than that of Herefords (5.5 mm) and other crossbreds. Dressing percentages were similar for all breed types. The A4S2H2 maiden heifers had higher (P<0.05) liveweights at first joining (369 kg) than the A4S1H3 (353 kg) and A4H4 (337 kg) heifers. These data show that beef producers in southwestern Queensland can increase carcass weights with A4S2H2 crossbreds and produce carcasses that primarily meet the Korean-EC market and the requirements of domestic supermarket outlets.
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Degroote, Jeroen, Noémie Van Noten, Wei Wang, Stefaan De Smet, and Joris Michiels. "Effects of N-Acetyl-Cysteine Supplementation through Drinking Water on the Glutathione Redox Status during the Weaning Transition of Piglets." Antioxidants 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8010024.
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This study investigated the effect of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) supplementation through drinking water on animal performance and the glutathione (GSH) redox system in weaned piglets, particularly in relation to the immediate post-weaning feed intake. To this end, 168 piglets were weaned and either fed ad libitum or fasted the first two days, and either or not administered 200 mg/L NAC via the drinking water until d14 post-weaning. Next to animal performance until day 42 (d42), the GSH redox system was measured in erythrocytes, small intestinal mucosa, liver, lung, and kidney tissue at d0, d2, and d14 post-weaning. Animal performance and GSH levels were not affected by NAC, nor by fasting. Irrespective of treatment, a significant drop in GSH at d2 post-weaning was found as compared to d0, in particular in liver (−69%), distal jejunal mucosa (−72%), and lung tissue (−80%). Post-weaning changes of the GSH redox status were strongly tissue-dependent. To conclude, this research indicates that GSH redox homeostasis was largely affected in multiple organs during the weaning transition. NAC supplementation did not increase GSH levels in any tissue, not even in fasted animals, questioning the fact if cysteine is the first or only limiting factor determining the rate of GSH synthesis in the early post-weaning phase.
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Carroll, C. M., P. B. Lynch, M. P. Boland, L. J. Spicer, F. H. Austin, N. Leonard, W. J. Enright, and J. F. Roche. "The effects of food intake during lactation and post weaning on the reproductive performance and hormone and metabolite concentrations of primiparous sows." Animal Science 63, no. 2 (October 1996): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800014855.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of low food intake on post-weaning fertility and hormone concentrations in primiparous sows. One hundred and forty primiparous sows (Landrace × Large White) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (A) restricted to 3 kg food per day during lactation and 2 kg food per day post weaning (no. = 36); (B) restricted to 3 kg food per day during lactation and ad libitum feeding post weaning (no. = 33); (C) ad libitum feeding throughout with a mean voluntary food intake of 3·7 kg/day during lactation (no. = 36); and (D) ad libitum feeding throughout with a mean voluntary food intake of 4·9 kg/ day during lactation (no. = 35). Litters were standardized at eight to 10 pigs at 2 days post partum and were weaned at 27·2 (s.e. 0·5) days post partum. After weaning, sows were observed twice daily for signs of oestrus and were mated on the day(s) of standing oestrus. Six sows from each group were fitted with indwelling jugular cannulae 2 days before weaning. Blood samples were collected 1 day before weaning (W−l), 1 day after weaning (W+l) and 4 days after weaning (W+4), and these sows were slaughtered on W+4. Ovaries were recovered, follicles and corpora lutea were counted, and folUcular fluid collected. Sows given food at a restricted level (groups A and B) lost more backfat during lactation than sows given food ad libitum (groups C and D) (P < 0·01). Piglet weaning weights, weaning to conception intervals and the proportion of sows ovulating by W+4 were not significantly different among groups. In sows that did not ovulate, numbers of large follicles were not significantly different among groups but the low food intake (groups A, B and C) sows had more medium-sized follicles than high food intake (group D) sows (P < 0·01). FolUcular fluid concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) did not differ among groups (P > 0·05). Plasma non-esterified fatty acids concentrations were greater in groups C and D than in groups A and B on W−l, W+l and W+4. Serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations were lower in groups C and D than in groups A and B on W−l and W+l, but were similar among groups on W+4. Serum growth hormone concentrations were lower in group D than group A and B on W−l and W+l but not W+4. Concentrations of IGF-1 in serum were greater in groups C and D than groups A and B on W−l and W+l but not W+4. It is concluded that low food intakes during lactation and post weaning affected body condition, serum hormones and metabolites and ovarian function of primiparous sows without dramatically affecting ovarian hormones or reproductive performance.
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Jones, G., S. A. Edwards, S. Jagger, and S. Hoste. "Effects of sow, udder section and time on colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and piglet colostrum intake." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033729.
Full textAbstract:
Relationships between sow nutrition, milk yield, milk composition and piglet performance during lactation have been studied in numerous experiments. However, the subsequent effects of these pre-weaning factors on post-weaning piglet performance are less well studied. Commonly a growth check in piglets in response to weaning is noted, but to date it is unknown why some piglets do better than others in this period. The present experiment explored some of the pre-weaning factors that could explain the variability in piglet post-weaning growth.The performance of piglets from 41 litters was monitored during a lactation period of 26 days. Litter size was standardised to 10 piglets, which were not offered creep food. Piglets were weighed individually on a weekly basis from farrowing to weaning at 26 days. Daily litter milk intake was estimated by a weigh-suckle-weigh technique in 24 litters on 4 occasions at 5 day intervals across lactation. On the day after each of these days, the composition of milk was determined from milk samples obtained by hand milking following oxytocin injection. Litter milk intake and composition of milk were used to calculate the mean daily piglet nutrient intakes during lactation. After weaning some piglets were sacrificed for the analysis of body composition and 310 piglets out of the 41 litters were penned in litter groups in controlled environment flat decks for two weeks to monitor daily group feed intakes and weekly individual growth rates.
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Kennaugh, Linda M., Peter G. Arthur, and Peter E. Hartmann. "The concentration of creatine and creatine phosphate in sow colostrum and milk throughout lactation and weaning." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 8 (1997): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96077.
Full textAbstract:
The concentrations of creatine and creatine phosphate were determined by enzymatic analysis of mammary secretions from a total of 63 sows from pre-farrowing (PF), during farrowing, and on Days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 18, and 28 (at weaning) of lactation. Three sows were sampled on all days and on Days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 post weaning. Samples were collected from an additional 5 sows on the sampling days PF to Day 28 of lactation. The concentration of creatine remained constant at 1·4±0·02 mM (mean ±s.e.m.) prior to farrowing and throughout lactation. The concentration of creatine phosphate was 0·41±0·05 mM prior to farrowing until Day 2 of lactation. The concentration of creatine phosphate then increased gradually from Day 3 to reach a peak at 1·1± 0·05 mM by Day 7 and then remained unchanged throughout lactation. The concentrations of creatine and creatine phosphate decreased 30-42 h post weaning, and by 118 h post weaning both creatine and creatine phosphate were undetectable in milk samples. The within-sow variation in the concentration of creatine and creatine phosphate in colostrum before farrowing was small (CVs 2-9% and 6-9%, respectively). However, during farrowing, throughout lactation, and post weaning, the variations in the concentration of creatine and creatine phosphate were much larger (CVs 19-27% and 25-80%, respectively). In contrast, the between-sow variations in the concentration of creatine and creatine phosphate in mammary secretion collected at all of these stages of the lactation cycle were large (CVs 15-41% and 19-57%). It was concluded that concentrations of creatine and creatine phosphate may reflect mammary gland metabolic activity and could be involved in the development of the piglet during the suckling period.
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Gatel, F., and P. Guion. "Effects of monosodium l glutamate on diet palatability and piglet performance during the suckling and weaning periods." Animal Science 50, no. 2 (April 1990): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100004815.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe effect of monosodium L glutamate (MSG) on diet palatability and piglet performance during the suckling and weaning periods was studied in the course of five successive experiments involving a total of 230 litters during the suckling period and 120 pens of seven piglets during the post-weaning period. During the suckling period, the addition of 5 g MSG per kg diet led to a significant 0·36 proportional increase of creep food intake from the 18th day post farrowing. However, no increase in weaning weight was observed subsequent to the intake of the diet with added MSG. Moreover, in an experiment where MSG was added with an associated commercial flavour, no flavour enhancing effect of MSG was detectable. Few health problems were encountered at weaning and the number of scouring piglets was not related to one particular diet. During the first 13 days after weaning the addition of MSG to the diet increased daily food intake by proportionately 0·1 (P < 0·01) as well as growth rate by proportionately 0·07 (P < 0·01). Moreover, the addition of MSG to the diet was more effective with piglets of low weaning weight and thus contradicted the classical relationship between post-weaning performance and weaning weight. Finally, in an experiment where weaning occurred at lower ambient temperature, no improvement of post-weaning performance was observed following the addition of MSG.
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Mavrogenis, A. P., and A. Constantinou. "Relationships between pre-weaning growth, post-weaning growth and mature body size in Chios sheep." Animal Science 50, no. 2 (April 1990): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100004724.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe study examined early measures of growth and their relationships with mature body size. Data on 792 purebred females of the Chios breed, born and reared on two experimental farms between 1978 and 1986, were analysed. Pedigree information and records on live weight at birth, at weaning, 105 days of age and at first and subsequent matings was recorded. There were flock-year differences for all traits studied (P < 0·01) and birth type was important for all traits except post-weaning growth rate. Dam lactation number had no significant effect on birth weight and pre-weaning growth rate, but it significantly affected all subsequent weights and post-weaning growth rate. Estimated heritabilities increased with age and ranged from 0·13 (s.e. 0·14) (birth weight) to 0·30 (s.e. 0·15) (mature weight). Genetic correlations were generally positive between weights and growth traits. Phenotypic correlations were positive and followed the pattern of the genetic correlations. The results suggest that selection for 105-day weight will result in increased mature weight.
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Rooke, J. A., M. Shanks, and S. A. Edwards. "Maternal and dietary influences on post-weaning piglet growth." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033699.
Full textAbstract:
A previous study (Rooke et al, 1997) showed that in normal commercial feeding conditions there were large differences between litters in live-weight gain at weaning and in immune response to inclusion of soyabean meal. The current experiment attempted to separate these maternal influences into pre- and post-partum effects and investigated whether maternal diet fatty acid composition influenced piglet performance.Five groups of 6 sows (Large White x Landrace) were used. At weaning, sows were grouped into threes by live-weight and backfat thickness and allocated to one of three diets which were fed throughout pregnancy and lactation. Pregnancy and lactation diets were formulated to supply 12.5 and 14.0 MJ DE, 140 and 180 g CP and 4.5 and 8.5 g lysine / kg. Pregnancy diets contained 17.5 g/kg of either maize oil (M), linseed + maize oil (60:40 ratio, L) or fish oil (Tuna Orbital Oil, Scotia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, F) and lactation diets 35 g/kg oil (17.5 g maize oil + amounts in gestation diets). Six groups of 3 sows participated in a cross-fostering study. All sows were induced to farrow on day 113 or 114 of gestation. Piglets were removed from the sow until farrowing was complete to avoid colostrum consumption. Nine piglets / sow were chosen for cross-fostering from each group of 3 sows (1/diet). Piglets were grouped into threes by weight and allocated to each of the 3 sows. The piglets were reared on the sows with no access to creep feed until weaning at 28 days of age. At weaning the piglets were kept in their lactation sow groups and fed a common diet (16.3 MJ DE, 240 g CP , 15.5 g lysine / kg) based on cooked cereals, milk products and containing 150 g / kg soya bean meal for 7 days. Piglets were weighed at birth and weekly thereafter. The data were analysed using the REML procedure of Genstat to quantify variance relating to sow effects (during pregnancy and lactation) and of pregnancy and lactation diets.
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Collins, C. L., R. S. Morrison, R. J. Smits, D. J. Henman, F. R. Dunshea, and J. R. Pluske. "Interactions between piglet weaning age and dietary creep feed composition on lifetime growth performance." Animal Production Science 53, no. 10 (2013): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12009.
Full textAbstract:
The influences of creep feed composition and piglet weaning age on apparent creep feed disappearance and post-weaning performance were examined. A total of 24 gilts and 72 multiparous sows were selected at farrowing, and their litters allocated to a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with the factors being weaning age (22 or 29 days of age) and the composition of the creep feed [simple (diet based predominately on cereals and animal and vegetable protein sources) or complex (diet based predominately on cereals, animal protein sources and 300 g/kg whey powder)]. Creep feed was offered to all litters from 9 days of age to weaning. While creep feed disappearance did not affect pre-weaning growth performance, there was a greater disappearance of the simple creep feed than the complex creep feed from 9 days of age to weaning (776 versus 461 g/litter, respectively, P = 0.004). Apparent creep feed intake from individual piglets in a subset of litters was assessed at three time points (16 and 19 days of age and at weaning), allowing the characterisation of individual pigs as good, moderate, small or non-eaters. There was no difference between treatment groups (χ2 = 6.27, P = 0.71) in the characterisation of apparent creep feed disappearance by individual piglets, however piglets offered the simple creep diet before weaning consumed more feed (P = 0.004) and gained weight faster (P = 0.007) during the first 5 days after weaning than those animals offered the complex creep diet. Feed intake from weaning to 49 days of age also tended to be greater in pigs offered the simple creep diet before weaning (P = 0.053), with this difference reflected in daily gain from weaning to 49 days of age (P = 0.051). Despite these differences, creep feed composition did not influence lifetime growth performance or carcass composition. Pigs weaned at 22 days of age were heavier midway through the weaner period (49 days of age) than pigs weaned at 29 days of age (15.2 versus 14.3 kg, respectively, P = 0.009), and tended to grow faster from birth to slaughter (616 versus 610 g/day, respectively, P = 0.079). These data suggest that the provision of a complex creep diet during lactation may not improve lifetime growth performance above that of a less expensive creep diet. Weaning age may however influence lifetime performance, with weaning at 29 days of age tending to reduce rate of gain from birth to slaughter.