Journal articles: 'Filaria'

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CASIRAGHI, M., T. J. C. ANDERSON, C. BANDI, C. BAZZOCCHI, and C. GENCHI. "A phylogenetic analysis of filarial nematodes: comparison with the phylogeny of Wolbachia endosymbionts." Parasitology 122, no. 1 (2001): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000007149.

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Infection with the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia is widespread in filarial nematodes. Previous studies have suggested concordance between the phylogeny of Wolbachia with that of their nematode hosts. However, there is only one published molecular phylogenetic study of filarial species, based on the 5S rRNA gene spacer. The phylogeny proposed by this study is partially incongruent with previous classifications of filarial nematodes, based on morphological characters. Furthermore, both traditional classifications and molecular phylogenies are, in part, inconsistent with the phylogeny of Wolbachia. Here we report mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences for 11 species of filaria and for another spirurid nematode which was included as an outgroup. In addition, 16S rRNA, wsp and ftsZ gene sequences were generated for the Wolbachia of several filarial species, in order to complete the available data sets and further resolve the phylogeny of Wolbachia in nematodes. We used these data to evaluate whether nematode and Wolbachia phylogenies are concordant. Some of the possible phylogenetic reconstructions based on COI gene were congruent with the phylogeny of Wolbachia and supported the grouping of the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis with the lymphatic filariae (i.e. Brugia spp. and Wuchereria spp.) and the sister group relationship of Dirofilaria spp. and Onchocerca spp. However, the placement of the Wolbachia-free filaria Acanthocheilonema viteae is ambiguous and dependent on the phylogenetic methods used.

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Achary, K. G., M. S. Bal, N. N. Mandal, and A. K. Satapathy. "Increased IgG antibody responses to excretory/secretory antigens in neonates born from mothers infected with filarial nematodes." Journal of Helminthology 91, no. 6 (2016): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x16000778.

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AbstractThe present investigation aimed to evaluate the extent to which maternal filarial infection influences IgG subclass immune responses in the cord blood of neonates. Prevalence of antigenaemia was detected using an Og4C3 assay. Filaria-specific IgG subclasses against excretory/secretory antigens were measured by ELISA. Transplacental transfer of circulating filarial antigen (CFA) was observed from 34.8% of CFA-positive mothers to their respective cord bloods. Filaria-specific IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 responses were significantly higher among cord bloods of infected mothers compared to cord bloods of uninfected mothers. In contrast, the IgG3 response was significantly higher among cord bloods of uninfected mothers. The study shows that transplacental transfer of filarial antigens and filaria-specific IgG4 occurs more in mothers having high worm burdens, and transfer of filaria-specific IgG3 occurs more in the cord blood of uninfected mothers. The findings of the study provide evidence for the development of prenatal sensitization to filarial antigens in utero, and high filaria-specific IgG4 in cord blood may serve as a marker for in-utero sensitization.

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Conga, David Fernandez, Pedro Mayor, Adriano Penha Furtado, Elane Guerreiro Giese, and Jeannie Nascimento dos Santos. "Occurrence of Dipetalonema gracile in a wild population of woolly monkey Lagothrix poeppiigii in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 27, no. 2 (2018): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180014.

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Abstract Dipetalonema gracile (Rudolphi, 1809) (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) is one of six species of cavities filarial parasites of Neotropical non-human primates. The present study recorded the occurrence of D. gracile, provides morphological and morphometric data and extends the geographical distribution. Adult filariae were obtained from the thoracic and abdominal cavities of 38 specimens of woolly monkey, which were used for local human consumption, in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Male and female filarids were processed and analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Details of the cephalic papillae, post-cloacal bands and papillae, vulva, phasmid position and lateral appendages are showed by scanning electron microscopy and is recorded the occurrencce of Lagothrix poeppigii monkey as a new host of this filaria in the Yavari-Mirin river basin, Peruvian Amazon.

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D., H. Dudhmal, and P. Chavan S. "Problems against Filaria Health Workers in Filaria Endemic Region: A Practical Study." International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research 12, no. 2 (2021): 23–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5595132.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong>: Filaria, known to be the second most disabling disease in the world, is a mosquito borne disease caused by <em>Wuchereria bancrofti. </em>Its symptoms include abnormal swellings in the legs, arms and breasts i.e. elephantiasis while accumulation of fluid in the scrotum leads to the formation of Hydrocoele. This disease is found in the tropics and subtropics with over 120 million people affected and 1.34 billion are at risk of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF). The World Health Organization (WHO) has planned LF elimination from the world by the year 2020. For this the endemic countries are implementing various strategies laid down by the WHO. In India, the state governments are working in collaboration with WHO to limit the disability.  But, unless the concerned authorities come to know the problems faced by the Filaria workers in endemic regions, it seems a difficult task to identify and limit the filarial transmission. Though the number of filarial cases has declined drastically in the recent past, like Polio, we are near to the elimination of LF from our country. But, there are some loop holes observed in the strategies of the Filaria Control Units. The timing of night clinics is not so useful to collect blood samples having filarial nematodes as the time of their abundance in the blood stream is in between 10pm to 02am.  In the initial blood sampling visits with the Filaria workers working under this scheme, it was found that they were facing number of problems which may be the reason for its slow rate of elimination as new cases are still found. So, the current study is an attempt to know these problems in details.

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Albuquerque, C. M. R., and P. J. Ham. "Concomitant malaria (Plasmodium gallinaceum) and filaria (Brugia pahangi) infections in Aedes aegypti: effect on parasite development." Parasitology 110, no. 1 (1995): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000080987.

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Mixed infections with malarial (Plasmodium gallinaceum) and filarial (Brugia pahangi) parasites were carried out in 8 trials with filaria susceptible (REFM) and filaria refractory (REP-RR) Aedes aegypti strains. A secondary infection with B. pahangi microfilariae (mff) by intrathoracic inoculation, reduced the development rate of a pre-existing P. gallinaceum infection. The level of reduction ranged from 9·5 to 49% in REFM and from 50 to 90% in REP-RR. An immune response against oocysts was seen as melanization in mosquitoes with a double infection in the strain refractory to B. pahangi (REP-RR) and a reduction in oocyst size in both mosquito strains. Melanization was not observed in mosquitoes infected only with P. gallinaceum. This may indicate that activation of the prophenoloxidase (PPO) cascade in response to mff in the haemolymph can also be addressed against oocysts in the midgut. No significant difference in the number of filarial parasites recovered was observed when comparing groups with a single or double infection. Retardation in development of filaria larvae was observed in mosquitoes with double infection (REFM strain), together with melanization and a higher rate of abnormal development. Nutritional deficiency caused by superinfection might also be responsible for the delay in filarial development and reduced oocyst size.

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Sunderesh Kamal Chander, Preethy R, Sridevi. M, and Yogalakshmi .E. "Asymptomatic Wuchereria Bancrofti Filariasis Discovered from a Dengue Positive Patient: A Case Report from Tamil Nadu." International Journal of Orofacial Biology 6, no. 2 (2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.56501/intjorofacbiol.v6i2.594.

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Concurrent infection by dengue and filaria with in a single individual is rarely known. This type of case can present with a very challenging clinical profile to Clinicians and Hematologist. Filarial co-infection can be a risk factor of severity in dengue infection. Filaria is chronic infection while dengue is an acute infection. Filarial infection is endemic in the tropical regions and a public health problem in Africa, Asia. Co-infection with filarial nematodes, if unrecognized, can result in untoward therapeutic consequences. Both Infection is transmitted by mosquito vectors (Culex, Anopheles, Aedes and Mansonia species) and humans are the definitive host. We report a case of co-infection of Wuchereria bancrofti and Dengue, which was diagnosed by peripheral blood smear examination (W. Bancrofti) and NS 1 antigen positivity (Dengue). We present here a case of 20-year-old male with dengue and microfilaria co-infection with bilateral hydrocele.

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Kumar, A., S. Manchanda, PK Panda, M. Jain, V. Kumar, and Ashutosh Biswas. "Dengue Co-Infection Microfilaria Presenting with Intestinal Obstruction: A Case Report." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 37, no. 1 (2018): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v37i1.39290.

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 In the recent years morbidity caused by dengue epidemic has been devastating. Confection of dengue malaria and filaria has been reported in literature where in filarial antigen was detected in the patient. Concurrent infection by dengue and filaria with high parsetemic microfilariae load in a single individual is very rarely known. The varied clinical profile in dengue is multifactorial and concurrent co-infection may be one of them. Here in this case of concurrent infection with dengue and filarial, the patient presented with intestinal obstruction which responded dramatically with diethylcarbamizine while other clinicalsyndrome took a long time. Furthermore, if single vector can harbour both the infectious agent, the etiopathogenesis may completely take a different turn and at times project alarming condition. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2019; 37(1): 35-38

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Jovanovic, Nemanja, Darko Despotovic, Predrag Stepanovic, Milan Rajkovic, and Tamara Ilic. "Clinical-parasitological and epidemiological review of the nematode Acanthocheilonema reconditum." Veterinarski glasnik, no. 00 (2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl220307008j.

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Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum is a less pathogenic species of filaria from the superfamily Filarioidea, and which parasitizes in the subcutaneous connective tissue of dogs, hyenas and jackals. The results of epidemiological studies indicate the zoonotic potential of A. reconditum, bearing in mind it can cause infections with clinical disorders in humans. This filaria is spread globally and it is mostly described in geographical areas such as the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, South Africa, South America and Oceania, where it is the only or is the most common filaria that infects dogs. The prevalence and distribution of A. reconditum depend mainly on the vector population, impact of environmental factors, and lifestyle of pets and their owners. Apart from the standard parasitological techniques for differential diagnostics of filariae, more attention is being dedicated to the development of protocols that are based on the simultaneous detection of specific DNA regions in each type of individual filaria. Due to its importance for public health, effective vector control is required, as well as regular preventive examinations, reliable diagnostics and therapy for A. reconditum in dogs, and continuous cooperation between veterinary and medical surgeons.

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Anik, Md Khalid Eakbal, Hamida Khanum, Iftekhar Ahmed Rizvi, Shahela Alam, and Hasina Banu. "Epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis in Nilphamari district, Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 25, no. 2 (2016): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v25i2.46332.

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The present study was carried out in Filaria Hospital of Nilphamari to find out the current status of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Nilphamari district: An endemic area for lymphatic filariasis in Bangladesh. The inhabitants of the villages, the outdoor patients and hospitalized patients in Filaria Hospital were selected for the study. The current status and the prevalence of filariasis in Nilphamari district was 4.43%, in Nilphamari Sadar was 3.25% and 4.10% in Sayedpur, 4.82% in Domar, 5.86% in Dimla, 3.85% in Joldhaka and 4.70% in Kishoreganj. It was found that 58.84% filarial patients were male and 41.16% were female; highest prevalence of the disease was observed at the age group of 41 - 60 years. Illiteracy and poverty are the important social risk factors of this disease , about 45% patients were illiterate. Most of the infected patients were very poor and belong to low income group. Only 40.5% patients knew about filariasis. Only 26.1% patients used mosquito curtains. During the study period, it was found that 66.15% of hospitalized filarial patients were male and 33.85% were female, in the Filaria Hospital of Nilphamari. The highest outdoor patients in Nilphamari Hospital were of age group 40 - 59 years and 76.22% patients had hydrocele. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(2): 103-111, 2016 (July)

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Scheunemann, Johanna F., Frederic Risch, Julia J. Reichwald, et al. "Potential of Nucleic Acid Receptor Ligands to Improve Vaccination Efficacy against the Filarial Nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis." Vaccines 11, no. 5 (2023): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050966.

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More than two-hundred-million people are infected with filariae worldwide. However, there is no vaccine available that confers long-lasting protection against filarial infections. Previous studies indicated that vaccination with irradiated infective L3 larvae reduces the worm load. This present study investigated whether the additional activation of cytosolic nucleic acid receptors as an adjuvant improves the efficacy of vaccination with irradiated L3 larvae of the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis with the aim of identifying novel vaccination strategies for filarial infections. Subcutaneous injection of irradiated L3 larvae in combination with poly(I:C) or 3pRNA resulted in neutrophil recruitment to the skin, accompanied by higher IP-10/CXCL10 and IFN-β RNA levels. To investigate the impact on parasite clearance, BALB/c mice received three subcutaneous injections in 2-week intervals with irradiated L3 larvae in combination with poly(I:C) or 3pRNA prior to the challenge infection. Vaccination with irradiated L3 larvae in combination with poly(I:C) or 3pRNA led to a markedly greater reduction in adult-worm counts by 73% and 57%, respectively, compared to the immunization with irradiated L3 larvae alone (45%). In conclusion, activation of nucleic acid-sensing immune receptors boosts the protective immune response against L. sigmodontis and nucleic acid-receptor agonists as vaccine adjuvants represent a promising novel strategy to improve the efficacy of vaccines against filariae and potentially other helminths.

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Malhotra, Indu, John H. Ouma, Alex Wamachi, et al. "Influence of Maternal Filariasis on Childhood Infection and Immunity to Wuchereria bancrofti in Kenya." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 9 (2003): 5231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.9.5231-5237.2003.

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ABSTRACT To determine whether maternal filariasis influences the risk of infection by and immunity to Wuchereria bancrofti in children, we performed a cross-sectional study in an area of Kenya where filariasis is endemic. Residents of 211 households were enrolled; 376 parents and 938 of their offspring between the ages of 2 and 17 years were examined for filarial infection status as determined by blood-borne microfilariae and filarial antigenemia. Children of infected mothers had a three- to fourfold increased risk of filarial infection, as ascertained by circulating filarial antigen, relative to children of uninfected mothers (P < 0.001). Paternal infection did not correlate with childhood infection status, indicating a specific maternal effect. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children of filaria-infected mothers (n = 33) had higher levels of constitutive interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-10, increased microfilarial antigen-specific IL-5 production, and diminished microfilarial antigen-driven lymphocyte proliferation than cells from children of uninfected mothers (n = 46; P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no differences between the two groups in adult worm antigen-driven gamma interferon, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 production and lymphocyte proliferation. These data indicate that maternal filarial infection increases childhood susceptibility to W. bancrofti and skews filaria-specific immunity toward a Th2-type cytokine response. The results support the notion that in utero exposure to filarial antigens affects the natural history of filariasis during childhood.

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Ningrum, Setya, Rokhmayanti Rokhmayanti, and Mieng Nova Sutopo. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS THE COVERAGES OF FILARIASIS MASS PREVENTION DRUG (POPM) IN CENTRAL JAVA YEAR 2018: CASE STUDY IN GROBOGAN, SEMARANG, AND WONOSOBO." Epidemiology and Society Health Review (ESHR) 2, no. 1 (2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/eshr.v2i1.1872.

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Background: Filariasis is a disease caused by filarial worms and transmitted by mosquitoes that contain filarial worms. Pemberian Obat Pencegahan Masal (POPM) filariasis or Mass Prevention Drug is a program aimed to reduce the number of filariasis. The Survey of POPM in Grobogan, Semarang, and Wonosobo, shows there are different coverages of 65% and 85%. The purpose of this study is to compare the survey coverage of POPM filariasis. Seek the reason not to participate, and the characteristics of the respondents who did not take filariasis medicine in Grobogan, Semarang, and Wonosobo.Methods: Descriptive quantitative study was used in this study by collecting secondary data of POPM survey coverage in Grobogan, Semarang, and Wonosobo year 2018. Descriptive and comparative analysis was applied to respondent characteristics, filaria POPM coverage, and elaborate the unconformity to the filaria medication. Results: Grobogan coverage is low compared to Semarang and Wonosobo. The respondent said about traveling, don't know, and age as the reason to not take the filariasis medication.Conclusions: Among the three districts, Grobogan is the district with low filariasis medication coverage compared to Semarang and Wonosobo.

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Kamal, S. "Use of Filaria Test Strips (FTS) in Identification of Filaria Endemicity in Non Filaria Endemic Districts of Uttar Pradesh, India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 52, no. 04 (2020): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202043.

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Uttar Pradesh is the largest state of India and is comprised of 75 revenue districts. 51 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh are endemic for LF and are under Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (ELF). In order to ensure elimination of the disease from the people, the Mass Drug Administration (MDA) was observed in these 51 districts since 2004 by ensuring administration of drug DEC alone once in a year according to the age excluding children >2years, pregnant women & seriously ill persons. Thereafter, 400 mg albendazole to >2 years age group was added with DEC since 2008. 24 districts of Western Uttar Pradesh are non endemic for filariasis. The state in coordination with WHO has conducted filaria antigenemia tests in these 24 non filaria endemic districts with the help of Filaria Test Strips (FTS) and the drive is termed as Mini-transmission assessment survey (Mini-TAS). 300 persons were examined with Filaria Test Strip (FTS) from each of the 04 sentinel sites of each district. On the basis of test reports, all 24 non endemic districts reported >2 % filaria antigenemia and the state claimed to declare the districts as filaria endemic districts/ areas. The possibilities of the claim to establish non filaria endemic districts to filaria endemic districts have been explored & discussed in detail in this paper. The critical examination of the data does not support to assign any non endemic area to endemic area. On the basis of conducting direct filaria antigenemia tests alone and the term used as mini-transmission assessment survey (‘Mini-TAS’) will be a misnomer, consequently misleading to the ELF programme in the country.

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Kebede, Chala. "Lungworms in Small Ruminant: A Review with Emphasise on the Situation in Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Journal 5, no. 1 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/vmph2024.5.1.1.

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In Ethiopia, farm animals are confined to compounds year-round, and the climate is conducive to the development and survival of transmissible stages or vectors of several diseases. Therefore, helminth parasites are the primary cause of economic loss. Climate, ecology, and animal production. Systems are essential contributors to parasite reproduction and persistence. Important among diseases caused by infectious means is parasitic bronchitis Dictyocaulus filaria (D. filarial) is a lungworm of small ruminants that is found worldwide, including Ethiopia. The prevalence of D. filaria in sheep is maximum in Shoa (approximately 83-91.5 %), lowest in Tigray (approximately 11.24 %), and average in between 34.36% and 36. 24% in goats. In sheep, the prevalence of D. filaria is nearly 67.15 percent in females and 69.75 percent in males. In Gonder town, lungworm is prevalent in extensive management (approximately 43.40 %) and semi-intensive management (approximately 30.90 %). The diagnosis of lungworm is based on clinical symptoms, epidemiology, and laboratory conclusions of the first larvae gained by a range of larval recovery techniques. Guiding parasitic bronchitis in small ruminants can be talented through the use of anthelmintic, enhanced management practices, and the practice of using exposed larvae as a vaccine.

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Melo, Paula Fernanda A. S., Maria Almerice L. Silva, Maria Rosângela G. Oliveira, et al. "Avaliação do kit Filaria Detect™ IgG4 produzido com o antígeno recombinante Wb123 para diagnóstico da filariose linfática no Brasil." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 45 (July 8, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2021.87.

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O Plano Global de Eliminação da Filariose Linfática, lançado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde em 2000, propõe o uso de testes de detecção de antígeno circulante filarial como ferramenta diagnóstica para avaliação e monitoramento das ações de controle da parasitose. Entretanto, esses testes, apesar de apresentarem alta sensibilidade, não conseguem detectar com eficiência a infecção em seu estágio inicial, quando ainda não existe a presença de helmintos adultos. Considerando essa limitação, a pesquisa de anticorpos antifilariais tem sido apontada como uma alternativa, uma vez que os anticorpos produzidos contra as larvas infectantes do parasito são detectados antes da presença de antígeno circulante filarial. O objetivo deste estudo foi definir o ponto de corte e avaliar a acurácia do kit Filaria Detect™ IgG4 produzido com o antígeno recombinante Wb123 para diagnóstico da filariose linfática no Brasil. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de avaliação de teste diagnóstico, no qual foram utilizadas 256 amostras de soro: 79 (30,9%) obtidas de indivíduos microfilarêmicos e 177 (60,1%), de indivíduos amicrofilarêmicos e que testaram negativo para os testes imunológicos Bm14 CELISA e Og4C3 ELISA. A definição do ponto de corte ideal, bem como da acurácia do kit Filaria Detect™ IgG4, foi obtida através da construção de curvas ROC, sendo a densidade óptica de 0,239 aquela na qual o teste obteve melhor desempenho, com sensibilidade de 81,0% e especificidade de 96,6%. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o kit Filaria Detect™ IgG4 é uma ferramenta promissora para investigação e monitoramento de áreas submetidas ao tratamento em massa para filariose linfática.

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Semnani, Roshanak Tolouei, Paul B. Keiser, Yaya I. Coulibaly, et al. "Filaria-Induced Monocyte Dysfunction and Its Reversal following Treatment." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 8 (2006): 4409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01106-05.

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ABSTRACT Monocyte dysfunction in filarial infection has been proposed as one mechanism underlying the diminished antigen-specific T-cell response seen in patent lymphatic filariasis. Cytokine/chemokine production and gene expression in monocytes from filaria-infected patients and uninfected healthy donors were assessed unstimulated and in response to stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I bacteria plus gamma interferon both before and 8 months following treatment. Monocytes from filaria-infected individuals were studded with intracellular microfilarial antigens. Furthermore, monocytes from these individuals were less capable of producing interleukin-8 (IL-8), Exodus II, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and IL-1α and preferentially expressed genes involved in apoptosis and adhesion compared with monocytes from uninfected donors. Eight months following treatment with a single dose of ivermectin-albendazole, some of these defects were reversed, with monocyte production of IL-8, IL-1α, MIP-1α, and IL-10 being comparable to that seen in the uninfected controls. In addition, a marked increase in mRNA expression of genes associated with protein metabolism, particularly heat shock proteins, was seen compared with pretreatment expression. These data suggest that the function and gene expression of monocytes in filaria-infected patients are altered but that this dysfunction is partially reversible following antifilarial treatment.

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Das Choudhury, Debapriya, Milind Ubale, Vaibhav Bari, and Vaibhavi Nanoty. "Chyluria: Are we doing enough for filaria elimination?" Southeast Asian Journal of Case Report and Review 8, no. 1 (2022): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.sajcrr.2021.006.

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Filaria is known to be one of the neglected tropical disease. There are undiagnosed cases all across country due to asymptomatic nature, prolong incubation period and late manifestation of disease, ubiquitous mosquitoes and many are complacent when it comes to prevention; in part because of apathy towards the disease and pronged time it takes to manifest itself. Moreover, it is difficult to convince people to take tablet in asymptomatic stage. In this study we have reported, A 35-year-old male patient with symptoms of chronic urinary tract infection with hematuria followed by Chyluria. Mmicrofilaria was diagnosed in laboratory investigations; treated with anti-filarial drugs. However, the chyluria was not completely cleared till the last follow up indicating to lymphovenous fistula. To make India filaria free, we do not have alternative apart from shifting Mass Drug administration program from 2 drugs (albendazole + DEC) to 3 drug (Ivermectin, DEC and albendazole) MDA strategy.

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Orsoni, J. G., G. Coggiola, and P. Minazzi. "Filaria conjunctivae." Ophthalmologica 190, no. 4 (1985): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000309524.

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Makouloutou-Nzassi, Patrice, Lady Charlene Kouna, Chérone Nancy Mbani Mpega Ntigui, et al. "Asymptomatic Malaria Infection and Hidden Parasitic Burden in Gabonese Schoolchildren: Unveiling Silent Co-Infections in Rural and Urban Settings." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 10, no. 1 (2024): 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10010011.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of co-infection with malaria and intestinal parasites and assess its association with anemia in school-aged children from rural and urban settlements in Gabon. This cross-sectional study involved afebrile school children recruited at schools between May and June 2021. Blood and stool samples were collected from participants whose parents or legal guardians provided informed consent to participate in the study. Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) was measured using a HemoCue photometer (HemoCue 201, HemoCue, Angelholm, Sweden). Giemsa-stained blood films were examined to detect malaria parasites and any filarial infections, while the merthiolate-iodine concentration (MIC) method was used to identify intestinal parasitic infections (IPI). A total of four hundred and seventy (470) school-aged children were successfully enrolled in this study. The observed prevalence values were as follows: malaria infection at 69.6%, IPIs at 19.1%, filaria at 5.1%, Schistosoma infection at 15.0%, and anemia at 29.0%. Co-infections of malaria with IPIs, filaria, and Schistosoma were present in 12.3%, 4.7%, and 6.6% of the children, respectively. Malaria and filaria infections were associated with residing in Lastourville city (p < 0.05) and were also correlated with age (p < 0.05), whereas IPIs were associated with male gender and living in the city of Lastourville. Anemia was linked to malaria infection (p < 0.05) and was more prevalent among children living in rural areas. The findings of this study indicate that malaria, IPIs, and Schistosoma infections continue to pose a significant public health problem in the study area, even though only malaria infection appeared to be associated with anemia. Nevertheless, these results highlight the need for implementing control measures to reduce the prevalence of malaria, IPIs, filaria, and Schistosoma, particularly in Lastourville.

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O'Toole, Donal, Val Welch, and Beth Williams. "Immunohistochemistry of Parasitic Subepidermal Vesiculobullous Disease in American Badgers (Taxidea Taxus)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 6, no. 1 (1994): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879400600113.

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Some populations of free-ranging American badgers (Taxidea taxus) develop a distinctive seasonal dermatitis due to the subcutaneous filariid Filaria taxideae. Subepidermal vesicles that contain filarial ova develop in thinly haired skin of the inguinal area, proximal thigh, and ventral abdomen. The purpose of this study was to establish by immunohistochemistry whether basement membrane components colocalized with the roof or floor of vesicles and to confirm that filarial ova occur in intradermal vessels. Samples of skin with characteristic F. taxideae-induced subepidermal vesicles were collected from 10 adult male (n = 8) and female (n = 2) badgers. Samples were fixed in formalin for 1–4 days and processed routinely into paraffin wax. Immunohistochemical staining for basement membrane was attempted with anti-collagen IV antibodies (AM168-5M, AR079-5R, AB748) and antilaminin antibodies (MA078-5C, AR078-5R, L-9393). Optimal results in skin from badgers were obtained using a biotin-streptavidin technique and AR079-5R (anti-human collagen IV) and AR078-5R (anti-murine laminin). There was positive staining of the floor of vesicles in 5 of 6 badgers tested with antibodies to laminin and collagen IV. In 5/10 badgers, filarial ova and first stage F. taxideae larvae were found in dilated vascular channels of the upper dermis, and these vessels stained positively for factor VIII-related antigen. The results suggest that F. taxideae-induced subepidermal separation occurs consistently in the lamina lucida portion of the basal lamina and that filarial ova occur in dermal vessels.

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Ariati, Jusniar, Dian Perwitasari, Roy Nusa RES, Rina Marina, and Pei-Yu Alison Lee. "DETEKSI MIKROFILARIA WUCHERERIA BRANCROFTI DAN BRUGIA SP PADA SPESIES NYAMUK PASCA PEMBERIAN OBAT PENCEGAHAN MASSAL (POPM) DI BEBERAPA KABUPATEN DI INDONESIA." JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN 19, no. 3 (2020): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jek.v19i3.3911.

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ABSTRACT  Efforts to break transmission of filariasis chain, through elimination program with preventive mass drug administration (POPM) and vector control, which is currently taking place in all provinces in Indonesia. Known as elephantiasis or lymphatic filariasis, it is a filarial worm with the main species being Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia sp. The aims of study was to identify mosquitoes that have the potential become vector filariasis. Known as elephantiasis (Elephantiasis) or Lymphatic filariasis is a major species of filarial worms with that Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia sp. Mosquito collection conducted in 23 districts / cities in Indonesia using modificated Human Landing Collection (HLC) method that is double net to feed humans inside, while the method of Transcription Insulated Isothermal Polymerase Chain Reaction (iiPCR) was used to detect the presence of filarial worms in the mosquitoes. The number of samples collected was 26,276 mosquitoes, 38 were identified. The results of the examination used iiPCR showed that positive W. bancrofti was found in 6 districts / cities and positive Brugia sp were found in 9 districts / cities where the study was conducted. There are other mosquito species that are not confirmed as filarial vectors, but found DNA traces both the parasite in mosquitoes that have not been confirmed as vectors.  Keywords: Microfilariae, Wulcheria brancrofti, Brugia malayi, Mass Drug Administration (MDA)  ABSTRAK Upaya pemutusan rantai penularan filariasis melalui program eliminasi dengan pemberian obat pencegahan masal (POPM) dan pengendalian vector, saat ini sedang berlangsung di semua provinsi di Indonesia. Di kenal sebagai penyakit kaki gajah (Elephantiasis) atau Filariasis limfatik merupakan cacing filaria dengan spesies utama yaitu Wuchereria bancrofti, dan Brugia sp. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nyamuk yang berpotensi menjadi vector filariasis. Pengambilan sampel nyamuk dilakukan di 23 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia menggunakan metode Modificated Human Landing Collection (HLC) yaitu kelambu ganda dengan umpan manusia, sedangkan metode Transcription Insulated Isothermal Polimerase Chain Reaction (iiPCR) digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan cacing filaria dalam tubuh nyamuk. Jumlah nyamuk yang berhasil dikumpulkan sebanyak 26.276 nyamuk dengan 38 spesies yang teridentifikasi. Hasil pemeriksaan DNA menggunakan iiPCR menunjukkan spesies Wulchereria bancrofti ditemukan di 6 kab/kota dan spesies Brugia malayi ditemukan di 9 kab/kota tempat penelitian. Terdapat spesies nyamuk lainnya yang tidak terkonfirmasi sebagai vektor filaria, namun ditemukan jejak DNA kedua parasite tersebut dalam nyamuk yang belum terkonfirmasi sebagai vektor. Kata kunci: Mikrofilaria, Wulcheria brancrofti, Brugia malayi, POPM

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Yulidar, Yulidar, Veny Wilya, Rosdiana Rosdiana, and Yasir Yasir. "Deteksi Antibodi dan Antigen Cacing Filaria dan Indeks Entomologi Vektor Potensial Filariasis di Kota Langsa Provinsi Aceh." BIOTIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Teknologi dan Kependidikan 7, no. 1 (2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/biotik.v7i1.5473.

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Humans can be infected with filariasis through mosquito bites with filaria worms in infective larva stage (L3). This study was conducted to detect the antibody, antigen, and the entomology index of potential mosquito vectors of filariasis in Langsa City. This research was conducted in Matang Seulimeng Village and Sungai Paoh Firdaus in Langsa City on November 2016 with 600 respondents. To determine the level of exposure to the infection source, a finger blood survey was conducted with a quick check using the rapid diagnostic test (RDT). RDT used is Brugia test to measure antibodies and ICT (Immuno Chromatographic Test) to measure filaria worm antigens. The existence of potential vectors is measured by entomology index, which are mosquito density, relative abundance, frequency of mosquitoes caught and species dominance. As the result, there were no respondent have been found positive for antibodies or filarial worms antigens in their blood. For the vector data, the potential mosquito vector of filariasis in Langsa City is Culex quinquifasciatus (23%) with peak biting activity at 01.00 02.00 pm.

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Davidar, Priya, and Eugene S. Morton. "Are Multiple Infections More Severe for Purple Martins (Progne Subis) Than Single Infections?" Auk 123, no. 1 (2006): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.1.141.

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Abstract Between 1986 and 1993, we studied a breeding colony of Purple Martins (Progne subis) in Maryland that were chronically infected with two blood parasites: Haemoproteus prognei, a haematozoan, and an unidentified filarial nematode. We assessed whether cross-infections are more severe than single infections by comparing the return rates of birds infected with either or both parasites and the return rates of uninfected controls. Birds were captured every year and banded, and blood smears were taken for parasite screening. Average prevalence of filaria among the 400 birds screened during this period was 22%. Birds usually became infected by their second year (SY), and infected SY birds had significantly lower return rates than older birds. Cross-infections were rare (8%) and were fatal in 90% of cases. With one exception, birds infected with H. prognei acquired filaria as a second infection, which suggests that although both blood parasites are relatively benign for older Purple Martins, co-infection with a second parasite (in this case, H. prognei) almost always results in death. Est-ce que les Infections Multiples Sont Plus Sévères que les Infections Simples chez Progne subis?

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Astuti, Endang Puji, Mutiara Widawati, Yuneu Yuliasih, Andri Ruliansyah, and Asep Jajang Kusnandar. "LAMA HIDUP DAN POTENSI Culex quinquefasciatus SEBAGAI VEKTOR FILARIASIS LIMFATIK BERDASARKAN KETINGGIAN PASCA TRANSMISSION ASSESMENT SURVEY (TAS) DI KABUPATEN SUBANG, JAWA BARAT." Vektora : Jurnal Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit 12, no. 2 (2020): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/vk.v12i2.3241.

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The study on the bioecology of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) vector is necessary to be used as a support to eliminate LF due to the lack of entomological data for LF vector in Subang, especially after the Provision of Mass Drug Administration for Filariasis Prevention. This study aims to identify mosquito species, density, behavior, longevity, presence of the filaria worm in mosquitoes, and to identify the distribution of mosquitoes in the highlands and lowlands in selected villages in Subang district. This study is part of Lymphatic filariasis (multicenter) evaluation study in Indonesia. The data was collected by using human landing collection method and vector habitat survey data. The entomological data analyzed from the calculation of Man hour density (MHD), Man biting rate (MBR), and longevity, while the relationship between variables and mosquito abundance using Pearson's correlation.  The results indicated that the density of mosquitoes caught in Rancahilir was higher than Curug rendeng villages, these results are similar to the LF vector suspect mosquito (Cx. quinquefasciatus). These mosquitoes are found outdoor with peak densities at 22.00-23.00 West Indonesia Time. Altitude has an association with the density of mosquitoes (p-value 0.039). The longevity of Cx. quinquefasciatus population is 10-13 days. At that longevity, vectors are at risk for infective filarial worms. The result shows that Cx. quinquefasciatus collected in this study was negative for filarial worms. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that in Subang, filariasis transmission chain prevention has been successful. However, periodic evaluations is still need to be carried out in order to prevent re-infection of the disease.  Abstrak Kajian tentang bioekologi nyamuk vektor Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) di Kabupatem Subang perlu dilakukan. Kajian ini sebagai pendukung untuk menuju eliminasi LF mengingat belum optimalnya data entomologi nyamuk vektor di Subang, terutama pasca Pemberian Obat Masal Pencegahan (POMP) filariasis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi spesies, kepadatan, perilaku, umur panjang (longevity) populasi nyamuk, identifikasi keberadaan cacing filaria pada nyamuk vektor LF serta menganalisis perbedaan distribusi nyamuk pada dataran tinggi dan rendah di desa terpilih di Kabupaten Subang. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis lanjut dari penelitian “Studi evaluasi filariasis (multicenter) di Indonesia” yang dilaksanakan di beberapa kabupaten di Indonesia. Data yang diambil, yaitu data survei vektor yang menggunakan metode Human Landing Collection (HLC) dan survei habitat vektor. Analisa data entomologi menggunakan perhitungan Man hour density (MHD), Man-biting rate (MBR) dan nilai umur panjang nyamuk (longevity), sedangkan hubungan antar variabel dengan kepadatan menggunakan korelasi pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan nyamuk yang tertangkap di Desa Rancahilir (dataran rendah) lebih banyak dibandingkan di Desa Curug rendeng (dataran tinggi), termasuk kepadatan nyamuk Cx. quinquefasciatus yang juga dominan di wilayah ini. Nyamuk ini banyak ditemukan di luar rumah dengan puncak kepadatan pada jam 22.00-23.00 WIB. Ketinggian mempunyai hubungan dengan kepadatan nyamuk tertangkap (p value 0,039). Umur populasi nyamuk Cx. quinquefasciatus 10-13 hari. Umur ini menunjukkan umur populasi yang berisiko untuk infektif cacing filaria. Hasil pemeriksaan nyamuk Cx. quinquefasciatus negatif terhadap cacing filarial. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa di Kabupaten Subang telah berhasil memutuskan rantai penularan filaria. Namun, masih perlu dilaksanakan evaluasi berkala agar tidak terjadi penularan kembali di wilayah ini.

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Mitre, Edward, Stephanie Norwood, and Thomas B. Nutman. "Saturation of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) Binding Sites by Polyclonal IgE Does Not Explain the Protective Effect of Helminth Infections against Atopy." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 7 (2005): 4106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.7.4106-4111.2005.

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ABSTRACT One hypothesis for the decreased rates of atopy observed among helminth-infected individuals is that parasite-induced polyclonal immunoglobulin E (IgE) outcompetes allergen-specific IgE for FcεRI binding on basophils and mast cells. In experiments with fresh blood drawn from filaria-infected patients, we found no association between ratios of polyclonal to Brugia malayi antigen (BmAg)-specific IgE (range, 14:1 to 388:1) and basophil responses to BmAg as measured by histamine release. Using serum samples from a filaria-infected patient who also had dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)-specific IgE antibodies from time points with various ratios of polyclonal to D. pteronyssinus-specific IgE (16:1 to 86:1), we demonstrated that increased ratios of polyclonal to D. pteronyssinus-specific IgE did not attenuate basophil sensitization as measured by D. pteronyssinus-specific histamine release. Suppression of histamine release was likely not observed in either of these sets of experiments because polyclonal to antigen-specific IgE ratios were not sufficiently high, as concurrent passive sensitization of basophil experiments required ratios of polyclonal to antigen-specific IgE of greater than 500:1 to suppress basophil histamine release. Further, the intensity of IgE staining in basophil populations from 20 patients with active filaria infections correlated strongly with total serum IgE levels (rho = 0.698; P = 0.0024) with no plateau in intensity of IgE staining, even though some patients had total IgE levels of greater than 10,000 ng/ml. Our data therefore suggest that in helminth infections (and in filarial infections in particular), the ratios of polyclonal to allergen-specific IgE rarely reach those levels necessary to inhibit allergen-specific IgE-FcεRI binding and to suppress allergen-induced degranulation of mast cells and basophils.

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Susatyo, Jeffry Adijaya, and Heri Wibowo. "RELATION BETWEEN LENGTH OF STAY AND ANTI-FILARIAL IgG4 LEVEL IN PONDOK GEDE SUB-DISTRICT, BEKASI DISTRICT, WEST JAVA." Folia Medica Indonesiana 53, no. 3 (2017): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v53i3.6458.

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Filariasis is a contagious disease caused by worms of the genus Filaria which transmitted through the bite of various species of mosquitoes. In Indonesia, the existence of filariasis cases are still very concerning. Jati Sampurna and Jati Karya villages in Pondokgede Sub-district, Bekasi District, West Java have been known as filariasis endemic area. Length of stay is presumed as one of many factors that affects filariasis occurrence in those villages. This study aimed to determine the distribution of anti-filarial IgG4 on the region and its comparison with the length of stay and residence status. This study was based on secondary data. Secondary data were obtained from primary research data done by cross-sectional method. These data were used to assess the correlation of filarial infection risk factors in pregnant women living in endemic areas based on the distribution of anti-filarial IgG4 in Pondok Gede, Bekasi district, West Java. The study showed that there was an increase in anti-filarial IgG4 against residence status (p=0.017) and a positive correlation between the number of anti-filarial IgG4 with length of stay in years (p=0.003).

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Whitehall, John S. "A foray for filaria." Medical Journal of Australia 193, no. 11-12 (2010): 714–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb04118.x.

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Spencer, J., and M. C. Dandapat. "Filaria in testicular hydrocoele." British Journal of Surgery 73, no. 5 (1986): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800730539.

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Yulidar, Yulidar. "POPULASI NYAMUK YANG BEPOTENSI SEBAGAI VEKTOR FILARIASIS DI KABUPATEN ACEH UTARA." BIOTIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Teknologi dan Kependidikan 6, no. 1 (2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/biotik.v6i1.4037.

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Penyakit filariasis atau kaki gajah merupakan penyakit infeksi oleh cacing filaria. Stadium cacing filaria yang menginfeksi manusia adalah larva infektif instar 3 melalui gigitan nyamuk. Penentuan endemisitas filariasis suatu wilayah ditetapkan berdasarkan angka microfilaria. Salah satu wilayah yang endemis filaria di Provinsi Aceh adalah Kabupaten Aceh Utara. Untuk mengetahui nyamuk yang berpotensi sebagai vektor filariasis maka dilakukan penangkapan nyamuk dengan metode umpan orang. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan pada malam hari di Desa Binje dan Peunayan Kabupaten Aceh Utara. Penangkapan dilakukan selama 2 kali pada bulan November 2016. Nyamuk yang dominan berpotensi sebagai vektor filariasis adalah Culex sitiens dengan kelimpahan nisbi 9,5% dan puncak aktivitas menggigit pada pukul 22.00 s.d 23.00 dan 04.00 s.d 05.00.

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Wiggers, J. Brad, Hyun-Jung Jang, and Jay S. Keystone. "Case Report: Filaria or Megasperm? A Cause of an Ultrasonographic “Filarial Dance Sign”." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 99, no. 1 (2018): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0234.

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Verma, Richa, Vikas Kushwaha, Smriti Pandey, et al. "Leishmania donovani molecules recognized by sera of filaria infected host facilitate filarial infection." Parasitology Research 117, no. 9 (2018): 2901–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5981-9.

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Sarkar, Annesha, Dipankar Das, Saidul Islam, and Apurba Deka. "Ocular filariasis in the form of a conjunctival granuloma – A rare case report from non-endemic part of India." Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology 7 (June 3, 2024): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/lajo_1_2024.

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Filariasis, a predominantly lymphatic disease can rarely have ocular involvement in endemic as well as a few non-endemic zones of the Indian subcontinent. It has also been reported from countries of South East Asia. In India, Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are the nematodes causing filariais. Ocular involvement can happen in a wide spectrum, involving lacrimal glands, conjunctiva and fornices, cornea, anterior chamber, and vitreous cavity. We report a case of adult filarial worm (B. malayi) inside a conjunctival granuloma in a lady hailing from a rural, non-endemic part of the country. The lady presented with a short history of ocular irritation and redness. Clinical examination revealed a small granuloma-like lesion with surrounding inflammation over the conjunctiva. The rest of the anterior segment as well as the posterior segment was fairly within normal limits. The history as well as clinical examination was not supportive of a parasitic infestation, leading the doctors to treat the lesion as an allergic disease. However, the lesion remained unresolved, and surgical excision was undertaken. On surgical intervention, a live worm was spotted inside the lesion. Parasitological evaluation of the worm was confirmatory of adult filaria (B. malayi). The patient responded to a combination therapy of oral diethylcarbamazine and albendazole.

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Doret, Maxime P. M., Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga, Narcisse Nzune-Toche, et al. "Limitations of PCR detection of filarial DNA in human stools from subjects non-infected with soil-transmitted helminths." Parasite 28 (2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021046.

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The standard techniques for diagnosis of human filariasis are the microscopic examination of blood smears or skin biopsies, which are relatively invasive and poorly sensitive at low levels of infection. Recently, filarial DNA has been detected in fecal samples from non-human primates in Central Africa. The aim of this study was to demonstrate proof-of-concept of a non-invasive molecular diagnosis technique for human filariasis by targeting fragments of 12S rDNA, Cox1, ITS1 and LL20-15kDa ladder antigen-gene by conventional PCR in DNA extracted from stool samples of 52 people infected with Mansonella perstans and/or Loa loa. Of these, 10 patients were infected with soil-transmitted helminths (Trichuris trichiura and/or Ascaris lumbricoides), and none were positive for Necator americanus. Interestingly, no filarial gene fragments were detected in the stools of any of the 52 patients. Future studies should evaluate whether a co-infection with soil-transmitted helminths causing gastrointestinal bleeding and likely allowing (micro)filaria exit into the digestive tract, may facilitate the molecular detection of filarial DNA fragments in stool samples.

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Umenzekwe, Chukwudi Christian, Uchenna Victor Nwadi, Ogochukwu Ifeanyi Ezejiofor, et al. "Isolated Giant Scrotal Lymphoedema From Filariasis in a Nigerian Male: A Case Report." European Journal of Clinical Medicine 4, no. 6 (2023): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/clinicmed.2023.4.6.314.

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Isolated lymphoedema of the scrotum is rare. In sub-Saharan Africa, the infective cause is commonly due to lymphatic filariasis, a neglected tropical disease commonly caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. The swelling of the affected skin and soft tissues results from impaired lymphatic drainage of the affected area due to the chronic inflammatory response to the dead and dying filaria worms in the lymphatic vessels. We describe the case of a 38-year-old man who presented with isolated scrotal lymphoedema secondary to W. bancrofti infection. The patient, in addition to cyclical anti-filarial medical treatment, had successful surgical resection of redundant and fibrous scrotal tissue resulting in overall improvement in his quality of life.

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Domínguez-Quintanar, Esmeralda, Valeria I. Castellanos-López, and Fátima G. Peña-Zarco. "Oncocercosis." TEPEXI Boletín Científico de la Escuela Superior Tepeji del Río 8, no. 16 (2021): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/estr.v8i16.6430.

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La oncocercosis o ceguera de los ríos, es una enfermedad de tipo parasitario causada por la filaria Onchocerca Volvulos. Esta enfermedad es endémica en África. Esta filaria es transmitida por la picadura de las moscas negras (genero simulium) infectadas. El infectado mostrara algunas lesiones en la piel y glóbulos oculares, que en casos más extremos causa ceguera. Actualmente es la segunda causa de ceguera en el mundo.

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H. Al-Joboury, K., and A. M. Al-Darraji. "A STUDY ON CAPRINE PNEUMONIA IN IRAQI LOCAL GOATS ETIOLOGICAL FINDINGS." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 13, no. 1 (1989): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v13i1.1668.

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In a study designed to evaluate the prevalence of caprine pneumonia and to identify it's bacterial and parasitic causes, 100 lungs with pneumonic lesions were collected. The prevalence rate was 12.5%. The most commonly associated bacterial isolates with the suppurative and interstitial pneumonia were the followings: Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus haemolyticus (x,B), while the most commonly associated bacterial isolates with fibrinous and fibrino - purulent pneumonia was Pasteurella haemolytica.  The most commonly associated parasite in chronic purulent and muco purulent pneumonia was Dictyocaulus filaria, in cases of chronic interstitial pneumonia were either D. filaria or Muellerius capillaris and in cases of chronic granulomatous pneumonia were a combination of D. filaria and M. capillaris.  Four miscellaneous parasitic lung lesions were reported, three of which were hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus) and the fourth one was due to liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica).

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Laidoudi, Younes, Hacène Medkour, Anthony Levasseur, Bernard Davoust, and Oleg Mediannikov. "New Molecular Data on Filaria and its Wolbachia from Red Howler Monkeys (Alouatta macconnelli) in French Guiana—A Preliminary Study." Pathogens 9, no. 8 (2020): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080626.

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Previous studies have reported filarial parasites of the genus Dipetalonema and Mansonella from French Guiana monkeys, based on morphological taxonomy. In this study, we screened blood samples from nine howler monkeys (Alouatta macconnelli) for the presence of filaria and Wolbachia DNA. The infection rates were 88.9% for filaria and 55.6% for wolbachiae. The molecular characterization, based on the 18S gene of filariids, revealed that A. macconnelli are infected with at least three species (Mansonella sp., Brugia sp. and an unidentified Onchocercidae species.). Since the 18S and cox1 generic primers are not very effective at resolving co-infections, we developed ITS genus-specific PCRs for Mansonella and Brugia genus. The results revealed coinfections in 75% of positives. The presence of Mansonella sp. and Brugia sp. was also confirmed by the 16S phylogenetic analysis of their associated Wolbachia. Mansonella sp., which close to the species from the subgenus Tetrapetalonema encountered in New World Monkeys, while Brugia sp. was identical to the strain circulating in French Guiana dogs. We propose a novel ITS1Brugia genus-specific qPCR. We applied it to screen for Brugia infection in howler monkeys and 66.7% were found to be positive. Our finding highlights the need for further studies to clarify the species diversity of neotropics monkeys by combining molecular and morphological features. The novel Brugia genus-specific qPCR assays could be an effective tool for the surveillance and characterization of this potential zoonosis.

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Mand, S., S. Specht, H. Zahner, and A. Hoerauf. "Ultrasonography in filaria-infected rodents: detection of adult Litomosoides sigmodontis and Brugia malayi filariae." Tropical Medicine and International Health 11, no. 9 (2006): 1382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01694.x.

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Orihel, Thomas C., and Mark L. Eberhard. "Zoonotic Filariasis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 11, no. 2 (1998): 366–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.11.2.366.

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SUMMARY Filariae of animals, especially those of mammals, often infect humans and typically produce cryptic infections. These “zoonotic” infections have been reported from virtually all parts of the world including temperate zones. Infections may be symptomatic or not, and the parasites are found in surgical tissue biopsy specimens or, more rarely, are removed intact from superficial sites such as the orbit or conjuctivae. Typically, these worms tend to occupy tissue sites similar to those occupied in the natural animal host, with the exception of the eyes. Many kinds of filariae have been isolated from humans, including species of Dirofilaria, Brugia, Onchocerca, Dipetalonema, Loaina and Meningonema. Worms have been found in subcutaneous tissues, the heart and lungs, lymphatics, the eye, and the central nervous system. Specific identification of these filariae is based on their morphological features in histologic sections. Unfortunately, some of these worms cannot be identified even at the generic level. There are other species of filariae, presumed to be zoonotic, which produce patent infections in humans but are poorly and incompletely known. These include Microfilaria semiclarum and Microfilaria bolivarensis. It is probable that almost any filaria parasitizing animals can, under proper circumstances, infect humans and undergo some degree of development. Undoubtedly, additional species of filariae will continue to be isolated from humans in the future.

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Basu, S., M. Wanchoo, A. Aggarwal, and S. Malhotra. "Filaria associated hemolysis in pregnancy." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 69, no. 1 (2000): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(99)00231-3.

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Kumar, Sanjay. "India's revised filaria control strategy." Lancet 347, no. 8995 (1996): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90367-0.

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Pinder, M. "Loa loa — a neglected filaria." Parasitology Today 4, no. 10 (1988): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(88)90019-1.

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Vishwajeet, Vikarn, and Man Updesh Singh Sachdeva. "Living together: Malaria and filaria." American Journal of Hematology 93, no. 10 (2018): 1294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25090.

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Révész, Erzsébet, Gabriella Markovics, Zoltán Darabos, Ildikó Tóth, and Éva Fok. "Hasüregi dirofilariasisr." Magyar Sebészet 61, no. 5 (2008): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/maseb.61.2008.5.6.

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Absztrakt Számos filaria féregfertőzésről számol be a magyar szakirodalom, többségét Dirofilaria repens okozta. A szúnyog által terjesztett filaria férgek a kutyák és macskák subcutan szöveteiben jelennek meg. Az emberi fertőzések vagy subcutan csomókat vagy tüdőszövet-granulomákat képeznek, a fertőzöttek többsége panaszmentes. A beszámoló egy új Dirofilaria repens-fertőzésről szól, mely egy acut has miatt operált 61 éves férfi hasüregében jelentkezett. A műtét során 8 cm hosszú, fehér fonalféreg által kiváltott, körülírt peritonitis volt észlelhető. A parazita patológiai vizsgálattal Dirofilaria repensnek bizonyult.

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Nurjazuli, Nurjazuli, Lintang Dian Saraswati, Nissa Kusariana, and Taniawati Supali. "Status of Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission after Two Additional Rounds of Filariasis Mass Drug Administration: A Case Study in Pekalongan City, Central Java, Indonesia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, E (2022): 822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9447.

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BACKGROUND: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease caused by mosquito-containing filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. World Health Organization (WHO) had set up the global program to interrupt transmission with mass drug administration and manage morbidity and prevent disability. AIM: This study aimed to determine the status of LF transmission in Pekalongan City after two additional rounds of mass drug administration. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pekalongan City, Indonesia. METHOD: Three villages had been selected purposively as study sites: free, non-endemic, and endemic of LF as more than 600 finger blood samples were taken from study participants in the night between 21:00 and 01:00. Laboratory testing for microfilaria examination was conducted in Bendan and Bedono Public Health Center Pekalongan, Indonesia. Mosquitoes were collected in three areas of the study site from the middle of the night until the morning. Identification and biomolecular examination of caught mosquitoes used a polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was made using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software. RESULT: This research found two microfilaria positive samples from 600 finger blood samples examined (microfilariae rate: 0.33%). There were four positive reactions to filaria. The identified mosquito species consisted of Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex vashnui, and Aedes aegypti. Aedes aegypti was only confirmed filaria positive. CONCLUSION: A non-endemic village was only found one blood sample positive, but blood and mosquito sample positive were found in endemic villages. It seemed that LF transmission was still in running di endemic village in Pekalongan City.

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Burkot, T. R., A. Narara, R. Paru, Patricia M. Graves, and P. Garner. "Human host selection by anophelines: no evidence for preferential selection of malaria or microfilariae-infected individuals in a hyperendemic area." Parasitology 98, no. 3 (1989): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000061400.

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SUMMARYHost selection among humans by Anopheles punctulatus was studied in an area of Papua New Guinea endemic for malaria and filariasis. Blood films were made from the stomach contents of freshly engorged mosquitoes found resting on the walls of houses in which the parasite status of the occupants was known. Engorgement rates on humans were non-random but could not be consistently related to the parasite status of individuals in the houses for either malaria or filaria. In some households, anophelines preferentially fed on parasitaemic individuals while in other households aparasitaemic individuals were significantly more often selected. This finding is believed to reflect the fact that malaria and filarial infections in this endemic area are predominantly asymptomatic. There were no significant differences in axillary temperatures between malaria or microfilariae positive or negative individuals.

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Tahita, Marc Christian, Thuy-Huong Ta-Tang, Bérenger Kaboré, et al. "Molecular detection of Wuchereria bancrofti, Loa loa and Mansonella perstans from dried blood spots taken from pregnant women in rural Burkina Faso." African Journal of Parasitology, Mycology and Entomology 1, no. 2 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35995/ajpme2010002.

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Introduction: Human filariasis causes high morbidity and severe illness. There is a link between helminth infection and anemia. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of blood-dwelling microfilariae among pregnant women in Burkina Faso using a molecular technique and attempt to find an association between anemia and filarial infection. Methods: A total of 1018 dried blood spot samples (DBS) were collected from pregnant women at the Health District of Nanoro. The DNA was isolated from DBS samples using a rapid and simple method. Afterward, the isolated DNA was assayed using the Filaria real-time PCR (F-RT-PCR) method. Results: Ten F-RT-PCR-positive samples were obtained as follows: two W. bancrofti (0.2%), four L. loa (0.39%), and four M. perstans (0.39%). No concomitant filarial infections were detected, as well as no coinfections between filarial disease and malaria. There was no link between the presence of W. bancrofti, L. loa, or M. perstans and anemia in pregnant women. Conclusions: The prevalence and intensity of human filariasis in this study were low for all of the samples in which microfilariae were detected. The F-RT-PCR can be a confirmatory test for diagnosis in remote areas due to its effectiveness in detecting and differentiating, both sensitively and specifically, a wide range of filarial parasites.

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Das, Nabarun Chandra, Anindya Sundar Ray, Jagadeesh Bayry, and Suprabhat Mukherjeee. "Therapeutic Efficacy of Anti-Bestrophin Antibodies against Experimental Filariasis: Immunological, Immune-Informatics and Immune Simulation Investigations." Antibodies 10, no. 2 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antib10020014.

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Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating parasitic disease caused by filarial parasites and it is prevalent across the underprivileged population throughout the globe. The inadequate efficacy of the existing treatment options has provoked the conception of alternative strategies, among which immunotherapy is steadily emerging as a promising option. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of an antibody-based immunotherapeutic approach in an experimental model of filariasis, i.e., Wistar rat infected with Setaria cervi (a model filarial parasite). The polyclonal antibodies were raised against filarial surface antigen bestrophin protein (FSAg) in mice using the purified Wuchereria bancrofti FSAg. The adoptive transfer of anti-FSAg antibody-containing serum resulted in the significant reduction of parasite burden in filaria-infected rats. Intriguingly, anti-FSAg sera-treated animals also displayed a reduction in the level of proinflammatory cytokines as compared to the infected but untreated group. Furthermore, our in silico immunoinformatics data revealed eight B-cell epitopes and several T-cell epitopes in FSAg and these epitopes were linked to form a refined antigen in silico. The immune simulation suggested IgM and IgG1 as the predominant immunoglobulins induced in response to FSAg. Taken together, our experimental and simulation data collectively indicated a therapeutic potential of anti-FSAg sera against LF.

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Fox, Karen A., Laura E. R. Martin, Laurie A. Baeten, et al. "Filaria taxideae in Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) of Colorado, USA, and Commonly Associated Filarial Dermatitis." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 49, no. 3 (2013): 738–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2012-12-303.

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Graham, Andrea L., Tracey J. Lamb, Andrew F. Read, and Judith E. Allen. "Malaria‐Filaria Coinfection in Mice Makes Malarial Disease More Severe unless Filarial Infection Achieves Patency." Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, no. 3 (2005): 410–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/426871.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Filaria'

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