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Journal articles on the topic 'Fight against corruption and organized crime'
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1
Neto, Fernando Tourinho. "Fight Against the Organized Crime." International Annals of Criminology 44, no. 1-2 (2006): 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003445206003679.
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Kopotun, Igor, Volodymyr Uvarov, Ivo Svoboda, Vladyslav Veklych, and Igor Dovban. "Coordination of the fight against organized crime resulted from corruption." Revista Amazonia Investiga 11, no. 50 (2022): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2022.50.02.24.
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The aim of the article was to establish the features and trends of the legal regulation in the field of coordination of the fight against organized crime by the competent authorities. The chosen research topic identified comparative legal approach to scientific research as the leading one. A set of general scientific (dialectical, historical, systemic, statistical) and narrow scientific (legalistic, case method) methods of cognition was also used. It was stated in this research that punitive measures can have only a limited impact on reducing the manifestations of organized crime with a corruption component. Such measures should be part of a sustainable, long-term comprehensive strategy to reduce the space for organized crime and corruption, coordinated by the state while legalizing clear powers and effective mechanisms for cooperation between the competent law enforcement agencies and the public in this area. Further research should be based on national identity, criminological factors of organized crime, and drivers of corruption in government institutions. Future reform of the current legislation should reasonably take into account foreign experience, as well as the innovative components of the development of national criminal groups.
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Cojocari, Ion. "Organized crime: criminal liability for the crime of organizing illegal migration." National Law Journal, no. 3(245) (February 2022): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/1811-0770.2021.3(245).10.
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Organized crime is a complex phenomenon. The key elements of the content of this phenomenon are addressed differently in the doctrine and regulatory acts of the Member States of the United Nations. The fight against organized crime is one of the most important issues for the entire world communityat the moment. This concern stems from the global spread of this phenomenon. This article defines the concepts of organized criminal group and criminal organization. Particular attention is paid to the term “criminal association”. In the article, the aggravation is related to the international standards on the fight against organized crime. A comparative legal-criminal analysis of the European Union Standards in the fight against organized crime is carried out. According to the Association Agreement concluded between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union, our country undertakes: “to prevent and combat all forms of organized crime, trafficking in human beings and corruption, as well as to intensify its cooperation in the fight against terrorism.” Ensuring the protection of an “organized criminal group” or “criminal organization” is a positive obligation of the state, which must pursue the legal purpose set out in the European Convention on Human Rights.
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Yeh, Stuart S. "The Anticorruption Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Corruption Beneficial Owner Rule." Laws 12, no. 6 (2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws12060086.
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To fight corruption, money laundering, and organized crime, a proposed APUNCAC Beneficial Owner Rule would require financial service personnel to obtain and submit certification by the true beneficial owner when covered funds are transacted in amounts exceeding USD 3000. The strategy would trap front men into false statements, create a transaction-level record of assertions by front men that can be tested by a prosecutor, eliminate loopholes that allow criminals to escape prosecution in offshore havens, not require proof of a predicate crime or the illicit nature of funds, trigger a chain of witness cooperation, fight organized crime using a domino strategy, and be accomplished via a relatively simple change in domestic laws. Analysis suggests (1) the required technology exists; (2) transaction friction would be minimal; and (3) that the implementation of the Rule is feasible and practical, both operationally and from a legal standpoint, suggesting that the proposed Rule offers a promising strategy to fight organized crime.
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Savchuk, R. M. "Directions for the implementation of foreign experience in the context of the administrative and legal foundations of the creation and operation of the State Bureau of Investigation." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 3, no. 85 (2024): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.85.3.15.
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The article examines the foreign experience of the administrative and legal foundations of the organization and activities of the State Bureau of Investigation. It is indicated that the experience of foreign states in the field of crime prevention among senior officials is ambiguous. The experience of the USA, Ireland, Austria, Croatia and Norway shows the existence of the following types of law enforcement bodies: 1) these are bodies empowered to combat crimes committed by officials and against organized crime and are subordinate to the police; 2) these are bodies that are empowered to fight against crimes committed by officials and against organized crime and are subordinate to the police and prosecutor’s offices, the so-called «dual subordination»; 3) these are bodies that are empowered to fight against crimes committed by officials, against corruption and organized crime and are subordinate to police bodies. It is concluded that the State Bureau of Investigation does not belong to any of the named groups of bodies, as it combines the powers to counter and fight crimes committed by state officials, in particular judges and law enforcement officers, war crimes, as well as corruption crimes, sub objects of which are the specified persons, with the exception of those under the jurisdiction of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine. It is justified that the study of foreign experience in improving the organization and activities of the State Bureau of Investigation is a very important point on the way to improving its administrative and legal status. At the same time, we consider it necessary to note that the borrowing of foreign experience should not be spontaneous and mindless, it should be based on a deep and meaningful analysis of all the essential conditions and circumstances in which this experience was formed, and their comparison with the existing social political and economic situation in Ukraine. This is necessary so that borrowed ideas are not simply declared in legislation, but can actually be implemented in the practical activities of law enforcement agencies.
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Shamara, Oleksandr, and Volodymyr Komashko. "COMBATING ORGANIZED CRIME IN UKRAINE: CURRENT PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS." Strategic Panorama, no. 2 (October 21, 2024): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53679/2616-9460.2.2023.04.
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This article presents the findings of a state-of-the-art analysis of Ukrainian legislation in the field of combating organized crime. The authors focus on specific features of meeting Ukraine’s obligations under the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, as well as implementing the provisions of the National Security Strategy of Ukraine (2020), the Strategy of Safeguarding State Security (2022) and the Strategy for Combating Organized Crime (2020). The special services of some foreign states continue intelligence and subversive activities against Ukraine, try to feed separatist sentiments, and use organized criminal groups and corrupt officials to strengthen their influence. In this context, the authors emphasize the need to safeguard state security by intensifying the fight against terrorism and organized crime, and counteracting the erosion of the state apparatus and local self-government bodies, which occurs due to the spread of systemic corruption in state bodies. The authors conclude that Ukraine lacks a systematic approach to combating organized crime, which is manifested through an inadequate level of interaction among law enforcement agencies in the relevant fields, an outdated and unbalanced regulatory framework for combating organized crime, an imperfect procedure for monitoring the criminogenic situation, a lack of a consolidated objective methodology for assessing threats from organized crime, and a reliance on obsolete forms and methods of combat. These factors aggravate problems related to organized crime and the low level of effectiveness of the fight against it. There is a need to consider the establishment of special bodies combating organized crime and the division of the fight against organized crime into strategic and tactical levels. The authors propose to entrust the fight against organized crime at the strategic level to a special-purpose state body with law enforcement functions.
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Matić Bošković, Marina, and Jelena Kostić. "Track Record in Fight Against Corruption in Serbia – How to Increase Effectiveness of Prosecution?" Journal of the University of Latvia. Law 17 (October 27, 2024): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/jull.17.01.
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To improve efficiency in the suppression of corruption and to fulfil international obligations, Serbia adopted the Law on the Organization and Competence of State Bodies in Suppression of Organized Crime, Terrorism and Corruption in 2016. The law foresees many new solutions that should contribute to the effectiveness of processing of corruption. One of the reasons for the adoption of law was the fulfilment of GRECO’s recommendations from the second round of evaluation, as well as the obligations stipulated in the national policy documents, the National Strategy for the Fight against Corruption (2013–2018), the Action Plan for Chapter 23 and the Strategy for Investigating Financial Crimes for the period 2015–2016.The measures and activities that were foreseen in the Strategy for Investigating Financial Crimes are aligned with European standards and good practice and are transposed in the Law on the Organization and Competence of State Bodies in Suppression of Organized Crime, Terrorism and Corruption. After six years of implementation of this law, it necessary to analyse the results and impact of its application.The goal of this research is to provide recommendations for the improvement of both national legislation and the practice of public prosecution in the suppression of corruption. In the paper, authors started from the assumption that the effectiveness of its suppression depends on the quality of the legal solutions that regulate the work of the public prosecutor’s office, as well as their application in practice. To realize the goal of the research, the dogmatic-legal method and content analysis were used in the paper.
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Komiljanov, Khikmatillo Jakhangir ugli. "WE ARE AGAINST CORRUPTION." SOLUTION OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMY 1, no. 7 (2022): 77–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7457158.
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In the fight against corruption, it is necessary to improve the legal culture, to identify and suppress such crimes as bribery, self-interest, to know that punishment for such crimes is inevitable. Therefore, such events are regularly organized with students and youth.
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Franchuk, Vasyl. "Risks of Corruption in the Context of Covid-19 Pandemic." Internal Security 13, no. 1 (2021): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2909.
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orruption is a social evil that encroaches on certain human values, and various law enforcement agencies and institutions function to combat it. In many countries, the fight against organised crime, as well as crimes in the economic and financial spheres, is handled by various specialised law enforcement agencies. In addition, experts claim that the pandemic has negatively affected the situation with corruption around the world and COVID-19 is a challenge to the anti-corruption fight of each country. Available reports indicate that corruption is widespread throughout the COVID-19 response: from bribery in the procurement of tests, medicines, and provision of medical services for public procurement of medicines and general preparedness for emergencies. This situation has some shortcomings of a total crime prevention and may reduce the priority of the fight against corruption in the general list of combating economic crimes and organised crime. To provide effective counteraction against corruption-related crimes, it is rather important to find out the reasons for them and preconditions of their origin, especially their certain types which have spread during the pandemic. In this context, the research analysis of Ukrainian and foreign scientists from all the world is of particular importance. It will give us the possibility to justify, under modern conditions, the recommendations aimed at improving the drawing up of the content of administrative and criminal offences as well as administrative and criminal sanctions for corruption-related crimes.
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Waller, Michael J., and Victor J. Yasmann. "Russia's Great Criminal Revolution: The Role of the Security Services." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 11, no. 4 (1995): 276–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104398629501100407.
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Russian law enforcement agencies, security organs, and intelligence services, far from being reliable instruments in the fight against organized crime and corruption, are institutionally part of the problem, due not only to their co-optation and penetration by criminal elements, but to their own absence of a legal bureaucratic culture and their use of crime as an instrument of state policy.
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Kálmán, Géza Botond, Judit Bárczi, Mihály Hegedűs, Anh Tuan Hoang, and Zoltán Zéman. "A pénzmosás és a korrupció érzékelése." Belügyi Szemle 73, no. 2 (2025): 339–62. https://doi.org/10.38146/bsz-ajia.2025.v73.i2.pp339-362.
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Aim: The purpose of this study is to explore and analyse the connections between corruption and money laundering. Sharing the results can contribute to effective action against the investigated phenomena. Methodology: The authors used Transparency International's corruption perception index and the anti-money laundering component of the Organized Crime index from public Internet databases. They were examined using statistical methods (descriptive statistics, ANOVA, correlation and linear regression) in a sample of 175 countries of the world. Findings: Increasing the effectiveness of the fight against money laundering generally reduces the perceived level of corruption. There is a well-explained, significant positive correlation between the two indicators. The perceived level of corruption is also influenced by other factors of organized crime with different effects from continent to continent. Value: The value of the research is given by the up-to-date nature of the data. The most important of its limitations is that the organized crime index has only been available since 2021. Another possible research direction is the examination of country groups according to national income, as well as the performance of time series analyses in parallel with the increase in the number of reports.
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Voroniatnikov, O. O. "Activities of international institutions and organizations in the fight against crime." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (March 1, 2025): 848–53. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.01.141.
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Relevance of the research topic is determined by modern challenges in the field of international security and law and order, associated with the growing scale of crime that extends beyond national jurisdictions. Globalization, the development of information technologies, and the expansion of cross-border cooperation have significantly complicated the fight against transnational crime. In this context, international institutions and organizations play a crucial role in coordinating state efforts, developing joint strategies, and ensuring effective justice. The article examines the activities of key international institutions and organizations involved in combating crime. In particular, it analyzes the functions and areas of work of structures such as Interpol, Europol, Eurojust, Aseanapol, Afripol, and Ameripol. Their contribution to combating crimes of an international nature is characterized. Special attention is paid to the specifics of activities in certain regions, information exchange mechanisms, and the facilitation of legal cooperation among states. The article also provides a clear distinction between international crimes and crimes of an international nature, which is essential for understanding the legal approaches to their classification and prosecution. International crimes, such as genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression, fall under the jurisdiction of international criminal law and are prosecuted by specialized judicial bodies, including the International Criminal Court. In contrast, crimes of an international nature are primarily regulated by national legislation and international agreements, requiring enhanced cooperation among states. Such crimes include transnational organized crime, human trafficking, drug and arms trafficking, cybercrime, money laundering, corruption, and others. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that effective interaction among states, international institutions, and organizations in combating crime is the key to detecting, solving, and investigating crimes (both international and of an international nature) and ensuring that perpetrators are held accountable.
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Kvasha, Oksana. "Improvement of legislation in the field of countering organized forms of crime: illusions and reality." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 32 (2021): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-394-403.
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Introduction. The state of crime in modern Ukraine is characterized by a significant spread of organized crime. Given the absence for many years of a state strategy to combat organized crime and the failure of state policy to minimize corruption, organized crime has reached such proportions that have become a threat to national security. Significant changes took place in Section IX "Criminal Offenses against Public Safety" with the entry into force of the Law "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Liability for Crimes Committed by the Criminal Community" № 671-IX of 04.06.2020. The aim of the article. Has the legislator's goal been achieved to strengthen the criminal law framework for combating organized crime? The purpose of this scientific article is to find an answer to this question. Finding out the answer to the question: "How will the introduced short stories affect the fight against organized crime?" is also important in terms of ensuring the unity of case law. Conclusions. Legislative novelties do not agree with other norms and current criminal law terminology, contradict the systemic structure of criminal law, do not comply with the rules of the Ukrainian language. It is not logical to make changes to the "body" of the Law of Ukraine "On Organizational and Legal Basis of Combating Organized Crime" of June 30, 1993, which requires changes in each of its articles. It is necessary and important to adopt a new Law (conditional title - "On the principles of combating organized crime in Ukraine"), which should be based on current legislation of Ukraine and take into account the current state and trends of organized crime in the world, especially its transnational nature and symbiosis with corruption, as well as the specifics of domestic organized forms of terrorism, separatism and collaborationism. Therefore, a promising area of further research on the analyzed problem is the development of scientifically sound proposals for a new law on combating organized crime in Ukraine.
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Hrankina, Valentyna, and Anna Abdel Fatah. "Some aspects of Combating Transnational Organized Crime." Visegrad Journal on Human Rights, no. 2 (July 15, 2024): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.61345/1339-7915.2024.2.9.
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The article is devoted to the study of the problem of transnational organized crime, which is a relevant and negative manifestation of public life not only in Ukraine but also in most foreign countries. Crime is a stable phenomenon and inseparable from human society, and it should be noted that organized crime is stable in its essence and structure, but variable depending on the requirements of time. At present, Ukraine is facing the emergence of a fundamentally new form of transnational organized crime, which is a crime against national security. In particular, the military-political situation in our country, which is associated with the military aggression of the Russian Federation, contributes to the intensification of the movement of weapons, explosives and other military items, as well as the recruitment of citizens to participate in illegal state activities. The article examines the problem of combating transnational crime and suggests ways to counteract this type of crime. At the national level, combating this type of crime requires coordination of law enforcement agencies, formation of joint operational and investigative teams and think tanks. There is also a need to improve the legal framework for combating this phenomenon, which should take into account existing international standards and the implementation of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime into Ukrainian legislation. It is determined that in the current socio-political environment, this problem is actually becoming a matter of national security of Ukraine. According to the Strategy of National Security and the Fight against Organized Crime, the search for new ways and answers to the challenges and prevention of transnational organized crime and corruption in the context of military operations, aggression and internal instability necessitates the study of an international mechanism of protection against such extremely dangerous actions. The author believes that it is advisable for Ukrainian law enforcement officers to study the experience of leading foreign organizations so that they have a real opportunity to work proactively in preventing corruption, countering terrorism and other segments of transnational organized crime.
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Nagâț, Violeta Ioana. "Views on the Most Important Threats from the National Defense Strategy - Corruption, Organized Crime Transnational Organized Crime Terrorism (Cyber Terrorism)." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 1 (2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0012.
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AbstractNew threats from cyber bullying, new risks and vulnerabilities, can have serious consequences for national security. For this reason, it is necessary for specialists in preventing and combating terrorism and organized crime to be noticed through ingenuity, predictability and a good knowledge of human psychology. This will ensure the information filter necessary to make the best decisions for the defense of the Romanian state. The Italian intelligence service considers that the terrorist threat is the main security priority and that “Islamic radicalism remains a first-rate threat, despite the significant losses suffered by Daesh (Arabic acronym of the Islamic State - no)” in Iraq and Syria. In addition to terrorism, the Intelligence Services also warn of several other potential threats to the security of the states, including increasing the presence of extreme right-wing groups characterized by racism and intolerance. “These groups have been set up, which have a good implantation especially among the youngest, and the best organized ones do not lack the connections with other organized crime networks. In line with the fight against corruption, it is necessary in the new National Security Strategy to ensure an important place to combat the phenomenon and causes of corruption, corruption being considered a threat to national security.
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GUSTAVO LOBATO DOS SANTOS, NOÉ. "COLABORAÇÃO PREMIADA E SUA APLICABILIDADE NO ORDENAMENTO JURÍDICO BRASILEIRO COM O ADVENTO DA LEI 12.850/2013 LEI DO COMBATE AO CRIME ORGANIZADO." Revista Científica Semana Acadêmica 9, no. 209 (2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35265/2236-6717-209-9246.
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The Awarded Collaboration is part of a new phase of procedural development in the criminal legal scenario, which has brought benefits in the fight against organized crime and systemic corruption implanted in the country, for decades. This article aims to analyze in the scope, the winning collaboration and its applicability in the Brazilian legal system with the advent of Law 12.850 / 2013 (Law to Combat Organized Crime). This research is scientific and will be of a qualitative approach aiming to generate knowledge for the elaboration of the monographic text as a course conclusion work, through the deductive approach method, it corresponds to the discursive extraction of knowledge from general premises applicable to concrete hypotheses, once that the researcher will establish relations from the general to the particular, based on logical reasoning, arrive at the truth of what he proposes. Anyway, what we have with the awarded plea bargain (awarded collaboration) in the form of Law 12.850 / 2013, is a very powerful and efficient instrument to fight organized crime, be it low-caste organized crime to high-caste organized crime, and mainly organized crime cast in the walls of the National Congress and the Planalto Palace, as seen with the results of the “lava jet” task force.
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Lutovac, Svetislav, and Nikoleta Lutovac. "Corruption and security challenges." Megatrend revija 20, no. 2 (2023): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2302159b.
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The fight against corruption is imperative for all developing countries, because it destabilizes the country and threatens the basic rights of ordinary citizens, while it provides personal enrichment and privileges to corrupt individuals. Corruption destroys the rule of law, undermines democracy and prevents the efficient and fair delivery of government services. It also encourages the rise of authoritarian opportunists who seek to exploit social divisions, limit freedom and abuse public office. In addition to the significant weakening of institutions that protect the rule of law, corruption leads to drastic economic disparity and promotes organized crime and the financing of terrorism. This undermines the national security and political, economic and, above all, social development of the affected countries. Transparency is necessary for an effective fight against corruption, and in order for transparency to function at an adequate level, it should be connected with the improvement of internal departmental and civil control, the improvement of the organization and technology of administrative affairs and services, but also with a more active position of citizens and the media.
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Vasnetsova, Anastasiya Sergeevna, and Viktor Viktorovich Merkur'ev. "Combating corruption-related crimes in the context of counterterrorism efforts." Полицейская и следственная деятельность, no. 4 (April 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7810.2020.4.33967.
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The authors study in details such aspects of the problem as the processes of criminal concrement of organized crime, corruption and terrorism, in which organized crime plays the role of initiating (defining) factor of emergence of corruption interconnections of government institutions and terrorist groups. It means that terrorist activity, possessing a range of common features typical for, among other things, organized crime, is impossible without corruption-related contacts in government institutions and self-government bodies. Therefore, long-term functioning of terrorist groups means the presence of a corruption element. The authors study the common patterns of using corruption-related practices by terrorists and substantiate the list of corruption-determined terrorist threats. The authors formulate the suggestions about the extension of the list of risks connected with the corruption-based financing of terrorism. Corruption in government institutions, local self-government bodies and security agencies is a fueler for the development of terrorism, acting, on the one hand, as a reason for its emergence, and on the other hand, as an indispensable condition of its existence. The recognition of corruption as an independent risk factor of the creation of favorable conditions for the financing of terrorism will help to improve counterterrorism efforts.  The authors note that the terrorist threat increases with the level of corruption. Thus, the fight against corruption should remain one of the key directions of national policy, and the effectiveness of these counterterrorism efforts will affect the reduction of terrorist threat level for the state.   
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Frolov, S. A., and M. A. Portnov. "The Impact of the RICO Law on the Fight against Organized Crime in the United States in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century." Pravo istoriya i sovremennost, no. 4(17) (2021): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/pravo.2021.04.pp.148-152.
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The article is devoted to the study of the impact of the RICO law (The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) on the fight against organized crime with the United States in the second half of the XX century. The main ways of influence of this legal act in the legal sphere of society were analyzed. The system of interaction and the structure of organized criminal groups has been investigated, historical information about the hunting of criminal groups before the adoption of the law and the results of combating organized crime after its introduction into legal action are also provided. First of all, the law focused on the top of the criminal gangs, and not on ordinary performers. The highest ranks influenced society through corruption schemes and influence in state bodies, thereby having a high aspect of countering mass crime in society.
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Beka, Agron, and Agon Beka. "Criminality With Real Estate in Kosovo." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 11 (2024): 1232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/1sy6dh70.
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Criminality with real estates can be expressed in different forms, such as through: "money laundering", corruption, fraud, usurpation of immovable properties, falsification of ownership documentation, which is of particular importance in the field of immovable property turnover, etc. In Kosovo, the "dark number" and the "gray number" are present at a high level of organized crime in the field of real estate turnover and despite the preventive and repressive measures that have been undertaken in Kosovo, focusing on strengthening the institutions of justice system (prosecutor, police, judiciary, financial intelligence services, etc.), in order to prevent and fight this type of criminality, the success achieved in this aspect is still insufficient. For this reason, public confidence is weak regarding the results achieved in the fight against organized crime in the field of real estate turnover in Kosovo.
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Lošonczi, Peter, Josef Reitšpís, and Martin Mašľan. "Legal and Policing Model to Counter Organised Crime and Terrorism in Slovakia." Security Dimensions 29, no. 29 (2019): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4400.
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Organized crime and terrorist networks belong to the most important threats in Europe, including Slovakia. The number of assets confiscated from organized crime is still increasing, which indicates its rise, especially in the areas of carousel tax fraud, unlawful financial operations, VAT collection, and the distribution of drugs. These activities are often accompanied with corruption. Europe, including Slovakia, is now facing the growing migration wave that increases the risk of foreign fighters entering its territory, who could be recruited for terrorists attacks. The efficiency of the fight against organized crime and terrorism depends on the coordination of activities, the cooperation of the involved authorities, as well as their independence, and a permanent effort to minimize unprofessional and illegal interventions into the work of police, courts and prosecution. This is an area in which permanent improvement is necessary.
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Mamaní, Juan Carlos Pillihuamán. "Strategic Intelligence as a Tool Against Organized Crime. A Literature Review." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 12 (2024): e010178. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n12-016.
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Objective: The objective of the study is to analyze and describe through scientific literature the application of strategic intelligence as a tool against organized crime. Theoretical Framework: The research is based on theories that link the bioactive compounds of Rubus spp. with the reduction of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins in model organisms, based on previous studies on hyperlipidemia and its treatment with natural antioxidants. Method: This study was based on a systematic literature review published between 2018 and 2024 in the Scopus and Scielo databases. We identified 38 relevant articles that included qualitative, quantitative and mixed methodologies Results and Discussion: The findings underscore that strategic intelligence, by identifying patterns and anticipating threats, strengthens the fight against criminal networks by coordinating interagency efforts and improving resource allocation.. Research Implications: It is concluded that an effective response to organized crime requires multidimensional and collaborative approaches that combine prevention, international cooperation and technological adaptation to dismantle criminal networks and mitigate their impact on society. Originality/Value: This study makes it possible to address complex problems such as corruption, the integration of crime into the economy and violence.
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Ibraj, Bajram. "Cooperation Between Albania and Kosovo and Its Impact in Strengthening the Rule of Law Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2008-2015." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 4 (2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v2i4.p85-91.
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Transnational organized criminal activities and local activities have affected both countries, Albania and Kosovo. Meanwhile, transnational crime with transnational and local base Albania-Kosovo, is of interest and influence, therefore, it is suggested that the cooperation between the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo in this regard be serving in law enforcement institutions in Albania and within law enforcement institutions in Kosovo. Transnational organized crime, terrorism, corruption and money laundering are global security threats and local, regional and international sources of crises. Organized crime knows no nationality, no countries, borders, homeland, race, ethnicity, religion and religious beliefs. That is why it is required cooperation in the fight against transnational organized crime and transnational organized crime to be implemented permanently with the main goal of the strategy implementation, action plans, joint operations between the two countries, Albania and Kosovo. Important role in this association play their respective law enforcement institutions such as the police of the two countries, prosecutions, courts and other institutions. While international cooperation is realized with major international organizations like the UN, the EU, Interpol, Europol, SECI center etc. During the years 2002-2015 between the governments, ministries of internal and Police of the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo hav signed several agreements, memoranda of understanding and common protocols. Interstate and transnational cooperation through the tabulation and graphs presented and seek to build strategies, institutions, measures, operations and joint actions with preventive, managers and common problem solvers of security and the fight against transnational organized crime. Consolidation of security in Albania and Kosovo, is closely associated with the construction, consolidation and functioning of the rule of law, and the rule of law, reaching freedom and respect for fundamental human rights. Albania-Kosovo cooperation significantly affects the strengthening of the rule of law against transnational organized crime. This cooperation is a necessary precondition for the prevention of conflicts and internal, external and regional crises, in order to achieve security and human rights and freedom.
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Ibraj, Bajram. "Cooperation Between Albania and Kosovo and Its Impact in Strengthening the Rule of Law Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2008-2015." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, no. 1 (2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v6i1.p85-91.
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Transnational organized criminal activities and local activities have affected both countries, Albania and Kosovo. Meanwhile, transnational crime with transnational and local base Albania-Kosovo, is of interest and influence, therefore, it is suggested that the cooperation between the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo in this regard be serving in law enforcement institutions in Albania and within law enforcement institutions in Kosovo. Transnational organized crime, terrorism, corruption and money laundering are global security threats and local, regional and international sources of crises. Organized crime knows no nationality, no countries, borders, homeland, race, ethnicity, religion and religious beliefs. That is why it is required cooperation in the fight against transnational organized crime and transnational organized crime to be implemented permanently with the main goal of the strategy implementation, action plans, joint operations between the two countries, Albania and Kosovo. Important role in this association play their respective law enforcement institutions such as the police of the two countries, prosecutions, courts and other institutions. While international cooperation is realized with major international organizations like the UN, the EU, Interpol, Europol, SECI center etc. During the years 2002-2015 between the governments, ministries of internal and Police of the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo hav signed several agreements, memoranda of understanding and common protocols. Interstate and transnational cooperation through the tabulation and graphs presented and seek to build strategies, institutions, measures, operations and joint actions with preventive, managers and common problem solvers of security and the fight against transnational organized crime. Consolidation of security in Albania and Kosovo, is closely associated with the construction, consolidation and functioning of the rule of law, and the rule of law, reaching freedom and respect for fundamental human rights. Albania-Kosovo cooperation significantly affects the strengthening of the rule of law against transnational organized crime. This cooperation is a necessary precondition for the prevention of conflicts and internal, external and regional crises, in order to achieve security and human rights and freedom.
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Bonilla-Morejón, Diego Marcelo. "Derecho Penal y Políticas de Seguridad en Ecuador: Análisis de la Eficacia." Revista Científica Zambos 2, no. 3 (2023): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.69484/rcz/v2/n3/50.
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The analysis of the effectiveness of Ecuador's criminal law and security policies highlights both advances and persistent challenges in the fight against crime. Legislative reforms between 2021 and 2023 focused on increasing penalties for violent crimes, implementing stricter laws against organized crime, and aligning legislation with international standards. Although these measures have shown positive results, such as a reduction in robberies and kidnappings in certain areas, the perception of insecurity among the population remains high. Police training and professionalization have improved their competence, but the lack of coordination between government and judicial entities limits the effectiveness of security policies. Socioeconomic and cultural factors, such as economic inequality, insufficient education and prevention programs, and the normalization of violence, also play a crucial role in perpetuating crime. Prison overcrowding, lack of rehabilitation and reintegration programs, and corruption in the judicial system are additional challenges. The adoption of modern technologies offers opportunities to improve the effectiveness of the criminal justice system but requires careful implementation and protection of privacy rights.
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Armasu, Vitalie. "The challenges facing the Republic of Moldova as an aspirant country for the European Union membership." Moldoscopie, no. 1(100) (December 2024): 26–33. https://doi.org/10.52388/1812-2566.2024.1(100).02.
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The article will examine the challenges and threats: internal and external faced by the Republic of Moldova, as a candidate country in the process of joining the European Union. The actions of the Republic of Moldova to fulfill the pre-conditions for the start of accession negotiations will be highlighted, which are: justice reform, the fight against corruption, organized crime, deoligarchization, increasing administrative capacities, managing public finances and increasing the involvement of civil society in decision-making processes. Threats coming from outside will be exemplified by describing the activities aimed at undermining the state, causing mass disorder, buying voters, corrupting Moldovan politicians by the forces directed by the Russian Federation and the structures affiliated and financed by it.
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Naddeo, Marco. "Anti-corruption and anti-money laundering: criminal networks and prevention models compared." Optime 13, no. 2 (2022): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55312/op.v13i2.376.
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This paper aims to examine the phenomena of corruption and money laundering, outlining the relationship of “continuity” running between them. The analysis presented here focuses on the evolution of modern criminal networks and their methods in recent years. The results highlight the points of convergence between the prevention models compared here (anti-corruption and anti-recycling) and the importance of redressing the information imbalance underlying the asymmetry between the State and organised crime. From this point of view, judicial support and internal control systems are indispensable tools in the fight against transnational crime.
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Ukaj, Dr Sc Bajram, and Dr Sc Mejdi Bektashi. "Economic Criminal Acts according to Criminal Code of Republic of Kosovo." ILIRIA International Review 5, no. 1 (2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v5i1.15.
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This article analyses the criminal offences against economy in the Criminal Code of Kosovo, which are increasingly becoming an important object of study, both at national and international levels. The criminal offences against economy are in principle blanket nature offences, guiding nature, since the vast majority of such norms are further delineated in other bylaws, while the criminal code provisions provide on criminal offences, thereby guiding towards another legal or sub-legal provision. Economic and financial crimes in Kosovo are already making a remarkable increase, as proven by statistical records of state authorities. The increased rate of economic crimes is a result of many factors and circumstances present in Kosovo, which may be different from regional countries. The inefficient fight and prevention of organized crime and corruption in the period between 1999-2010 was stimulated and favoured by several specific factors that are elaborated in this article.
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Emini, Menderez. "LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION OF DAMAGE FOR ACTS OF CORRUPTION." KNOWLEDGE - International Journal 47, no. 1 (2021): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij4701231e.
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Corruption is the most dangerous social disease or the biggest social problem that civilization is facing in historical continuity. It is one of the most serious and widespread forms of crime in modern societies, regardless of whether the country is rich or poor, developed or underdeveloped or what kind of system it has. Hence, to speak of corruption as a phenomenon is a significant opportunity to get into the essence of this negative and widespread phenomenon, which penetrates deep into the pores of society and causes great harmful consequences to the overall social, economic, moral and other types of system. It can be said that corruption is the generator of the most serious threats today: wars, terrorism, organized crime and more. Given the seriousness of the problem of corruption, it is necessary to establish an interdisciplinary approach in the fight against it. The complexity of corruption itself necessarily requires its consideration from every aspect and the involvement of all means and instruments in the fight against it. Namely, although it is often thought that the notion of corruption should include only the criminal legal notion, criminalizing active and passive bribery and abuse of office by officials for the purpose of realizing some personal benefit for themselves or for someone else. Such a narrow approach does not coincide with the effective fight against corruption, because it is not only a violation of criminal law norms, but also of the administrative, social, moral and economic norms of a society. For these reasons, it is necessary to define corruption from a broader aspect, i.e., from a political-social aspect as a social evil that causes consequences in every sphere of society. Hence, this paper will try to answer some questions related to the legal institute - compensation for acts of corruption, as it can be an important tool in the fight against corruption in public administration. Namely, apart from the state itself and its organs, the citizens themselves who are victims of corruption can become an important tool in detecting and combating it. That is why it is necessary to raise public awareness about the possibility of compensating for the damage suffered by the corrupt acts of public servants. Well-informed citizens, who are aware of their rights and are ready to defend them, are a strong support of the system of social integrity. On the other hand, an apathetic public that does not know its rights and accepts abuse by the administration, creates a basis for the spread of corruption. The research should also show whether this institute can and is applied in our country, as well as to show the reasons for the current situation in terms of its practical application and implementation. Among other things, he will offer a series of measures and activities that need to be taken with the ultimate goal, improving the current situation and increasing the use of this tool in the fight against corruption.
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Serhii, Albul, Vladyslav Shendryk, Oleksandr Horbachov, Serhii Penkov, and Maryna Voloshyna. "Legal principles of polygraph use in the field of corruption prevention: international experience." Cuestiones Políticas 41, no. 77 (2023): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4177.32.
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The objective of the research was to consider the international experience of legal regulation of the use of polygraph in the field of corruption prevention. In this regard, the experience of the use of polygraph and polygraph studies in the activities of law enforcement agencies in various countries as one of the methods of preventing corruption was analyzed. The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. It was concluded that the main areas of application of the polygraph are both the investigation of crimes (including criminal ones) and the fight against organized crime and also as one of the valid methods to prevent corruption, as well as to verify the reliability and integrity of applicants for positions in the police, prosecutors' offices, courts and other law enforcement agencies and, as far as possible, to ensure the seriousness and integrity of public servants who wish to occupy higher positions in their career path.
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Pavlovska, Nataliia, Anna Myrovska, Liudmyla Fedoriuk, Oleksandr Savyuk, and Serhii Kharchenko. "The Genesis of Opposition and Responsibility for Financial Abuses in Foreign Economic Activity." Intellectual Archive 12, no. 4 (2023): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/ia_2023_12_3.
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These recommendations are part of what is obviously a much broader and more comprehensive agenda for the continued strengthening of efforts to combat organized crime and corruption in Ukraine. Nevertheless, they represent a carefully considered set of priorities that promise to overcome continued deficiencies while also building on the progress that Ukraine has already made in what will continue to be an enormously tough endeavor. It is as well to keep in mind that the fight against organized crime is typically characterized as much by setbacks as by success, as much by failure and disappointment as triumph and acclaim. Organized crime is like a constantly mutating virus DOI: 10.32370/IA_2023_12_3 that out-maneuvers all efforts to destroy it. If it can be isolated and quarantined and then harm can be limited. Yet even this modest objective is one that is enormously difficult to attain. The initiatives suggested here are certainly no guarantee of success even in harm reduction. Yet without such measures, the only certainty is failure - and the eventual emergence of Ukraine as a state and economy captured and dominated by organized crime. The implementation of a strategy that is comprehensive in scope while highly selective in its targets and priorities offers at least some hope that such an outcome can be avoided.
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Ibraj, Bajram. "Money Laundering in Albania for the Years 2008-2015." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, no. 1 (2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v6i1.p101-110.
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Study on Money laundering in Albania for the years 2008-2015, present typologies, the most prevalent forms through the banking system, the real estate sector, transfer companies and foreign exchange bureaus, and the most common forms of money laundering by free non-financial professions and other forms in Albania, with specific data. Present on the work of statistical data through tables and graphs, made possible through the development of concrete analysis of their comparisons on their own, thus reflecting typologies, forms and methods of money laundering in Albania for the years 2008-2015. In the context the detection and investigation of money laundering remains informal economy problem and transportation of cash at the entrance/exit of the border crossing points, which have been identified that are identified as the main risk of criminal product. Meanwhile, law enforcement to prevent and fight organized crime and trafficking through preventive measures against property and corruption remains far from the expectations and opportunities that this law grants within the confiscation of criminal products. Conclusions to improve work in terms of legislation, relevant structures, cooperation, and the implementation in practice and recommendations for further improvements to the security of citizens in general looked at closely by the services of the State Police, investigations and proceedings, in terms of criminal offense in the fight against organized crime, terrorism and corruption, significantly influences in the field of money laundering. At the origin of money laundering is any criminal activity, also held out, which generates money, often called "dirty", and/or other goods.
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Daci, Greta. "Organized Crime in Kosovo: A Comprehensive Analysis of Narcotics and Human Trafficking (2019-2023)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, no. 32 (2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n32p1.
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Organized crime poses an imminent threat in our society, driven by the pursuit of rapid wealth and power. The path to amassing large profits in a short time leads to various criminal activities, such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, and counterfeit goods, reaching global levels. This research is about the Republic of Kosovo. The intent is to analyze organized crime from 2019 to 2023, taking a comprehensive interest in drugs and human trafficking. Post-war countries struggle with extensive criminal networks that cause internal turmoil. Fostering criminal cooperation and combating corruption while ensuring security and safety remain significant internal issues. Its favorable location along the Balkan route is a pathway to illicit activities driven by criminal groups, with Europe as a destination. Additionally, by using a mixed-method approach combining qualitative and quantitative research through document analysis, data analysis, and statistical examination, the research offers a holistic perspective on the changes over the years, emphasizing key enforcement challenges. It also uncovers how criminal networks take advantage of security challenges and legislative gaps to operate freely. The research concludes that stricter enforcement laws and intensified anti-corruption efforts are urgently required. Improving security policies and practices, focusing on greater collaboration with other Balkan countries, enhancing border control, and tightening oversight in northern Kosovo are also priorities. Implementing the proposed measures would enhance Kosovo's fight against organized crime and serve as a combat model for other Balkan countries.
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Kopan, Oleksii, Vladyslav Melnyk, and Pavel Poliаn. "Ways to implement risk management in the fight against organised crime." Naukovij vìsnik Nacìonalʹnoï akademìï vnutrìšnìh sprav 29, no. 1 (2024): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.56215/naia-herald/1.2024.31.
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The aggravation of the state of operations under martial law poses a threat to a wide range of rights, interests of individuals and society. To prevent further deterioration of the crime situation, it is necessary to find progressive mechanisms to combat organised crime. The purpose of this study was to formulate scientifically sound proposals for the development of mechanisms for combating organised crime and counteracting the establishment of corrupt ties by criminals in institutions, organisations, and enter- prises, especially those belonging to the national security system. According to the purpose and specifics of the subject under study, the historical approach, comparative legal, and systemic-structural methods were employed. The study outlined the content of the processes of organising the management of subsystems involved in ensuring national security. The need to ensure its effective implementation is evidenced by statistical data on the complication of the operational situation in certain regions, the general socio-po- litical situation and threatening trends in the criminalisation of society. The state of stagnation does not correspond to the course of the most secure development of society, and therefore the main task of the state is to actively protect citizens from dangerous anti-social, criminal, and violent manifestations. It was sub- stantiated that the success of counteracting these negative phenomena depends primarily on the unification of certain mechanisms at both the international and domestic levels, including standards. It was proved that legal forms of combating organised crime should be improved towards the betterment of standards in the risk management system, specifically, ensuring information security, and stimulating the protection of information flows. It was argued that the introduction of the term “compliance audit” into certain laws of Ukraine defining the basic principles of implementation of the state financial control, audit of financial statements, and organisation of audit activities will provide a positive effect in combating these negative phenomena. The findings of this study can serve as the basis for the preparation of forecast and programme documents by supreme audit institutions, anti-corruption bodies, and the business community to counteract manifestations of organised crime, identify and eliminate corrupt ties with criminals
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Radosavljević, Emina. "Compliance of domestic criminal legislation in the field of international and judicial cooperation with the EU acquis in the fight against organized crime: Security aspect." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, no. 4 (2020): 1575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-29642.
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The area of the European Union (EU) is characterized by general liberalization, ie. "Free flow of people, goods, services, and capital", which is why the organized crime with international elements seriously affects the security of entire regions. Given that no country, regardless of its resources, can confront the threats of the global environment on its own, the need to create a single legislative framework aimed at strengthening the internal security system of the EU and its member states have become necessary. The mentioned unified legislation leads to the centralization of the security area at the supranational level, ie. delegation of competencies of the Member States to the institutions of the Union. In the global fight against organized crime, with the entry into force of the Law on Ratification of Stabilization and Association Agreements between the European Communities and their Member States, on the one hand, and The Republic of Serbia, on the other1 Serbia has committed itself to gradually harmonizing its national legal framework with acquis communautaire, as well as to apply them consistently. Given that, in this paper will be considered the harmonization of certain provisions of the Law on Organization and Competences of State Bodies in the Suppression of Organized Crime, Terrorism and Corruption, ie. international cooperation in criminal matters systematized in Chapter 24 - Justice, Freedom, and Security.
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ISMAJLI, Sedat, and Argëtim SALIU. "CONFISCATION OF THE PROPERTY OF CRIME AND CORRUPTION -COMPARATIVE CHALLENGES AND EXPERIENCES." International Journal of Legal Sciences-JUSTICIA 12, no. 21-22 (2024): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.62792/ut.jus.v12.i21-22.p2749.
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The research in this study aims to prove that confiscation of property acquired through crime is an important tool in the fight against organized crime. The basic idea of the paper is to investigate the confiscation of property acquired through crime, which is a huge criminal wealth generated mostly by various forms of misdemeanors. The analysis of the confiscation of criminal property is made based on studying and comparing the key features of the legislation in the European Union, the USA, and Australia to find out how these legislations regulate the confiscation of criminally acquired property. The methods used in the research of this paper are defined according to the purpose of the study, i.e. determining the measures that aim to reduce and prevent crime by making it known that criminals will not be allowed to enjoy their illicit wealth. Key findings and arguments show that the recovery process involves several stages: identification and tracking, freezing and confiscation, and management of frozen and confiscated assets. The data were collected, processed and analyzed to find improved solutions for confiscating criminally acquired property. In conclusion, the study proposes to take measures to confiscate criminally acquired property so that criminals cannot use it and enjoy the benefits of that property.
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Голованова, Наталья, and Natalya Golovanova. "Seized Property Regulation Issues." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 10 (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21525.
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This article provides some insight into foreign states’ regulation of seized property and weaknesses and opportunities for increasing effectiveness of existing regimes. Asset confiscation through proceeds of crime legislation, as well as assets originated from corruption, has taken on a new lease of life over the past few years. The main object of criminal proceeds confiscation laws is to divestiture the financial gain derived from criminal activity and to relinquish it to the state. The author evaluates the legislation and practice in the framework of regulation of seized property in Europe, USA and Australia, and lays stress on social reuse of propriety. In author’s opinion, Italian experience in transferring confiscated assets to local authorities in favour of the society is especially interesting for Russia. It is noted that besides achieving the common goal to seize illicit assets from criminals to the subsequent payment of compensation to victims of crime, to fight against organized crime, terrorism and economic crimes, it is important to create an economically viable asset recovery system, preserving their value in the interests of the state, society and victims, as well as ensuring accountability, transparency and public confidence in the system of asset recovery.
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Miti, Mirela, and Nertila Çika. "Financial Reporting, Criminal-Juridical Protection, And Corruption in Albania." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 1 (2024): e6724. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-135.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is role of financial reporting and the accounting profession in the identification of corruption what is foreseen in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania regarding the activity of businesses that violate financial reporting in accordance with accounting standards, how they stand against each other with the aim of a true and fair view of the activities of each entity. Methods: This paper comes as an empirical study of the regulatory framework in Albania in the field of financial reporting and criminal-juridical protection provided in under Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania, as two influential indicators in the wide discussed phenomenon of corruption in our country. The study employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Through empirical and statistical analysis, the actuality in Albania will be understood in the trinomial of financial reporting, criminal-juridical protection, and corruption. At the end, suggestions for the main actors will be presented for the role of financial reporting in the fight against corruption and organized crime, identifying it as a main tool. Results and Discussion: Corruption and organized crime are increasingly finding themselves in many dimensions in the world of globalization and information technology development. Through the "Action plan for fighting corruption and economic crime" (2022), IFAC has provided a framework for how to improve the role of the accounting profession in the fight against corruption, aiming for alignment with the UN SDGs. In this context, Albania has also undertaken its reforms in several areas, such as in the field of financial reporting, justice, etc., focusing on strengthening institutions, increasing public trust, and involving professionals with integrity and an elevated level of professionalism. Implications of the Research: Albania has been working for a long time now to align its legislation with that of the EU, in the framework of EU Integration. Among other areas, there have been a lot of developments toward the harmonization of the legal framework in the field of accounting and audit profession regulation. One of the crucial points in financial information publication is the process of preparation and auditing of financial statements. The legal framework altogether with the reporting standards should aim to encourage the publication of a true and fair view of financial information. It is recommended that the accounting professionals should show caution to prepare financial statements in accordance with national accounting standards, or international financial reporting standards evidencing the true and fair view of the entity's activity. Originality/Value: This paper presents the effect of financial reporting and criminal-juridical protection on the level of corruption in Albania. This goal is achieved by evidencing statistical data on economic entities operating in our country, describing an analysis of criminal-juridical protection provided for in the Criminal Code in force in the Republic of Albania, as well as based on a literature studied to understand how the financial reporting of entities is an important instrument for identifying corruption and what is foreseen in this criminal offense, as a means of preventing corruption and conducting business activity in accordance with legal acts.
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Mitin, A. N., and P. Uv Kuznetsov. "International Anti-Corruption Practices." Journal of Law and Administration 15, no. 2 (2019): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-2-51-60-71.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of problems of corruption in foreign countries. Corruption is seen as the inefficiency of public administration associated with a violation in relations between the principal and the agent: the first receives services, the second provides them.It is noted that corruption is the abuse of state and municipal authorities for private gain. A sharp rise in corruption was noted by researchers in the XIX century. At the same time, the first attempts to counter it at the legislative level appeared. At the end of the 20th century (December 17, 1979), the UN General Assembly adopted the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials. The legal basis for the definition of corruption was the adoption in 2003 of the UN Convention against Corruption, and three years earlier the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. For the first time, the thesis was voiced that the fight against corruption is the responsibility of states, and for its effectiveness a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach is needed. In this regard, researchers decided to note the multiplicity of causes of corruption, highlighting the legal, economic, institutional and sociocultural factors, as well as dividing corruption into white, gray and black. According to the geographical classification and the statement that there are no non-corruption countries, they build several models of corruption: Asian, African, Latin American, European.Researchers agree that the level of corruption in all countries depends on the institutional environment and social conditions; it remains an important political phenomenon.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific methods, special methods of cognition of international practice, phenomena and processes (analytical examination, synthesis, system-oriented and functional-analytical approaches, interpretation and characteristics of legal norms, comparative legal analysis).Results. In the course of the analytical study, the resources involved in the orbit of corruption, the terms and definitions of this dangerous phenomenon, the legal basis of such definitions proposed by the international community were characterized. International documents of a recommendatory nature relating to the fight against corruption, state anticorruption programs of individual countries, formed some recommendations of an anti-corruption nature were considered.Discussions and conclusions. The application of an integrated interdisciplinary approach to the formation and implementation of systemic activities in which the democratization of public life and the transparency of the activities of all authorities are obvious and necessary is substantiated.
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Xhixho, Erisa, and Henris Balliu. "Money laundering - Harmonization of Albanian legislation in the framework of EU membership." Balkan Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 10, no. 1 (2024): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjir-2024-0006.
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Abstract The 2022 strategic report on international narcotics control of the United States Department of State, estimates that Albania remains a country susceptible to money laundering, due to corruption, the presence of organized crime networks, as well as deficiencies in legislation and supervision.1 Whereas, according to the Basel Index for the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing, Albania ranks 93rd out of 152 jurisdictions, with 4.75 out of 10 points.2 The main sources of money laundering are related to drug trafficking and other organized crime activities, while the most widespread methods of money laundering are construction, real estate and business development projects.3 Despite the reform of justice and efforts to improve the fight against money laundering, the country faces challenges in terms of capacities, insufficient supervision of some sectors, as well as the lack of cooperation between law enforcement and supervisory bodies. Albania is in the conditions of insufficient control mechanisms, in relation to the size of informal money. Referring to the report of the European Commission for Albania of 2023, the problems related to money laundering in the country remains an area that requires attention and further results.4 Also, the report shows that Albania has made progress in terms of implementing the recommendations of the Committee of Experts for the Evaluation of Measures against Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism (hereinafter: Moneyval),5 as well as the action plan of the Special Financial Action Task Force (hereinafter: FATF),6 with the aim of improving effectiveness in the field of money laundering. Also, since February 2020, Albania is part of a political commitment to engage with the FATF and Moneyval, in the framework of the fight against money laundering and the financing of terrorism.
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Никонов, Павел Владимирович. "INTERNATIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR COMBATING CORRUPTION CRIMES RELATED TO GIVING AND PASSING BRIBES AND OTHER TYPES OF ILLEGAL REMUNERATION." Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 3(44) (October 11, 2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2021.44.3.011.
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Международные нормативные правовые акты имеют особое значение для организации противодействия коррупционным преступлениям, связанным с дачей и получением взятки и иных видов незаконного вознаграждения. В статье анализируются международно-правовые документы, призванные обеспечить единый подход к противодействию указанным видам противоправных деяний в различных государствах. Международное сообщество озабочено решением проблем, связанных с противодействием коррупции. В этом отношении Россия не является исключением, поэтому ратифицирует основные международно-правовые акты, регламентирующие вопросы борьбы с коррупционными преступлениями. Интеграционные процессы, происходящие в настоящее время, обуславливают необходимость обращения к международному опыту в области противодействия указанным видам преступлений. При подготовке материала научной статьи применялся сравнительно-правовой метод исследования, что позволило получить обоснованные выводы относительно сравнения международных и российских нормативных правовых актов. В статье анализируются положения таких источников, ратифицированных Россией, как Конвенция Организации Объединенных Наций против коррупции, Конвенция против транснациональной организованной преступности, Конвенция об уголовной ответственности за коррупцию, Конвенция по борьбе с подкупом иностранных должностных лиц при осуществлении международных коммерческих сделок. В качестве полученных результатов проведенного исследования можно признать заключения относительно соответствия уголовного законодательства Российской Федерации, созданных органов и реализуемых мер, направленных на организацию борьбы с коррупционными преступлениями, связанными с дачей и получением взятки и иными видами незаконного вознаграждения, рассмотренным международным стандартам. International legal regulation is of prime importance in countering corruption crimes related to giving and receiving bribes and other types of illegal remuneration. The article analyzes international legal documents designed to ensure the same approach to countering these types of illegal acts in different states. The international community is concerned about solving problems related to combating corruption. Russia is no exception, therefore it ratifies the main international legal acts regulating the fight against corruption crimes. The integration processes taking place at the present time necessitate taking into account the international experience of countering these types of crimes. The comparative legal research method was used, this made it possible to obtain well-grounded conclusions regarding the comparison of international and Russian normative legal acts. The article analyzes the provisions of international documents ratified by Russia: the United Nations Convention against Corruption, the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, and the Convention against Bribery of Foreign Officials in International Business Transactions. The findings on the compliance of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation, existing bodies and measures taken in the field of combating corruption crimes related to giving and receiving bribes and other types of illegal remuneration to international standards as the results of the study are indicated.
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Garmaev, Yu P. "Primary Fight against «Minor» Corruption Crimes as a Problem of Judicial Practice and Forensics." Lex Russica 76, no. 3 (2023): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2023.196.3.063-071.
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The paper focuses on the problem raised in its title and verified it as a scientific hypothesis. Based on the analysis of regularities in the investigation of corruption crimes and scientific developments on the same subject, statistical data and standings of leading forensic scientists, it is proved that there are two problems: practical and scientific. The first is the presence of a negative pattern in the activities of law enforcement agencies, a kind of informal priority in the fight against minor crimes that do not represent legal and criminalistic complexity. The second problem related to the first, but already a scientific problem, is that a lot of scientific forensic developments, for example investigation techniques, are devoted to the description and investigation of just small, uncomplicated crimes. The author analyzes the causes of these problems, including methodological ones. Thus, in criminology, research programs for studying and generalizing the practice of investigating criminal cases have not been fully developed. Criminal cases that have resulted in convictions are not a completely valid and not the most informative source for a criminologist—developer. The author suggests supplementing these sources with a list of five types of, relatively speaking, «unrealized» materials.As a result, conclusions are drawn that criminology as a science should: 1) be critical of the noted practical regularity; 2) adopt the principle of priority for the development of recommendations for the investigation of the most complex and dangerous crimes. In addition, forensic techniques in cases of corruption crimes should contain a number of main areas of investigation, the essence of which is the priority of combating high—level, serial attacks, the activities of organized criminal groups and money laundering.
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Notari, Notari Bonini, and Rogério Gesta Leal. "O crime de lavagem de dinheiro no âmbito da convenção sobre o combate a corrupção de funcionário públicos estrangeiros em transações comerciais internacionais da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE)." Revista do Direito Público 10, no. 2 (2015): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1980-511x.2015v10n2p187.
Full textAbstract:
O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o fenômeno da corrupção e o crime de lavagem de dinheiro e a forma como vem sendo abordada essa temática no âmbito da Convenção sobre o Combate da Corrupção de Funcionários Públicos Estrangeiros em Transações Comerciais Internacionais da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) e à formulação de políticas públicas para o Combate a Corrupção e a Lavagem de Dinheiro, por parte do Estado Brasileiro. A Lavagem de Dinheiro é uma das espécies de práticas corruptivas, de tal modo que esse tipo de ilícito compromete a efetivação dos direitos fundamentais, dos direitos sociais, do direito penal econômico, o Estado Democrático de Direito afetando, de forma direta, as políticas públicas tributárias em razão do cometimento de ilegalidades e delitos ligados às questões de ordem econômica, tais como, o suborno, fraudes, sonegação fiscal, propina, lavagem de dinheiro, tráfico de drogas, armas, ligados de maneira indireta, ao crime organizado. Considerando que o artigo é de natureza bibliográfica, será utilizado quanto ao método de abordagem a ser adotado no seu desenvolvimento o dedutivo, tendo pressuposto argumentos gerais (premissa maior) para argumentos particulares (premissa menor); enquanto o procedimento será analítico. Palavras chaves: Políticas Públicas Tributárias, Lavagem de Dinheiro, Corrupção de Funcionários Públicos Estrangeiros, ordem econômica, ilegalidades. MONEY LAUNDERING CRIME UNDER THE CONVENTION ON THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION OF FOREIGN public employee in the business operations of the International Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) This article aims to analyze the phenomenon of corruption and money laundering and how it is addressing this issue under the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Economic Development (OECD) and the formulation of public policies for the Fight against Corruption and Money Laundering, by the Brazilian government. Money laundering is a kind of corrupt practices, so this type of crime committed with the observance of fundamental rights, social rights, economic criminal law, the democratic rule of law affecting directly the tax public policy because the commission of unlawful acts and crimes related to financial issues such as bribery, fraud, tax evasion, bribery, money laundering, drug trafficking, arms linked indirectly to the crime organizado.Considerando that the article is a bibliographic character , will be used as a method of approach is adopted in its deductive development, with arguments general assumption (major premise) for particular arguments (minor premise); while the procedure is analytic.
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Oleksiy, Shevchuk. "Rulemaking of the national agency of Ukraine for the identification, search and management of assets obtained from corruption and other crimes: constitutional and legal aspect." ScienceRise: Juridical Science, no. 1(11) (March 31, 2020): 29–33. https://doi.org/10.15587/2523-4153.2020.199930.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the legal nature and constitutional status of the legal acts of the National Agency of Ukraine for finding, tracing and management of assets, derived from corruption and other crimes (abbr. - Asset Recovery and Management Agency or ARMA) as a central executive body with special status. The features of the central executive bodies with a special status as an integral component of the executive branch and the state mechanism as a whole are considered. It has been established, that the special status is determined primarily by the special social role of this category of central executive bodies. The place and role of the National Agency of Ukraine for finding, tracing and management of assets, derived from corruption and other crimes in the system of executive authorities is determined. It has been established, that this body occupies an intermediate place between law enforcement agencies, engaged in the fight against corruption, and organized crime, as well as other government bodies. It is this circumstance that is the reason for the existence of a rule-making function in this body. In particular, this concerns the right of the ARMA to issue by-laws - an order - on matters, referred by law to its jurisdiction. The main problems on the implementation of the legislative function of this authority and ways to solve them are determined. In particular, it is proposed to expand the legislative capabilities of the National Agency of Ukraine for finding, tracing and management of assets, derived from corruption and other crimes, in order to avoid possible conflicts with the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and other central executive bodies. In particular, it is proposed to consider the possibility of endowing the said agency with the right of direct legislative initiative to regulate public relations in the field of identification, search and asset management
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Oliveira, Thiago Fernandes Aguiar de. "JUSTIÇA PROCESSUAL PENAL E A DELAÇÃO PREMIADA: UM OLHAR SOB A ÓTICA DO ACORDO DE PERSECUÇÃO PENAL." Revista ft 28, no. 139 (2024): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.69849/revistaft/ar10202410311324.
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Plea bargaining, formally established more comprehensively in Brazil by Law No. 12,850/2013, has become a crucial tool in the fight against organized crime and corruption. It allows accused individuals to cooperate with authorities in exchange for legal benefits, such as reduced sentences. The intensive use of plea bargaining in cases like Operation Car Wash has highlighted its importance and effectiveness, while also raising debates about its implications and challenges. This study aims to analyze the impact of plea bargaining on the Brazilian criminal justice process, emphasizing its relevance for criminal prosecution and the associated challenges. The methodology employed in this study is qualitative, based on a literature review, revealing that its application faces challenges and that Brazilian jurisprudence defines limits and guarantees to ensure that plea bargaining is used fairly and equitably. The continuous evolution of these practices is essential to promote a cohesive and just penal system.
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Lukashevych, S. Yu. "Crime and corruption prevention objects." Theory and practice of jurisprudence 2, no. 20 (2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2225-6555.2021.2.244883.
Full textAbstract:
Under today’s conditions, humanity and all social and state formations, including Ukraine, as part of the world order, is experiencing many changes: we are in a radically new political, economic, spiritual and ideological situation compared to the end of the twentieth century; its main features are socio-economic stagnation, political, cultural, educational and moral-psychological uncertainty, activation of old and the emergence of new stressors at the level of both individual and group (and even mass) consciousness. The complexity and contradictions of socio-economic and political development of our country necessitate the theoretical understanding and development of scientifically sound tools with which to make more effective the process of social interaction, non-criminogenic development of society, crime prevention and counteraction. Without theoretical knowledge that directly serves a specific state-building practice, it is impossible to fulfill a strategic task - to build a democratic state and civil society in Ukraine. Scientists rightly point out that the current criminal situation is characterized by new types of crime, dynamism of development, unpredictability of changes, spread of organized forms and professionalism and the inability of the state to resist corruption necessitates the effectiveness of the fight against crime. The purpose of this article is to study the objects of crime and corruption prevention, to determine their essential characteristics and to separate them from other objects of social reality. The methodological basis of the work is the dialectical method, the application of which allows to study the object and subject of research in their epistemological unity, relationship, as well as differences. The technique used in writing the article consists of several basic methods of scientific knowledge. Using the historical method, historical and general theoretical questions of the essence of the object of crime prevention and corruption are clarified. The use of methods of analysis and synthesis made it possible to separate the objects of prevention from other objects of social reality - this was also facilitated by the use of the structural-functional method. These methods also allowed to investigate the theoretical views on the nature and elements of the object of crime and corruption prevention. The logical-semantic method was used to determine the relationships and mutual influences of crime prevention and corruption objects with other objects. Scientific abstraction and generalization of scientific and theoretical information as a process of establishing general properties and signs, allowed to reach and formulate final conclusions on the subject of research. Based on the considerations set out in the article, it can be noted that the objects of preventive influence on the prevention of crime and corruption are negative phenomena and processes of reality of material or spiritual nature, which lead to causes and conditions conducive to crime. This should keep in mind the properties that are common to such objects, namely: criminogenicity; dynamism; potentiality; latency. Separate objects are objects of victimological influence. Information sources of various origins are covered, which testify to the origins of mass, group, individual victimization and the presence of dangerous victimhood at these levels, to which the theory and practice of victimological crime prevention are directed. , and the special objects of victimological prevention are social and psychological factors of victimization and victimhood as objects of preventive victimological influence at the individual level. Specific objects are the objects of influence in the prevention of corruption, which include: corruption-causing factors; corruption risks in the activities of public authorities, local governments, legal entities of public and private law and their officials; illegal behavior of officials and officials of public authorities and local governments. Thus, a deep and comprehensive knowledge of the nature of criminogenic objects, their scientific, historical and epistemological research will serve as a basis for understanding the danger of this social phenomenon and finding appropriate effective methods, tools and measures to influence it. The state must prevent crime by influencing certain criminogenic objects, which in essence will be the object of crime and corruption prevention at various levels of preventive activities – general social, special criminological, individual, as well as in the implementation of victim prevention measures
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Lukashevych, S. Yu. "Crime and corruption prevention objects." Theory and practice of jurisprudence 2021, (VOL 2) 20 (2021): 12. https://doi.org/10.21564/10.21564/2225-6555.2021.2.244883.
Full textAbstract:
Under today’s conditions, humanity and all social and state formations, including Ukraine, as part of the world order, is experiencing many changes: we are in a radically new political, economic, spiritual and ideological situation compared to the end of the twentieth century; its main features are socio-economic stagnation, political, cultural, educational and moral-psychological uncertainty, activation of old and the emergence of new stressors at the level of both individual and group (and even mass) consciousness. The complexity and contradictions of socio-economic and political development of our country necessitate the theoretical understanding and development of scientifically sound tools with which to make more effective the process of social interaction, non-criminogenic development of society, crime prevention and counteraction. Without theoretical knowledge that directly serves a specific state-building practice, it is impossible to fulfill a strategic task - to build a democratic state and civil society in Ukraine. Scientists rightly point out that the current criminal situation is characterized by new types of crime, dynamism of development, unpredictability of changes, spread of organized forms and professionalism and the inability of the state to resist corruption necessitates the effectiveness of the fight against crime. The purpose of this article is to study the objects of crime and corruption prevention, to determine their essential characteristics and to separate them from other objects of social reality. The methodological basis of the work is the dialectical method, the application of which allows to study the object and subject of research in their epistemological unity, relationship, as well as differences. The technique used in writing the article consists of several basic methods of scientific knowledge. Using the historical method, historical and general theoretical questions of the essence of the object of crime prevention and corruption are clarified. The use of methods of analysis and synthesis made it possible to separate the objects of prevention from other objects of social reality -this was also facilitated by the use of the structural-functional method. These methods also allowed to investigate the theoretical views on the nature and elements of the object of crime and corruption prevention. The logical-semantic method was used to determine the relationships and mutual influences of crime prevention and corruption objects with other objects. Scientific abstraction and generalization of scientific and theoretical information as a process of establishing general properties and signs, allowed to reach and formulate final conclusions on the subject of research. Based on the considerations set out in the article, it can be noted that the objects of preventive influence on the prevention of crime and corruption are negative phenomena and processes of reality of material or spiritual nature, which lead to causes and conditions conducive to crime. This should keep in mind the properties that are common to such objects, namely: criminogenicity; dynamism; potentiality; latency. Separate objects are objects of victimological influence. Information sources of various origins are covered, which testify to the origins of mass, group, individual victimization and the presence of dangerous victimhood at these levels, to which the theory and practice of victimological crime prevention are directed. , and the special objects of victimological prevention are social and psychological factors of victimization and victimhood as objects of preventive victimological influence at the individual level. Specific objects are the objects of influence in the prevention of corruption, which include: corruption-causing factors; corruption risks in the activities of public authorities, local governments, legal entities of public and private law and their officials; illegal behavior of officials and officials of public authorities and local governments. Thus, a deep and comprehensive knowledge of the nature of criminogenic objects, their scientific, historical and epistemological research will serve as a basis for understanding the danger of this social phenomenon and finding appropriate effective methods, tools and measures to influence it. The state must prevent crime by influencing certain criminogenic objects, which in essence will be the object of crime and corruption prevention at various levels of preventive activities – general social, special criminological, individual, as well as in the implementation of victim prevention measure
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Karamuço, Ervin, and Admir Abrija. "Investigation of Transnational Crimes in the Field Of Customs: Novelties of Directive (Eu) 2017/1371." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 12, no. 1 (2025): 41. https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv12n105.
Full textAbstract:
Transnational crimes in the customs area constitute a major challenge for national economies, being closely linked to the national security of states and international security as a whole. These criminal activities mainly include smuggling, tax evasion, trafficking in prohibited goods, narcotics, waste, works of art, archaeological sites, etc. These crimes, in addition to their direct impact on state revenues and legitimate trade, can seriously undermine public order and finance criminal and terrorist networks. Likewise, environmental crimes, such as trafficking in hazardous substances and toxic waste, are an ever-growing challenge that requires close international and inter-institutional cooperation to be addressed effectively. The fight against these crimes in Albania is a shared responsibility between the customs administration and law enforcement agencies such as the State Police, the Special Prosecution Office Against Corruption and Organized Crime (SPAK), the Prosecutor's Offices of General Jurisdiction, the Courts of all levels, etc. The National Environment Agency (AKM), the National Food Authority (AKU), etc. also play a very important role. This cooperation is vital to combat transnational crimes and to prevent the mutual passage of illegal and socially dangerous goods across the borders of our countries. The Albanian Customs Administration, through controls, based on customs information and risk analysis, is a key actor in the detection of illegal activities and in the protection of the interests, fiscal, environmental and not only of our country. This study analyzes inter-institutional and international cooperation in the fight against transnational crimes in the customs field, including trafficking in narcotics, human beings, smuggling of hazardous waste, etc. In Albania, this cooperation includes examining the role of the customs administration, prosecutors' offices and courts in the criminal prosecution of these crimes. The study also examines the challenges of harmonizing Albanian legislation with international norms and practices and mainly with the innovations of Directive (EU) 2017/1371, and provides recommendations for improving the effectiveness of justice institutions and strengthening the capacities of the customs administration. Received: 8 January 2025 / Accepted: 24 February 2025 / Published: 25 March 2025
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Basalyk, S. A., and V. V. Tyshchuk. "Human trafficking as transnational crime: bioethical aspects of organ transplantation." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 4, no. 87 (2025): 30–36. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2025.87.4.4.
Full textAbstract:
The article is dedicated to the complex and multifaceted issue of human trafficking as a form of transnational organized crime, particularly in the context of illegal organ transplantation. In recent decades, the number of cases related to human trafficking in the medical field has significantly increased, raising serious global concerns. This phenomenon violates fundamental human rights, including the right to life, liberty, and dignity, and has become one of the most significant challenges for contemporary international law and ethics. The article provides a detailed analysis of the bioethical aspects of organ transplantation, particularly the various conflicts between the medical needs of patients and the rights of donors. Attention is given to issues of donor consent, ethical standards concerning the exploitation of vulnerable individuals, and the impact of corruption on processes related to organ transplantation. The existing international legal frameworks governing organ transplantation and human trafficking are also discussed, along with their limitations and inadequacies in addressing this complex issue. The article identifies key gaps in legislation that facilitate the implementation of illegal organ transplantation schemes and explores ways to improve international legal standards for more effective combat against these crimes. The urgent need for comprehensive reform of international legislation is emphasized to enhance the effectiveness of combating illegal organ transplantation and reduce instances of human trafficking in medical institutions. The article also discusses the necessity of establishing stricter control and monitoring mechanisms capable of preventing such crimes and protecting the rights of vulnerable individuals who fall into the hands of organized crime. Additionally, the importance of implementing an ethical approach to organ transplantation is highlighted, preserving the dignity and rights of all participants in the process, including donors, recipients, and medical professionals. Such an approach will ensure transparency and legality in the field of transplantation and guarantee equal access to medical services for all individuals, regardless of their social status or nationality. Given the global nature of the problem, the article also explores the potential for strengthening international cooperation between states and international organizations to improve the fight against transnational crime, particularly human trafficking and illegal organ transplantation. An essential component of this cooperation includes information exchange, joint investigations, and implementing unified standards and control mechanisms to create an adequate legal framework for combating these crimes.
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Saenz Vertiz, Alberto. "La Ruta Perdida del Oro Peruano y sus implicancias en la Seguridad Nacional." Revista Cuadernos de Trabajo, no. 24 (August 31, 2023): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.58211/cdt.vi24.89.
Full textAbstract:
In Peru, the mining sector has managed to improve the country's economy and society, contributing up to 10% of PIB and the main minerals are copper, zinc and gold, whose national exports represented more than 60% in 2019, being the gold the second most important mining product. The mining legal regulations that began in 1992, backed by the Peruvian Constitution, have managed to give the necessary impetus to turn this sector into the engine of the nationaleconomy; however, gold production in remote areas ofthe country still have governance problems that create opportunities for organized crime and illegal mining activity, facilitated by factors such as institutional weakness, corruption, poverty, an economy based on money in cash and high levels of informality that affect national security. Peru has complex and substantial challenges in the fight against the illegal gold tradeand despite the time that has elapsed, it requires priority and effective attention, which benefits the inhabitants of those remote areas of the country.