Relevant bibliographies by topics / Figure of 8 walk test

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Figure of 8 walk test'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 6 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Figure of 8 walk test"

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Kim, Yang-Ho, and Jae-Heon Lim. "The Reliability and Validity of Figure-of-8 Walk Test in Patients with Stroke." Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology 10, no. 1 (2012): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5627/kace.2012.10.1.029.

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MIZOTA, KATSUHIKO, SHIN MURATA, HIROSHI OTAO, et al. "Validity and reliability of the Figure-of-8 Walk Test in which subjects walk at maximum speeds." Japanese Journal of Health Promotion and Physical Therapy 4, no. 1 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9759/hppt.4.1.

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Hess, Rebecca J., Jennifer S. Brach, Sara R. Piva, and Jessie M. VanSwearingen. "Walking Skill Can Be Assessed in Older Adults: Validity of the Figure-of-8 Walk Test." Physical Therapy 90, no. 1 (2010): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080121.

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Background The Figure-of-8 Walk Test (F8W) involves straight and curved paths and was designed to represent walking skill in everyday life. Objective The purposes of this study were to validate the measure in older adults with walking difficulties and to explore correlates of the curved-path walking measure not represented by a straight-path walking measure. Design Fifty-one community-dwelling older adults with mobility disability participated in 2 baseline visits as part of an intervention study. Methods The F8W time, steps, and smoothness and measures of gait (gait speed, modified Gait Abnormality Rating Scale [GARS-M]), physical function (Late Life Function and Disabilities Index [LLFDI], Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly [SAFFE], Gait Efficacy Scale [GES], Physical Performance Test [PPT], and fall history), and movement control and planning (gait variability, Trail Making Test B [Trails B]) were recorded in each test session. Bivariate correlations for the F8W with each variable were conducted to examine concurrent and construct validity. Adjusted linear regression analyses were performed to explore the variance in mobility explained by F8W independent of gait speed. Results Figure-of-8 Walk Test time correlated with gait (gait speed, r=−.570; GARS-M, r=.281), physical function (LLFDI function, r=−.469; SAFFE restriction subscale, r=.370; PPT, r=−.353), confidence in walking (GES, r=−.468), and movement control (step length coefficient of variation, r=.279; step width coefficient of variation, r=−.277; Trails B, r=.351). Figure-of-8 Walk Test steps correlated with step width variability (r=−.339) and was related to fear of falling (t=−2.50). All correlations were significant (P<.05). Limitations This pilot study had a small sample size, and further research is needed. Conclusions The F8W is a valid measure of walking skill among older adults with mobility disability and may provide information complementary to gait speed.
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Tominaga, Akihiro, Katsuhiko Mizota, and Hiroshi Otao. "A study on the utility of the Figure-of-8 Walk Test at Maximum Velocities (F8Wmax) ­." Japanese Journal of Health Promotion and Physical Therapy 7, no. 2 (2017): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.9759/hppt.7.85.

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Jin, Youngmi, Yubin Lee, Seiyoun Park, Sangbin Lee, and Chaegil Lim. "Effects of Curved-Path Gait Training on Gait Ability in Middle-Aged Patients with Stroke: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial." Healthcare 11, no. 12 (2023): 1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121777.

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(1) Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effects of curved-path stride gait training on the gait ability of patients with stroke. (2) Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with stroke were randomly assigned to curved-path stride gait training (n = 15) and general gait training groups (n = 15). Both groups underwent training for 30 min five times a week for 8 weeks. The gait ability of each was assessed using the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) test, 10-meter walk test, and Figure-of-8 walk test (F8WT). (3) Results: The curved-path gait training group showed significant differences in the DGI, TUG test, 10-m walk test, and F8WT pre- versus post- intervention (p < 0.05). The general gait training group showed no significant difference in F8WT pre- versus post-intervention (p > 0.05). Additionally, there was a statistically significant intergroup difference in gait ability (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Curved-path gait training resulted in greater improvement in gait ability than general gait training. Therefore, curved-path gait training can be a meaningful intervention for improving the gait ability of patients with stroke.
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Nualyong, Tidarat, and Akkradate Siriphorn. "Accuracy of the figure of 8 walk test with and without dual-task to predict falls in older adults." Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 30 (April 2022): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.02.001.

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Lee, Jung-Lim, Sung-Hwa Ko, Sungchul Huh, et al. "The Safety, Feasibility, and Efficacy of a Structured Individual Exercise Program for Community-Dwelling Stroke Patients." Healthcare 12, no. 22 (2024): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12222281.

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Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in low levels of physical activity post-discharge. A comprehensive exercise program could be a safe method to increase stroke patients’ physical activity and exercise volume. This pilot study examines the effectiveness, safety, and feasibility of a comprehensive exercise regimen for stroke patients residing in the community after discharge. Methods: This single-group pilot study included patients who received inpatient rehabilitation for motor impairment following a stroke. Community-dwelling participants engaged in a comprehensive exercise program, which was structured and individualized, consisting of stretching, aerobic exercise, strength training, and balance exercises, conducted under the supervision of a health exercise specialist in a dedicated living lab within the hospital. The program involved 20 sessions, each lasting 50 min, conducted three to five times weekly. The pre- and post-intervention evaluations were comprehensive, including safety and validity assessments, along with physical function tests such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing and various fitness tests (6 min walk test, timed up and go test, chair stand test, figure-of-8 walk test, grip strength test, and sit-and-reach test). Depression levels were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results: A total of 22 subjects were recruited, with 21 completing the study after one dropout due to fatigue and visiting distance. Among the 21 completers, one subject experienced a mild adverse event (hypoglycemia), which was not serious, confirming the program’s safety. The exercise participation rate was 95.5%, and the adherence rate averaged 95.2%, with all completers achieving over 80% adherence. Significant improvements were observed in VO2 peak (p = 0.000), 6 min walk test (p = 0.000), timed up and go test (p = 0.000), chair stand test (p = 0.000), figure-of-8 walk test (p = 0.000), and grip strength (p = 0.001). However, changes in the peak respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.078), sit-and-reach test (p = 0.228) and GDS scores (p = 0.275) were not significant. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the comprehensive exercise program is sufficiently safe and valid for stroke rehabilitation patients. The program significantly enhances cardiopulmonary endurance, walking ability, balance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and coordination. Further research with larger sample sizes and control groups is needed to confirm these findings and explore additional benefits.
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Miller, Carol A., Jennifer E. Williams, Katey L. Durham, Selena C. Hom, and Julie L. Smith. "The effect of a supervised community–based exercise program on balance, balance confidence, and gait in individuals with lower limb amputation." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 41, no. 5 (2017): 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364616683818.

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Background:Many individuals with lower limb loss report concern with walking ability after completing structured traditional rehabilitation.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of a supervised community–based exercise program on balance, balance confidence, and gait in individuals with lower limb amputation.Study design:Repeated measures.Methods:The supervised exercise program was offered biweekly for 6 weeks. The GAITRite System by CIR Systems, Inc., the Figure-of-8 Walk Test, and Activity-specific Balance Confidence Scale were used to measure clinical outcomes pre- and post-intervention.Results:In total, 16 participants with lower limb amputation (mean age: 50.8 years) completed the study. A multivariate, repeated measures analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant effect of training across six clinical outcome measures ( F(6, 10) = 4.514, p = .018). Moderate effect sizes were found for the Figure-of-8 Walk Test ( η2= .586), Activity-specific Balance Confidence Scale ( η2= .504), and gait velocity at comfortable walking speed ( η2= .574). The average increase in gait speed was clinically meaningful at .14 m/s.Conclusion:The supervised community–based exercise program implemented in this study was designed to address specific functional needs for individuals with lower limb loss. Each participant experienced clinically meaningful improvements in balance, balance confidence, and walking ability.Clinical relevanceThe provision of a supervised community–based exercise program, after traditional rehabilitation, provides opportunity to offer a continuum of care that may enhance prosthetic functional ability and active participation in the community for individuals with lower limb amputation.
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Stigger, Felipe de Souza, Valeska de Moura Gomes Minuscolli, Melina Barbosa Oviedo, and Adriana Torres de Lemos. "Dual-Task Training Effects on Mobility of Older Adults Residents of Porto Alegre: Pilot Study." Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes 28, no. 303 (2023): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46642/efd.v28i303.3969.

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Introduction: Balance deficit during gait is a factor that affects older people’s mobility. It’s related to an increased risk of falls, hospitalization, and mortality. Regular physical activity is an easy and low-cost strategy to improve older adults’s functional mobility. Dual-task training is also suggested to improve balance and has been highlighted in the new World Guidelines for Falls Prevention and Management for Older Adults. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dual-task training on functional mobility of community-dwelling older adults. Methodology: Volunteers over 60 years old were submitted to a 24-weeks exercise routine associated with dual-task challenges. On the first 12 weeks of muscular training, based on The High Intensity Functional Exercise (HIFE) Program was applied. On the following 12 weeks, cognitive challenges and dual-task exercises were added to the exercise protocol. Functional mobility was evaluated by different gait strategies (Figure 8 Walking Test, Tandem Gait Test, 10 Meter Walk Test), in admission, after 12 weeks, and at the end of 24 weeks intervention protocol. Results: Seven participants achieved the preestablished protocol length. The mean values showed that the time of execution has diminished in Tandem Gait Test and Figure 8 Walking Test, when comparing the first and the last evaluations. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that possible dual-task exercise is an effective way to improve older adults’s gait.
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Coyle, Peter C., Subashan Perera, Valerie Shuman, Jessie VanSwearingen, and Jennifer S. Brach. "Development and Validation of Person-Centered Cut-Points for the Figure-of-8-Walk Test of Mobility in Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, no. 12 (2020): 2404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa035.

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Abstract Background The Figure-of-8-Walk test (F8WT) is a performance measure of the motor skill of walking. Unlike walking speed over a straight path, it captures curved path walking, which is essential to real-world activity, but meaningful cut-points have yet to be developed for the F8WT. Methods A secondary analysis of 421 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 80.7 ± 7.8), who participated in a community-based exercise clinical trial, was performed. Area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCC) were calculated using baseline data, with F8WT performance discriminating different self-reported global mobility and balance dichotomies. Cut-points for the F8WT were chosen to optimize sensitivity and specificity. For validation, F8WT cut-points were applied to postintervention F8WT data. Participants were called monthly for 12 months after intervention completion to record self-reported incident falls, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations; risks of the outcomes were compared between those who performed well and poorly on the F8WT. Results F8WT performance times of ≤9.09 seconds and ≤9.27 seconds can discriminate those with excellent (sensitivity = 0.647; specificity = 0.654) and excellent/very good global mobility (sensitivity = 0.649; specificity = 0.648), respectively. A total number of steps ≤17 on the F8WT can discriminate those with excellent/very good/good global balance (sensitivity = 0.646; specificity = 0.608). Compared to those who performed poorly, those who performed well had a lower incidence of negative outcomes: F8WT time ≤9.09 seconds = 46%–59% lower; F8WT time ≤9.27 seconds = 46%–56% lower; F8WT steps ≤17 = 44%–50% lower. Conclusions Clinicians may consider these preliminary cut-points to aid in their clinical decision making, but further study is needed for definitive recommendations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Figure of 8 walk test"

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Jones, Jennifer. "The EuroAction physical activity and fitness study : a paired, cluster-randomised controlled trial in 8 European countries in people with coronary heart disease and individuals." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12963.

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Context: Increased physical activity participation and fitness are cardioprotective. The EUROACTION trial demonstrated that a preventive cardiology programme significantly increased self-reported physical activity participation (Wood et al., 2008). Objective: The EUROACTION Physical Activity and Fitness (EPAF) Study aimed to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of the EUROACTION physical activity and exercise intervention at increasing physical activity participation and fitness in people with coronary artery disease (COR) and those at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease (HRI) compared to standard care. Study design: A nested study within a paired cluster randomised controlled trial in eight European countries. Methodology: 12 pairs of centres (12 hospitals and 12 general practices) were randomised to receive the EUROACTION programme (INT) or be monitored for usual care (UC). In the INT hospitals, COR patients participated in a 16-week supervised exercise programme and a home-based activity intervention, delivered by a physiotherapist. In INT general practice nurses were trained to deliver personalised physical activity advice to HRI. Outcome measures: Objective physical activity participation was measured by mean number of steps per day (Yamax Digiwalker SW200 pedometer). Fitness was determined by the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) [hospital centres] and Chester Step Test (CST) [general practice centres]). Results: The mean number of steps in COR patients at 1–year was significantly higher in INT (+2310 steps, 95% CI +1226 to +3394 steps; P=0.003). The difference in cardiorespiratory fitness (ISWT) exceeded the minimal clinically important difference but was not statistically significant (+54 metres [95% CI - 102.8 to +211.0 metres]; P=0.42). In general practice centres, whilst no significant differences were found at 1 year in mean steps per day (+982 steps, 95% CI -569 to +2533 steps) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CST) at 1-year (+0.93 minutes, 95% CI -0.62 to +2.48 minutes), there was a difference in the change over time in fitness in favour of the INT (+0.94 mins [95% CI +0.23 to +1.66 mins]; P=0.02). Marked heterogeneity impacted on statistical power. All differences observed represented clinically important differences. Conclusion: The EPAF-Study has demonstrated that the EUROACTION programme was effective at increasing physical activity participation but objective measures indicate to a lesser degree than the self-reported physical activity outcomes previously published. Clinically important differences in objectively measured physical activity participation and cardiorespiratory fitness suggest further research, which is sufficiently powered, is warranted.
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Books on the topic "Figure of 8 walk test"

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Origins Publications Gifted and Talented Test Preparation Team. COGAT Screening Form Practice Test : Grade 5 Level 11 : Practice Questions from CogAT Form 7 / Form 8 Analogies Sections: Verbal/Picture Analogies, Number Analogies, & Figure Matrices. Gifted and Talented Test Preparation Team, 2019.

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Rutthapong, Krit. Figure Skate We SKATE Before Walk : Baby Toddler Child Kid Youth Young Teenager Adult Player : Diary Notebook/Journal with 110 Lined Pages 8. 25 X11: Notepad College School University Work Meeting Plan Draw Write Travel Nature Outdoor Sport Activity Rink. Independently Published, 2021.

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Publication, Pattyriebell. Human Body Coloring Book for Kids: Fun and Easy Human Anatomy Coloring Book for Kids. Brain Heart Lung Liver Figure Ear Anatomy Coloring Book. Perfect Gift for All Ages Kids 4 5 6 7 8 9 and 10. Student Self-Test Human Anatomy Coloring Workbook. Independently Published, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Figure of 8 walk test"

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"FIGURE 1.5 Test figure for the divergence theorem." In Finite Element Analysis. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203009512-8.

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"Figure 8. Winning test—Stage II Variant I." In International Mining Forum 2004, New Technologies in Underground Mining, Safety in Mines. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203024133-55.

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Çıtak, Levent, Veli Akel, and Murat Çetin. "Testing Random Walk Hypothesis in Turkish Foreign Exchange Market." In Handbook of Research on Strategic Developments and Regulatory Practice in Global Finance. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7288-8.ch004.

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This chapter revisits the empirical validity of the weak-form efficient market hypothesis for Turkish foreign exchange markets. The random-walk hypothesis in foreign-exchange rates market is one of the most researched areas, particularly in developed economies. This chapter applies ADF and PP unit root test, Lo and MacKinlay's (1988) conventional variance ratio test and Ljung-Box Q tests to examine the validity of the random-walk hypothesis in the Turkish foreign-exchange market. The chapter utilizes weekly nominal TRY/USD exchange rate for data from January 2000 to December 2013. The results provide evidence rejecting the random walk hypothesis for weekly nominal exchange rate series.
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Tudorache, Gina Florentina, and Angela Stan. "Guiding Psycho-Pedagogical Landmarks in Preschooler Understanding and Assessment." In Modern Early Childhood Teacher Education. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0956-8.ch003.

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The foundational premise that a preschooler represents a universe to discover underscores the profound significance of comprehending the young child. This chapter, recognizing the manifold benefits derived from understanding the very young child, presents a varied inventory of psychopedagogical methods intended to guide educators in the discovery and evaluation of the children with whom they engage. The methods highlighted include observation, conversation, medical history, analysis of preschoolers' activity products, sociometric tests, with a particular emphasis on children's drawings, and projective tests (such as the human figure test, the tree test, the house test, and the family test). Each method is delineated to provide an overarching image through a description that encompasses multiple dimensions, including specificity, advantages and limitations, and examples of application in working with preschoolers.
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Ireland David, Wang Ziwei, Lamont Robyn, and Liddle Jacki. "Classification of Movement of People with Parkinsons Disease Using Wearable Inertial Movement Units and Machine Learning." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-666-8-61.

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In this work, inertial movement units were placed on people with Parkinsons disease (PwPD) who subsequently performed a standard test of walking endurance (six-minute walk test – 6MWT). Five devices were placed on each the limbs and small of the back. These devices captured the acceleration and rotational motion while the person walked as far as they can in six minutes. The wearable devices can objectively indicate the pattern and rhythmicity of limb and body movements. It is possible that this data, when subject to machine learning could provide additional objective measures that may support clinical observations related to the quality of movement. The aim of this work is two fold. First, to identify the most useful features of the captured signals; second, to identify the accuracy of using these features to predict the severity of PD as measured by standard clinical assessment.
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Diz Felipe, Ane, Andreas Ziegl, Dieter Hayn, and Günter Schreier. "Development of Algorithms for Automated Timed Up-and-Go Test Subtask and Step Frequency Analysis." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210935.

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Frailty is one of the major problems associated with an aging society. Therefore, frailty assessment tools which support early detection and autonomous monitoring of the frailty status are heavily needed. One of the most used tests for functional assessment of the elderly is the “Timed Up-and-Go” test. In previous projects, we have developed an ultrasound-based device that enables performing the test autonomously. This paper described the development and validation of algorithms for detection of subtasks (stand up, walk, turn around, walk, sit down) and for step frequency estimation from the Timed Up-and-Go signals. The algorithms have been tested with an annotated test set recorded in 8 healthy subjects. The mean error for the developed subtask transition detection algorithms was in between 0.22 and 0.35 s. The mean step frequency error was 0.15 Hz. Future steps will include prospective evaluation of the algorithms with elderly people.
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Okamoto, Satoru, Tetsuya Hirotomi, Keigo Aoki, and Yasutomo Hosomi. "Evaluation of Walking Motions with the Aid of Walkers Using Acceleration Sensors." In Advances in Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2113-8.ch036.

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Walkers are tools that are used to improve self-reliance when walking. In this study, the unstable motions of gait in subjects who use walkers were analyzed using tri-axial accelerometers and a motion capture system. Several markers were placed on the subjects’ backs and legs, and two high-speed video cameras were employed to record the motion of these markers. The subjects were asked to walk around a test course at a comfortable speed. The activities performed on the test course consisted of standing, normal walking, fast walking, walking over a barrier, and falling down. The authors’ results determined the characteristic rules of gait motion with walker use. They found that acceleration sensors are convenient for extracting characteristics from the gait motions. They believe that the methods employed with the acceleration sensors are suitable for the discovery of the average gait motions of elderly patients living in nursing homes and can be used to evaluate walking motion before and after rehabilitation.
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Bhowmik, Debesh. "Econometric Analysis of India's Foreign Direct Investment Inflows." In Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) and Opportunities for Developing Economies in the World Market. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3026-8.ch012.

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In this chapter, the author explains the trend lines, random walk, stationary, structural breaks, and volatility of FDI inflows in India during 1971-2015. Both log linear and exponential trends are significant. FDI inflows are stationary and showed four structural breaks in 1985, 1994, 2000, and 2006. The author found the relation among FDI inflows, growth rate, interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate, fiscal deficit, external debt, and trade openness with the help of Granger causality, Johansen cointegration test, and vector error correction models. Trace statistic has four cointegrating equations, and Max Eigen statistic has three cointegrating equations. The speed of the vector error correction process is more or less slow except for change in interest rate and change in inflation rate, which are significant where VECM is stable and diverging. Limitations and future scope of research is added. Policy recommendations are also included.
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Sahani, Suresh Kumar, Kameshwar Sahani, Darshan A. Mahajan, et al. "Assessment of the Manufacturing Quality of Metallic Surface Finishes in Artificial Intelligence." In Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1347-3.ch016.

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This chapter describes a prototype of a system that automatically checks the surface of precision ground metallic surfaces. It specifically focuses on bearing rolls. The authors study and test how light bounces off the surface using optical experiments. The aim is to figure out how to make things look sharp and bright, so it's easy to see the contrast between surfaces that are damaged and those that aren't. A new method for choosing a value to separate different parts of an image is presented. In addition, the text explores various search methods that go through a list one by one and have been made available to the public. These algorithms are used to find the most suitable group of traits for organizing or categorizing something. The text also looks at how much computer power these algorithms need. Finally, the authors display the results of sorting 540 blemished pictures.
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Charmpatsis, Christos, Dimitrios Sarris, Panagoula Papadimitropoulou, and Dimitra V. Katsarou. "Learning Difficulties and Children's Drawing." In Childhood Developmental Language Disorders. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1982-6.ch017.

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The major purpose of this research study was to detect the significant differences in human figure drawing between the students with learning difficulties and the students without learning difficulties. Moreover, this scientific research aimed to detect the differences between students of different genders with and without learning difficulties. The sample of this study consisted of 80 students who attended elementary school. The 40 were students with learning disabilities and the other 40 were students without learning disabilities. The main research tool used was the Goodenough-Harris drawing test (GH), which was assessed in 20 points. The results showed that the children without learning disabilities outperform children with learning disabilities. The drawing of students without learning difficulties is more detailed and they display more often in their drawing both proportions and symmetries in comparison with students with learning difficulties. Similar results are also observed in the drawings between the two sexes, as girls outperform boys of the same chronological age.
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Conference papers on the topic "Figure of 8 walk test"

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Hotrabhavananda, Benjamin, Anup K. Mishra, Marjorie Skubic, Nijaporn Hotrabhavananda, and Carmen Abbott. "Evaluation of the microsoft kinect skeletal versus depth data analysis for timed-up and go and figure of 8 walk tests." In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7591183.

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Smerkolj, Nik, and Marko Jeran. "Testing Market Efficiency in Emerging Markets’ Stock Indices with Runs Tests." In Socratic Lectures 8. University of Lubljana Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2023.ii17.

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According to the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), the prices of securities reflect all the available information on the market. Efficient markets have an important consequence – it is not possible for an investor to consistently outperform the market by using infor-mation that is not already reflected in the prices of securities. No matter how much re-sources one deploys into security analysis, no excess return can be made, which means that investors seeking higher returns must bear higher risk given the risk-return trade-off. Inefficient markets, on the other hand, offer investors opportunities for higher returns at the same risk profile. In this scientific contribution, we test seven emerging markets' stock indices for a weak form of market efficiency. Numerous previous research indicates that emerging markets are not fully efficient and that prices on their stock markets do not fol-low a random walk. We performed runs tests on weekly and monthly returns of stock in-dices and found statistically significant results in three indices for weekly and three in-dices for monthly returns, which indicates that these indices violate weak form of market efficiency. We found insignificant results, which indicate efficient markets, only for weekly and monthly returns on the Indian BSE Sensex 30 Index. Thus we come to similar conclusions as other authors that emerging markets persist to violate weak form of mar-ket efficiency and remain an attractive opportunity for investors seeking to exploit ineffi-ciencies. Keywords: Market efficiency; Efficient market hypothesis; Random walk; Emerging mar-kets; Stock Exchange Index; Runs test
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Cartlidge, MK, and AT Hill. "S45 Validation of the incremental shuttle walk test as a clinical endpoint in bronchiectasis." In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2017, QEII Centre Broad Sanctuary Westminster London SW1P 3EE, 6 to 8 December 2017, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210983.51.

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Kruljc, Peter. "Thermography as an Aid in the Performance Testing of Lipizzan Horses." In Socratic Lectures 8. University of Lubljana Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2023.i6.

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The athletic results or training performance of Lipizzan horses are hardly known in equestrian sports, because they rarely participate in equestrian sports. The aim of this study was to determine the values of physiological parameters of horses with emphasis on the temperature changes of the body skin areas by thermography and to investigate their acclimatization to different training loads. The study included 6 purebreed Lipizzaners with a mean age of 9 years and consisted of two work tests (spring, autumn) that included lunging at walk, trot and canter. Measurements were taken before and after the work tests and were within normal limits for warm-blooded horses in both experiments. In both experiments, body skin temperatures at rest were different between different areas or body parts. After the work test, temperatures in all body skin areas were significantly elevated compared to those measured at rest and then decreased during the rest period after the work test (recovery period) in the fall or remained nearly unchanged in the spring. This study contributes to the knowledge of thermoregulation and the use of thermography in horses, and the results not only demonstrate the physiological responses to graded exercise in Lipizzan horses, but also contribute to the knowledge of equine physiology and sports medicine. The results of our research also contribute to the establishment of standards and protocols for monitoring readiness and progress in training Lipizzan horses and provide relevant data for monitoring health status, athletic ability, and assessing welfare of horses. Keywords: Horses; Lipizzaner breed; Exercise test; Thermoregulation; Thermography
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5

Joseph, Karen. "8 A single-centre, cardiac rehabilitation service evaluation, comparing 6 minute walk test (6MWT), pre and during COVID restrictions." In BACPR Annual Conference abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2022-bacpr.8.

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6

Raab, E. L., D. M. Tennant, W. K. Waskiewicz, A. A. MacDowell, and R. R. Freeman. "X-ray imaging near the diffraction limit." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.tub3.

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A principle motivation for producing soft x-ray imaging systems is to surpass the resolution of visible-light systems. Such systems have been demonstrated for ~13 nm radiation using multilayer-coated mirrors with normal-incidence reflectivities of approximately 40%. Unique impediments to achieving diffraction-limited resolution arise due to the phased nature of multilayer reflection, as well as the stringency at 13 nm of the λ/8 surface figure requirement. To examine the consequences of the multilayer coating, we performed a Foucault knife-edge test on a spherical optic both before and after a molybdenum/silicon coating was deposited. A 22-period undulator source was sufficiently powerful at 13 nm to provide a measurable reflection even without the multilayer coating. The results of the knife-edge scans were fit by a diffraction model, with the mirror’s effective surface characterized by Zemike polynomials. We noted a slight difference in the image after the multilayer was deposited. This was attributed to a slight decrease in some of the higher-order aberration terms. The difference in effective surface figure was less than λ/8 for the two measurements, indicating that a multilayer coating does not alter the effective surface figure of an optic in a way that is detrimental to the resolutions.
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7

Schmit, F. M., R. H. Anderson, K. M. Leung, and R. J. Betsch. "Hot Forging the Infrared Lens: Potassium Bromide." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.mb8.

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Alkali halides can be deformed much like metals at elevated temperatures and high pressure. A novel procedure is described where a KBr single crystal is deformed, while heated to 250°C in a 4000 psi helium atmosphere, and shaped between pyrex die surfaces. The process involves two separate forging operations. The first step introduces a 60% reduction followed by a slight mechanical shaping. The second forging operation produces the finished optical surfaces of the KBr lens. To demonstrate optical performance, the KBr lens is used as the color corrector in a Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) imager. Near difraction limited performance is demonstrated in a FLIR. Although the surface figure of the lens is complicated, transmission tests including, double pass interferometry, two wavelength holography, arid a shearing plate test all show that at 8-12µm the forged KBr will perform very acceptably.
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8

Vorburger, T., T. McWaid, J. Fu, C. J. Evans, W. T. Estler, and R. E. Parks. "Surface Metrology of Soft X-Ray Optics." In Soft X-Ray Projection Lithography. Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/sxray.1993.tub.4.

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The reflectivity and scattering of mirrors used for x-ray optics at a wavelength of 13.6 nm depend on spatial wavelengths of the surface topography ranging from atomic dimensions to the full aperture of the mirror. Accordingly, we are developing measurement and calibration approaches that will span over 8 orders of magnitude of spatial wavelength from 1 nm to 150 mm. As shown in Fig. 1, the array of profiling techniques in our laboratory includes scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, stylus profiling, and phase measuring interferometry for both finish and figure. In addition, a calibrated stylus instrument produces measurements of surface finish profile with good resolution and accuracy. Thus, NIST is developing the capability to provide continuous power spectral information over the full bandwidth. The overlapping spatial wavelength regimes of the various approaches enable us to test any methods divergence between them.
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9

Wu, Jie, Decao Yin, Halvor Lie, et al. "On the Occurrence of Higher Harmonics in the VIV Response." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42061.

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Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) can lead to fast accumulation of fatigue damage and increased drag loads on slender marine structures. A cylinder subjected to VIV can vibrate in both in-line (IL) and cross-flow (CF) directions. The CF response is dominated by the primary shedding frequency and the IL response frequency is often two times of the primary CF frequency. In addition, higher harmonics can also be present. The third order harmonics are more pronounced when the motion orbit of the cylinder is close to “figure 8″ shape and cylinder is moving against the flow at its largest transverse motion. Recent studies with flexible beam VIV tests have shown that higher harmonics can have significant contribution to the fatigue damage in addition to the loads at the primary shedding frequency. However, there is a lack of understanding of when and where higher harmonic loads occur. The fatigue damage due to the higher harmonics is not considered in the present VIV prediction tools. In the present paper, the test data of selected cases subjected to linearly sheared flow profile from two test programs, the Shell high mode VIV test[11] and the Hanøytangen test[5] have been studied. The factors that may influence the occurrence of the higher harmonics, such as the bending stiffness, reduced velocity and orbits stability, have been studied. The importance of higher harmonics in VIV fatigue has also been investigated. Finally, a method to include higher harmonics in the fatigue calculation is presented.
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10

Fleming, Jonathan, Kyle Schwartz, Nathan Alexander, et al. "Measured Acoustic Characteristics of Low Tip Speed eVTOL Rotors in Hover." In Vertical Flight Society 78th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0078-2022-17434.

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To document noise characteristics and provide validation data for acoustic modeling of rotor systems appropriate for eVTOL/UAM aircraft, the team of Techsburg, AVEC, and Virginia Tech performed an outdoor static test of a subscale 5-blade rotor. The testing was carried out as part of a program to demonstrate feasibility and performance of a quiet rotor system in support of the eVTOL industry. Techsburg designed a low-tip speed rotor to approximate performance required by a 4-5 passenger UAM vehicle. A driving design feature was low-tip speed operation (Mtip ~0.27) at system disk loadings of 7 to 8 psf (~3.7 N/m2). The test article was designed as a ground adjustable pitch 5-blade rotor, and 2-blade and 3-blade versions of this rotor were also tested during this project. The test article size of 3 feet diameter (0.91 m) represented a scale factor of approximately 30% compared to a full size vehicles currently in operation or development today. The aerodynamic performance in hover was consistent with other rotor systems tested in the past at Techsburg (Figure of Merit ~0.70), and the effects of naturally occurring turbulence on rotor acoustics was measured using a 180-deg arc array of ground plane microphones at the Virginia Tech Drone Park test facility. The paper closes with a discussion of simulating the experiment with the PowerFLOW LBM solver with and without flow turbulence.
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