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Qiolevu, Venina, and Seunghoo Lim. "Stakeholder Participation and Advocacy Coalitions for Making Sustainable Fiji Mineral Royalty Policy." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030797.
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The Fiji government perceived mining as a means to accelerate economic growth because of its potential to generate great wealth for the Fijian economy. However, the environmental and social impacts associated with mining is of great concern. Mining activities have caused immense environmental degradations that affect livelihoods. One way to recompense these mining impacts is to provide a source of income to the landowners that can substitute the providence of natural resources that were damaged or completely taken away by mining activities. From the current revenue earned from mining, only land leases have been paid out to landowners and no royalty payments as yet, because there are no specific guidelines to determine the distributions. These have brought about the great need to determine the fair share of mineral royalties between the Fiji Government and the landowners in Fiji. This paper will therefore explicate the formation of coalitions based on similarities in policy beliefs, the various strategies undertaken to interact and network with each coalition in efforts to advocate core policy beliefs to obtain government’s attention for the formulation of Fiji’s Mineral Royalty Policy, based on the analytical lenses of Advocacy Coalition Framework and Issue Network Theory, at both the problem definition and agenda setting stages. Moreover, this paper also investigates the impacts of political instability in formulating Fiji’s first ever Mineral Royalty Policy.
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Bolatagici, Torika. "Export quality: Representing Fijian bodies and the economy of war." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 52, no. 1 (April 2011): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2011.01438.x.
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Narayan, Paresh Kumar, and Biman Chand Prasad. "Doubling fish exports or garment exports: which would benefit the Fijian economy most? Evidence from a computable general equilibrium model." Applied Economics 38, no. 6 (April 10, 2006): 717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840500396731.
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Jutel, Olivier. "Blockchain imperialism in the Pacific." Big Data & Society 8, no. 1 (January 2021): 205395172098524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053951720985249.
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The rise of blockchain as a techno-solution in the development sector underscores the critical imbalances of data power under ‘computational capitalism’ ( Beller, 2018 ). This article will consider the political economy of techno-solutionist and blockchain discourses in the developing world, using as its object of study blockchain projects in Pacific Island nations. Backed by US State Department soft power initiatives such as Tech Camp, these projects inculcate tech-driven notions of economic and political development, or ICT4D, while opening up new terrains for data accumulation and platform control. Blockchain developers in search of proof of concept have found the development sector a fecund space for tech experimentation as they leverage a desire for tech-development and exploit regulatory weakness. The material implications of blockchain projects and discourse have been to create governance solutions which bypass the developing world state as a largely corrupting intermediary. In the Pacific, this has meant blockchain supply-chain management systems, proprietary financial innovation in humanitarian relief and an Asian Development Bank project to manage indigenous Fijian lands exclusively on the blockchain. In all these instances, discourses of solutionism, innovation and data empowerment have been deployed in aid of blockchain cartographies of control.
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Cornelio, D. L. "SOCIOECONOMIC DRIVERS OF LAND USE INTENSIFICATION IN FIJI ISLANDS: A GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 29, 2021): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-837-2021.
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Abstract. Shifting cultivation is a common agricultural practice in the Pacific Islands rarely sustainable today since fallow periods are ever shorter due to the demographic growth, farms fragmentation, uncertain land tenure, and pressures from the market economy among other factors (drivers). Official statistical data and maps were utilized to build up chloropleth maps indicating the areas of high land use intensity (LUI) according to farm size ranges and socioeconomic parameters (treatments) for the country. Twenty vector layers were digitized from published maps for eight ranges of farm sizes (from less than 1 to more than 100 ha), and converted to raster format with a 170 m2 pixel size. Critical maps were then built by boolean operations displaying areas in which both the land use and the socioeconomic driver were simultaneously ranked as high or very high. Treatments showed significant differences among them (p < 0.05), being the most influential those related to human demography. In farms smaller than 3 ha size land use is intense when (in order of importance) Indo-fijian population, household size and land availability values are high; while in farms of 20–50 ha size it is intense when the values of (in order of importance) population change, Indo-fijian population, land availability, fishing and sugar farming are also high. LUI patterns normally decrease with the increase of farm size, but increases on farms over 20 ha size. It is recommended to propose policies that will des-accelerate the rates of land use, such as the facilitation of land ownership over farms of bigger sizes, the gradual replacement of mono cropping by agroforestry systems, and the creation of more employment opportunities in the industry, tourism and services sectors.
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Hendriks, Anna-Marie, Mere Y. Delai, Anne-Marie Thow, Jessica S. Gubbels, Nanne K. De Vries, Stef P. J. Kremers, and Maria W. J. Jansen. "Perspectives of Fijian Policymakers on the Obesity Prevention Policy Landscape." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/926159.
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In Fiji and other Pacific Island countries, obesity has rapidly increased in the past decade. Therefore, several obesity prevention policies have been developed. Studies show that their development has been hampered by factors within Fiji’s policy landscape such as pressure from industry. Since policymakers in the Fijian national government are primarily responsible for the development of obesity policies, it is important to understand their perspectives; we therefore interviewed 15 policymakers from nine Fijian ministries. By applying the “attractor landscape” metaphor from dynamic systems theory, we captured perceived barriers and facilitators in the policy landscape. A poor economic situation, low food self-sufficiency, power inequalities, inappropriate framing of obesity, limited policy evidence, and limited resource sharing hamper obesity policy developments in Fiji. Facilitators include policy entrepreneurs and policy brokers who were active when a window of opportunity opened and who strengthened intersectoral collaboration. Fiji’s policy landscape can become more conducive to obesity policies if power inequalities are reduced. In Fiji and other Pacific Island countries, this may be achievable through increased food self-sufficiency, strengthened intersectoral collaboration, and the establishment of an explicit functional focal unit within government to monitor and forecast the health impact of policy changes in non-health sectors.
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Douglas, Heather, Buriata Eti-Tofinga, and Gurmeet Singh. "Hybrid organisations contributing to wellbeing in Small Pacific Island Countries." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 9, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 490–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-08-2017-0081.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the contributions of hybrid organisations to wellbeing in small Pacific island countries. Design/methodology/approach The concept and different forms of hybrid organisations are examined, and then the operation and contributions to wellbeing of three Fijian hybrid organisations are considered. Findings Hybrid organisations in this region operate with a commitment to the common good and an ethic of care. Fijian hybrid organisations improve social and economic wellbeing for individuals, families and communities by providing employment, schools and training facilities, financial and support services, sustainable agriculture projects and facilitating networking. These services improve individual and community social and economic wellbeing, build resilience, add to personal and family security, offer opportunities for the future, advance leadership skills and sustain the environment. Commercial activities that support these organisations in their wellbeing endeavours include product sales, service fees, project levies and investment income. Research limitations/implications Generalisability beyond the Pacific region is not assured, as this review only examines hybrid organisations in small Pacific island countries. Practical implications Hybrid organisations offer an alternative pathway to achieve a sustainable enterprise economy, an approach that is more culturally relevant for the Pacific region. Policies to nurture the development of these organisations, and research into the startup, operation, impact and effectiveness of different hybrid organisation models would help to improve wellbeing in this region. International charities and aid agencies could advance the wellbeing of people living in this region by supporting the development of hybrid organisations. External agencies seeking to support hybrid organisation development are advised to consider providing funding through a regional agency rather than engaging directly with national governments. Social implications Developing a robust hybrid organisation sector will improve social and economic wellbeing for people living in small island nations. Originality/value As one of the first studies to examine wellbeing and hybrid organisations, this review adds to hybrid business theory by its consideration of small Pacific island countries. The authors add to existing understandings of how hybrid organisations contribute to social and economic wellbeing for individuals, families and communities. The review identifies each form hybrid organisational form adopts. Each has a central commitment to generating social and economic value but different revenue sources. The review adds valuable new knowledge to the limited scholarship of this region by identifying the philosophical foundations and contributions to wellbeing of these hybrid organisations. A future research agenda and policy development process is proposed to improve wellbeing and advance hybrid organisations in the region.
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Salem, Saber, and Armin Rosencranz. "Climate-Induced Mass Relocation in Fiji." Environmental Policy and Law 50, no. 4-5 (March 12, 2021): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-200240.
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Climate change is, undeniably, a global phenomenon, which requires timely and sincere global efforts and commitments to save the planet before it is too late. The island nations in the blue Pacific region are arguably experiencing the destructive nature of climate change more than any other nation in the world. Scientists warn that this slow-motion phenomenon is claiming entire nations, which will not exist on the face of the earth as early as next century. Sea-level rise is one of the biggest existential threats that the region is facing. Countries such as Tuvalu, Kiribati and Marshall Islands have already started sinking with their citizens looking for alternative countries. In Fiji, more than 200 low-lying villages are at risk of sinking and the government hopes to relocate these communities to higher ground, despite the pressure this would place on its weak economy. The relocatees will lose their most precious commodity, the land, which is their identity, status and source of survival. The other most precious commodity to which they attach a sense of belonging and will be lost for life are their ancestral homes, culture and traditional way of life. The relocation plan also creates distance between people and the sea, which is the source of their food. This article argues that despite being considered an effective adaptation mechanism to climate change, the relocation plan is facing multiple hurdles. The plan is far beyond the financial capacity and technical prowess of the Fijian government. The other possible alternative to mass relocation is strengthening the locally-made seawalls into strong durable structures, which can withstand the strength of cyclones and be an effective barrier to further shoreline erosion. The small island developing nations of the Pacific region will need financial and technical assistance from the industrialised nations to implement such a project successfully.
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Raj, Shivneil Kumar, and Priteshni Pratibha Chand. "Analysis of Fiji’s Export and Its Impact on Economic Growth." International Journal of Business and Social Research 7, no. 4 (May 3, 2017): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v7i4.1031.
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<p>Exports are vital for Fiji’s economy as it contributes significantly to its gross domestic product (GDP) and economic growth. The export data over the years show very slow growth and is gradually increasing. Fiji’s GDP data show that GDP is gradually increasing. Thus, Fiji’s economic growth is also increasing at a steady rate. This study aims to measure the relationship between exports and economic growth in Fiji. A regression analysis on data collected for Fiji from 2000-2015 shows that there is a strong positive relationship between exports and economic growth. Thus, when exports increase, economic growth also increases. Potential sectors that can be further developed to boost Fiji’s exports are sugar, garment, tourism and agriculture. The government should restrict imports through import quotas, tariffs and embargoes and give subsidies and tax incentives to potential export sectors to boost domestic production and increase exports. The government’s motive is to increase export incentives and promote Fiji made products both locally and overseas. Thus, this leads to an increase in exports, improves the trade balance and economic growth. This research article was undertaken to carry out research to investigate the link between Fiji’s export and economic growth and highlight ways and potential sectors to increase Fiji’s export and reduce imports.</p>
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Doessel, D. P., and Abbas Valadkhani. "The Effect of Government on Economic Growth in Fiji." Singapore Economic Review 48, no. 01 (April 2003): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590803000608.
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This paper investigates the empirical relationship between the size of government and the process of economic growth in Fiji. The results reported here present a mixed picture, in that the model estimated specifies two different effects of the government sector on economic growth. Using annual time series data for the period 1964–1999, it is found that government expenditure exerts a strong beneficial impact on economic growth. However, marginal factor productivity in the government sector is found to be lower than that of the private sector. The reasons for this low productivity are two-fold: the result of the lack of market incentives and signals in the public sector and the involvement of Fiji's government in some activities which may be rationalised in terms of the socio-political objectives of the Fijian government. While recognising that there may be factors which may hinder the process of efficiency in the private sector, it can be argued that by shifting factors of production from the low productivity (government) sector to the high productivity (private) sector, the rate of growth of GNP will increase.
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Chand Prasad, Biman. "Why Fiji is not the “Mauritius” of the Pacific? Lessons for small island nations in the Pacific." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 6 (June 3, 2014): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2012-0221.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed comparison between Fiji and Mauritius and points out why Fiji which was better than Mauritius in the mid-1980s has fallen behind. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses recent literature on why countries fail economically and qualitative analysis and statistical evidence where necessary to compare the two countries. Findings – During the first decade of independence, Fiji's economy grew at a rate of more than 5 per cent per annum. However, its economic prosperity was disrupted by the military coup in 1987. As a small island nation, Fiji's economic progress has been dismal and this can largely be attributed to the political instability created by the coups. Small island states like Mauritius has had uninterrupted growth rates in the same period and as a result has delivered significant improvement in the quality of life of its people. Research limitations/implications – Fiji could not become the Mauritius of the Pacific and points due to the lack of political stability and inclusive economic and political institutions. Social implications – Fiji could improve the quality of life of its people if it addresses the institutional constraint and it can learn from Mauritius. Originality/value – Comparing Fiji, a small island nation like Mauritius and pointing out clear lessons not only for Fiji but also other small island nations in the Pacific.
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Gani, Azmat. "Capital Flight from a Small Developing Asia Pacific Economy." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 15, no. 3 (May 7, 2016): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341391.
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Capital flight from a small developing country in the Asia Pacific region, Fiji, is estimated using a variant of the residual approach. The findings show that between 1991 and 2009, approximately US$5 billion, averaging some US$265 million per annum has leaked out of Fiji in the form of capital flight. On an annual average basis, this has translated into 12 percent of Fiji’s gross domestic product; 19 percent of imports bills and 17 percent of lost tax revenues. The implications of this finding is that Fiji’s policymakers need to institute policies that focus on long-term secure and stable business and political environment. Some of these may include making the domestic business and investment environment more attractive, reforming the foreign investment tax incentives, retaining qualified and skilled people, eliminating institutional weaknesses in banking systems, and effective enforcement of banking and customs regulations relating to transfers of financial capital.
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Miller, Cara, Aisake Batibasaga, Prerna Chand, Sirilo Dulunaqio, Margaret Fox, Stacy Jupiter, Waisea Naisilisili, Yashika Nand, Saras Sharma-Gounder, and Brian Smith. "Cetacean diversity, common occurrence and community importance in Fijian waters." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 3 (2016): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14933.
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Fiji has demonstrated a strong commitment to cetacean conservation via national, regional and international plans and agreements. To provide baseline information in support of these efforts, this paper provides an updated listing of cetacean species found in Fijian waters and identifies locations where cetaceans have been noted on a consistent basis. Information for this review was sourced from peer-reviewed publications, field reports, historical whaling records, national consultations, anecdotal and opportunistic sources, as well as a national database held by the Fiji Government’s Department of Fisheries. Reliable and recent records were confirmed for 10 cetacean species in Fijian waters. In addition, less reliable records and regional species’ information provides support for the occurrence of at least 14 additional species or groups of similar-looking species that could not be identified more specifically. Thirteen hotspot areas within the Fiji Economic Exclusive Zone were preliminarily identified as being particularly important for cetaceans, including numerous sites within the Vatu-i-Ra and Lomaiviti passages and surrounding waters. Issues with the available data include uneven coverage, inherent biases within available sources, and difficulties with species identification and verification in some cases. Nevertheless, it is hoped that this review will provide a reference point from which to move forward with cetacean management and conservation efforts in Fiji.
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Salem, Saber. "Chinese Foreign Aid to Fiji: Threat or Opportunity." China Report 56, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 242–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445520916875.
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China’s political, economic and cultural influence is steadily rising in Fiji and the Pacific region as a whole. The Sino–Fiji cooperation deepened at multiple levels after the Fijian military assumed power through a coup d’état and removed the civilian government from power in late 2006. This ‘undemocratic behaviour’ infuriated the two regional powers—Australia and New Zealand who then applied sanctions on Fiji, particularly the military brass, and encouraged their counterparts as well as multilateral aid organisations to ‘punish’ Fiji’s military ‘regime’. The military government in order to derail the impact of sanctions from its traditional donors adopted the ‘Look North Policy’, which was opening cooperation with China and attracting Chinese investment in Fiji. China welcomed the friendship gesture and furnished Fiji with financial assistance. This Chinese friendship was also due to Taiwanese involvement in the region, which was providing aid for diplomatic recognition and support at the UN. The ‘microstates’ hold about 7 per cent of UN votes. Both China and Taiwan need their votes at multilateral organisations and given that these microstates are mostly aid-dependent economies, initiated an era of Chequebook diplomacy, which is basically money for diplomatic recognition in the case of Taiwan or acceptance of One China Policy in the case of China. The microstates have time and again switched between China and Taiwan and played one against the other to get more aid money out of their diplomatic rivalry. The Sino–Taiwan aid competition in the Pacific forced US to make a strong comeback and ensure that China under the pretext of denying Taiwan space in the region actually spies on the US activities in the region. As a result, the US and its regional allies have significantly increased their foreign aid to the island nations in order to coax them to diminish their level of financial dependence on China. So far, they have not been successful enough and China’s aid package has gone far beyond the level US is giving. Today, China is the second largest donor to the region and largest financier to Fiji. Fiji has become the ace in this game as it is the regional hub of the Pacific Island states. Bearing the current high level of aid competition between traditional and emerging donors in mind, it is too early to judge whether Chinese aid will cause more harm to Fiji than benefit or vice versa. It also entirely depends on the Fijian government as to how much it relies on Chinese aid and how clean Chinese are with their soft loans. China has been blamed for not being clear and specific about the terms and conditions of its concessional loans. This vagueness and secrecy that is associated with Chinese aid been a cause for concern, especially among traditional donors.
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Ann-Ni, Soh, Puah Chin-Hong, and Arip M. Affendy. "Tourism Forecasting and Tackling Fluctuating Patterns: A Composite Leading Indicator Approach." Studies in Business and Economics 15, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0034.
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AbstractA growing interest is surfacing toward the non-linearities in tourism demand forecasting. This paper aims to construct a tourism composite indicator to anticipate the cyclical movement for the tourism demand in Fiji. The time duration tackled in the current study is under the span of approximately two decades from 2000 to 2017. Apart from an indicator construction approach and turning point dating algorithm, we proposed a two regime Markov switching model to analyse the Fijian tourism cycle. The empirical results revealed the composite leading indicator accorded a signalling approach for Fijian tourism demand with an average lead time of 2.75 months. Furthermore, the prior-recognition of the tourism economic transition with adequate dating evaluation of the tourism cycle is obtained from the filtered probabilities through the Markov switching models.
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Sharma, Umesh, Stewart Lawrence, and Carolyn Fowler. "New public management and accounting in a Fiji telecommunications company." Accounting History 17, no. 3-4 (August 2012): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373212443534.
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The aim of this article is to investigate tension between the implementation of new public management and associated accounting technologies in the Fiji telecommunication sector and the indigenous Fijian culture and political structure. In doing so, the article contrasts the economic-based reforms of the telecommunications sector (from 1990), with the traditional social relations that were exercised post-independence (1970 onwards). This research aim is achieved by focusing on archival documents and interviews with those involved in Fiji telecommunications. We illustrate how the use of new public management concepts replaced traditional social relations with the disciplinary technologies of modern capitalism but were also altered as a result of these social relations. In the Fiji Telecommunications company, the cultural conflicts and political influences led to the new public management process being resisted and modified to reduce the tension between economic and social relations.
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Rao, Maheshwar. "Challenges and Issues for Tourism in the South Pacific Island States: The Case of the Fiji Islands." Tourism Economics 8, no. 4 (December 2002): 401–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101298205.
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The paper identifies and analyses challenges and issues facing the tourism industry in the most developed South Pacific island state, the Fiji Islands. Many of the challenges identified can be attributed to the interplay among historical factors and events, and the vested interests associated with them. The colonization of Fiji, the historical role of foreign capital in its growth and development, the conflicting socio-economic and political demands of the two major ethnic groups (the indigenous Fijians and immigrant Indo-Fijians), the issue of property rights, and more recently the coups of 1987 and 2000 and the resultant political instability are discussed in relation to the growth and development of the tourism industry. The author also discusses the impact of the coups on the tourism industry and the role of private–public partnerships in the industry's recovery following the coups.
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Farran, Sue. "Balancing livelihoods with environmental protection: A case study from Fiji." Environmental Law Review 22, no. 4 (December 2020): 266–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452920966583.
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Pacific Island states – sometimes classified as small island developing states, are among those most vulnerable to climate change and environmental degradation brought about by development initiatives such as logging, mining, commercial agriculture and tourism. While these may have economic benefits, many Fijians live in rural areas with limited or no opportunity for paid employment and rely on subsistence farming and natural resources for their livelihoods. The importance of the latter – particularly for many women – and increasing pressure on these resources, raise sustainability concerns. If natural resource environments are to be protected, restrictions – some of which are already in place – need to be not only enforced but possibly extended. This could, however, impact negatively on these dependent livelihoods. This article considers this dilemma in the context of two Fijian villages in the district of Ba, where women depend on the mangrove areas, primarily for catching crabs for sale in the local markets, using the money earned to meet basic needs.
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Khan, Mohsin, Rup Singh, Arvind Patel, and Devendra Kumar Jain. "An examination of house price bubble in the real estate sector: the case of a small island economy – Fiji." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 14, no. 4 (February 25, 2021): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-05-2020-0056.
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Purpose This paper aims to assess the equilibrium house price in the city of Suva (Fiji) and to analyse the house price bubble in the Fiji housing market. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a time series approach to determine the presence of house price bubbles in Fiji over the period from 1988 to 2018. Findings The findings suggest that real income, land cost, building material price, inflation rate, volatility, household size and wealth have a positive impact on house prices, whereas user cost of capital and political disturbances have a negative impact. The findings further indicate that the Fijis’ housing market does not constitute any house price bubble. Practical implications This paper draws policy implications for a small developing state (Fiji) and other similar economies. Originality/value The price bubble in the Fiji housing market is analysed for the first time. This paper develops a comprehensive empirical approach to assess the equilibrium-housing price in Fiji.
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Ali, Wahab, and Ruveni Tuimavana. "Dreams and Dilemmas of Internally Displaced People: An Intricate Reality of a Nomadic Lifestyle." Journal of Education and Culture Studies 4, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v4n2p1.
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Land tenure is an important variable impacting the vulnerability of people staying on leased land the world over. Land tenure-ship security is widespread in countries where the land is owned by the state or traditional people. The problem in securing a tenured land manifests itself in a number of ways that accentuate environmental and socio-economic impacts. Mounting evidence of reduced tenure security shows that affected communities are often unable to evolve equitably and enjoy long term economic stability. In the Fijian context, many displaced Fijians have moved on and settled in the periphery of towns and cities thus changing the socio-economic equilibrium of the environment. A qualitative study using a case study research design was undertaken to establish the perceptions of a group of sugar cane farmers who had become victims of non- renewal of their land leases in 2002. Findings reveal that expiry and non-renewal of land leases leads to social, economical, cultural, political and even psychological and emotional consequences on internally displaced people. The article outlines the pain and agony of the displaced farmers and how they have made integral adjustments to cope with the challenges of resettling in new environments. Having faced the adversities of extradition and then resettling, the dilemmas of ensuing nomadic journeys present a more daunting unfolding for many - only that they have realized it as a fact of life.
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Dr. PATRICK MUMA. "THE ECONOMICS OF COCONUT REPLANTING AND ASSOCIATED CROPPING (IN FIJI)." CORD 2, no. 01 (December 1, 1986): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v2i01.193.
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The importance of coconut stems primarily from its being an export crop. Coconut largely constitutes a crop of convenience in the basically agricultural, mainly subsistence, essentially rural-based economy of Fiji. It provides a basic dietary component and a source of cash income to meet social responsibilities, and employment opportunities in the various areas in which it is grown. Indeed, after sugar, coconut oil is Fiji's second most important agricultural export.
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Dr. PATRICK MUMA. "THE ECONOMICS OF COCONUT REPLANTING AND ASSOCIATED CROPPING (IN FIJI)." CORD 8, no. 01 (December 1, 1992): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v8i01.257.
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The importance of coconut stems primarily from its being an export crop. Coconut largely constitutes a crop of convenience in the basically agricultural, mainly subsistence, essentially rural‑based economy of Fiji. It provides a basic dietary component and a source of cash income to meet social responsibilities, and employment opportunities in the various areas in which it is grown. Indeed, after sugar, coconut oil is Fiji's second most important agricultural export.
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Sharma, Umesh, and Helen Irvine. "The social consequences of control: accounting for indentured labour in Fiji 1879-1920." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 13, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 130–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-04-2015-0039.
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Purpose This is a study of the social consequences of accounting controls over labour. This paper aims to examine the system of tasking used to control Indian indentured workers in the historical context of Fijian sugar plantations during the British colonial period from 1879 to 1920. Design/methodology/approach Archival data consisting of documents from the Colonial Secretary’s Office, reports and related literature on Indian indentured labour were accessed from the National Archives of Fiji. In addition, documented accounts of the experiences of indentured labourers over the period of the study gave voice to the social costs of the indenture system, highlighting the social impact of accounting control systems. Findings Accounting and management controls were developed to extract surplus value from Indian labour. The practice of tasking was implemented in a plantation structure where indentured labourers were controlled hierarchically. This resulted in their exploitation and consequent economic, social and racial marginalisation. Research limitations/implications Like all historical research, our interpretation is limited by the availability of archival documents and the theoretical framework chosen to examine these documents. Practical implications The study promotes a better understanding of the practice and impact of accounting controls within a particular institutional setting, in this case the British colony of Fiji. Social implications By highlighting the social implications of accounting controls in their historical context, we alert corporations, government policy makers, accountants and workers to the socially damaging effects of exploitive management control systems. Originality/value The paper contributes to the growing body of literature highlighting the social effects of accounting control systems. It exposes the social costs borne by indentured workers employed on Fijian sugar plantations.
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Kumar, Salesh, and Steven J. R. Underhill. "Smallholder Farmer Perceptions of Postharvest Loss and Its Determinants in Fijian Tomato Value Chains." Horticulturae 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5040074.
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The Fiji Islands, like many small Pacific island nations, are thought to incur high rates of postharvest loss. Little work has been undertaken to quantify the amount of loss within Pacific horticultural value chains, or identify the key determinants. This study sought to quantify postharvest loss within Fijian smallholder tomato value chains and to examine the relative importance of current on-farm practices as possible contributors to this loss. A semi-structured survey of 115 smallholder tomato farmers in Sigatoka Valley and eastern Viti Levu was undertaken, covering socio-economic and demographic parameters, production and postharvest handling practice, and postharvest loss based on farmer recall. On-farm postharvest loss for smallholder farmer tomato value chains was between 26.1% in Sigatoka Valley and 27.6% in eastern Viti Levu. This finding was consistent with quantification of postharvest loss in Fijian tomato chains by direct determination, but is relatively high when compared to smallholder tomato value chain loss in Sub-Saharan Africa. When Fijian tomato value chains were segregated according to specific postharvest handling practice, the contributors to postharvest loss were often associated with on-farm decision-making. Those value chains that only harvested once a week, or in the early morning (before 7 am) or mid-day onwards, stored harvest product in the field for more than three hours, did not sort or grade prior to on-farm ripening, or used packing sheds that had relatively open designs, all had consistently higher levels of postharvest loss. The prevalence of specific postharvest handling practice in both locations is further reported. While this study highlights the impact of current on-farm postharvest handling practices on tomato value chain loss, what remain unclear are the underlying drivers associated with current postharvest handling behaviour and the decision-making that shapes quality and logistic control activities.
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Gounder, Rukmani. "FIJI'S ECONOMIC GROWTH IMPEDIMENTS." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 9, no. 3 (January 2004): 301–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354786042000272973.
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Chand, Shasnil Avinesh, Ronald Ravinesh Kumar, and Peter Josef Stauvermann. "Determinants of bank stability in a small island economy: a study of Fiji." Accounting Research Journal 34, no. 1 (January 23, 2021): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-06-2020-0140.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the determinants of bank stability based on three measures of bank stability while accounting for key bank-specific, macro-finance and structural variables. The aim is to underscore key indicators of stability that can be tracked by analysts, bank managers and regulators, especially in small economies such as Fiji. Design/methodology/approach The sample comprises a balanced panel of seven banking and financial institutions over the period 2000-2018. For consistency of data and similar functions in terms of deposit and loans, this paper considers five commercial banks and two credit institutions in Fiji. A fixed-effect method of regression is applied, to control for bank heterogeneity. The dependent variable is bank stability, which is based on three measures – the Z-score, the risk-adjusted return on assets and the risk-adjusted equity to assets ratio. Findings It is noted that bank size, funding risk, credit risk and Herfindahl-Hirschman index are positively associated with bank stability. In the extended model, both inflation and economic growth are positively associated with bank stability, although only inflation is statistically significant. Moreover, factors having a negative association with bank stability are the liquidity risk, the net interest margin and the remittances inflow. Additionally, the domestically generated political crises of the years 2000 and 2006 and the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 are negatively associated with bank stability. Originality/value This study empirically examines the determinants of bank stability in Fiji’s banking sector. Unlike previous studies, this study considers three measures of stability, with z-score as the dominant measure and as explanatory variables, bank-specific, macro-finance and structural variables. The bank-specific data used in the study were hand-picked from the disclosure statements of banks and macro-finance data were extracted from the World Bank Indicators. The study underscores pertinent factors associated with bank stability in the small island economy of Fiji, which can be of interest to analysts, bankers, regulators and researchers in this domain.
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Narayan, Paresh Kumar. "Economic Impact of Tourism on Fiji's Economy: Empirical Evidence from the Computable General Equilibrium Model." Tourism Economics 10, no. 4 (December 2004): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000042430971.
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Prasad, Biman Chand. "Fiji Economy: Muddling Through." Round Table 101, no. 6 (December 2012): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2012.749096.
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Sharma, Ratenesh Anand, and Laurence Murphy. "The housing experiences of Fijian migrants in Auckland." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 8, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-11-2014-0046.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the housing experiences of Fijian migrants in Auckland, New Zealand, in response to recent calls for greater attention to be given to the housing experiences of a wider range of migrant groups. The paper seeks to extend the understanding of the housing experiences of a migrant group that have the economic and social resources that are likely to see them achieve housing outcomes beyond the usual “niche” and limited segments of the housing market usually available to migrants. Design/methodology/approach – This paper used a questionnaire survey designed to uncover the housing experiences and levels of satisfaction of Fijian migrants living in Auckland. Developing on the works of literature that have addressed ethnic residential segregation and migrant housing outcomes, this paper addresses the housing experiences of a well-established migrant community that possesses significant human capital (skills, education, English language proficiency) but occupies a hybrid cultural identity. Findings – The majority of the 84 respondents had attained homeownership. Homeownership was prized for conveying a sense of “independence” and was aligned with notions of Fijian Indian culture. Both homeowners and renters expressed high levels of satisfaction with the locational attributes of their homes. While the majority of renters aspired to homeownership, a lack of affordable housing was noted. Homeowners recognised that they had benefitted from accessing homeownership when house prices were more affordable and believed that current and future migrants would struggle to buy a house in the Auckland housing market. Research limitations/implications – In the absence of a sampling frame, this research employed a purposive sampling technique that distributed questionnaires among Fijian migrant community groups and ethnic businesses. As the first study of its kind into the housing experiences of Fijian migrants in Auckland, the sample size (84 respondents) and geographical distribution of respondents was deemed sufficient to offer insights into the community’s housing experiences. The findings of this research could be used to develop a larger-scale analysis of the housing experiences of Fijian migrants in Auckland. Originality/value – While considerable attention has been given to documenting the locational distribution of migrants in Auckland, this is the first study to examine the housing experiences of Fijian migrants. The paper adds to the understandings of the variety of migrant housing outcomes by focussing on the experiences of a well-established migrant group that possesses significant human capital and occupies a distinct ethnic position within Pacific migration flows.
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Soh, Ann-Ni, Chin-Hong Puah, and M. Affendy Arip. "Forecasting Tourism Demand with Composite Indicator Approach for Fiji." Business and Economic Research 9, no. 4 (September 23, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v9i4.15502.
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This study attempts to scrutinize the fluctuations of the Fijian tourism market and forecast the early warning signals of tourism market vulnerability using the tourism composite indicator (TCI). The data employed on a monthly basis from 2000M01 to 2017M12 and the indicator construction steps were adopted from the ideology of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). A parsimonious macroeconomic and non-economic fundamental determinant are included for the construction of TCI. Subsequently, the procedure then employed the seasonal adjustment using Census X-12, Christiano-Fitzgerald filtering approach, and Bry-Boschan dating algorithm. Empirical evidence highlighted the signalling attributes against Fijian tourism demand with an average lead time of 2.75 months and around 54 percent of directional accuracy rate, which is significant at 5 percent significance level. Thus, the non-parametric technique can forecast the tourism market outlook and the constructed TCI can provide information content from a macroeconomic perspective for policymakers, tourism market players and investors.
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Maharaj, Jagdish C., and Mahendra Reddy. "Young Stroke Mortality in Fiji Islands: An Economic Analysis of National Human Capital Resource Loss." ISRN Neurology 2012 (June 21, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/802785.
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Introduction. The objective of this study was to perform an economic analysis in terms of annual national human capital resource loss from young stroke mortality in Fiji. The official retirement age is 55 years in Fiji. Method. Stroke mortality data, for working-age group 15–55 years, obtained from the Ministry of Health and per capita national income figure for the same year was utilised to calculate the total output loss for the economy. The formula of output loss from the economy was used. Results. There were 273 stroke deaths of which 53.8% were of working-age group. The annual national human capital loss from stroke mortality for Fiji for the year was calculated to be F$8.85 million (US$5.31 million). The highest percentage loss from stroke mortality was from persons in their forties; that is, they still had more then 10 years to retirement. Discussion. This loss equates to one percent of national government revenue and 9.7% of Ministry of Health budget for the same year. The annual national human capital loss from stroke mortality is an important dimension in the overall economic equation of total economic burden of stroke. Conclusion. This study demonstrates a high economic burden for Fiji from stroke mortality of young adults in terms of annual national human capital loss.
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Singh, Shailendra. "The evolution of media laws in Fiji and impacts on journalism and society." Pacific Journalism Review 21, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v21i1.152.
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This article examines the cultural, political, ethnic and economic forces that have shaped the evolution of media legislation in Fiji and the evident impacts on journalism and society. The article argues that despite Fiji’s British colonial heritage and its smooth transition to democracy after Independence in 1970, the spectre of stricter legislation has been a constant threat. This threat finally materialised in the post-2006 coup period, when media-related laws underwent a major overhaul, including the promulgation of the punitive Media Industry Development Decree 2010, which was later ‘preserved’ under the 2013 Constitution despite being labelled ‘undemocratic’. The 2006 coup leader Voreqe Bainimarama, who was decisively voted back into power as Prime Minister in the 2014 General Election, justified the media reforms in the name of social stability and progress. This research uses document review to examine the genesis, nature and efficacy of Fiji’s media-related laws, from the colonial to postcolonial periods, and beyond.
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Cole, R. V. "FIJI: An economy in transition?" Journal of Pacific History 28, no. 3 (December 1993): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349308572749.
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Clegg, E. J. "Aspects of Fertility in Suva, Fiji." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 3 (July 1988): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000006635.
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SummaryRecent changes in vital rates in Fiji suggest that the Melanesian (MF) component of the population is growing faster than the Indian (IF) component, thus reversing a long-standing demographic trend.Patterns of family building were studied in the respondent families of 302 MF and 324 IF children at school in the capital, Suva. Melanesian families were larger than IF families, even when corrected for differences in maternal age and social class. Particularly among IF families, there was a significant effect of social class on family size, higher status families having fewer children. Among all groups there was evidence of a secular trend to earlier childbearing and, less clearly, to an earlier cessation of childbearing. Among both races age-specific fertility levels were similar in younger age-groups, but older IF mothers showed significantly lower fertility.It is suggested that among IF families, who form a more urbanized and commercially/industrially oriented segment of the Fijian population, two factors may account for the reduction in fertility: (i) pressure to limit population growth in the interests of racial harmony; and (ii) economic pressure resulting in a demographic transition. The latter suggestion is supported by the fact that the greatest decrease in fertility occurs among high status families. Among MFs the reduction in fertility has been less, due probably to the absence of a ‘racial harmony’ incentive and also to a lesser economic stimulus.
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Sofer, Michael. "Kadavu Island: adaptation and stagnation in the Fijian periphery." Miscellanea Geographica 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2015-0006.
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Abstract The outer island of Kadavu is representative of the Fijian periphery. This paper deals with its physical characteristics, infrastructural conditions, and village economic activities with the aim of understanding the changes it has gone through in recent years. A combination of micro-geographic studies in two villages and a meso-geographical analysis show that the pattern of development found in Kadavu in the early 1980s has not changed much. The current pattern of cash crop production and trade is almost entirely dependent on the kava beverage crop, infrastructure is underdeveloped, the island suffers from the peripheral penalty phenomenon, and government initiatives aimed at changing the trend are very limited. However, the current form of non-capitalist production and its derived benefit has forced villagers into a strategy of adaptation which might actually be preferable for them under the current conditions of peripheralization.
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Chand, Ronal, Rup Singh, Arvind Patel, and Devendra Kumar Jain. "Export performance, governance, and economic growth: evidence from Fiji - a small and vulnerable economy." Cogent Economics & Finance 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1802808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1802808.
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Alam, Manzurul, Stewart Lawrence, and Ruvendra Nandan. "Accounting for economic development in the context of post-colonialism: the Fijian experience." Critical Perspectives on Accounting 15, no. 1 (January 2004): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1045-2354(03)00006-6.
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Sutherland, William. "The New Political Economy of Fiji." Pacific Viewpoint 30, no. 2 (October 1989): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apv.302004.
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Makun, Keshmeer, and Swastika Devi. "The effect of information and communication technology on economic output." International Journal of Development Issues 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-09-2018-0137.
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Purpose Information and communication technology (ICT) appears to play an indispensable task in influencing and directing the growth process of several developing countries. The spread of ICT in the South Pacific region including Fiji has facilitated faster and smother business in different sectors of the economy such as banking, education, transport and tourism. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to empirical literature and explore the effect of ICT on economic output, both in the short run and long run in the Fiji Islands. Design/methodology/approach The economic analysis was conducted using data from 1990 to 2016, improved framework of Solow (1956) and the autoregressive distributed-lag bounds approach to cointegration. Findings from the study and economic standpoint, the ICT is indeed important. The analysis shows an indication of long-run cointegration relationship among the variables for the two indicators of ICT. From the analysis, it is also observed that the two ICT indicators have a statistically significant and positive effect on output with coefficient ranging from 0.04 to 0.06. Research limitations/implications These results extend the ICT literature by providing support for it in case of a small developing island economy. The study highlights that while the two proxies of ICT are important for long term output growth, besides broad money and capital stock, the principal technology contributor is a mobile cellular subscription in Fiji Islands. Practical implications The policymakers need to work diligently to not only enhance ICT related infrastructure but also focus on better services and communication in different sectors of the economy. The efficient use of present technologies such as 3-G and 4-G is crucial and must be connected and made available to other smaller islands of Fiji. Originality/value The recent study has focused on the contribution of ICT on small island developing country, relative to large developing or developed countries. Furthermore, the author examined the contribution of two indicators of ICT using Solow (1956) augmented framework.
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Sisodia, Gyanendra Singh, Alberto Ibanez, and Murale Venugopalan. "The economic uncertainty via coups on Fijian economic growth: modelling the effect over varying sample sizes and periods." International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 12, no. 6 (2019): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijepee.2019.105202.
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Venugopalan, Murale, Alberto Ibanez, and Gyanendra Sisodia. "THE ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY VIA COUPS ON FIJIAN ECONOMIC GROWTH: MODELING THE EFFECT OVER VARYING SAMPLE SIZES AND PERIODS." International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 13, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijepee.2020.10026308.
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Scutt, Jocelynne. "HUMAN RIGHTS, ‘ARRANGED’ MARRIAGES AND NULLITY LAW: SHOULD CULTURE OVERRIDE OR INFORM FRAUD AND DURESS?" Denning Law Journal 26 (September 25, 2014): 62–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v26i0.935.
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Nullity law in Australia and Fiji provides that marriages can be void on various grounds, including duress and fraud. Despite some differences, United Kingdom (UK) law says marriages can be void or voidable on similar grounds. Courts in each jurisdiction have granted annulment in cases of forced marriage where duress “threatens life and limb”. Courts now say lesser force or threats, including pressure to comply with religious or traditional duty, can nullify marriage. Yet courts continue to require high level force such as passport confiscation, physical abuse, threats of eviction from the family home, and economic harm. This, as with allegations of fraud which receive short shrift, results from returning to common law authorities decided before migration resulted in significant demographic changes, particularly regarding culture and religion. UK authority draws a distinction between “forced” and “arranged” marriages, saying nullity is granted rightly in cases of the former, yet because “culture” “sanctifies” the latter, refusing nullity is right. Yet is this distinction valid? Should such marriages be recognised by Australian, Fijian and UK courts as contracted with full and free consent of the parties? An exploration of contemporary cases against the common law background to fraud and duress as nullity grounds indicates that allowing culture to be the measure denies women’s (and sometimes men’s) entitlement to contract marriage with full and free consent according to international human rights law.
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Krishna, Bimal, Shiu Lingam, Anjani Mala, and Rajit Sen. "DETERMINANTS OF BANK PROFITABILITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM A PACIFIC SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.933.
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Purpose: This study aims to investigate the determinants of profitability of the Fijian banks for the 2001-2019 periods. Using several bank-specific and external variables, and covering nineteen years, researchers measure the impact of each variable on Return on Average Assets, Return on Average Equity, and Net Interest Margin.
Methodology: The sample of this study comprises five commercial banks and two credit financiers. Purposive sampling is employed resulting in 133 audited financial statements. Stata version 16 is used for multivariate econometric analysis and hypothesis testing.
Main Findings: The results of this research show that bank size, risk, and exchange rate positively impacts bank profitability while management efficiency, broad money supply, and quality of regulation negatively affect profitability. On the other hand, the level of liquidity, economic growth, and inflation do not have any impact on profitability.
Application of this study: The findings of this study can be of significance for regulators as well as financial institutions in policy development and market oversight to ensure the sustainability of financial institutions.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Few studies have so far been carried out on the banking sector in Fiji with only one focusing on profitability determinants. This study, using accounting financial ratios and several macroeconomic variables is unique in the sense that it uses several external variables not considered previously.
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Cole, R. V. "The Fiji Economy: From Go to Woe." Pacific Viewpoint 30, no. 2 (October 1989): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apv.302006.
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Cameron, John. "Fiji: the political economy of recent events." Capital & Class 11, no. 3 (November 1987): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981688703300103.
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International Monetary Fund. "Fiji: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 95, no. 10 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451813319.002.
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Gervais, Matthew M. "RICH Economic Games for Networked Relationships and Communities: Development and Preliminary Validation in Yasawa, Fiji." Field Methods 29, no. 2 (July 14, 2016): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x16643709.
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Experimental economic games reveal significant population variation in human social behavior. However, most protocols involve anonymous recipients, limiting their validity to fleeting interactions. Understanding human relationship dynamics will require methods with the virtues of economic games that also tap recipient identity-conditioned heuristics (RICHs). This article describes three RICH economic games—an allocation game, a taking game, and a costly reduction game—that involve monetary decisions across photos of one’s social network, integrating recipient identities while maintaining decision confidentiality. I demonstrate the ecological validity of these games in a study of male social relationships in a rural Fijian village. Deciders readily map these games onto daily life, and target earnings vary widely; consistent with ethnography, relative need is the primary rationale for decisions across the games, while both punitive and leveling motives drive reduction behavior. Consequently, altruism and spite are both elevated relative to anonymous target games in neighboring villages.
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Precillia, Hanna Ladrika. "INDONESIA-FIJI BILATERAL RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION IN 1999-2016." Sociae Polites 19, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v19i1.1645.
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The use of soft power in diplomacy is essential because it minimizes the use of violence and coercion to solving a problem. This strength became the primary tool in the diplomacy of Indonesia-Fiji bilateral relations. The implementation of Indonesia's soft power is Indonesia's engagement in South-South Cooperation through technical cooperation for Fiji. This training is considered essential for Indonesia’s national interest, such as to support the territorial integrity and Indonesia's position in the South Pacific. The problem in this research is how the development of bilateral relations between Indonesia-Fiji through South-South Cooperation in 1999-2016? What is the impact of South-South Cooperation that Indonesia has made with Fiji? The research method used is qualitative with collecting data and uses the concept of Soft Power, Bilateral Relations, and International Cooperation Theory. Indonesia's bilateral relations with Fiji over the period of 1999-2016 have increased. The increase can be seen from the position of the total ranking of Fiji trade with Indonesia, which always occupies the top three in the South Pacific region. The Indonesian Government's strategy to improve bilateral relations with Fiji is to use a soft power approach in the form of technical cooperation within the South-South Cooperation Framework. This strategy has a positive impact on the political and economic fields of Indonesia. In politics, Indonesia has gained political support from Fiji about Indonesia’s territorial integrity from the separatist movement. In the area of economy, Indonesia has succeeded in opening up a new market in the agriculture sector that is selling hand tractors to Fiji and Vanuatu.
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Kumar, Ronald Ravinesh, Peter Josef Stauvermann, Arvind Patel, and Selvin Sanil Prasad. "Determinants of non-performing loans in banking sector in small developing island states." Accounting Research Journal 31, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 192–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-06-2015-0077.
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PurposeThe banking sector stability depends in large part on the size of non-performing loans (NPLs). Hence, the factors which explain the problem loans are very useful information for banks. Notably, studies in this regard with respect to the small developing countries’ banking sector have received less attention. Therefore, this study aims to examine the determinants of NPLs with a case of Fiji’s banking sector, over the period 2000-2013.Design/methodology/approachThe balanced sample consists of the entire banking sector (five commercial banks and two non-bank financial institutions). First, the authors estimate a base model which comprise bank-specific indicators that are related to bank management and then they extend the estimations to include macroeconomic/structural factors such as economic growth, inflation, changes of the real effective exchange rate, unemployment, remittances, political instability and external events like the global financial crisis. The estimations are done using pooled OLS, the random effects and the fixed effects regression methods.FindingsThe results show that the following indicators have negative association with NPL and are statistically significant with the conventional levels: return on equity, capital adequacy requirement, market share based on assets, unemployment and time. On the other hand, the net interest margin has a positive and statistically significant association with NPL.Research limitations/implicationsSubsequently, the stability of the banking sector in small developing countries such as Fiji is largely dependent on banks’ profitability, solvency, size in terms of market share and the presence of a learning curve and keeping a close tab on the interest rate spread between loans and deposits.Practical implicationsThe paper highlights the specific factors determining NPL in small developing economy of Fiji.Originality/valueThis study is the first to examine specific factors determining NPLs with respect to small developing economies in the Oceania region.
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Parker, Jane, and James Arrowsmith. "Collective Regulation and Working Women in New Zealand and Fiji." Articles 69, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 388–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025034ar.
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Summary In many nations, women’s labour market presence is significant though it tends to lag that of men on most indices, including pay and seniority. The ramifications of such are huge for women’s experience of employment, their circumstances in other spheres, and thus societal progress. Employment relations (ER) regulation seeks to structure equitable access to and progress within the labour market. However, despite on-going, work-related gender inequities, there is a relative dearth of cross-national (particularly South Pacific), gender-focused analyses. This constrains the development of theory and policy geared towards gender equality in the labour market. This paper thus compares how recent collective ER regulatory initiatives have been applied in New Zealand (NZ) and Fiji, amid shared and unique national and international conditions. Martin and Bamber’s (2004, 2005) ER system model frames an analysis of qualitative survey responses and documentary evidence to more particularly assess the meaning of ER regulation for working women. It emerges that the achievement of gender equality via regulatory instruments has proven elusive, particularly in Fiji. A withering of formal employment regulation and its decentralisation in NZ; weakly implemented regulation in Fiji’s politically tumultuous setting; and the space left by a shift away from collective bargaining in both contexts has not been replaced by social dialogue, fundamental social rights, and in Fiji, regulatory enforcement. This has contributed to deteriorating circumstances for some working women in NZ and comparatively more in Fiji. However, informants showed a preference for certain regulatory measures for improving working women’s situation, concurring that stronger formal regulation of ER, tripartism and effective enforcement are needed in both nations, and that particular issues for working women require tailored responses. The paper discusses how ER regulatory measures might be theorised in terms of improving working women’s context-bound circumstances in Fiji and NZ, and with regard to the infusion of gender-related and socio-cultural values in wider economic and political approaches. It also examines how regulatory initiatives might operate and impact in a more gender-sensitive way by being re-couched in ‘win-win’, inter-connected terms for different ER stakeholders. For Fiji, much hope also rests on its return to democratic rule, and for both countries, on strengthened union activity.