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1
Ranjit Singh, Thakur. "Fiji’s coup culture 1987-2006: A media perspective." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 2 (2012): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i2.271.
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Since attaining independence from Britain in 1970, Fiji enjoyed a period of ‘multiracial peace’ for 17 years under Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara and this gave the country the utopian slogan: ‘Fiji―the way the world should be.’ But was this really so? Beneath the notion of peace, democracy and racial unity was a racial volcano that erupted when democracy took another turn. Subsequent to the defeat of the chiefly-led Alliance Party in the 1987 election, a third-ranking military officer, Sitiveni Rabuka, staged a coup to topple a Fijian-led but Indian-dominated government. He later handed the controls back to indigenous Fijians. Since then, Fiji has never really tasted any long-lasting political peace, democracy or stability. Despite two constitutions and some five elections since the first coup, the Western concept of stable democracy has eluded Fiji. It has had four coups since 1987 and this notoriety relegated it to rogue state status with a ‘coup culture’, or as some academics and journalists have described it, became ‘coup coup land’. This article examines some issues relating to the prevalence of the coup culture in Fiji and, views them in the light of media coverage.
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Ramesh, Sanjay. "Ethnocracy and Post-Ethnocracy in Fiji." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 3 (2016): 115–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v8i3.5185.
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Fiji’s history is interspersed with ethnic conflict, military coups, new constitutions and democratic elections. Ethnic tensions started to increase in the 1960s and reached its peak with violent indigenous Fijian ethnic assertion in the form of military coups in 1987. Following the coup, the constitution adopted at independence was abrogated and a constitution that provided indigenous political hegemony was promulgated in 1990. However, by 1993, there were serious and irreparable divisions within the indigenous Fijian community, forcing coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka to spearhead a constitution review. The result of the review was the multiracial 1997 Constitution which failed to resolve deep seated ethnic tensions, resulting in another nationalist coup in 2000 and a mutiny at the military barracks in December of that year. Following the failed mutiny, the Commander of the Republic of the Fiji Military Forces, Voreqe Bainimarama, publicly criticised nationalist policies of the government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase, culminating in another military coup in 2006. The new military government started plans to de-ethnise the Fijian state and promulgated a constitution that promoted ethnic equality.Post independence Fiji is characterised by these conflicts over ethnocracy. The ethnic hegemony of indigenous Fijian chiefs is set against inter-ethnic counter hegemony. While democratic politics encourages inter-ethic alliance-building, the ethnic hegemony of the chiefs has been asserted by force. Latterly, the fragmentation of the ethnic hegemony has reconfigured inter-ethnic alliances, and the military has emerged as a vehicle for de-ethnicisation. The article analyses this cyclical pattern of ethnic hegemony and multiethnic counter hegemony as a struggle over (and against) Fijian ethnocracy.
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Sharma, Umesh, and Grant Samkin. "Development of accounting in Fiji, 1801–2016." Accounting History 25, no. 2 (2018): 281–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373218798645.
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This article reviews the development of accounting in Fiji. Although this article mentions the pre-European contact period (before 1800), four key phases during which accounting developments occurred are examined. These are the pre-colonial period (1801–1873), the colonial period (1874–1970), Fiji as a Sovereign State under the 1970 Constitution (1971–1986) and the Fijian Sovereign State following the 1987 coups (1987–2016). In each of these periods, a number of major accounting developments that occurred in the country are reviewed and the players responsible for the developments are identified. Directions for future accounting history research are suggested.
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Weber, Eberhard. "Looking north or looking anywhere? Indo-Fijian international relations after the coups of May 2000 and December 2006." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 4, no. 1 (2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-017-0039-4.
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Between 1987 and 2006 Fiji experienced four coups in which Governments were overthrown by their military forces or parts of it. After the fourth coup in December 2006 old metropolitan friends such as Australia, New Zealand, the USA and the EU responded with travel sanctions, cancellation of military cooperation and frozen development assistance. When Fiji was politically isolated it fostered secondary political friendships of olden days and established new ones. The paper searches for evidence of Fiji’s agency to change the structure of its International Relations (IR) after the coup of 2000. Such relations were first shaped in Prime Minister Qarase’s ‘Look North’ policy, but following the coup of December 2006 Fiji’s IR took a new quality once political isolation was overcome and internal power stabilized. The paper concentrates on Indo- Fijian relations, which, however, are embedded in Fiji’s general effort to achieve greater independence from old friends by forcing new international relationships. Of particular interest in this context is, if Fiji’s political orientation after 2006 has just been a temporary necessity born out of political isolation or if Fiji’s policy of fostering South–South relations will remain a decisive element of the country’s foreign policy in the long term. To understand IR in the context of Fiji and India it is essential to look at both countries, their interests and agency. Looking at Fiji alone would leave the question unanswered, why Indian Governments had an interest to cooperate with the country in the Pacific Islands despite hard-core nationalist anti-Indian sentiments and politics pursued in Fiji after the coup of 2000. It also won’t be conclusive why India should be interested at all to foster high profile relations with a tiny country like Fiji in a situation when Indian governments were aiming at much higher goals.
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Mason, Anthony. "The media and the coup leader: Sitiveni Rabuka." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 2 (2005): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i2.1058.
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Brigadier-General Sitiveni Rabuka, the former prime minister of Fiji who gained notoriety for staging twin coups in 1987, has enjoyed a love-hate relationship with the Fiji and Pacific media for almost two decades. University of Canberra PhD student, Anthony Mason, interviewed Rabuka in the course of his research into Australian media coverage of the coups. He also interviewed the former editor of The Fiji Times, Vijendra Kumar. Pacific Journalism Review is publishing the transcripts of these interviews, where both Rabuka and Kumar reflect on the May 1987 coup and its aftermath—helping to put the May 2000 coup into perspective.
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Rao, Maheshwar. "Challenges and Issues for Tourism in the South Pacific Island States: The Case of the Fiji Islands." Tourism Economics 8, no. 4 (2002): 401–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101298205.
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The paper identifies and analyses challenges and issues facing the tourism industry in the most developed South Pacific island state, the Fiji Islands. Many of the challenges identified can be attributed to the interplay among historical factors and events, and the vested interests associated with them. The colonization of Fiji, the historical role of foreign capital in its growth and development, the conflicting socio-economic and political demands of the two major ethnic groups (the indigenous Fijians and immigrant Indo-Fijians), the issue of property rights, and more recently the coups of 1987 and 2000 and the resultant political instability are discussed in relation to the growth and development of the tourism industry. The author also discusses the impact of the coups on the tourism industry and the role of private–public partnerships in the industry's recovery following the coups.
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Morris, Ricardo. "Fiji media regulation: Emerging from ‘worst of times’ to ‘best of times’?" Pacific Journalism Review 21, no. 1 (2015): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v21i1.146.
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A tragic result of the repressive media environment in Fiji has been a huge brain drain within the industry. Many of the best and experienced media workers have left or been forced out. In fact, Australia and New Zealand have benefitted by the migration of some of Fiji’s senior media workers from as far back as 1987, the year of the first two military coups by Lieutenant-Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, and more so in the past eight years since the Voreqe Bainimarama coup in December 2006. Those who have remained have either been moved to non-controversial roles or mellowed to the point of silence.
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Chand Prasad, Biman. "Why Fiji is not the “Mauritius” of the Pacific? Lessons for small island nations in the Pacific." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 6 (2014): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2012-0221.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed comparison between Fiji and Mauritius and points out why Fiji which was better than Mauritius in the mid-1980s has fallen behind. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses recent literature on why countries fail economically and qualitative analysis and statistical evidence where necessary to compare the two countries. Findings – During the first decade of independence, Fiji's economy grew at a rate of more than 5 per cent per annum. However, its economic prosperity was disrupted by the military coup in 1987. As a small island nation, Fiji's economic progress has been dismal and this can largely be attributed to the political instability created by the coups. Small island states like Mauritius has had uninterrupted growth rates in the same period and as a result has delivered significant improvement in the quality of life of its people. Research limitations/implications – Fiji could not become the Mauritius of the Pacific and points due to the lack of political stability and inclusive economic and political institutions. Social implications – Fiji could improve the quality of life of its people if it addresses the institutional constraint and it can learn from Mauritius. Originality/value – Comparing Fiji, a small island nation like Mauritius and pointing out clear lessons not only for Fiji but also other small island nations in the Pacific.
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Mason, Anthony. "Elite sources, journalistic practice and the status quo." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 13, no. 1 (2007): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v13i1.887.
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In a time of crisis, when there is a signifi cant amount of uncertainty about the means and motivations of those involved, news sources have the ability to determine how an event is represented to an entire society. But who are these sources, and what kinds of institutions do they speak for? Do elite sources dominate the news, and if they do, what is the impact? In the 20th anniversary year of the two Sitiveni Rabuka coups in Fiji, this article takes a mixed methods approach to an investigation of the Australian coverage of the coups in 1987 and 2000. Three Australian broadsheet newspapers—The Australian, The Canberra Times and The Sydney Morning Herald—provide the sample for a content analysis, which focuses on the kinds of sources used in the coup coverage. In particular, it highlights who the sources were and the kinds of institutions they represented. Fifteen journalists who covered the coups in Fiji were interviewed about the experience of covering the coups, including the task of fi nding reliable, credible sources. Their answers are compared with the results of the content analysis in order to gain a broader understanding of how the Fiji coups were covered.
10
Collins, Craig, and Jon Fraenkel. "Conflict Prevention in the Commonwealth: The 2000 Fiji Coup." International Negotiation 17, no. 3 (2012): 449–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341239.
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Abstract The Republic of Fiji experienced three armed coups in less than twenty years – 1987, 2000, and again in 2006 – symptoms of inter-communal tensions in the country and a political, economic and social system unable to manage them. The Commonwealth, through the good offices of its Secretary-General, was the lead international actor in responding to the crisis that followed the 2000 coup. The following study provides an overview of the Commonwealth as an institution, with a focus on its conflict prevention capacity, through the lens of its actions in Fiji at the time. It seeks to identify the nature and impact of Commonwealth engagement, highlighting potentially useful lessons regarding the institution, the individuals who acted on its behalf, and the efficacy of their actions.
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Brown, Carolyn Henning. "The Social Background of Fiji’s 1987 Coup." Sociological Bulletin 38, no. 1 (1989): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022919890107.
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Rallu, Jean Louis. "Australia and Pacific Islander Migration." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (1994): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300209.
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The net migration gains of Pacific Islands-born to Australia increased steeply from 1986, mostly due to migration from Fiji in 1987–1988 after the coups. This is reflected in the differing migration trends and characteristics of the Fiji-born compared to other Islander migrants. Australia also receives secondary migrants from New Zealand, facilitated by the free movement of residents allowed by the Trans-Tasman Agreement. Due to poor job opportunities in the Islands and economic restructuring in the countries of the Pacific rim, Island states seem to have adopted a policy of increased brain drain to ensure remittances flows. This could also be related to changing fertility rates in the Islands in the 1980s.
13
Robie, David. "The contempt case of the 'Tongan three'." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 3, no. 2 (1996): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v3i2.575.
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Media commentators see the jailings of two Taimi 'o Tongajournalists and an MP whistleblower in Tonga as the most serious threat to media freedom in the South Pacific since the Fiji coups in 1987. But Fiji Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka sees the harsh move as a lesson for journalists. Other critics regard the issue as one of a need for greater professionalism.
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Robie, David. "EDITORIAL: Culture and conflict." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 7, no. 1 (2001): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v7i1.694.
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One of the many ironies of Fiji's May 2000 general election was the demise of one of the "godfathers" of the indigenous Taukei movement, Apisai Tora. The man who was once a firebrand trade unionist and who jointly led the 1959 oil workers' strike, later became an indigenous nationalist and helped unleash the forces that overthrew the first Labour Party coalition government in two military coups in 1987.
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Perrottet, Alex, and David Robie. "Special report: Pacific media freedom 2011: A status report." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 17, no. 2 (2011): 148–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v17i2.356.
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 Pacific media freedom has been under siege for more than a decade, particularly since an attempted coup in Fiji in May 2000, when a television station was attacked and ransacked, a foreign journalist was shot and wounded and a local journalist ended up being imprisoned for treason. Since then various Pacific countries, notably Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Vanuatu have faced various periods of media repression. Since the military coup in December 2006, Fiji has faced arguably its worst sustained pressure on the media since the original two Rabuka coups in 1987. The Bainimarama regime in June 2010 imposed a Media Industry Development Decree that enforced draconian curbs on journalists and restrictive controls on foreign ownership of the press. This consolidated systematic state censorship of news organisations that had been imposed in April 2009 with the Public Emergency Regulations that have been rolled over on a monthly basis ever since. Promised relaxation of state censorship after the imposition of the Decree never eventuated. This research report covers the period 1 July 2010-31 August 2011 and examines the trends in the Pacific region. In addition to Pacific Islands Forum member nations, the report covers the French Pacific territories and the former Indonesian colony of East Timor and current provinces known as West Papua.
 Professor David Robie is convenor of the Pacific Media Watch media freedom project; Alex Perrottet is student contributing editor of the Pacific Media Watch project.
 
 
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Robson, Alan. "REVIEW: Vibrant, stimulating view of region's nationalism, media." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 2, no. 1 (1995): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v2i1.558.
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Review of: Blood on their Banner: Nationalist Struggles in the South Pacific, by David Robie. London, Zed Books, 1989; Sydney: Pluto Press, 1990; Manila: Malaya Books, 1991.
 Events in recent years in the South Pacific have dispelled hitherto widely held perceptions of the region as a peacefully modernising backwater of traditional societies. In particular, the 1987 coups in Fiji galvanised the attention of politicians and academics. But in truth, this was just one of a series of crises besetting South Pacific island states. David Robie's Blood on their Banner goes beyond the many accounts focusing on the Fiji coups to link together a range of events under the rubric of responses to colonialism and the emergence of Pacific nationalism. His credentials for doing this are excellent.
17
Scarr, Deryck. "Evidence, ideology and miscalculation : public opinion and the 1987 military coups in Fiji." Journal de la Société des océanistes 92, no. 1 (1991): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jso.1991.2898.
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Elek, Andrew, Hal Hill, and Steven R. Tabor. "Liberalization and diversification in a small island economy: Fiji since the 1987 coups." World Development 21, no. 5 (1993): 749–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(93)90031-4.
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Singh, Shailendra. "Responsible conflict reporting: Rethinking the role of journalism in Fiji and other troubled Pacific societies." Pacific Journalism Review 19, no. 1 (2013): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v19i1.241.
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This article moots the idea of ‘responsible conflict reporting’ in Fiji and the South Pacific. Prolonged conflict, including three coups since 1987, has resulted in a pattern of social and economic decline in Fiji. In Melanesia as a whole, internal conflict is seen as a major security threat. The proposed responsible conflict reporting framework can be seen as a response to these longstanding trends and concerns. The framework is informed by various concepts in conflict resolution, peace-building, peace journalism and development journalism. By fusing the appropriate themes from these related but disparate frameworks, responsible conflict reporting goes beyond typical media interventions that focus mostly on current ‘hot conflicts’ without adequately addressing their long-term, structural causes.
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Scobell, Andrew. "Politics, Professionalism, and Peacekeeping: An Analysis of the 1987 Military Coup in Fiji." Comparative Politics 26, no. 2 (1994): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/422267.
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Howard, Michael. "Recent Trends in Pacific Island Development." Practicing Anthropology 12, no. 1 (1990): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.12.1.w9702443qw814128.
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For the island nations of the South Pacific, the past few years has been a turbulent period in which existing political and economic structures have come under considerable strain and in some instances undergone substantial change. Nowhere has this been more dramatically seen than in the case of Fiji, where the incumbent government of seventeen years was defeated at the polls in April 1987 and the new government was overthrown by a military coup, the region's first, a month later. The French colony of New Caledonia, too, has witnessed considerable turmoil in recent years as the independence struggle of the indigenous Kanaks has led to sometimes violent confrontations. Elsewhere in the South Pacific violence has been less in evidence, but the pressure for change has been widespread.
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Silvain, Jean-François, Alain Kermarrec, Orville Marti, Alvin Simmons, and Bernard Lalanne-Cassou. "Ectoparasitic nematodes (Aphelenchoidoidea: Acugutturidae) of Lepidoptera and Blattodea in Guadeloupe." Nematology 2, no. 6 (2000): 669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100509538.
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AbstractA total of 935 Lepidoptera, primarily moths of the family Noctuidae, were collected during two surveys (1985-86 and 1996) in Guadeloupe and examined for the presence of ectoparasitic nematodes, Noctuidonema Remillet & Silvain, or Vampyronema Hunt (Aphelenchoidoidea: Noctuidonematinae). Nematodes were found on 24 of 84 species of Noctuidae, two of four species of Sphingidae and one of ten species of Geometridae. New host records are reported for 19 species of Lepidoptera in Guadeloupe and one in the United States. Noctuidonema occurred more frequently on the Noctuidae than on other families of Lepidoptera. More infested moths, particularly males, were collected from xerophilic habitats than from mesophilic-hygrophilic habitats, and more were collected during the dry season than during the rainy season. A total of 94 Blattodea (Periplaneta americana L.) were collected in 1996-97 from French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Mexico, and Saint Lucia, and were examined for the presence of Acugutturus parasiticus Hunt, an ectoparasite of that species. A. parasiticus, previously known only from P.americana from Saint Lucia, was found again on that island, as well as in Guadeloupe, but not on P. americana collected from French Guiana or Mexico. The host list of Insecta (Lepidoptera and Blattodea) parasitised by ectoparasitic nematodes of the family Acugutturidae is emended and updated. At present, 69 species of Lepidoptera in 43 genera, 12 sub-families, and six families are known as hosts of Noctuidonema or Vampyronema. With the single exception of Spodoptera litura (F.) in East Java, all Lepidoptera species reported as hosts of ectoparasitic nematodes occur in the Americas or the Fiji islands. No systematic search has been conducted for ectoparasitic nematodes on Lepidoptera in tropical Africa or Asia. The importance of these nematodes in the ecology of Lepidoptera and Blattodea is largely unknown. Noctuidonema diabolia is transferred to the genus Vampyronema as Vampyronema diabolia n. comb. Nématodes (Aphelenchoidoidea: Acugutturidae) ectoparasites de Lepidoptera et de Blattodea en Guadeloupe - Un total de 935 Lépidoptères, principalement des papillons de la famille des Noctuidae, ont été capturés au cours de deux études (1985-86 et 1996) en Guadeloupe et examinés pour détecter la présence du nématodes ectoparasites, Noctuidonema Remillet & Silvain ou Vampyronema Hunt (Aphelenchoidoidea: Noctuidonematinae). Des nématodes ont été trouvés sur 24 des 84 espèces de Noctuidae, deux des quatre espèces de Sphingidae, et une des dix espèces de Geometridae. Ils ont été trouvés chez 19 espèces de Lépidoptères non signalés précédemment comme hôtes de nématodes ectoparasites en Guadeloupe, et chez une nouvelle espèce hôte aux EtatsUnis. Noctuidonema a été trouvé plus fréquemment sur les Noctuidae que sur d'autres familles de Lépidoptères. Davantage de papillons infestés (surtout des mâles) ont été capturés dans les habitats xérophiles que dans les habitats méso- et hygrophyles, de même plus de papillons infestés ont été capturés pendant la saison sèche que pendant la saison des pluies. Un total de 94 blattes (Periplaneta americana) ont été capturés en 1996-97 en Guadeloupe, en Guyane française, au Mexique et à Sainte Lucie et ont été examinées pour détecter la présence d'A. parasiticus, un nématode ectoparasite de cette espèce. A. parasiticus, précédemment décrit uniquement sur P.americana à Sainte Lucie, a été trouvé à nouveau sur cette île et également en Guadeloupe. Par contre, cette espèce n'a pas été trouvée sur P.americana au Mexique ni en Guyane française. La liste des insectes parasités par les nématodes ectoparasites de la famille des Acugutturidés est modifiée et mise à jour. Actuellement, 69 espèces de Lépidoptères dans 43 genres, 12 sous-familles et six familles sont connues comme hôtes de Noctuidonema. A l'exception de Spodoptera litura (F.) trouvé dans l'est de l'île de Java, toutes les espèces de Lépidoptères signalées comme hôtes de Noctuidonema ou de Vampyronema se trouvent en Amérique ou aux îles Fidji. Aucune recherche systématique n'a été entreprise pour rechercher les nématodes ectoparasites des Lépidoptères en Afrique tropicale ou en Asie et l'importance de ces nématodes dans l'écologie des Lépidoptères est en grande partie inconnue. On a transfer Noctuidonema diabolia au genre Vampyronema comme Vampyronema diabolia n. comb.
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Weber, Eberhard. "Gewalt und Staatsversagen in Fidschi." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie 51, no. 1 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfw.2007.0016.
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Political violence and state failure in Fiji. Between 1987 and 2006 Fiji experienced four coups in which governments were overthrown by their own military forces. Many observers attribute political violence in Fiji to ethnic tensions between indigenous ethnic Fijians and descendants of persons of Indian origin, who immigrated to Fiji mainly between 1880 and 1920. While ethnicity contributes to political instability in Fiji, the existence of additional cleavages based on class, kinship and centre-periphery dichotomy creates a rather complex picture. The coups are also offsprings of conflicts within the Fijian society, conflicts about the loss of political and economic power in the course of modernization, experienced by traditional chiefs of tribal confederacies, as well as conflicts caused by marginalization of indigenous people living in peripheral areas. External actors like Australia, New Zealand and the USA add another layer to the conflicts. During the socalled Cold War the Pacific islands were nuclear testing grounds for the USA, France and Great Britain as well as a strategic region for the US-American Pacific fleet. Since 9/11 the USA as well as Australia and New Zealand consider political instability in the Pacific island region as a breeding ground for international terrorism and thus a threat to their national security.
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Perrottet, Alex, and David Robie. "Pacific Journalism Monographs No 1: Pacific Media Freedom 2011: A status report." Pacific Journalism Monographs : Te Koakoa: Ngā Rangahau, no. 1 (October 3, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjm.v0i1.2.
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Pacific media freedom has been under siege for more than a decade, particularly since an attempted coup in Fiji in May 2000, when a television station was attacked and ransacked, a foreign journalist was shot and wounded and a local journalist ended up being imprisoned for treason. Since then various Pacific countries, notably Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Vanuatu have faced various periods of media repression. Since the military coup in December 2006, Fiji has faced arguably its worst sustained pressure on the media since the original two Rabuka coups in 1987. The Bainimarama regime in June 2010 imposed a Media Industry Development Decree that enforced draconian curbs on journalists and restrictive controls on foreign ownership of the press. This consolidated systematic state censorship of news organisations that had been imposed in April 2009 with the Public Emergency Regulations that have been rolled over on a monthly basis ever since. Promised relaxation of state censorship after the imposition of the Decree never eventuated. This research monograph covers the period 1 July 2010-30 June 2011 and examines the trends in the Pacific region. In addition to Pacific Islands Forum member nations, it covers the French Pacific territories and the former Indonesian colony of East Timor and current twin provinces known collectively as West Papua.