Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fig tree in literature'

Fig trees and their pollinating fig wasps represent one of the most species-specific mutualistic systems with a long history of co-evolution. Besides the pollinators, figs are also exploited by numerous non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW). A few fig trees have become established outside their native ranges, and Ficus microcarpa, a monoecious fig tree, has become widely invasive, due to the widespread introduction of its specific pollinator, Eupristina verticillata. In this thesis, a global study was carried out to unravel the distribution and community structure of fig wasps associated with F. microcarpa. The work also examined which NPFW are potential bio-control agents and whether the plant is invasive due to reduced seed and pollinator predation in its introduced range (the 'enemy release' hypothesis). At least 43 fig wasp species utilize F. microcarpa figs with more than 20 species present in the plant's introduced range. In newly established NPFW populations, a lack of male fig wasps at low population densities can cause Allee-like effects for fig wasps, but inter-specific facilitation is able to mitigate them. Generally, parasitoids were far less diverse than phytophages in the tree's introduced range with significant latitudinal effects on species richness. We unraveled the food web of fig wasps where sycoryctines (Pteromalidae) were parasitoids of agaonids, and eurytomids were parasitoids of epichrysomallines. A large galler species, Meselatus bicolor, is independent of the pollinator and can suppress both male and female reproductive successes of figs via competition for nutrients and preventing pollinators from entering figs. It may be an ideal bio-control agent. Enemy release in the introduced range failed to increase the plant's seed production but benefited the pollinator, and the greater survival of pollinator larvae in more peripheral galls emphasises the role of parasitoids in maintaining the fig-pollinator mutualism in monoecious figs.

Thesis (MscAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Commercial fig production with popular European cultivars, Bourjasotte Noire, Col de Damme Noire and Noire de Caromb, is new to the Western Cape. Little research on fig production has been conducted in South Africa and producers are struggling to implement effective commercial practices. In order to establish practices that will maximise yield of quality fruit, the most productive one-year-old shoot lengths were identified in a phenological study. All shoot length categories evaluated in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ (10 – 15 cm, 25 – 40 cm, 50 – 65 cm, 75+ cm) yielded fruit and will probably yield well the following season. In ‘Col de Damme Noire’, shoots longer than 60 cm seem to be suited to reproduction, yet they might produce a poor yield the following season. Shoots 10 – 20 cm long in ‘Noire de Caromb’ are productive relative to their length, while shoots 30 – 50 cm and 60 – 80 cm long are also fairly productive. Shoots longer than 100 cm produced suitable shoot lengths for yield the following season. Two experiments were conducted on ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’ to establish the type (Experiment 1, different intensity heading cuts) and timing (Experiment 2) of pruning cuts required to stimulate the growth of shoots of the same length as the shoots selected to be optimal for yield in the phenology study, and to reduce the expression of distal branching. In ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, removing one third of the total length of one-year-old shoots on 21 July by heading stimulated the development of more growth and longer current season shoots compared to other treatments, while reducing yield slightly. Heading back to three nodes in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ stimulated the growth of current season shoots of the optimal length established in the phenology study, while heading cuts on 30 June produced the longest average current season shoot length in ‘Col de Damme Noire’. To further address the effects of distal branching (acrotony), an experiment was conducted to establish whether rest breaking agents (RBA’s) in combination with tip-pruning can increase tree complexity by improving bud break, and whether increased complexity would increase yield in all three cultivars. A second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of timing RBA applications on bud break and harvest scheduling. Lift® increased the number of buds breaking in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, while in ‘Noire de Caromb’ Dormex® and oil increased bud break. Tip-pruning increased the average shoot length in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’, while causing a reduction in the amount of new growth in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Lift® applied 3 August and Dormex® applied 30 June shortened the number of days to 50% bud break in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’. Both Lift® and Dormex® applied on 30 June decreased the number of days to 50% bud break and 50% harvest of the breba crop in ‘Noire de Caromb’. These treatments increased the number of fruit in both the breba and main crop of ‘Noire de Caromb’, but reduced fruit size. In conclusion, different approaches with regards to pruning needs to be followed for each cultivar to establish or maintain the optimal shoots for reproduction, while RBA’s can be used to force earlier, increased- bud break and harvest of breba fruit.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommersiele verbouing van drie Europese vykultivars, Bourjasotte Noire, Col de Damme Noire en Noire de Caromb is nuut tot die Wes-Kaap. Baie min navorsing oor die verbouing van vye is al in Suid-Afrika gedoen, met die gevolg dat produsente sukkel om effektiewe kommersiële verbouingspraktyke te implementeer. ‘n Fenologiese studie van die drie kultivars is uitgevoer om vas te stel wat die mees produktiewe een-jaar-oue lootlengte is, met die doel om die opbrengs van kwaliteit vrugte te maksimeer. Al vier kategorieë wat ge-evalueer is in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ (10 – 15 cm, 25 – 40 cm, 50 – 65 cm, 75+ cm) is gevind om geskik te wees vir huidige en volgende seisoen opbrengs. Lote langer as 60 cm is geskik vir opbrengs in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ in die huidige seisoen, maar mag in die volgende seisoen swak presteer a.g.v. die gebrekkige lengte van nuwe lote wat daarop ontwikkel. In ‘Noire de Caromb’ is gevind dat lote 10 – 20 cm lank baie produktief is relatief tot hul lengte en dat lote 20 – 50 cm en 60 – 80 cm lank ook relatief produktief is. Lote langer as 100 cm was minder produktief, maar het nuwe lote gelewer wat geskik is vir opbrengs die volgende seisoen. Twee snoei eskperimente is uitgevoer op ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’ om vas te stel wat die mees geskikte tipe snoeisnit (Eksperiment 1, verskillende dieptes van topsnitte) en tydstip om te snoei (Eksperiment 2) is met die doel om lote te produseer soortgelyk in lengte aan die wat in die fenologie studie uitgewys is as die produktiefste, en om moontlik die voorkoms van “kaalnekke” te verminder. In ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ is gevind dat die wegsnoei van ‘n derde van die loot op 21 Julie aanleiding gee tot meer groei, langer een-jaar-oue lote en ‘n effense afname in opbrengs. Geskikte lote langer as 60 cm kan in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ verkry word deur lote te top sodat net drie nodes oorbly. Die uitvoer van topsnitte op 30 Junie het langer gemiddelde lootlengtes tot gevolg gehad. Om die probleem van “kaalnekke” (apikale dominansie) verder aan te spreek, is ‘n eksperiment uitgevoer om vas te stel of rusbreekmiddels gekombineerd met tip-snoei gebruik kan word om kompleksiteit te vermeerder deur knopbreek te verhoog, en indien wel, of dit sal aanleiding gee tot verhoogde opbrengs in al drie kultivars. ‘n Tweede eksperiment met verskillende toedieningstye van rusbreekmiddels is uitgevoer om vas te stel of oeste geskeduleer kan word. Lift® het knopbreek verhoog in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, terwyl Dormex® en olie knopbreek verhoog het in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Tip-snoei het die gemiddelde lootlengtes verhoog in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’, terwyl dit groei verminder het in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Lift® toediening op 3 Augustus en Dormex® toediening op 30 Junie het die aanvang van 50% knopbreek vervroeg in ‘Boujasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’. Beide Lift® en Dormex® toediening op 30 Junie het die bereiking van 50% knopbreek- en 50% oes vervroeg in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Hierdie behandeling het ook die aantal vrugte van die breba- en hoofoes vermeerder, maar vruggrootte verminder. Verskillende snoeibenaderings behoort dus gevolg te word om vir elke kultivar die regte lootlengtes te genereer of te onderhou, terwyl rusbreekmiddels gebruik kan word om knopbreek te vervroeg en verhoog, en om die breba oes te vervroeg.

Hemiepiphytes are important components of tropical forests and are attractive to scientists due to their unique epiphytic growth habit during some period of their life cycle. Unique characteristics in plant water relations and carbon economy have been found in hemiepiphytic plants; however, to further understand this group of species on an evolutionary basis it is necessary to carry out comparative studies between hemiepiphytes and their close relatives. In this dissertation I conduced a comparative study in a suite of functional traits related to plant water relations and photosynthesis between hemiepiphytic and non-hemiepiphytic tree species from a single genus-Ficus. Great differentiation in functional traits has been found between species of the two growth forms both during juvenile and adult stages. Seedlings of hemiepiphytic Ficus species (H) had significantly lower xylem hydraulic conductivity, stomatal conductance, net light saturated CO2 assimilation, and higher water use efficiency than congeneric non-hemiepiphytic species (NH), which are adaptive to a drought-prone epiphytic growth conditions under natural conditions. The conservative water use adaptation in H species is likely crucial to the drought tolerance and survival in the forest canopy but is related to much lower growth rates than NH species. Species of the two growth forms both showed relatively large plasticity in responding to variation in light level as in typical light-demanding species. Surprisingly, the NH species showed characteristics related to higher light demand than H species, which is opposite from the prediction that H species are more light-demanding than NH species. Thus, although commonly accepted, it is likely that light was not the selective pressure for the evolution of hemiepiphytism in Ficus. Using adult trees grown in a common garden, I found that H species showed characteristics of more conservative water use even after they established connections to the soil. Moreover, H species showed significantly different traits in photochemistry compared to NH species due to hydraulic-photosynthetic coordination. The evolution of an epiphytic growth habit during the juvenile stage of a life cycle in the hemiepiphytic Ficus species thus involved changes in a suite of functional traits that persist during their terrestrial growth stages.

The tree is one of the most enduring symbols of Gaelic literature and tradition, displaying a remarkable continuity from the earliest Old Irish sources up to the literature of Modern Scottish Gaelic. Although the many manifestations of the symbol of the tree in Gaelic literature - the axis mundi, the Otherworld tree, the warrior-king as tree, the forest harvest, and so on - can be ultimately traced to the universal archetype of the Tree of Life, these many forms are moulded and expressed according to the unique experiences, traditions and physical environment of Scottish Gaelic society. The literary expression of the symbol of the tree is particularly influenced by the conventions of the 'Gaelic Panegyric Code'. This thesis is a survey of the appearances and functions of the symbol of the tree in Scottish Gaelic literature and tradition and an overview of the development of this symbol in its many contexts, literary and folkloric.

"You Must Climb The Tree If You Want to Eat The Fruits" will teach your child or children the invaluable lesson of hard work and persistence. It teaches children about the invaluable lesson of hard work and persistence in order to partake of good things. In this story, Roland sets out to climb an age old tree called "Vine Grove." Vine Grove was full of juicy, tempting and ripe fruits. Day after day, Roland sat under the tree and dreamt about eating the fruits. He thought it was impossible to climb the tree because it was a very big tree. Twice he attempted to climb the tree but he fell down and could not reach the fruits. Roland became desperate to eat of its fruits. Finally one day, Roland embarks on this life changing journey of climbing the tree and eating the fruits on the tree.
https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1079/thumbnail.jpg

This creative thesis, History Has the Voice of a Bird-Filled Tree, is a collection of poems about the communal, familial, and physical landscapes we grow up in. The manuscript explores the accidental body of knowledge we accumulate over a lifetime: those lessons we do not actively seek to learn and that no one sets out to teach us, but that mark us, and make us who we are. The landscape of this manuscript is not an exact replication of an existing town or existing family, but what the poet Richard Hugo refers to as a “triggering town.” This removal frees the internal biographer and historian to write openly about experiences without guilt or sanitization of a symbolic past. The narrative is mostly true with just enough fibbery to protect both the innocent and guilty alike.

This thesis contains a collection of stories concerning four generations of one family in contemporary North Carolina. The stories focus on different MacKay family members and their attempts to understand human relationships through the objects they possess, inherit, and discard.

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The culture of the fig tree fits in different climatic conditions, as long as it provides favorable conditions for the region where it is deployed, such as appropriated management. Even being adapted to different climate and soil conditions, the cultivation of the fig tree is sensible to water scarcity, if appropriate, the use of irrigation. In this sense, this study aims to evaluate the behavior of the fig tree culture (Ficus carica L) submitted to the application of different depths of irrigation water. The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Sector of Polytechnic College, at Federal University of Santa Maria. The culture of the fig tree was in the sixth year of production and was observed from August, 2010, to June, 2011. The experiment consisted on five treatments with 7 replications, with randomized block experimental delineation, considering an adult plant per plot. The irrigation system consisted on localized drip irrigation, comprising a half-moon shape in rows around each plant. For the irrigation management, the evapotranspiration calculated by Penman equation was adopted as reference, in order to calculate the crop maximum evapotranspiration, using the Kc of 0.47. Reaching evapotranspiration of 20 mm, the irrigation was performed by applying the depth of 20 mm, corresponding to the 100% treatment, 15 mm for the 75% treatment, 10 mm to 50% treatment and 5mm to 25% treatment. The harvesting began on January 10, 2011, in other words 149 days after production pruning, starting the collection of data. Therefore, it was analyzed the following variables of production: productivity (ton.ha-1), weight (g), number and diameter of ripe figs (mm). To the classification of figs, such variables were determined: diameter (mm) and width (mm) of ripe figs. Sampling and data collection lasted 140 days, and the harvesting ended on May 28, 2011. After data collection, the information was subjected to variance analysis, submitted to the t test for multiple comparison of means in a10% level of probability, such as regression analysis. It was concluded that the fig tree was not influenced by the water levels for mean weight and mean diameter of figs variables, however the mean weight ranged from 54.78 to 57.39 g and the diameter ranged from 47.19 to 48, 37 mm. In relation to the number of fruits, differences were observed on the 100% treatment of Etc., resulting on an estimated maximum number of fruits of 292 fruits per plant. The yield responded significantly to the application of different irrigation levels, reaching maximum values of 30.61 ton ha-1, with depth corresponding to 100% of maximum crop evapotranspiration (160 mm). The figs were classified as medium, regarding that treatments did not influence the classification. The efficiency of water use showed better results with the depth equivalent to the 25% treatment of ETc, with an estimated 0.74 kg ha-1 mm-1. Regarding the results presented for the Roxo de Valinhos fig tree variety under different levels of drip irrigation in this experiment, it is possible to conclude that the most suitable depth for the culture, when it comes to the production increasement, is the additional water depth of 160 mm (100 % ETc). Although, concerning the water use efficiency, the water slide of 25% of ETc was the most efficient. For classification of ripe fruits, the irrigation showed no significant difference.
A cultura da figueira se adapta em diversas condições climáticas desde que tenha condições favoráveis e um manejo adequado para a região onde será implantada. Mesmo se adaptando em diversas condições de clima e solo, o cultivo da figueira é sensível à escassez hídrica, sendo necessário, o uso da irrigação. Com isso este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento da cultura da figueira (Ficus carica L) submetida à aplicação de diferentes lâminas irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Fruticultura no Colégio Politécnico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. A cultura da figueira estava no sexto ano de produção e foi acompanhado durante o período de agosto de 2010 a maio de 2011. Foram empregados 5 tratamentos com 7 repetições, com a utilização do delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso considerando uma planta adulta por parcela. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi o localizado tipo gotejamento, constituído por 1 linhas no formato meia lua ao redor de cada planta. Para o manejo da irrigação foi utilizado como referência a evapotranspiração de referência calculada pela equação de Penman, para em seguida calcular a evapotranspiração máxima da cultura utilizado o Kc de 0,47. Ocorrendo 20 mm de evapotranspiração da cultura realizou-se a irrigação aplicando a lâmina de 20 mm que correspondente ao tratamento 100%, 15 mm para o tratamento de 75%, 10 mm para 50% e 5 mm para o tratamento 25%. A colheita teve início em 10 de janeiro de 2011 aos 149 dias após a poda de produção com início das coletas dos dados. Para tanto foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis de produção: produtividade (ton. ha-1), peso (g), número e diâmetro (mm) dos figos maduros, e para classificação dos figos foram determinadas as variáveis: diâmetro (mm) e largura (mm) dos figos maduros. A colheita e a coleta dos dados duraram 140 dias, sendo a colheita encerrada em 28 de maio de 2011. Após a coleta dos dados, as informações foram submetidas à análise de variância submetida ao teste de t para comparação múltipla de médias, em nível de 10% de probabilidade de erro, e também à análise de regressão. Verificou-se que a figueira não sofreu influência dos níveis de irrigação para as variáveis, peso médio e diâmetro médio dos figos, no entanto, o peso médio variou de 54,78 a 57,39g e o diâmetro variou de 47,19 a 48,37 mm. Para a variável no número de frutos houve influência com o tratamento 100% da Etc, resultando no número de frutos máximo estimado de 292 frutos Planta-1. A produtividade respondeu significativamente à aplicação de diferentes lâminas de irrigação, atingindo valores máximos estimados de 30,61 ton ha-1com lâmina correspondente a 100% da evapotranspiração máxima da cultura (160 mm). Os figos foram classificados como médios tendo em vista que os tratamentos não influenciaram na classificação dos mesmos. A eficiência do uso da água apresentou um melhor resultado com a lâmina de equivalente ao tratamento 25% da ETc, com um valor estimado de 0,74 kg ha-1 mm-1. Diante dos resultados apresentados para a cultura da figueira variedade Roxo de Valinhos sob diferentes níveis de irrigação complementar por gotejamento para este experimento é possível de concluir que a lâmina mais indicada para a cultura quando se trata do aumento da produção e a lâmina hídrica complementar de 160 mm (100% da ETc). Porém para a eficiência do uso da água a lâmina hídrica correspondente a 25% da ETc que apresentou a maior eficiência. Para a classificação dos frutos maduros as lâminas de irrigação não fizeram diferença.

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O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, a viabilidade da metodologia para avaliação da translocação e alocação de fotoassimilados, utilizando o isótopo estável do carbono-13 como marcador, assim como, avaliar a relação fonte-dreno nos diferentes órgãos bem como, saber em que órgão se encontraria o carbono-13 após determinados intervalos de tempo, em plantas em estádio reprodutivo da espécie Ficus carica L. Para tanto, uma folha da figueira considerada adulta através da caracterização fotossintética com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese IRGA-6400, foi colocada dentro de uma câmara de acrílico construída para este fim, e submetida a um ambiente com enriquecimento de 13CO2 por 30 minutos. Após 24 horas, os diferentes órgãos presentes nas plantas foram coletados no experimento órgãos drenos, nas demais plantas seguiu-se a experimentação tempo de alocação, onde as plantas de Ficus carica L. foram arrancadas ao longo das horas: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. Após o tempo especificado as partes (meristema apical, folhas, ramos, caule e sistema radicular) das plantas em estudo foram coletados e imediatamente imersos em nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC), para evitar que os tecidos permanecessem vivos e conseqüentemente pudessem consumir os fotoassimilados no processo da respiração. As amostras, previamente identificadas foram secas em estufa de circulação forçada a 65º C por 72 horas, em seguida moídas em moinho criogênico, para que houvesse uma perfeita homogeneização, sendo posteriormente analisadas no espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica, para a determinação do enriquecimento relativo de 13C. Naturalmente a planta apresenta valores de enriquecimento relativo de 13C - 27,92‰, alocando acima de 90% da massa seca e do carbono total nas partes lenhosas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que figueira se caracteriza como uma planta do ciclo...
The work have planned be quizzed, the feasability of the methodology for evaluation of the fhotosynthates translocation and allocation, using the carbon 13 stable isotope a marker, evaluate the source-sink relation in the different organs and, know in that organ would be found the carbon-13 after determined time periods, in Ficus carica L. plants in reproductive stadium. A fig tree leaf considered adult through the photosynthetic with a portable meter of photosynthesis IRGA-6400 characterization. Was put inside a acrylic chamber, and submitted to an environment with 13CO2 enrichment for 30 minutes. After 24 hours, the different organs present in the plants were collected in the drains organs experiment, in the other plants followed the allocation time experimentation where the plants of Ficus carica L. were lurches to the long one of the hours: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. After the time specified the studied plant parts (meristem, sheets, branches, stem and system roots) were collected and immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC), for avoid that the fabrics remained alive and consequently could consume the fhotosynthates in the breath trial. The samples, previously identified were droughts in of circulation forced to 65º C for 72 hours, right away ground in cryogenic mill, for that had a perfect homogenization, being subsequently analyzed in the mass spectrometry of isotopic reason, for the relative enrichment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Often teachers are faced with the challenge of teaching more content with less time and resources. The use of trade books within the content areas allows teachers to integrate multiple skills in one lesson. The Magic Tree House series has been popular with students and teachers on the elementary level. Using books such as these would be a good way for teachers to use their allotted time to teach all of the content that they are accountable for. This thesis will explore the historical accuracy and educational connections within the Magic Tree House series by Mary Pope Osborne. The purpose of my thesis research is to determine, through the methodology of content analysis, if the facts provided within the Magic Tree House series are accurate enough to use as supplements within the classroom as well as what Next Generation Sunshine State Standards might be linked to particular books.
B.S.
Bachelors
Education
Educational Studies

Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, a viabilidade da metodologia para avaliação da translocação e alocação de fotoassimilados, utilizando o isótopo estável do carbono-13 como marcador, assim como, avaliar a relação fonte-dreno nos diferentes órgãos bem como, saber em que órgão se encontraria o carbono-13 após determinados intervalos de tempo, em plantas em estádio reprodutivo da espécie Ficus carica L. Para tanto, uma folha da figueira considerada adulta através da caracterização fotossintética com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese IRGA-6400, foi colocada dentro de uma câmara de acrílico construída para este fim, e submetida a um ambiente com enriquecimento de 13CO2 por 30 minutos. Após 24 horas, os diferentes órgãos presentes nas plantas foram coletados no experimento órgãos drenos, nas demais plantas seguiu-se a experimentação tempo de alocação, onde as plantas de Ficus carica L. foram arrancadas ao longo das horas: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. Após o tempo especificado as partes (meristema apical, folhas, ramos, caule e sistema radicular) das plantas em estudo foram coletados e imediatamente imersos em nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC), para evitar que os tecidos permanecessem vivos e conseqüentemente pudessem consumir os fotoassimilados no processo da respiração. As amostras, previamente identificadas foram secas em estufa de circulação forçada a 65º C por 72 horas, em seguida moídas em moinho criogênico, para que houvesse uma perfeita homogeneização, sendo posteriormente analisadas no espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica, para a determinação do enriquecimento relativo de 13C. Naturalmente a planta apresenta valores de enriquecimento relativo de 13C - 27,92‰, alocando acima de 90% da massa seca e do carbono total nas partes lenhosas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que figueira se caracteriza como uma planta do ciclo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The work have planned be quizzed, the feasability of the methodology for evaluation of the fhotosynthates translocation and allocation, using the carbon 13 stable isotope a marker, evaluate the source-sink relation in the different organs and, know in that organ would be found the carbon-13 after determined time periods, in Ficus carica L. plants in reproductive stadium. A fig tree leaf considered adult through the photosynthetic with a portable meter of photosynthesis IRGA-6400 characterization. Was put inside a acrylic chamber, and submitted to an environment with 13CO2 enrichment for 30 minutes. After 24 hours, the different organs present in the plants were collected in the drains organs experiment, in the other plants followed the allocation time experimentation where the plants of Ficus carica L. were lurches to the long one of the hours: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. After the time specified the studied plant parts (meristem, sheets, branches, stem and system roots) were collected and immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC), for avoid that the fabrics remained alive and consequently could consume the fhotosynthates in the breath trial. The samples, previously identified were droughts in of circulation forced to 65º C for 72 hours, right away ground in cryogenic mill, for that had a perfect homogenization, being subsequently analyzed in the mass spectrometry of isotopic reason, for the relative enrichment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Sarita Leonel
Coorientador: Carlos Ducatti
Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues
Banca: Marco Antonio da Silva Vasconcellos
Mestre

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Analysis of the translation in Portuguese (Brazil) of the children's story "The Giving Tree" by Shel Silverstein, American original, Harper Collins, published in 1964. A Portuguese translation was made by Fernando Sabino, published by Cosac Naify in 2006 with the title "A árvore generosa." The comparison between original and translation will be done from the parameters of children’s reception given by the relevance of their language development. The comparative analysis between original and translation will be performed from the parameters of the children’s reception. It will be described the methodology and procedures for passage of the source language to target language, considering the theoretical Darbelnet and Vinay (2004), Nida (2001/2004), Catford (1980) and Newmark (2001). It will also be mentioned reflections of other theorists such as Goethe, Benjamin, and Derrida.
Análise da tradução em Língua Portuguesa (Brasil) da história infantil “The giving tree”, de Shel Silverstein, original estadunidense, editora Harper Collins, do ano de 1964. A tradução em português foi feita por Fernando Sabino, publicada pela Cosac Naify em 2006, com o título de “A árvore generosa”. O estudo comparativo entre original e tradução será realizado a partir dos parâmetros da recepção infantil dada a relevância do desenvolvimento da linguagem na criança. A análise comparativa entre original e tradução será realizada a partir dos parâmetros da recepção infantil. Serão descritos a metodologia e os procedimentos de passagem da língua de partida para a língua de chegada considerando os teóricos Vinay e Darbelnet (2004), Nida (2001/ 2004), Catford (1980) e Newmark (2001). Serão também mencionadas reflexões de outros teóricos como Goethe, Benjamim e Derrida.

Long acknowledged as a committed poet of place, this thesis examines tones of outsiderness and alienation that characterize George Scarbrough’s poetry. Scarbrough draws on familiarity with his childhood in southeast Tennessee, and from an outsider’s outlook, a perspective veritably prompted by the rejection he suffered as a homosexual and lover of language, Scarbrough’s poetry addresses the daunting themes of fear and nothingness. Analysis of his poetry also reveals qualities of hope and endurance, a commitment to received forms, and Modern innovation. Through his poetic voice, culminating in the alter ego of Han-shan, Scarbrough provides vital insights into the human experience.

La presente tesi di dottorato ha come oggetto la trasposizione televisiva di tre romanzi character driven: Heidi, Pippi Calzelunghe e The Story of Tracy Beaker. Questi, analizzati soprattutto dal punto di vista della protagonista femminile, sono stati studiati, così come i relativi adattamenti, utilizzando un modello metodologico di analisi che poggia le sue basi teoriche sia nell'estetica della letteratura per ragazzi sia nelle teorie dell'adattamento e della sceneggiatura. Il mercato audiovisivo e la tipologia di spettatori cambiano rapidamente e ciò rende necessaria un'attualizzazione non solo tematica, ma anche stilistica dell'opera originaria, alla ricerca di un compromesso tra la fedeltà al testo iniziale, necessaria per permettere al target l'immediata riconoscibilità dell'opera e dei personaggi, e l'esigenza di rispettare le richieste della contemporaneità. A livello accademico, lo studio degli adattamenti della letteratura per l'infanzia si è concentrato quasi esclusivamente in ambito cinematografico e non televisivo, nonostante quest'ultimo fornisca molti spunti di riflessione tanto sul processo di adattamento in sé quanto sulla serialità. Il presente lavoro si propone perciò di andare a riempire il gap teorico sull'argomento, ponendosi necessariamente a cavallo di due ambiti, -la letteratura e l'audiovisivo. Di conseguenza, l'approccio privilegiato è più letterario che pedagogico e si interseca con gli studi sull'adattamento e sull'industria audiovisiva.
This PhD dissertation investigates the adaptations from children's novels into television series, with a focus on three character-driven stories: Heidi, Pippi Longstockings and The Story of Tracy Beaker. Starting from the original novels, investigated mostly from the point of view of the female protagonist, the study then analyses the corresponding television adaptations, whether animated or live action, through a methodology that has its theoretical basis both in the aesthetics of children's literature and in the screenwriting theories. Nowadays, the audiovisual market and therefore the public are changing rapidly, making it necessary to update the thematic and the stylistic features of the original works from which the adaptations are drawn. Actually, adaptation is often a compromise between the contemporary market demand and the fidelity to the content, necessary to fulfil the expectations of the target audience. Surprisingly, there is a scarcity of critical literature on children's television adaptations, even if they represent a very rich topic as they raise specific issues both on the adaptation process itself and on serialisation. The present work, therefore, aims to fill the existing gap in the field of children's adaptations, placing itself where two critical areas, literature and media, meet. Consequently, the primary narrative approach intersects with studies on adaptation and audiovisual industry.

This thesis explores the thematic desire to establish an ecological human bond with nature in four contemporary novels: The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje, The Hungry Tide by Amitav Ghosh, An Imaginary Life by David Malouf, and The Expedition to The Baobab Tree by Wilma Stockenström. These authors share a concern with the influence that language has on human perception, and one of the most significant ways they attempt to connect with the natural world is through somehow escaping, or transcending, what they perceive to be the divisive tendencies of language. They all suggest that human perception is not steered entirely by a disembodied mind, which constructs reality through linguistic and cultural lenses, but is equally influenced by physical circumstances and embodied experiences. They explore the potential of corporeal reciprocity and empathy as that which enables understanding across cultural barriers, and a sense of ecologically intertwined kinship with nature. They all struggle to reconcile their awareness of the potential danger of relating to nature exclusively through language, with a desire to speak for the natural world in literature. I have examined whether they succeed in doing so, or whether they contradict their thematic suspicion of language with their literary medium. I have prioritised a close ecocritical reading of the novels and loosely situated the authors’ approach to nature and language within the broad theoretical frameworks of radical ecology, structuralism and poststructuralism. I suggest that these novels are best analysed in the context of an ecocritical mediation between poststructuralist conceptions of nature as inaccessible cultural construct, and the naïve conception of unmediated, pre-reflective interaction with the natural world. I draw especially on the phenomenological theories of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, whose insistence that perception is always both embodied and culturally mediated truly renders culture and nature irreducible, intertwined categories. By challenging historical dualisms like mind/body and culture/nature, the selected novels suggest a more fluid and discursive understanding of the perceived conflict between language and nature, whilst problematizing the perception of language as merely a cultural artefact. Moreover, they are examples of the kind of literature that has the potential to positively influence our human conception of nature, and adapt us better to our ecological context on a planet struggling for survival.

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This master thesis aims to analyze narratological, stylistic, and discursive procedures adopted in the novel of the Amazonian writer Milton Hatoum: The Tree of the Seventh Heaven (1989). Its overall goal is to propose interpretation for articulatory aspects of dialogical/intertextual nature in contents and forms present in these books and, as specific activity, dealing with the repercussions by means of comparative readings, with regard to tendency in contemporary Brazilian literature, observed in exemplary cases such as Osman Lins and Raduan Nassar of utilization of elements, from domains of knowledge and belief, of Judeo-Christian and Islamic cultural background, explored through the core composed by its thematic and novelistic characters: immigrants of Lebanese origin. Peripherally, this study also aims, on the one hand, the discussion of technical and methodological implications concerning the referential developments for the author s compositional repertoire and, on the other hand, the survey of objects of the referentiality and the intersemioticity in the corpus of work, in accordance with the conciliatory proposal for the theories of intertextuality by Tiphaine Samoyault: the memory of literature. As mentioned in the following introduction, the division of contents conforms to the criteria, at first, of a revisionist movement towards encompass the classical theories of intertextuality. In a second step, it develops discussions related to the questioning raised by critics about the notions of referentiality, reference, and relation, as well as the intersection of semiotic codes conventionally insulated. Finally, the core of the project consists of a dialogical and intertextual approach of The Tree of the Seventh Heaven to other literary works.
Esta dissertação analisa os procedimentos narratológicos, estilísticos e discursivos adotados em um romance do escritor amazonense Milton Hatoum: Relato de um certo Oriente (1989). Seu objetivo de conjunto é o de propor interpretação para aspectos articulatórios de natureza dialógico-intertextual em conteúdos e formas presentes nesse livro, e, como atividade específica, tratar das repercussões por meio de leituras comparativas, tocantes à tendência na literatura brasileira contemporânea, observada em casos exemplares, como os de Osman Lins e de Raduan Nassar do aproveitamento de elementos, de domínios do conhecimento e da crença, de origens culturais judaico-cristãs e islâmicas, explorados através dos núcleos compostos por sua temática e seus personagens romanescos: imigrantes de origem libanesa. Perifericamente, este estudo visa ainda, por um lado, à discussão acerca das implicações técnicometodológicas concernentes a desenvolvimentos referenciais para o repertório composicional do autor e, por outro, ao levantamento de objetos da referencialidade e da intersemioticidade nas obras do corpus de trabalho, em acordo com a proposta conciliatória, para as teorias da intertextualidade, de Tiphaine Samoyault: a memória da literatura. Como referido na introdução, a seguir, a divisão dos conteúdos obedece aos critérios, primeiramente, de um movimento revisionista no sentido de abarcar as teorizações clássicas da intertextualidade. Em um segundo momento, desenvolve discussões ligadas à problematização levantada pela crítica especializada quanto às noções de referencialidade, referência e relação, assim como à intersecção de códigos semióticos convencionalmente isolados. Por fim, o núcleo do projeto consiste em uma aproximação dialógica e intertextual de Relato de um certo Oriente a outras obras literárias.

Walt Whitman used animistic techniques in his poetry and prose, specifically "Song of the Redwood Tree," "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking," and Specimen Days. The term animism can be traced to the Latin root of the word, anime, which connotes a "soul" or "vitality." So, when one is talking about animistic techniques, one is speaking of the (metaphoric or realistic) ensoulment of natural objects. In the wake of a growing global crisis modern scholarship has begun reexamining the implications of this belief; often it introduces ambiguities into an otherwise comfortable relationship of unquestioned human domination. In Specimen Days, Whitman seems to have a more clear view of his natural philosophy, in which he expresses his belief that nature possesses an inherency that he envies and an ability to communicate that quality with him. However, Whitman's "Song of the Redwood Tree" is ambiguous and contradicting. Whitman creates a vision of Manifest Destiny by portraying settlers in California clearing space for houses and agriculture by cutting down the majestic redwood forests. However, this poem contains a particularly odd element: the trees have a voice. They mourn their own demise while simultaneously celebrating the arrival of the new American populace. It is a conflicting image. The animistic, majestic qualities of the trees challenge an anthropocentric view of the world, not allowing the reader to quickly disregard the extinction of the redwood forests in order to embrace American ideals of progress, which in a way defeats the more imperialistic message of the poem. Another comparison, with "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking," demonstrates how important subversion of self to place is when using animistic techniques in poetry. This poem implies that animate nature is a locus for Whitman's creative genius, both inspiring his poetry and permeating it with confusion. Whitman's very engagement with the process of imagining a voice for nature inserts doubt into some of his more imperialistic pronouncements and encourages the reader to question his own previously unexamined assumptions. Animistic literary techniques have the potential to encourage an involvement with non-human nature, along with a more conscious awareness of the way we use (and abuse) that Other.

Ce travail de recherche vise à présenter une collection de récits traditionnels persans, soit tirés et traduits des ressources indiennes, soit écrits et composés directement en persan dans le sous-continent. Notre attention s'est portée sur les récits en prose qui détiennent plusieurs emprunts de la tradition et la culture indienne, et ceux qui sont enrichis par des éléments narratifs et imaginaires fabuleux. Ces spécificités apparaissent dans de divers aspects : la structure du récit-cadre, les thèmes principaux et les personnages des contes. Les récits indo-persans sélectionnés sont présentés en détail par des informations sur leurs auteurs / traducteurs, la date et le lieu de composition, leurs thématiques, leurs sources originales, les manuscrits disponibles et d'autres références. La recherche actuelle est également un effort pour la pratique et le développement de la perception symbolique dans les récits classiques. Touti-Nâme, choisi comme le corpus de notre étude, nous fournit des scènes sur la vie sociale, les relations intimes et conjugales dans les contextes individuels et sociaux. J’ai examiné les thèmes dominants de la ruse des femmes, du conflit entre le désir et la loi, du rêve et du rire à travers des approches mythiques et symboliques. Le rôle prépondérant des personnages féminins et des perroquets sont étudiés profondément dans les contes. J'ai aussi essayé d'analyser les aspects psychiques des personnages par le biais de l'approche psychanalytique jungienne. Des exemples concrets de l'autorité et des jeux de pouvoir entre les sexes sont donnés dans Touti-Nâme comme spécificité des sociétés traditionnelles patriarcales
The present research aims to introduce a collection of Persian traditional narratives, either translated from Indian sources, or written and composed directly into Persian language in the sub-continent. Our focus has been on prose narratives which hold multiple specificities borrowed from Indian tradition and culture, and are enriched by fabulous and imaginary narrative elements. Such specificities appear in diverse aspects : the frame structure of the stories, the leading themes and the typical Indian characters. These stories are presented in detail by providing information about their authors / translators, date and place of composition, themes, original sources, available manuscripts and other references.The current research is also an endeavor to practice and develop symbolic perception in classical stories. Touti-Nâme, chosen as our target text, demonstrates social life, conjugal relationships and power-struggle in both individual and social contexts. The dominant themes of women’s guiles and tricks, love and law conflict, dream and laughter have been examined through mythical and symbolic approaches. Women characters and birds such as parrots have gone through profound studies due to their predominant roles within the tales. I have also tried to study psychological aspects of story characters and their role in the events by means of the Jungian psychoanalytical approach. Concrete examples of gender authority and power-games in traditional patriarchal societies have been given in Touti-Nâme

A distinct pattern of obligate mutualism exists between fig tree hosts and their pollinating fig wasps. Normally one section or subsection of fig tree hosts is associated with one fig wasp genus. In general, each species is pollinated by a specific fig wasp species. This led to the hypothesis that the fig wasp and fig tree lineages diverged simultaneously. African fig wasps pollinating hosts of the Galoglychia section frequently break the normal one fig wasp species-to-one host species ratio. The phylogeny for these species was reconstructed using three DNA segments and compared to the morphological classification of their Ficus hosts. Pollinator genera were monophyletic for all analyses, however, the relative positioning of genera was inconsistent. Analyses suggest frequent host jumps between fig trees and fig wasps. Fig wasps of the genus Alfonsiella that pollinate Ficus craterostoma, Ficus stuhlmannii and Ficus petersii are morphologically similar in South Africa. Based on host association, genetic differentiation for this group was investigated. Molecular data indicated that the pollinator of F. craterostoma is a good species, while the F. stuhlmannii and F. petersii pollinators were genetically indistinguishable. Based on molecular data and morphological re-evaluation, a new Alfonsiella species is described, Alfonsiella pipithiensis sp. n. A key to all described species of Alfonsiella is provided. In order to resolve the population genetic differentiation of pollinating fig wasp species in South Africa, Platyscapa awekei was used as a model species. A few studies indicate that pollinating fig wasps can disperse between 30 and 55 kilometers. However, a recent study on two P. awekei populations in South Africa reported an FST value of 0.011, indicating that pollinators disperse approximately ten times further. This study aims to confirm these results with more detailed sampling of populations. In addition, possible temporal differentiation was tested for the South African population. Six microsatellite loci were used to detect spatial and temporal genetic differentiation in seven populations (collected from 2004 to 2006) over a 340 kilometer range. Genetic differentiation between sampled populations was low (FST = 0.0055), however, the data suggest stronger temporal genetic isolation than spatial genetic isolation.
Dissertation (MSc (Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Genetics
unrestricted

碩士
台灣神學研究學院
神學碩士班
107
The motivation of this paper is to respond to the questioning of the traditional interpretation in the parable of “Barren Fig Tree” (Luke 13:6-9). The researcher believes that, the gardener should not be seen as Jesus, and the main purpose of the parable is not only to appeal to the fig tree, a symbolic meaning of Israelites unwillingness to repent, but to point out the gardeners who have not done their duty to take care of the fruit trees is the main object of repentance. The researcher would like to expand the text, Luke 11:37-13:17 by locating in the literary context of the parable, and apply “Rhetorical criticism” as research method in study the text. Consequently, the “Thesis” of the main rhetorical writing structure of author Luke, intended to argue: do religious leaders need repentance? The answer is affirmative: they needed repentance and the rhetorical proposition is: alms (Luke 11:39-41) served as a way for religious leaders for repentance. When Luke edited the parable of “Barren fig tree”, he intentionally used the rhetoric of "prosopopoeia" taught by Aelius Theon in the first century rhetoric progymnasmata; to “play” the religious leader as metaphorical gardener's role, who pleaded to the owner for another chance to fulfilled his duty. Luke intended to place in a context of calling on religious leaders to repent, and thus, the unending parable also called for listeners to repent. The religious leaders depicted by Luke were still reluctant to repent in the conclusion of argument.

Access to abstract restricted until 07/2016.
Eco-typology and the tree of life in Milton's Paradise lost -- The Matthew Bible, eco-typology and the tree of life in Milton's Eden -- The Geneva Bible, eco-typology and the fruit of the living word in Paradise lost -- Speed's 'Genealogies', the King James Bible and the seed of grace in the later books of Paradise lost.
Department of English

While debates over the memory and representation of the National Socialist past have dominated public discourse in Germany over the last forty years, the literary scene has been the site of experimentation with the genre of the autobiography, as authors developed new strategies for exploring their own relationship to the past through narrative. Since the late 1970s, this experimentation has yielded a series of autobiographical novels which focus not only on the authors' own lives, but on the lives and experiences of their family members, particularly those who lived during the NS era. In this dissertation, I examine the relationship between two waves of this autobiographical writing, the Väterliteratur novels of the late 1970s and 1980s in the BRD, and the current trend of multi-generational family narratives which began in the late 1990s. In a prelude and three chapters, this dissertation traces the trajectory from Väterliteratur to the Generationenromane through readings of Bernward Vesper's Die Reise (1977), Christoph Meckel's Suchbild. Über meinen Vater (1980), Ruth Rehmann's Der Mann auf der Kanzel (1979), Uwe Timm's Am Beispiel meines Bruders (2003), Stephan Wackwitz's Ein unsichtbares Land (2003), Monika Maron's Pawels Briefe (1999), and Barbara Honigmann's Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben (2004). I read these texts as examples of genealogical writing, in which protagonists seek to position themselves in relation to their family histories through the construction of family narrative. The formal similarities between the two trends - (inter)textual dialogue, hybridity of prose style, vignette or essayistic structure - cast their underlying differences into greater relief. While the author-narrators of Väterliteratur seek to reach a definitive conclusion regarding the question of the father's complicity in Nazism, the authors of Generationenromane allow for greater nuance in categories such as victim and perpetrator. In both cases, however, the subjectivity of the individual protagonist shapes his or her engagement of the family past, as they seek to negotiate between personal family relationships and public discourses of collective memory in contemporary Germany.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos Ingleses apresentada à Universidade Aberta
J.R.R. Tolkien é mais conhecido pelo público devido à obra The Lord of the Rings (pub. 1954-55), contudo o autor deu ainda um importante contributo para a teorização sobre o género fantástico, o qual apelidou de fairy-stories. O conto de fadas obedecia, segundo Tolkien, a um conjunto de factores, como por exemplo a Recuperação, o Escape, a Consolação e a Eucatástrofe (Final Feliz), os quais defende no ensaio “On Fairy-Stories" (1938-39). A sua teoria sobre os contos de fadas encontra-se na base de grande parte da sua obra literária, assim como também está presente a sua visão da verdade última do mito e a noção de subcriação. De modo a verificar a utilização da sua teoria, foram escolhidos dentro do universo literário de Tolkien três contos menos conhecidos, “Leaf by Niggle" (pub. 1945), “Farmer Giles of Ham" (pub. 1949) e “Smith of Wootton Major" (pub. 1967). A opção por estes contos prende-se ainda com o facto de Tolkien não os incluir no seu esforço de subcriação de uma mitologia para Inglaterra, ou seja, de os excluir da sua mitologia dedicada a Arda e aos continentes de Aman e Middle-earth, apesar das muitas semelhanças verificadas. Por fim, no conto "The Lay of Eärendil", inserido no livro The Silmarillion (pub. 1977) e, por conseguinte, na noção de subcriação de uma mitologia para Inglaterra, serão abordadas as diferenças e semelhanças com os três contos referidos, tendo sempre em conta a teoria dos contos de fadas e da verdade do mito segundo Tolkien
Abstract: J.R.R. Tolkien is better known by the public owing to his work The Lord of the Rings (pub. 1954-55); however the author has also given a huge contribution in the theorization on the fantastic, which he called fairy-stories. According to Tolkien own views, a fairy-story enclosed a certain set of elements, such as Recovery, Escape, Consolation, and Eucatrastophe (Happy Ending), which are defended in his essay “On Fairy-Stories" (1938-39). His theory on fairy-stories is the foundation of a large amount of his literary work, but his vision about the truth behind myth and his conception of Subcreation are also present. In order to substantiate the use of his theory, three less known fairy-tales have been chosen out of his literary universe, “Leaf by Niggle" (pub. 1945), “Farmer Giles of Ham" (pub. 1949) and “Smith of Wootton Major" (pub. 1967). The preference for these tales is also related to the fact that Tolkien has not included them on his effort to subcreate a mythology for England, that is, he has excluded them from the mythology dedicated to Arda and to the continents of Aman and Middle-earth, despite the many similarities. At last, in the tale “The Lay of Eärendil", which is included in the book The Silmarillion (pub. 1977) and furthermore in the concept of subcreating a mythology for England, the differences and similarities with the three tales previously mentioned will be analyzed, always considering Tolkien’s theories on fairy-stories and on the truth behind the myth

The thesis of this study is that indigenous Tsonga literature forms a valid and authoritative commentary on missionary Christianity. In this study, the value of literary works by selected Tsonga writers is explored in three basic directions: (a) as a commentary on missionary Christianity, (b) as a source of and challenge to missiology, and (c) as a source of a Black missiology of 1 i berat ion. The momentous intervention of Swiss missionaries amongst the Vatsonga, through the activities of the Swiss Mission in South Africa (SMSA) must be granted. Similarly, its abiding influence formerly in the Tsonga Presbyterian Church (TPC), now the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in South Africa (EPCSA), the Vatsonga in general and Tsonga literature in particular must be recognized. But our missiological task is to problematise and explore both missionary instrumentality and local responses variously and creatively. The first chapter introduces the thesis, central issues of historiography and ideology as well as an introductory history of the SMSA. In the second chapter, the commentary of Tsonga writers through the media of historical and biographical works on missionary Christianity is sketched. Selected Tsonga novels become the object of inquiry in the third chapter. The novels come very close to a direct evaluation of missionary Christianity. They contain commentary on a wide variety of issues in mission. The fourth chapter concentrates on two Tsonga plays and a number of Tsonga poems. In the one play, missionary Christianity is likened to garments that are too sho· ~' whilst in the other, missionary Christianity is contemptuously ignored and excluded - recognition granted only to the religion and gods of the Vatsonga. The fifth and final chapter contains the essential commentary of indigenous Tsonga literature on missionary Christianity as well as the implications for both global and local missiology.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D. Th. (Missiology)

Elsabe Steenberg's oeuvre, consisting among others of forty two stories in book format, has four target groups -- preschool children, young children, teenagers and adults. Her narrative work is so richly textured and contains such a depth of insight into the complexities of life that it should not only attract attention because of its topicality, but that it should also be exposed -- especially in a society searching for direction -- to as large a number of readers and researchers as possible. It is clear that all of her works represent a view of reality which, from an intertextual point of view, could be seen as being grounded in the ontological point of departure. The main focus of the present study is to investigate the representational procedes through which the ontological view is represented in four selected texts from the oeuvre. This is done in order to establish internal textual variants and constants. The four selected texts, in which tree symbolism manifests itself in various intertextual permutations, are: Die boom wat wou loop (for preschool children), Soek-soek op soek (for young children), Boom homer boomste (for teenagers) and Plek van die bruin geeste (for adults). The rest of the oeuvre, as well as Elsabe Steenberg's poetics, are referred to cursorily in order to establish a corroborating intertextual comparative base. The procedes representing the whole internal textual universe, from concrete object, • through the different but also complementary narrative elements, further to the overt representation and manifestation of the abstract theme and view of the narrative world, are all investigated. The four texts are first discussed independently by means of a structuralist-semiotic approach, after which the variants and constants are determined intertextually. The numerous aspects of the representational system of the view of reality in all four the intensively studied texts, as well as those in the rest of the oeuvre which are only touched on briefly, an point toward one fundamental factor as semiotic sign, namely: God is. Identity as an intertextual constant plays a very prominent role in the whole oeuvre. Consequently, the numerous ways in which the fundamental view of reality are represented, are thus also associated with God's identity or Being, for example, God is the Origin, God is the Giver of insight into the diversity, interrelatedness and meaning of reality, and God is the real regenerating Force.
Proefskrif (PhD (Afrikaans en Nederlands))--PU vir CHO, 1997.

The collection of sonnets Rings of a Thundering Tree (2000), by R.K. Belcher, is rich in metaphorical imagery; lending itself particularly well to textual analyses of imagined sensory perceptions. Although perspectives on or theories about metaphor can be deployed in such analyses, an imagined sense of sensory perception in itself theoretically frames the study of this poetic imagery. In this regard, the titles of the sonnets within this collection and their themes, as well as the title of the collection and the theme of ”South African decay” (with which this title is linked), are explored with an emphasis on imagined sensory experiences.
English Studies
M.A. (English)

This MA thesis is primarily concerned with the poetics of the first two poetry collections by the Bulgarian writer Georgi Gospodinov. The said collections, Lapidarium and The Cherry Tree of One People were published for the first time in the 1990s. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the author's debut, Lapidarium; mainly, we are attempting to capture the collection's characteristic traits and draw attention to the conspicious features connecting this oeuvre with the book Tao Te Ching. In the second part we continue by the analysis of The Cherry Tree of One People. We are focusing on the change of the author's poetics and furthermore, we concetrate on the national/supranatural aspects of the texts. In the concluding part, we anchor Gospodinov's work in the wider context of the 1990s and provide a comparison of contemporary Czech and Bulgarian poetry.

Trees, as threshold beings, effectively blur the line between the real world and fantastical alternate worlds, and destabilise traditional binary classification systems that distinguish humanity, and Culture, from Nature. Though the presence of trees is often peripheral to the main narrative action, their representation is necessary within the fantasy trope. Their consistent inclusion within fantasy texts of the twentieth century demonstrates an enduring arboreal legacy that cannot be disregarded in its contemporary relevance, whether they are represented individually or in collective forests. The purpose of my dissertation is to conduct a study of various prominent fantasy texts of the twentieth century, including the fantasy works of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Robert Holdstock, Diana Wynne Jones, Natalie Babbitt, and J.K. Rowling. In scrutinising these texts, and drawing on insights offered by liminal, ecocritical, ecofeminist, mythological and psychological theorists, I identify the primary function of trees within fantasy narratives as liminal: what Victor Turner identifies as a ‘betwixt and between’ state (1991:95) where binaries are suspended in favour of embracing potentiality. This liminality is constituted by three central dimensions: the ecological, the mythological, and the psychological. Each dimension informs the relationship between the arboreal as grounded in reality, and represented in fantasy. Trees, as literary and cinematic arboreal totems are positioned within fantasy narratives in such a way as to emphasise an underlying call to bio-conservatorship, to enable a connection to a larger scope of cultural expectation, and to act as a means through which human self-awareness is developed.
English Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (English)