Academic literature on the topic 'Fighters Destiny'

The article substantiates the features of the history of musical pedagogy as meta-history, the content of which is immutable values, spiritual constants of mankind, as well as such phenomena as coincidence, meetings in time and space, their sign and symbolic interpretation. Along with people, cities are important participants in the complex drama of the Ukrainian history. They are spiritual and cultural centers important for the development of national culture and education. Many of them received symbolic names, for instance, Second Jerusalem (Kyiv), Chernihiv Athens, Galician Piedmont (Lviv, Galicia in general). Among the Western European cities, which have a leading role in the drama of national history and culture there is Vienna, “the golden apple of Europe”, a metropolis, at different times the political and artistic capital of Europe, and for many Ukrainians the juridical capital. Vienna holds the mission of the world’s city, which has summed up the experience of history and has become a stage of human drama, drama of events and nations. The cultural archetypes of Vienna, which finally determined the direction of further development of the European musical culture, include the works of “Viennese classics”, the era of Biedermeier, “Viennese waltz”, “Viennese secession”. Many significant events, real and symbolic meetings in the history of Ukrainian culture took place in Vienna. It was the Austrian capital, where a considerable part of the scientific and creative elite of Ukraine obtained European education. This was the place where the fighters for the Ukrainian statehood found political protection. The article briefly describes the activities of “the Ukrainian Viennese” Eusebius Mandychevsky and Serhiy Bortkevich, two artists, musicians, heroes of the national historical drama, representatives of different generations and regions, united by the time and space of the Ukrainian history and culture, whose life reflected the tragic fate of the people, took place transformation of the history into person’s destiny. The meta-history approach substantially expands and enhances the possibilities of traditional methodology. Sign and symbolic comprehension of the past requires highlighting spiritually significant processes in the development of history, their contrast, comparison, reading the “text” of historical events, the discovery of its “subtext”, which is “the semantic and vital awareness of being”.

The relationship of domestic moviegoers to the works of Indian cinema has a complex and heterogeneous development history. The Soviet audience watched the first Indian movie back in the 1950s, which gave a powerful impetus to the formation of multifaceted contacts between Indian and Soviet film industry. As a result such films were shot as Journey Beyond Three Seas, Black Prince Adjouba, The Adventures of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, the famous My name is clown by Raj Kapoor, and others. However, a sympathy to the Indian cinema of the 1970-80s led to the formation of the stereotypes (frivolous story, improbable fights, numerous songs and dances, etc.), which have been preserved by this day, in spite of the changes that occurred in the Indian film industry. In the 1990s, there was a revision of values on the part of the domestic audience and interest for Indian cinema began to wane. Development of various types of video media has allowed fans to buy movies for personal viewing. At the turn of the century a number of television companies obtained broadcasting rights for the classic Indian films. Broadcasting of the channels India TV and Zee-TV, completely dedicated to the Indian culture, marked a new stage in distribution of Indian cinema in this country. In addition, the Internet technology gave way for development of various kinds of specialized resources. These facts, as well as resumed festivals of Indian cinema in the last decade in this country, speak in favor of the revival of the audience interest to it. Despite the virtual absence of the joint Russian-Indian films in the last decades and a small amount of Indian films, audience sympathy gives rise to the assumption of the prospects for this kind of cooperation, as well as accentuation of resuming heavy study of Indian cinema by Russian researchers.

The Spider and the Fly You little spider,To death you aspire...Or seeking a web wider,To death all walking,No escape you all fighters…Weak and fragile in shape and might,Whatever you see in the horizon,That is destiny whatever sight.And tomorrow the spring comes,And the flowers bloom,And the grasshopper leaps high,And the frogs happily cry,And the flies smile nearby,To that end,The spider has a plot,To catch the flies by his net,A mosquito has fallen down in his net,Begging him to set her free,Out of that prison,To her freedom she aspires,Begging...Imploring...crying, That is all what she requires,But the spider vows never let her free,His power he admires,Turning blind to light,And with his teeth he shall bite,Leaving her in desperate might,Unable to move from site to site,Tied up with strings in white,Wrapped up like a dead man,Waiting for his grave at night, The mosquito says,Oh little spider,A stronger you are than me in power,But listen to my words before death hour,Today is mine and tomorrow is yours,No escape from death...Whatever the color of your flower… Little soundsThe AntThe ant is a little creature with a ferocious soul,Looking and looking for more and more,You can simply crush it like dead mold,Or you can simply leave it alone,I wonder how strong and strong they are!Working day and night in a small hole,Their motto is work or whatever you call…A big boon they have and joy in fall,Because they found what they store,A lesson to learn and memorize all in all,Work is something that you should not ignore! The butterfly:I’m the butterflyBeautiful like a blue clear sky,Or sometimes look like snow,Different in colors, shapes and might,But something to know that we always die,So fragile, weak and thin,Lighter than a glimpse and delicate as light,Something to know for sure…Whatever you have in life and all these fields,You are not happier than a butterfly The beetle:The beetle is a legend,Calm and quiet,Never harm or hurt,But live in the dark,A beetle can say something,We are peaceful creatures…Never interfere, sulking alone,We do sometimes eat together,But we are lazy and sleepy…Something we care about most,Is to see all in peace!That is all…. I shall back to sleep …… (Yawning) The Cricket:I’m the gift of the spring,Black, green, white and yellow,My music is beyond imagination,Sharp and loud my message is,Proud to feel this creation,My heart is bigger than a hill,Peaceful and loving to all,So close to joyful hearts,In deep sleep or isolation,The best thing I always do,Is to sing for my determination! The Cat:I’m the cat,No name or identity,No house or food,I’m the lovely cat,So poor but so happy,My motto is joy,Whatever ups and downs,I’m always happy,I run and jump,I speak my language,I cook my food, I eat...Canned food, mice, bread, grass,That is what I like,Whatever joy you shall have,Will it feel like chasing a mouse!!

IDEALS OF FRENCH REVOLUTION IN A POLITICAL AND LITERARY PIECE OF RIGAS VELESTINLIS (1757–1798) This paper aims at enlightening the importance of French revolution regarding Rigas Velestinlis, who was one of the most influential figures of the Hellenistic and Balkan territories at the end of XVIII century, bearer of The Age of Enlightenment ideas, politician, patriot, and a visionare of a republican and democratic alliance. His opus consists of a literary-translative piece, and notable political-revolutionary writings: Revolutionary proclamation, Declaration of human rights, Constitution, and Turios. All the authors who participated in the creation of Rigas Velestinlis point out his role/destiny of a forerunner in all areas. Key words: French revolution, Age of Enlightenment, Rigas Velestinlis, forerunner, freedom fighter, Hellenistic/Balkan territories

Discrimination against women is a problem that often occurs in almost all levels of society, even in most parts of the world. This study aims to determine the understanding of gender equality and how the results of the analysis to reduce violence and provide justice for women in Indonesia. The method used is field research by collecting data, conducting interviews, and analyzing documentation data. Gender is not a movement that fights for women's destiny, on the contrary, it is a movement that erases maternal instincts from women by separating the natural and non-natural roles. Thus, gender is not just a term but a doctrine feminist that erases human nature.

The present study examines the socio-political as-pects of the uprising of prisoners, which took place in Ust-Usa (Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Re-public) in early 1942 in one of the northern camps. This was the first organized armed demonstration of prisoners in the GULAG system. The idea and at-tempt to implement it were determined primarily by the military factor. The study provides characteristic of the main organizers of this mass crime (Retyunin, Makeev, etc.). It shows the reasons why the uprising was initially destined for failure. There is substanti-ated the author’s position, according to which there is no reason to consider the participants of the Ust-Usa Uprising as fighters against the totalitarian re-gime, as it is presented in some publications. At the same time, this does not mean that GULAG did not violate the rights and freedoms of prisoners. How-ever, the goal of the search for truth does not imply only demonizing such a tough time of the Soviet history.

Online social networks have played a key role in the struggle for rights and for more sustainable, less unequal cities. In Brazil, this movement is relatively recent, and has tended to increase in the face of threats or crises that might adversely affect the rights, welfare or life of a city’s residents, or the public interest. The Movimento Ocupe Estelita fights against the interests of capital, symbolised by the Projeto Novo Recife, a project destined for the Cais Estelita. The movement started in 2012 and shows signs of resistance and resilience. This article aims to identify the theoretical and empirical basis of this resilience. The research was based on participatory online and offline observation and interviews at the encampment, with a chronology of the occupation process and subsequent campaigns of resistance and struggle. Finally, the movement’s capacity to reinvent itself and grow stronger despite continual disputes is analysed.

Melville’s fictional narrative The Encantadas (1854) and his letter to his brother Gansevoort, a democratic politician who passionately supported U.S expansionism, will allow us to explore Melville’s politics of action; i.e., his critique of the Mexican war and his doubts about Manifest Destiny. Simone De Beauvoir, French writer and feminist, insists that we are ethically compelled to do all we can to change oppressive institutions. De Beauvoir demonstrates the need to take sides, acting politically and with an ethical vision. Her action illustrates the links she sees between the embodied individual consciousness and political action. For her the alternative is simple and clear-cut. Either you align yourself with the “contemporary butchers rather than their victims” (1962: 20) or reject their atrocities and stand against them through active fights. The idea of narrative secrecy - Hunilla’s rape - is gradually revealed to the reader through Melville’s narrative omission revealing the female character as a practitioner of narrative secrecy as her right. This paper explores the female character’s twofold otherness, the native and female as distinguished from the civilized and male, which designates her as the living embodiment of these dualities, the binary oppositions upon which Western Civilization rests. Her ‘double otherness’ is expressed in the figure in which race and gender emblematically intersect. The racial and sexual differences are equated to dramatize the power relationship between the native and the colonizer where the white male colonizer has both racial and sexual superiority. Hunilla’s otherness is most fully articulated by textual interruptions. The denunciation of rape through a narrative strategy – elision - mediates Melville’s politics as action.

In my postgraduate formation during the last years of the 80’s, we had close to thirty hospital beds in a pavilion called “sépticas” (1). In Colombia, where abortion was completely penalized, the pavilion was mostly filled with women with insecure, complicated abortions. The focus we received was technical: management of intensive care; performance of hysterectomies, colostomies, bowel resection, etc. In those times, some nurses were nuns and limited themselves to interrogating the patients to get them to “confess” what they had done to themselves in order to abort. It always disturbed me that the women who left alive, left without any advice or contraceptive method. Having asked a professor of mine, he responded with disdain: “This is a third level hospital, those things are done by nurses of the first level”. Seeing so much pain and death, I decided to talk to patients, and I began to understand their decision. I still remember so many deaths with sadness, but one case in particular pains me: it was a woman close to being fifty who arrived with a uterine perforation in a state of advanced sepsis. Despite the surgery and the intensive care, she passed away. I had talked to her, and she told me she was a widow, had two adult kids and had aborted because of “embarrassment towards them” because they were going to find out that she had an active sexual life. A few days after her passing, the pathology professor called me, surprised, to tell me that the uterus we had sent for pathological examination showed no pregnancy. She was a woman in a perimenopausal state with a pregnancy exam that gave a false positive due to the high levels of FSH/LH typical of her age. SHE WAS NOT PREGNANT!!! She didn’t have menstruation because she was premenopausal and a false positive led her to an unsafe abortion. Of course, the injuries caused in the attempted abortion caused the fatal conclusion, but the real underlying cause was the social taboo in respect to sexuality. I had to watch many adolescents and young women leave the hospital alive, but without a uterus, sometime without ovaries and with colostomies, to be looked down on by a society that blamed them for deciding to not be mothers. I had to see situation of women that arrived with their intestines protruding from their vaginas because of unsafe abortions. I saw women, who in their despair, self-inflicted injuries attempting to abort with elements such as stick, branches, onion wedges, alum bars and clothing hooks among others. Among so many deaths, it was hard not having at least one woman per day in the morgue due to an unsafe abortion. During those time, healthcare was not handled from the biopsychosocial, but only from the technical (2); nonetheless, in the academic evaluations that were performed, when asked about the definition of health, we had to recite the text from the International Organization of Health that included these three aspects. How contradictory! To give response to the health need of women and guarantee their right when I was already a professor, I began an obstetric contraceptive service in that third level hospital. There was resistance from the directors, but fortunately I was able to acquire international donations for the institution, which facilitated its acceptance. I decided to undertake a teaching career with the hope of being able to sensitize health professionals towards an integral focus of health and illness. When the International Conference of Population and Development (ICPD) was held in Cairo in 1994, I had already spent various years in teaching, and when I read their Action Program, I found a name for what I was working on: Sexual and Reproductive Rights. I began to incorporate the tools given by this document into my professional and teaching life. I was able to sensitize people at my countries Health Ministry, and we worked together moving it to an approach of human rights in areas of sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This new viewpoint, in addition to being integral, sought to give answers to old problems like maternal mortality, adolescent pregnancy, low contraceptive prevalence, unplanned or unwanted pregnancy or violence against women. With other sensitized people, we began with these SRH issues to permeate the Colombian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, some universities, and university hospitals. We are still fighting in a country that despite many difficulties has improved its indicators of SRH. With the experience of having labored in all sphere of these topics, we manage to create, with a handful of colleagues and friend at the Universidad El Bosque, a Master’s Program in Sexual and Reproductive Health, open to all professions, in which we broke several paradigms. A program was initiated in which the qualitative and quantitative investigation had the same weight, and some alumni of the program are now in positions of leadership in governmental and international institutions, replicating integral models. In the Latin American Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FLASOG, English acronym) and in the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO), I was able to apply my experience for many years in the SRH committees of these association to benefit women and girls in the regional and global environments. When I think of who has inspired me in these fights, I should highlight the great feminist who have taught me and been with me in so many fights. I cannot mention them all, but I have admired the story of the life of Margaret Sanger with her persistence and visionary outlook. She fought throughout her whole life to help the women of the 20th century to be able to obtain the right to decide when and whether or not they wanted to have children (3). Of current feminist, I have had the privilege of sharing experiences with Carmen Barroso, Giselle Carino, Debora Diniz and Alejandra Meglioli, leaders of the International Planned Parenthood Federation – Western Hemisphere Region (IPPF-RHO). From my country, I want to mention my countrywoman Florence Thomas, psychologist, columnist, writer and Colombo-French feminist. She is one of the most influential and important voices in the movement for women rights in Colombia and the region. She arrived from France in the 1960’s, in the years of counterculture, the Beatles, hippies, Simone de Beauvoir, and Jean-Paul Sartre, a time in which capitalism and consumer culture began to be criticized (4). It was then when they began to talk about the female body, female sexuality and when the contraceptive pill arrived like a total revolution for women. Upon its arrival in 1967, she experimented a shock because she had just assisted in a revolution and only found a country of mothers, not women (5). That was the only destiny for a woman, to be quiet and submissive. Then she realized that this could not continue, speaking of “revolutionary vanguards” in such a patriarchal environment. In 1986 with the North American and European feminism waves and with her academic team, they created the group “Mujer y Sociedad de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia”, incubator of great initiatives and achievements for the country (6). She has led great changes with her courage, the strength of her arguments, and a simultaneously passionate and agreeable discourse. Among her multiple books, I highlight “Conversaciones con Violeta” (7), motivated by the disdain towards feminism of some young women. She writes it as a dialogue with an imaginary daughter in which, in an intimate manner, she reconstructs the history of women throughout the centuries and gives new light of the fundamental role of feminism in the life of modern women. Another book that shows her bravery is “Había que decirlo” (8), in which she narrates the experience of her own abortion at age twenty-two in sixty’s France. My work experience in the IPPF-RHO has allowed me to meet leaders of all ages in diverse countries of the region, who with great mysticism and dedication, voluntarily, work to achieve a more equal and just society. I have been particularly impressed by the appropriation of the concept of sexual and reproductive rights by young people, and this has given me great hope for the future of the planet. We continue to have an incomplete agenda of the action plan of the ICPD of Cairo but seeing how the youth bravely confront the challenges motivates me to continue ahead and give my years of experience in an intergenerational work. In their policies and programs, the IPPF-RHO evidences great commitment for the rights and the SRH of adolescent, that are consistent with what the organization promotes, for example, 20% of the places for decision making are in hands of the young. Member organizations, that base their labor on volunteers, are true incubators of youth that will make that unassailable and necessary change of generations. In contrast to what many of us experienced, working in this complicated agenda of sexual and reproductive health without theoretical bases, today we see committed people with a solid formation to replace us. In the college of medicine at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and the College of Nursing at the Universidad El Bosque, the new generations are more motivated and empowered, with great desire to change the strict underlying structures. Our great worry is the onslaught of the ultra-right, a lot of times better organized than us who do support rights, that supports anti-rights group and are truly pro-life (9). Faced with this scenario, we should organize ourselves better, giving battle to guarantee the rights of women in the local, regional, and global level, aggregating the efforts of all pro-right organizations. We are now committed to the Objectives of Sustainable Development (10), understood as those that satisfy the necessities of the current generation without jeopardizing the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own necessities. This new agenda is based on: - The unfinished work of the Millennium Development Goals - Pending commitments (international environmental conventions) - The emergent topics of the three dimensions of sustainable development: social, economic, and environmental. We now have 17 objectives of sustainable development and 169 goals (11). These goals mention “universal access to reproductive health” many times. In objective 3 of this list is included guaranteeing, before the year 2030, “universal access to sexual and reproductive health services, including those of family planning, information, and education.” Likewise, objective 5, “obtain gender equality and empower all women and girls”, establishes the goal of “assuring the universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights in conformity with the action program of the International Conference on Population and Development, the Action Platform of Beijing”. It cannot be forgotten that the term universal access to sexual and reproductive health includes universal access to abortion and contraception. Currently, 830 women die every day through preventable maternal causes; of these deaths, 99% occur in developing countries, more than half in fragile environments and in humanitarian contexts (12). 216 million women cannot access modern contraception methods and the majority live in the nine poorest countries in the world and in a cultural environment proper to the decades of the seventies (13). This number only includes women from 15 to 49 years in any marital state, that is to say, the number that takes all women into account is much greater. Achieving the proposed objectives would entail preventing 67 million unwanted pregnancies and reducing maternal deaths by two thirds. We currently have a high, unsatisfied demand for modern contraceptives, with extremely low use of reversible, long term methods (intrauterine devices and subdermal implants) which are the most effect ones with best adherence (14). There is not a single objective among the 17 Objectives of Sustainable Development where contraception does not have a prominent role: from the first one that refers to ending poverty, going through the fifth one about gender equality, the tenth of inequality reduction among countries and within the same country, until the sixteenth related with peace and justice. If we want to change the world, we should procure universal access to contraception without myths or barriers. We have the moral obligation of achieving the irradiation of extreme poverty and advancing the construction of more equal, just, and happy societies. In emergency contraception (EC), we are very far from reaching expectations. If in reversible, long-term methods we have low prevalence, in EC the situation gets worse. Not all faculties in the region look at this topic, and where it is looked at, there is no homogeneity in content, not even within the same country. There are still myths about their real action mechanisms. There are countries, like Honduras, where it is prohibited and there is no specific medicine, the same case as in Haiti. Where it is available, access is dismal, particularly among girls, adolescents, youth, migrants, afro-descendent, and indigenous. The multiple barriers for the effective use of emergency contraceptives must be knocked down, and to work toward that we have to destroy myths and erroneous perceptions, taboos and cultural norms; achieve changes in laws and restrictive rules within countries, achieve access without barriers to the EC; work in union with other sectors; train health personnel and the community. It is necessary to transform the attitude of health personal to a service above personal opinion. Reflecting on what has occurred after the ICPD in Cairo, their Action Program changed how we look at the dynamics of population from an emphasis on demographics to a focus on the people and human rights. The governments agreed that, in this new focus, success was the empowerment of women and the possibility of choice through expanded access to education, health, services, and employment among others. Nonetheless, there have been unequal advances and inequality persists in our region, all the goals were not met, the sexual and reproductive goals continue beyond the reach of many women (15). There is a long road ahead until women and girls of the world can claim their rights and liberty of deciding. Globally, maternal deaths have been reduced, there is more qualified assistance of births, more contraception prevalence, integral sexuality education, and access to SRH services for adolescents are now recognized rights with great advances, and additionally there have been concrete gains in terms of more favorable legal frameworks, particularly in our region; nonetheless, although it’s true that the access condition have improved, the restrictive laws of the region expose the most vulnerable women to insecure abortions. There are great challenges for governments to recognize SRH and the DSR as integral parts of health systems, there is an ample agenda against women. In that sense, access to SRH is threatened and oppressed, it requires multi-sector mobilization and litigation strategies, investigation and support for the support of women’s rights as a multi-sector agenda. Looking forward, we must make an effort to work more with youth to advance not only the Action Program of the ICPD, but also all social movements. They are one of the most vulnerable groups, and the biggest catalyzers for change. The young population still faces many challenges, especially women and girls; young girls are in particularly high risk due to lack of friendly and confidential services related with sexual and reproductive health, gender violence, and lack of access to services. In addition, access to abortion must be improved; it is the responsibility of states to guarantee the quality and security of this access. In our region there still exist countries with completely restrictive frameworks. New technologies facilitate self-care (16), which will allow expansion of universal access, but governments cannot detach themselves from their responsibility. Self-care is expanding in the world and can be strategic for reaching the most vulnerable populations. There are new challenges for the same problems, that require a re-interpretation of the measures necessary to guaranty the DSR of all people, in particular women, girls, and in general, marginalized and vulnerable populations. It is necessary to take into account migrations, climate change, the impact of digital media, the resurgence of hate discourse, oppression, violence, xenophobia, homo/transphobia, and other emergent problems, as SRH should be seen within a framework of justice, not isolated. We should demand accountability of the 179 governments that participate in the ICPD 25 years ago and the 193 countries that signed the Sustainable Development Objectives. They should reaffirm their commitments and expand their agenda to topics not considered at that time. Our region has given the world an example with the Agreement of Montevideo, that becomes a blueprint for achieving the action plan of the CIPD and we should not allow retreat. This agreement puts people at the center, especially women, and includes the topic of abortion, inviting the state to consider the possibility of legalizing it, which opens the doors for all governments of the world to recognize that women have the right to choose on maternity. This agreement is much more inclusive: Considering that the gaps in health continue to abound in the region and the average statistics hide the high levels of maternal mortality, of sexually transmitted diseases, of infection by HIV/AIDS, and the unsatisfied demand for contraception in the population that lives in poverty and rural areas, among indigenous communities, and afro-descendants and groups in conditions of vulnerability like women, adolescents and incapacitated people, it is agreed: 33- To promote, protect, and guarantee the health and the sexual and reproductive rights that contribute to the complete fulfillment of people and social justice in a society free of any form of discrimination and violence. 37- Guarantee universal access to quality sexual and reproductive health services, taking into consideration the specific needs of men and women, adolescents and young, LGBT people, older people and people with incapacity, paying particular attention to people in a condition of vulnerability and people who live in rural and remote zone, promoting citizen participation in the completing of these commitments. 42- To guarantee, in cases in which abortion is legal or decriminalized in the national legislation, the existence of safe and quality abortion for non-desired or non-accepted pregnancies and instigate the other States to consider the possibility of modifying public laws, norms, strategies, and public policy on the voluntary interruption of pregnancy to save the life and health of pregnant adolescent women, improving their quality of life and decreasing the number of abortions (17).

Discrimination against women is a problem that often occurs in almost all levels of society, even in most parts of the world. This study aims to determine the understanding of gender equality and how the results of the analysis in order to reduce violence and provide justice for women in Indonesia. The method used is field research by collecting data, conducting interviews and analyzing documentation data. Gender is not a movement that fights for women's destiny, on the contrary, it is a movement that erases maternal instincts from women by separating the natural and non-natural roles. Thus, gender is not just a term but a doctrinfeminist that erases human nature.Discrimination against women is a problem that often occurs in almost all levels of society, even in most parts of the world. This study aims to determine the understanding of gender equality and how the results of the analysis in order to reduce violence and provide justice for women in Indonesia. The method used is field research by collecting data, conducting interviews and analyzing documentation data. Gender is not a movement that fights for women's destiny, on the contrary, it is a movement that erases maternal instincts from women by separating the natural and non-natural roles. Thus, gender is not just a term but a doctrinfeminist that erases human nature

Between 22^nd of April and the 5^th of May 1988, the now infamous ‘Grotte d’Ouvéa’, event took place. Ouvéa is one of the ‘Loyalty’ islands off the French colony of New Caledonia. Militants fighting for independence took local police hostage and took refuge in a cave. The incident ended with 19 anti-colonial indigenous (or Kanak) fighters and two hostages dead at the hands of French military and paramilitary forces. A year later, Djubelly Wéa gunned down the great Kanak political leader, Jean-Marie Tjibaou (1936-1989) and his aide Yeiwéné Yeiwéné during a ceremony on Ouvéa marking the end to the period of mourning for those killed in the raid. Wéa felt that Djibaou had sold out his people in signing the Matignon accords, a compromise between the forces of the white land-holders and the native people that hoped to end the mounting bloodshed. Djibaou’s death would close a significant chapter in the most recent struggle for independence from French imperialism by an indigenous people. It would also seal the destiny of Ouvéa, and particularly the caves, as a distinct and powerful postcolonial ‘realm of memory.’

The talks resolve most issues after the talks move to the shore of Lake Ohrid. But the execution of NLA fighters and the ambush of a Macedonian Army convoy threaten to destroy the negotiations. President Trajkovski steps in to complete the agreement and prevent a destructive civil war. NATO then moves to disarm the NLA.

This chapter analyzes the way wartime experiences were reflected in the songs of Polish Jews who escaped the Holocaust by fleeing to the Soviet Union. It introduces both the contours of the controversy and the broad outlines of what the Polish Jews went through during the war years. It also looks into the research about partisans and ghetto fighters that far outweighs their significance and their percentage of the Jewish population in Europe. The chapter investigates the hegemony of armed resistance by introducing the idea of “spiritual resistance,” which encompassed explicitly religious and other actions that raised the human spirit in the face of the Nazi effort to destroy it. It identifies singing as one of the many phenomena to describe spiritual resistance, which is considered an act that could have no possible effect on the war and yet allowed its victims to find the strength to continue living.

King Lear (1605-06), where the vehemence of the old king’s defiant speeches is matched by the raging storm striking the heath, is what we may call a climatic play. If, in Of the lavves of ecclesiasticall politie (1593), Richard Hooker assumed that natural phenomena coincide with the voice of God, the playwright here questions the alleged divine origin of climatic manifestations in a dark and nihilistic vision of life. As Lear fights against the storm, superbly staging his own distress, he proceeds to an inverted exorcism, wishing he could destroy all forms of human life rather than recovering his mental sanity. This chapter argues that, influenced by Lucretius’ atomism, the play provides a truly epicurean vision of the skies makes an extensive dramatic use of the humoural and cosmological interplay of the four elements. Eventually, as gall invades Lear’s heart and eradicates both hope and tenderness, a disquietingly grotesque tonality pervades the tragedy and forces us to look at the title part’s internal turmoil.

General George Lee Butler ascended through the ranks of the air force from fighter pilot to the commander of the U.S. Strategic Command. He was a true believer in the mission of the military and specifically in the efficacy of nuclear deterrence, but he was also a thinking man, and his doubts had begun in the 1970s. Finally, in 1988 during a visit to Moscow, he wrote, “it all came crashing home to me that I really had been dealing with a caricature all those years” (Smith 1997, 20). Butler was nearing the end of what he described as a “long and arduous intellectual journey from staunch advocate of nuclear deterrence to a public proponent of nuclear abolition” (Butler 1996). The difference between Butler and many others in the military was that “he reflected on what he was doing time and again,” and much of what he’d come to take for normal did not add up. He wrote, “We have yet to fully grasp the monstrous effects of these weapons . . . and the horrific prospect of a world seething with enmities, armed to the teeth with nuclear weapons.” To do so will require overcoming a “terror- induced anesthesia which suspend[s] rational thought” in order to see that “we cannot at once keep sacred the miracle of existence and hold sacrosanct the capacity to destroy it” (Butler 1998). Butler, now in private business, devotes a substantial part of his life to the abolition of nuclear weapons. Ray Anderson, founder and CEO of Interface Corporation, experienced an even more abrupt conversion. In 1994, after 21 years as the head of a highly successful carpet and tile company, he was asked by his senior staff to define the company’s environmental policy. “Frankly,” he writes, “I did not have a vision” (Anderson 1998, 39). In trying to develop one, he happened to read Paul Hawken’s (1993) The Ecology of Commerce, and the effect was, as he put it, like “a spear in the chest” (Anderson 1998, 23). He subsequently read other books ranging from Daniel Quinn’s Ishmael to Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring. The effect of his reading and reflection was to deepen and intensify an emotional and intellectual commitment to transform the company.