Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Filicide'

This research analysed Australian filicide cases over a 16 year period. The results show that prior instances of child abuse could be considered a risk factor, particularly in cases where the perpetrator has a history of physical abuse and neglect towards the victim. Other notable results include children under the age of 5 being at higher risk and mothers committing filicide at higher levels than other perpetrator types.

The present dissertation takes late postwar Japan as its case study and investigates the ways in which ambivalence to/in motherhood’ emerges at the very site where maternal violence and, more specifically, maternal filicide disrupts social norms of acceptable maternal behaviour. In 1970s Japan the number of cases of mothers who killed their own children saw a dramatic increase to the point of reaching, within media representations in particular, the dimension of a social phenomenon. Within the framework of idealizations of maternal identity, formulated in terms of continuous love, self-sacrifice and domesticity, filicidal mothers came to be labelled as either "bad" (cruel, monstrous) or "mad" (mentally unstable, neurotic). The apparent proliferation of maternal child-killing and what was perceived as the unjust treatment meted out to these criminalized mothers became a major concern for a new women’s liberation movement emerging in Japan between the late 1960s and the early 1970s, known as ūman ribu (woman lib). Ribu contested the widespread characterization of mothers who kill as either devilish or mentally ill, and drew on the numerical increase of cases of maternal filicide as evidence of a symptomatic malfunctioning of the dominant gender ideology in modern Japanese society. Postwar Japan also witnessed a boom in women’s literature whose focus on the grotesque, on worlds of dreams and madness and on the morbid portrayal of female antisocial behaviours constituted fertile terrain for the proliferation of disquieting images of motherhood and maternal violence. This thesis focuses on the work by Japanese writer Takahashi Takako as a specific case study to address the discursive construction of filicidal mothers in women’s literature. This study acknowledges motherhood as a heated site of contested meanings and focuses on a close textual reading of media coverage, the rhetoric of ribu and women’s literature in order to explore the discursive constructions of mothers who kill which characterised early 1970s Japan. It sheds light on the problematic interactions between the different discourses under consideration and identifies the relationship between motherhood and violence as a hot-spot where clashing discourses produce a constant re-articulation of maternal and female identity.

Background: Child homicide represents 11.5% of all homicides and parents are perpetrators in about 67% of all cases. Of parents who kill their children fathers have been found to more often be the perpetrator (filicide) in all age groups except in neonaticides, where mothers are nearly always responsible. Women have been found to be over-represented in rates of filicide. Diagnoses of mental illness (MI) have been found as a moderating variable for mothers who kill older children. The aim of the present study was to explore the conditions, processes and contexts that contribute to the development of maternal filicide (MF) in MI mothers. Method: Four mothers with a diagnosis of MI were interviewed using constructivist grounded theory methods to produce theorising about the development of MF. Due to the sensitivity of the research topic, the vulnerability of the population and the need to ensure support for study participants, the study design included only those mothers still receiving care from secure hospital services (N=30). Findings: The present study produced grounded theorising of a process of Disintegrating Security in a number of sequentially related domains: social, economic, relational and psychological as contributing to MF. Consistent with other research on filicide mothers with a diagnosis of MI, mothers were active in caring for their children but became hopeless and suicidal, believing that their own suicide would leave their children alone in a cruel and dangerous world. Conclusions: Mothers committed filicide in a perverse act of maternal love rather than out of anger, or as part of prolonged child abuse. A detailed account of the development of MF in MI mothers has been produced. The findings could be important to increase the understanding of MF for mental health professionals working with filicide mothers, surviving family members and mothers themselves.

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Criminologia
A morte dos filhos à mão dos seus pais, é uma ato de difícil compreensão, uma vez que o porto seguro das crianças em primeiro lugar deveriam ser os seus pais. No entanto, são vários os casos acontecidos deste a antiguidade até aos dias de hoje. No presente projeto, o filicídio foi o tema dominante, como tal o objetivo baseou-se na tentativa de compreender as motivações dos pais tirarem a vida a um ser que nasceu dos mesmos. Procedeu-se à análise dos diferentes tipos de filicídio, bem como as carateristicas dos ofensores e das vítimas assim como os métodos mais utilizados para o assassinato das crianças, verificando-se que há uma diferença destes no género dos homicidas. Por fim, analisaram-se estudos de diferentes autores, onde se pode comparar entre o ano de 1961 e 2011, no Canadá, as principais motivações para a prática do crime ao longo destes períodos.
The death of the children to the hand of their parents, is an difficult act to understand, since the safe haven of the children should be their parents first. However, there are several cases that happened from past times until the present day. In this project, filicide was the dominant theme as such order was based on the attempt to understand the motivations of parents take the life of a being born of the same. We proceeded to the analysis of different types of filicide as well as the features of offenders and victims as well, as the methods used for the murdering of children, verifying that there is a difference in these kind of homicidal. Finally, we analyzed studies of different authors, where we can compare, between 1961 and 2011, in Canada, the main motivations for the crime.

The present research investigated paternal filicide in South Africa. It aimed to understand the factors underlying fathers killing their child/children. Study one explored paternal filicidal offenders' processes of construction, construing of events leading to the filicide, and meanings of their lived experience of killing their child/children. Study two examined the filicidal offenders' extended families' construction processes, construing of events before the killing, lived experience and construing of filicide, and construing of the filicidal offenders' construing of the filicide. Four paternal filicidal offenders and nine family members of the offenders who had different backgrounds (i.e., age, racial, ethnicity, cultural, educational, occupational, and the nature of the filicide) were purposively sampled and recruited into the research. Personal construct theory (Kelly, 1955) underpinned this research. A semi-structured individual interview which was structured according to the Experience Cycle Methodology (ECM) interview proforma (Oades & Viney, 2012), Perceive Element Grid (PEG) (Procter, 2002), and the ABC model (Tschudi, 1977), were administered to the filicidal and family participants. Data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin, 2009) and personal construct analytic methods (diagnostic construct analysis, PEG, ECM, and the ABC model). The analysed themes suggest that filicide might co-occur with familicide and attempted suicide by the offender in some instances. While in many filicidal cases intimate/marital problems might be contributing factors, in a few cases filicide might be accidental in which it might not be precipitated by intimate/marital discord. Most filicidal offenders who tend to only construe their partners/wives and intimate/marital relationships in terms of positive construct poles might slot rattle when encountering invalidations of constructions. The encountered problems might trigger threat, anxiety, in which the problems are experienced as unconstruable, and anger which might lead to hostility. The filicidal offenders might lack constructions to deal with the issues which might result in unaddressed problems which might lead to a sense of being overwhelmed and feelings of hopelessness. The filicidal offenders might broaden or delimit their perceptual field or fluctuate between constriction and dilation to construe and cope with the situation. They might exceed their inhibition ability which might result in the avoided issues and inhibited feelings exploding in violence. The extended family members might not intervene in the couples' problems, if intervening might be possible, because of an unawareness of issues as a result of submergence and constriction in which they avoid construing the couples' problems, limit their views to issues, and minimise the seriousness of the construed problems. Psychological support, personal construct family therapy and Employee Assistance Program, might help the filicidal offenders cope with their intimate/marital problems, and therefore might prevent filicide. Considering the implications of the filicide on the offenders' identities, relations, and relationships, and also the relationships of their families, intervention programs such as Restorative Justice and sport might help the offenders re-establish their sense of self, find commonality and sociality while rebuilding the damaged relationships.

Une revue de la littérature nous permet de mettre en évidence des facteurs sociaux, économiques, culturels, psychiatriques, épidémiologiques, psychodynamiques et intergénérationnels associés au passage à l'acte infanticide. Cependant, ces facteurs sont considérés indépendamment les uns des autres et sont répandus dans la population, sans mener à l'infanticide : ils ne peuvent donc pas être appréhendés comme étant des facteurs de risque de passage à l'acte. Cette recherche vise donc à proposer un modèle de causalité pluridimensionnel de ces meurtres d'enfants. Nous avons dans un premier temps développé une méthodologie qualitative puis une approche comparative, dans un second temps, est apparue indispensable. Nous avons comparé les facteurs et processus en jeu dans le passage à l'acte meurtrier avec un autre sous groupe psychopathologique, des femmes incarcérées pour violences sexuelles sur leur(s) enfant(s), et avec un groupe témoin. Cette approche comparative s'inscrit dans une démarche inductive, à partir des éléments mis en évidence au sein de la population d'étude. Les analyses cliniques ont mis en évidence un certain nombre de facteurs en jeu dans lepassage à l'acte filicide mais ne peuvent pas constituer des facteurs de risques ou de protection d'un passage à l'acte meurtrier à eux seuls. Les approches omparatives ont permis de dessiner un modèle de causalité pluridimensionnel en jeu dans les passages à l'acte filicide : des tableaux cliniques de population à risque VS protégée de passage à l'acte filicide sont proposés en conclusion
Thanks to a literary review we can highlight social, economic, cultural, psychiatric,epidemiological, psychodynamic and intergenerational factors connected to the committing childmurder. However these factors are considered separately and are widespread in the population without leading to infanticide and that's why they can't be considered as risk factors inducing its perpretation. This survey aims at proposing a multidimensional pattern of causality of these child murders.First, we developed a qualitative methodology but, subsequently a comparative approach seemed absolutely necessary. We compared the factors and the process at stake considering the perpretation of child murder with another psychopathological subgroup composed of women emprisoned for sexual assaults on their children and with a reference group.This comparative approach lies within the scope of inductive processes, starting from the elements spotted among the test population. The clinical analyses revealed some of the factors at stake in the carrying out of child murder but they can't be considered as risk factors or factors leading to murder for themselves. The comparative studies let us sketch a multidimensional causality pattern involved in child murdering: clinical charts comparing populations at risk and protected populations can be consulted at the end of this survey

Thesis (MA (Psychology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Maternal filicide, the murder of a child by its mother, is a complex phenomenon with various causes and characteristics. Research, by means of the development of several classification systems and in identifying particular risk factors, has been conducted with the aim of better prevention of this emotionally evocative crime. Various disciplines have offered a wide range of perspectives on why women kill their biological children. These are intended to yield a better understanding of the aetiology of this crime. This literature review delineates three dominant perspectives: psychiatric, psychological, and sociological. The main findings of each perspective are discussed. However, these three perspectives frequently operate in conjunction with each other in that both intrapsychic and interpersonal dynamics play a role in acts of maternal filicide. The most vulnerable women appear to be those who have had a severely deficient developmental history (trauma and/or grossly inadequate parenting), those who experience current difficult psychosocial circumstances, and those who have been diagnosed with a psychiatric illness. However, not all women who experience such problems kill their children. In this regard, individual differences have an important role to play and more carefully delineated future research is suggested. One of the most significant findings of this literature review is that there appears to be a paucity of systematic research on the South African phenomenon of parental child homicide.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Moedermoord, die moord van ’n kind deur sy of haar moeder, is ’n komplekse verskynsel met verskeie oorsake en karaktereienskappe. Navorsing deur die ontwikkeling van verskeie klassifikasiestelsels en die identifisering van spesifieke risikofaktore is uitgevoer met die doel om hierdie misdaad, wat soveel emosies ontlok, beter te voorkom. Verskeie dissiplines bied ’n wye verskeidenheid perspektiewe oor die redes waarom vroue hul biologiese kinders vermoor. Die doel van hierdie perspektiewe is om ’n beter etiologiese begrip van hierdie vorm van misdaad te verkry. Die literatuurstudie dui drie dominante perspektiewe aan: psigiatries, psigologies en sosiologies. Die hoofbevindinge van elke perspektief word bespreek. Hierdie drie perspektiewe werk dikwels saam aangesien sowel intrapsigiese en interpersoonlike dinamiek ’n rol in moedermoorddade speel. Die kwesbaarste vroue blyk dié te wees met ’n ernstig gebrekkige ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis (trauma en/of ernstig onvoldoende ouerskap), diegene wat hulle in moeilike psigososiale omstandighede bevind, en dié wat met ’n psigiatriese siekte gediagnoseer is. Nie alle vroue wat hierdie probleme ervaar, vermoor egter hulle kinders nie. In hierdie opsig speel individuele verskille ’n belangrike rol en word versigtig afgebakende toekomstige navorsing voorgestel. Een van die belangrikste bevindinge van hierdie literatuuroorsig is dat daar ’n gebrek aan sistematiese navorsing oor die Suid-Afrikaanse verskynsel van kindermoord deur ouers blyk te wees.

Madness in women exists as a trope within the literature from the earliest of civilizations. This theme is evident and appears to possess a link with male dysfunction in several of Toni Morrison’s texts. Lack of maternal accountability has long served as a symptom of female mental instability as imposed by patriarchal thought. Mothers who have neglected or harmed their young across cultures and time periods have been forcibly branded with the mark of madness. Female characters in five of Morrison’s novels bear a striking resemblance to the female archetypes of ancient Greece. This paper will demonstrate the kindred strands of prescribed female madness in the women of the myths of ancient Greece and Morrison’s characters as it relates to neglectful mothering and male flight.

Le filicide-suicide se définit comme la mort d'un enfant infligée par son parent et suivie du suicide de celui-ci. Sa spécificité est consacrée par une littérature criminologique presque exclusivement anglo-saxonne et scandinave. Initialement, notre projet de recherche avait pour objectif d'étudier le filicide-suicide « français » selon une perspective criminologique. Le filicidesuicide associe, en France comme ailleurs, un homicide, infraction pénale, et un suicide, non infraction. Le judiciaire n'est saisi qu'au stade de l'enquête dont le résultat écarte la qualification pénale. Le sanitaire constate et certifie les décès sans établir entre eux de lien organique. Victime(s) et auteur demeurent à jamais étrangers alors même que la mort les avait réunis. Le projet initial a donc pris une nouvelle direction. Contrairement aux études anglo-saxonnes et scandinaves, en France, toute recherche tentant d'approcher le filicide-suicide se heurte, dès les démarches exploratoires, au recueil de données utiles et pertinentes pour son analyse. Dès lors, notre travail de thèse s'est intéressé à explorer les conditions de la recherche en criminologie en France en s'appuyant sur l'exemple du filicide-suicide, comme fait démonstratif

The current study examines county-level characteristics and their impact on child homicide. This work uses Durkheimian theory and tests the concept of solidarity by using variables that constitute integration and regulation. In addition, some variables are drawn from other theoretical perspectives, mainly social disorganization and anomie theories, to better explore additional macro-level indicators. Data were obtained from multiple locations. Homicide data for children, from birth through five years, utilized in this work came from the National Incident-Based Reporting System. County level socio-demographics were obtained from the Census. Political party affiliation (Republican or Democrat) came from Politico, and religious data were collected by InfoGroup and organized into groups by the Association of Religion Data Archives. This study aims to increase our understanding of how macro-level contextual and situational factors may help guide policy makers, law enforcement personnel, and any other individuals who are concerned with areas where there are varying degrees of risk for child homicide.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Sociology
Sciences
Sociology

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução, Florianópolis, 2013
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Área pouco lembrada, a tradução teatral - tradução da literariedade e arte performativa - oferece ao tradutor duas possibilidades, ambas no contexto da cultura de chegada: traduzir o texto dramático através da sua integração no contexto da encenação, privilegiando o seu caráter performativo, ou, como é o nosso caso, traduzir o texto dramático exclusivamente na qualidade de texto literário. O estudo abrange uma parte prática (a tradução do drama Medeia, de Hans Henny Jahnn) e uma parte teórica (reflexão sobre o processo tradutório) guiada por reflexões de Hans Vermeer, Katharina Reiss, Christiane Nord, Antoine Berman, com os quais encontramos apontamentos e métodos a serem aplicados na tradução, pensando também outras abordagens teóricas ligadas ao processo da tradução teatral, como as de Patrice Pavis e Susan Bassnett. Por fim, com a apresentação do percurso literário de Hans Henny Jahnn, sua recepção na Alemanha e a tradução do seu texto dramático Medeia, pretendemos divulgar a obra de um dos autores mais prolíficos do século xx.

Orientador: Mario Luiz Frungillo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O romance Lavoura Arcaica, de Raduan Nassar, é um rico objeto para se pensar o caráter referencial dos personagens. A figura paterna, encarnando uma tradição que valoriza o trabalho, o comedimento como valores essenciais à vida, encontra forte resistência nos filhos Ana e André. Assim sendo, o embate que se delineia reflete um clássico confronto entre tradição e liberdade. Tal disputa é fruto (e estopim) para atos tidos como monstruosos: o incesto e o filicídio. Indo além do procedimento da caracterização dos personagens como recurso de análise do romance, esta dissertação se ocupa em discutir a prática de ações capazes de "monstrificar" os personagens. Destarte, a investigação menciona peculiaridades que fazem com que um ser seja visto como ente horrífico. A pesquisa se ocupa também com a noção de concatenação de situações-limite como elemento construtor das idiossincrasias. Com isso, o modo como as pessoas dessa família se tratam, como tratam o tempo e algumas leis fornece subsídios para que eles sejam vistos como "ameaças morais". O lugar do incesto e do filicídio fulgura, portanto, como elemento fundamental na análise desses personagens
Abstract: The novel Lavoura Arcaica, by Raduan Nassar, is a rich object to think the referential character of the personages. The father, embodying a tradition that says how worthy is work, the restraint as values essential to life, finds strong resistance in Ana and André. Thus, the conflict that emerges reflects a classic clash between tradition and freedom. Such dispute is a result (and wick) for acts taken as monstrosity: incest and filicide. Going beyond the procedure of characterization of the personages as an analysis resource of the novel, this paper is concerned about discussing the practice of actions capable of "monsterizing" personages. Therefore, this research mentions the peculiarities that make someone to be seen as being horrifying. This research also deals with the notion of extreme concatenation of the on-the-edge situations such as a building element of the idiosyncrasies. With that, the way the personages treat the time, each other in this family and some laws provides subsidy so they can be seen as "moral threats". The incest and filicide altogether, thus, appear as a key element in the analysis of the personages
Mestrado
Literatura Brasileira
Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Grateloupia filicina is a carrageenophytic red alga which is in demand as a carrageenan raw material and for use in food. There is therefore interest in developing a technique for mariculturing this species. Since vegetative propagation from thallus fragments has not been successful, the present study was initiated to determine suitable conditions for spore liberation and growth of G. filicina from spores. It was also attempted to propagate G. filicina sporelings from crust and thallus fragments. In addition, the proportions of plants in different life history phases were determined in August and September to test for seasonal differences in shore phenology, and whether G. filicina is monoecious or dioecious, since there is disagreement on this in the literature. Spore release was easy to achieve, even without stressing the parent plant. Growth of crusts was found to be fastest at 50 μM.m⁻².s⁻¹ and at 20°C. Carposporelings (i.e. young tetrasporophytes) grew slightly but significantly faster than tetrasporelings (i.e. young carposporophytes). Crust fragments were able re-attach to the substrate and gave rise to new upright thalli within 1-2 weeks, compared to 4-5 weeks between spore release and thallus initiation. Attachment was weak, however, and only a small proportion of the crust fragments placed into culture regenerated. Thallus regeneration was not successful. There were seasonal differences in shore phenology during the study period: while two thirds of the plants collected in August were carposporophytes, only tetrasporophytes were found in September. No male gametophytes or spermatangia were found. It did not emerge from this study whether G. filicina in an annual, or what phenotypic differences are found throughout the year. Information of this kind is important for mariculture as it affects the supply of parent plants (and therefore spores) and the growth of young plants on ropes if these are released into the sea. The culturing experiments look promising; techniques (seeding ropes directly with spores or using regenerated crust fragments) still need to be refined.

For years social workers have been involved in the investigation of child abuse cases, which includes the sexual abuse of children. The forensic social worker primarily engages with the investigation of child sexual abuse allegations and their involvement begins when a criminal case of alleged child sexual abuse is registered with the police. The core function of forensic social workers is to objectively assist the South African Police Service (SAPS) and the judicial system during the investigation of crimes against children, which includes cases of alleged sexual abuse of babies. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the forensic social worker in cases of sexual abuse of babies in the Boland. A qualitative research procedure was followed and data was gathered through in-depth interviews with three state prosecutors working in regional courts in Worcester, Ceres and Paarl. In-depth interviews were also conducted with three SAPS forensic social workers in these areas. The results of the investigation were summarised according to certain themes. The results of the study indicate that the successful prosecution and conviction of offenders of the sexual abuse of babies are limited, because a baby is unable to deliver testimony. The crucial role of the qualified forensic social worker in the investigation of these cases was highlighted in the study. The participants found the thorough investigation of collateral sources and the interpretation of information gathered by forensic social workers of great value. As an expert witness the forensic social worker can therefore play a prominent role in the conviction of offenders of sexual abuse of babies.
Thesis (MA (SW (Forensic))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
社會政策與社會工作學系
102
From the perspective of filicide-suicide fathers, this study aims to probe into the context of filicide-suicide incidents, attitudes, and experiences in seeking help when encountering stressful incidents. Suggestions are proposed for practice and policy makers. Based on qualitative research, this study conducts case studies on the filicide-suicide incidents of five fathers, and discusses their experiences of seeking help. Finally, the conclusions on the case studies are proposed. The research findings are as follows: 1. Attachment between filicide-suicide fathers and families of origin is usually not strong. However, in their own families, they have subjects of affective attachment. The fathers have lower social status and educational level. They mostly have labor-intensive jobs, thus, their jobs and payments of salaries easily influence life stability. When encountering obstacles, fathers cannot seek help; in the families, “they avoid the difficulties of family members”, while in the outside world, “they are not familiar with channels to seek help” or “they have a negative attitude toward seeking help”. 2. When filicide-suicide fathers’ emotional attachment subjects encounter serious incidents, death, or have the intention to maintain distance and terminate the relationship, they become filicide-suicide fathers’ significant stressful incidents, resulting in negative emotions and feelings of “blocked needs/goals”, “loss of important others”, and “power dominance”. When these three kinds of negative emotions continuously accumulate, filicide-suicide hesitation time will be shorter. 3. Filicide-suicide motives can be classified into “altruistic” and “revenge”; “altruistic” refers to single-parent fathers and filicide-suicide hesitation time is long; “revenge” refers to impulsive filicide-suicide after having conflict with partner, and hesitation time is short. 4. Filicide-suicide fathers do not necessarily have the problem of alcoholic addiction. However, before taking action, they tended to consume alcohol. The killing method is mainly the burning of carbon and then taking sleeping pills. Before the incidents, they do not have medical records of mental treatment. After the incidents, most test results show that they have depression. In addition, attachment/support of families of origin will influence the system of appeals and arrangements for children’s lives. Filicide-suicide fathers with high support of families of origin often have appeals in the process of judiciary judgment in order to obtain shorter terms of imprisonment. When they serve a prison sentence, the children can be taken by their families of origin. Subjects with low support of families of origin do not propose any rejection or appeals after hearing the decision of the district court, and their children’s lives are arranged by the Social Affairs Bureau.

The purpose of our study is to understand the process of sentencing in cases of filicide from an analysis of criminal and legal criteria on which judges base themselves as well as from an analysis of penal functions aimed by the sentences issued for this type of homicide. The sample studied in this paper consists of fourteen sentencing judgments rendered by the judges at the sentencing. These judgments were all issued in Quebec between 1996 and 2008 inclusive. It is clear from our analysis that the guilty plea recorded by the accused, the lawyers' sentence suggestions, the method of filicide, repetition of misconduct or not in the parent, the number of victims, the age of the accused, the presence or absence of criminal history of the accused as well as the professional occupation of the latter may influence judges' decision concerning the sentence. These elements, however, do not necessarily carry the iv same weight in the process of sentencing from one judge to another. Nevertheless, we observe that the discretionary power the judges have does not seem to be used in a biased or inadequate manner. In fact, every sentence is clearly justified according to reasonable arguments and none is far from other sentences that have made jurisprudence.
L'objet de notre étude consiste à comprendre le processus de détermination de la peine dans les cas de filicide à partir d’une analyse des critères légaux et pénaux sur lesquels les juges se basent ainsi qu’à partir d’une analyse des fonctions pénales visées par les sentences émises pour ce type d’homicide. L'échantillon étudié dans ce mémoire est formé de quatorze jugements sur sentence rendus par les juges lors du prononcé de la peine. Ces jugements ont tous été émis au Québec entre 1996 et 2008 inclusivement. Il ressort de notre analyse que le plaidoyer de culpabilité enregistré par l'accusé, les suggestions de peine des avocats, la méthode d'exécution du filicide, la répétition ou non du comportement fautif chez le parent, le nombre de victimes, l'âge de l'accusé, la présence ou non d'antécédents criminels chez l'accusé ainsi que l'occupation professionnelle de celui-ci peuvent influencer le choix des juges quant à la sentence. Toutefois, d'un juge à l'autre, ces éléments n'ont pas le même poids dans le processus de détermination de la peine. Néanmoins, nous observons que ce pouvoir discrétionnaire dont les juges disposent ne semble pas utilisé d'une manière partiale, voire inadéquate. En effet, chaque sentence est justifiée selon des arguments fondés et aucune d'entre elle ne s'éloigne des sentences ayant fait jurisprudence.

abstract: Filicide, the killing of a child by a parent, is the focus of this meta-study. In the United States, the total number of nonaccidental deaths of children at the hands of a parent is unknown. Five children a day under the age of five die from fatal abuse and neglect (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). This number is a conservative estimate and does not include children kill by means other than abuse and neglect. Regardless of the number, this author views each filicide as a sentinel event for the United States and the world. A sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence involving death and signals the need for immediate investigation and response. The perspectives of social constructionism and role theory frame this meta-study. The author explored six questions of the extant filicide research: What is the research knowledge on filicide? How is filicide constructed in the research discourse and what is the context of this research? Is filicide constructed as a social problem? Can the use of role theory advance our understanding of filicide? Are there common themes in the filicide research findings? Is there disagreement in the research? What is missing, assumed, or overlooked in the research? The sample consisted of 66 international studies of parents (i.e., genetic, step, foster, person in role of parent) who killed their child(ren) from 1969 to 2009. Major findings include "meta-categories" of filicide research, risk factors, salient themes, and new conceptualization of filicide based on role theory. Individual, social, and structural variables to identify and prevent filicide are presented. An outline for educating practitioners and a tool for screening families for filicide risk are offered
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Social Work 2011

碩士
淡江大學
管理科學研究所企業經營碩士在職專班
96
The present study was aimed to investigate the characteristics of parents (perpetrators) and children (victims) as well as motives and causes in filicide-suicide, based on news reports in Taiwan from 2002 to 2007. Cultural differences were taken into account by comparing filicide-suicide incidents in Taiwan, USA and Japan. Recommendations on suicide prevention strategy were also made based on research findings. The current study focused on filicide-suicide incidents, in which the parent(s) murdered their biological children (aged 18 years old or under) and then commit suicide. Research data were collected from four of the largest newspaper publishers in Taiwan and news reports from internet from 1/1/2002 to 10/31/2007. Of total 78 filicide-suicide incidents found, 32.1% was the father, 50.0% was the mother, and 17.9% were both parents who murdered their children. It was found that the primary motivation of filicide-suicide were “altruistic” (73.1%). Most of perpetrators were aged between 25 and 44 years old (74.4%), and children aged under twelve were most likely to be killed (45.1% were under six and 41.6% aged between 7 and 12). Charcoal burning was most commonly used (66.7%) method. Furthermore, economics and relationship problems in marriage were reported to be the most common factors (52.6% and 30.8%, respectively) in filicide-suicide. The current study analyzed the characteristics of filicide-suicide in Taiwan and found that filicide-suicide was related to culture, economics, marriage or relationship problem and health issue. Based on the research findings, preventive strategies, family education and further research directions were suggested.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.
Socialmente é partilhada uma visão romantizada da experiência de maternidade sendo que, a morte de uma criança é sempre um acontecimento trágico. Porém, quando essa morte é provocada pelos próprios pais, o assassinato de um filho tem um impacto colectivo de choque, sendo o desejável, a “mãe” perfeita, com uma criança igualmente perfeita. Contudo, nem sempre assim acontece incitando a disparidade entre as expectativas da mulher e a realidade da experiência. Objectivo: Propõe-se analisar e compreender a experiência subjectiva de mulheres que vivenciaram experiências implícitas à prática do crime de filicídio. Método: A metodologia aplicada neste estudo será o Método Fenomenológico IPA, com vista à compreensão dos fenómenos vividos por diferentes indivíduos. A amostra é constituída por quatro participantes do sexo feminino que estão a cumprir pena de prisão no Estabelecimento Prisional de Tires, com idades compreendidas entre os 25 e 39 anos. Conclusões: Os resultados apontam, como temas emergentes comuns às participantes, a relação com os pares, vivências de violência, a experiência homicida, a experiência de ser mãe, e a reflexão após o crime.
Problem: Socially is shared a romanticized vision of motherhood experience, being that, the death of a child is always a tragic event. However, when the death is produced by his own parents, the murder of the child has a collective shock impact. Being the desirable a perfect “mother” with a also perfect child. However not always so happens, urging the disparity between women's expectations and the reality of the experience. Objective: It is proposed to analyze and understand the women subjective experience that lived the implicit experiences to the commit filicide crime. Method: The methodology applied in this study will be the phenomenological method IPA, in order to apprehend the phenomena experienced by different individuals. The sample consists in four female participants aged between 25 and 39 years old who are serving prison time in Tires prison establishment . Conclusions: The results point out, as emerging themes common on the participants, the relationship with their pairs, violence experiences, murderer experience, maternity experience, and reflection after the crime.

Tese de doutoramento em Psicologia, na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra
A presente investigação procurou estudar o fenómeno de filicídio que, na sua definição mais ampla, remete para a morte de uma, ou mais, crianças, perpetrada por um, ou ambos, os pais biológicos. O objetivo principal da investigação (de carácter exploratório) centrou-se na compreensão das razões pelas quais os pais matam os filhos. Definiram-se, como objetivos mais específicos, o estudo, análise e caracterização do funcionamento psicodinâmico, cognitivo, psicopatológico de pais que cometeram filicídio para, na interface da psicologia clínica, se promover a discussão sobre os putativos fatores de risco/protetores que possam ser considerados na prevenção do crime. No que concerne ao estudo empírico, desenvolveu-se uma investigação mista, de natureza qualitativa (estudo de casos múltiplos), compaginada com técnicas e métodos quantitativos (com recurso a múltiplas técnicas de recolha e tratamento de dados). A amostra foi constituída por dez pais que haviam cometido filicídio e sido sujeitos a medidas privativas de liberdade. Como plano metodológico, procurou-se, através da aplicação de uma bateria de instrumentos de avaliação, caracterizar e compreender o funcionamento psíquico dos participantes, considerando uma multidimensionalidade de níveis de estudo: caracterização do funcionamento e dinâmica da personalidade (mediante: entrevistas semiestruturadas; questionários sociodemográficos; pesquisa documental; teste do Rorschach; versão portuguesa do Symptom Checklist-90-Revised; O Inventário Clínico do Autoconceito e a versão portuguesa do Levenson’s Self Report Psychopathy Scale); caracterização do funcionamento cognitivo e neuropsicológico (Teste Vocabulário e Cubos/WAIS-III; Matrizes Progressivas-Forma Geral e a versão portuguesa do Montreal Cognitive Assessment); caracterização da vinculação (Escala de Vinculação do Adulto/EVA). Dos resultados obtidos, através de entrevistas, questionários sociodemográficos e pesquisa documental, foi possível constatar que os participantes demonstraram, na sua generalidade, percursos pautados por abandono escolar e formação académica limitada e histórias relacionais precoces caracterizadas por maltrato e/ou negligencia, a par da vivência de fatores de stresse socioeconómicos (contextos de pobreza, famílias numerosas). Destacaram-se, ainda, contextos, transversais a todos os casos, de violência doméstica (família nuclear), e o exercício de parentalidade inadequada. A par, na sua maioria, os pais deparavam-se com desemprego ou inactividade profissional. Destacou-se, ainda, na sua generalidade, a ausência de culpa pelo crime cometido, o que parece aproximar-se de uma denegação major da experiência homicida, talvez pela experiência enlouquecedora que isso represente. Por seu turno, através da avaliação da personalidade (Rorschach), constataram-se, no essencial, dinâmicas internas pautadas pela pobreza emocional e simbólica, predominando a concretude do pensamento e o estrangulamento dos recursos cognitivos e emocionais. Dos resultados do SCL-90-R, ressaltaram sintomas de depressão, somatização e ideação paranoide, bem como indicadores sumários de perturbação emocional. Simultaneamente, não se constataram indicadores consistentes de comportamentos psicopáticos (LSRP-VP). Por seu turno, foi possível constatar que os participantes se autoavaliam com um bom autoconceito, sentindo-se aceites pelos adultos mais significativos, autónomos e competentes (ICAC). Já da leitura integrada dos resultados obtidos no âmbito da avaliação cognitiva destacaram-se constrangimentos cognitivos, nomeadamente ao nível do raciocínio hipotético-dedutivo e dificuldades no âmbito da abstração espacial e síntese visuoperpetiva, ao que acresceram indicadores (pré-clínicos) de declínio cognitivo ligeiro. Por último, procurando-se estudar a natureza e qualidade dos padrões de vinculação (EVA), observou-se que o grupo de pais filicidas obteve resultados médios nas dimensões Ansiedade, Conforto com a Proximidade e Confiança nos Outros. Uma leitura conclusiva dos resultados obtidos permite compreender o agir filicida como resultado de um impulso, destrutivo e fatal, resultado de uma panóplia de fatores de perigo que, em interdependência, se traduzirão no exponenciar do risco de maltrato e capitulando no impulso fatal. No essencial, o agir filicida será o reduto final do adoecer intrafamiliar (exponenciado seja por constrangimentos pessoais, socioeconómicos ou por circunstancialismos familiares e culturais). Importará, nesta leitura do agir filicida, compreender o modo como se poderão articular as interconexões entre os fatores individuais, as relações afetivas (precoces/ao longo da vida), as relações sociais e familiares, os mecanismos sociais, o processo de parentalidade [potencialmente variáveis mediadoras], o adoecer mental e a vulnerabilidade individual para o agir filicida. Neste sentido, conjetura-se que o impulso filicida não se inscreverá numa matriz de imprevisibilidade e aleatoriedade, mas será o último reduto e resposta, fatal e agida, a uma escalada de indicadores em que os pais se foram inabilitando, progressivamente, para o exercício da parentalidade. Enfatiza-se, considerando-se a escassez de estudos no âmbito do filicídio, a importância do desenvolvimento de investigações científicas que possibilitem aprofundadas leituras de síntese e promovam o delineamento de matrizes de risco do fenómeno e estratégias preventivas do maltrato intrafamiliar.
The present investigation aimed to study the filicide phenomenon which, in its greater definition, refers to the death of one, or more, children, perpetrated by one, or both, biological parents. The investigation’s main objective (based of exploratory design) focused on the comprehension of the reasons due to which the parents kill their children. With that connection, more specific aims were set. Namely, the study, analysis and characterization of the psychodynamic, cognitive, psychopathological functioning of parents who committed filicide, so as to, in the interface of Clinical Psychology, promote the discussion about the risk/protective factors which may be considered during crime prevention. Regarding the empirical study, a study based on mixed investigation methods was developed, namely a qualitative investigation (multiple case study design), combined with quantitative methods and techniques (resourcing to multiple collecting techniques and data treatment). The sample was made up of a total of ten parents who had committed filicide and who had been subjected to custodial measures. As a methodological design, it was sought to characterize the participants’ psychic functioning through the application of a battery of evaluation instruments, taking into account the multidimensionality of the study levels: functioning characterization and personality dynamic (semi-structured interviews; sociodemographical questionnaires; document research; Rorschach test; Symptom Checklist- 90-Revised/Portuguese version; O Inventário Clínico de Auto-Conceito and Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale/Portuguese version]); characterization of the cognitive and neuropsychological functioning (Vocabulary and Cubes test/WAIS-III; Progressive Matrices - General Form and Montreal Cognitive Assessment/Portuguese version); characterization of attachment (Adult Attachment Scale – Portuguese version). As results, through the analysis of the interview’s content, the sociodemographical questionnaires and document research, it was possible to verify that the participants showed, on a general level, paths connected with abandoning school and limited academic training, as well as cases of early childhood relationships characterized by abuse and/or negligence, along with socioeconomic stress (poverty contexts, large families). Cases of domestic violence (nuclear family) and inadequate parenting stood out and were transversal to all cases. Along with this, in the majority of cases, the parents were faced unemployment contexts or periods of professional inactivity. In general, the lack of guilt in committing the crime also stood out, which seems like denial of the homicide experience, possibly due to the maddening experience which it represents. Therefore, with the personality assessment (Rorschach), there were identified, essentially, dynamics based on emotional and symbolical poverty, predominating the thought’s concreteness and the strangling of cognitive and emotional resources. From the SCL-90-R, we could observe that depression symptoms, somatization and paranoid ideation were common, as well as global indicators of emotional disturbance. Simultaneously, no consistent indicators of psychopathic tendencies were verified. It was also possible to verify that the participants assessed themselves with a good self-concept, autonomous and feeling accepted by significant adults (ICAC). From analyzing the results obtained within the cognitive assessment, cognitive constraints stood out particularly connected to hypothetical-deductive reasoning, spacial abstraction and visual-perceptive synthesis, adding to (pre-clinical) indicators of a slight cognitive decline. Lastly, aiming to study the nature and quality of the attachment patterns (EVA) we could observe that the group of filicidal parents obtained average results relating to anxiety, comfort with proximity, and confidence in others. A conclusive analysis of the obtained results enables us to understand that the filicidal act is a result of a destructive and fatal impulse. Therefore, resulting in a panoply of dangerous factors which, interdependently, will be translated into the risk of abuse, capitulating into the fatal impulse. Essentially, the filicidal act will be the final answer to the intra family stress (intensified either through personal, socio-economical constraints or through cultural and family circumstances). It is important to understand the way in which we can articulate interconnections between individual factors, affective relationships (early/throughout life), the network of social and family relationships, the social mechanisms, the parenting process [potentially mediating variables], mental illness and the individual vulnerability towards the filicidal act. In this sense, we conjecture that the filicidal impulse is not registered in matrix of unpredictability, but will be the last stronghold, fatal and produced from impulse. Leading to an escalation of risk indicators, in which the parents were insidiously disabling themselves of the act of parenting. We emphasize, considering the lack of filicide studies, that the importance of the development of scientific research which enable synthetic readings and promote the delineation of risk matrixes and strategies to prevent intra family abuse.

Orientação: Purificação Horta
A morte de um filho às mãos da sua mãe ou de uma mãe às mãos do seu filho, é uma realidade rara que provoca uma reacção colectiva de choque e repulsa. Por seu turno, a comunidade cientifica procura explicações, classificações e formas de prever e evitar novas tragédias. No presente estudo foram objecto de análise cinco casos de filicídio e seis casos de matricídio, tendo-se procedido à avaliação de características de personalidade e enquadramento social e familiar, através da realização de uma entrevista e a aplicação de dois testes de personalidade, um teste de inteligência geral e um teste de impulsividade. Com excepção de 4 casos de matricidas, os restantes sujeitos não apresentaram problemas mentais graves nem marcada perturbação anti-social de personalidade, sendo os factores determinantes mais comuns de natureza social e familiar, que, associados às respectivas características de personalidade e nível de inteligência, conduziram os sujeitos ao acto, levando a concluir pela necessidade do reforço das políticas sociais e de saúde mental, bem como, da necessidade de um maior conhecimento do sujeito que pratica o crime por parte de quem tem a responsabilidade de o julgar e de quem tem o encargo de o reabilitar.
The death of a child at the hands of its mother or of a mother at the hands of her child is a rare reality that causes a collective reaction of shock and disgust. In turn, the scientific community seeks explanations, classifications and ways of predicting and preventing further tragedies. The current study examined five cases of filicide and six cases of matricide, and personality characteristics and social and family frameworks were assessed, through the application of an interview, two personality tests, a general intelligence test and an impulsivity test. With the exception of 4 cases of matricide, the remaining subjects did not show any serious mental problems or severe anti-social personality disturbance, the most common factors being of social and family nature. These factors, combined with their personality characteristics and intelligence level, led the subjects to the act, thus showing the need to strengthen social and mental health policies, as well as the need for a greater knowledge on the subject who commits the offence, from the part of those who are responsible for judging him and of those who are in charge of rehabilitating him.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
93
Abstract The polysaccharide extracts of Grateloupia (G.) filicina which was purchased from the market were digested by four enzymes, α-amylase, cellulase, β-galactosidase, and agarase that produced from Pseudomonas vesicularis MA103. From the four hydrolysates, two enzymes were selected by higher reducing sugar contents, and the polysaccharide extracts of G. filicina were digested by the two enzymes. The antioxidation of lactic acid fermented the hydrolysates was studied. The polysaccharide extracts of G. filicina were digested by the same activity unit (100 unit) of those four enzymes. The highest reducing sugar contents of those hydrolysates were digested by cellulase and agarase. The larger the activity units of enzyme were, the higher the reducing sugars contents were. Six lactic acid (LA) fermentation products were cultured in media (1) the hydrolysate of 0.5% aqueous solution of polysaccharide extracts of G. filicina digested by 500 unit agarase and cellulase or (2) this G. filicina hydrolysate added 0.5% sucrose, 1% beef extract, and 0.5% yeast extract.(CN) And these two media was each fermented by three groups lactic acid bacteria, group A: 5% Lb. rhamnosus BCRC14068, group B: 5% Ent. faecalis BCRC13076, group C: 2.5% Lb. rhamnosus BCRC14068 and 2.5% Ent. faecalis BCRC13076. The results of pH value of six LA fermentation products were decreasing as the time of fermentation increased. The pH value of LA fermentation products that cultured in the hydrolysate added carbon and nitrogen source (L-Gra-CN-FC5 ) achieved below 4.6 at fermentation time of 9 hr. That can be a secure product, and the titratable acidity is 0.74%, lactic acid bacteria count is 9.39 log CFU/mL Antioxidative properties, including ferrous ion chelating effect, inhibition of the hemoglobin-catalyzed peroxidation of linoleic acid, and reducing power of six LA fermentation products were better as the hydrolysate of G. filicina added carbon and nitrogen source than the hydrolysate of G. filicina, except for DPPH radical scavenging effect. The soluble total polyphenol contents of the hydrolysate of G. filicina added carbon and nitrogen source that fermented by Lb. rhamnosus BCRC14068 and Ent. faecalis BCRC13076 was recorded 1,087.64 ± 0.31 GAE (gallic acid equivalents, μg/mL) higher than other fermentation products. And the soluble total polyphenol contents of the other fermentation products were recorded from 400.27 ± 1.75 - 975.92 ± 4.90 GAE. The antioxidative constituents of LA fermented G. filicina may be peptides, organic acid, and soluble total polyphenol contents.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
93
The purpose of this thesis was conferring the effect of extraction conditions on the antioxidative activity of Grateloupia filicina. After homogenized and freeze-dried G. filicina into powder, separately extracted of methanol, ethyl acetate, water, 90% methanol with water, 90% methanol with 0.01M hydrochloric acid, and made the extractions into dry powder, then compared their antioxidative activities on DPPH scavenging, reducing power, ferrous ion chelating, inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation, and total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents. Results revealed the antioxidative activity of methanolic extract was better than others, and the main reason may because of little molecule phenolic compounds. The frozen powder of G. filicina was treated with enzymes of α-amylase, β-galactosidase, cellulose, separately hydrolyzed 6 and 12 hours and freeze-dried. Compared the influence of enzymic hydrolysis on the antioxidative activities of those methanolic extracts, it showed no significantly heaving affect. The frozen powder of G. filicina was treated with methanol which have 20 % 6M hydrochloric acid, refluxed at 90℃ for 2 hours, replaced methanol solvent and hydrochloric acid by evaporated under reduced pressure, and re-extraction with methanol. Compared the effect of hydrochloric acid hydrolysis on the antioxidative activities, total phenolic contents, and total flavonoid contents of those methanolic extracts, it heaved significantly. It seemed some polyphenolic compounds were releasing after hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid, which may glycoside-bonding or combined with cellulose. Added BHA (Butyl hydroxy anisole) as protection, then processed the same method to hydrolyze with hydrochloric acid. Compared the effect of BHA addition on the antioxidative activities, total phenolic contents, and total flavonoid contents with methanol blank, it decreased significantly. Guessed some water soluble phenolic compounds may reduce the protected ability of BHA.

博士
國立海洋大學
海洋生物研究所
89
The effects of salinity, temperature irradiance on growth, photosynthesis, and respiration as well as nitrogen requirement in Grateloupia filicina were examined in this study. Two-factor experiments were conducted to test growth, photosynthesis, and respiration of thalli. The growth, uptake, and nitrogen pools of G. filicina were compared among 3 different nitrogen sources (nitrate, ammonium, and nitrite). Meanwhile, the physiological change of nitrogen pools with growth was monitored during nitrogen starvation and between medium exchange rate. Based on the results, it showed G. filicina had really wide range of environmental factors for growth. It grew in salinity range between 5 to 40‰, temperature range between 15 to 35oC, and irradiance between 5 to 135 µmol photons.m-2.s-1. The best growth rate, 12 %.d-1, observed at 20oC, 25‰, and 100 µmol photons.m-2.s-1. Photosynthesis tended to require more irradiance and higher temperature than growth to meet its maximum performance. It suggested that R/Pmax ratio could not be used as growth indicator due to poor relationship with growth. Based on growth from 3 various experiment, growth could be described by stepwise multiple regression analysis and predicted as the following formula: G= 1.717917*T+ 0.56346*S+ 0.12045*L- 0.03834*T2- 0.01218*S2 - 0.00561*L2- 21.84791 with R2 = 0.6771. The same protocol for photosynthesis was predicted as P= -0.18916*T2- 0.17480*S2 - 0.01494*IL2+ 0.10667*T*IL+ 0.06593*S*IL+34.65478 with R2 = 0.8311, for respiration, R= 1.23744*S+ 0.00921*T2- 0.02446*S2 -6.84153 with R2 = 0.4052. It seemed that growth of G. filicina would be saturated at low concentration (2.5 µM) of nitrogen addition. However, daily uptake rate suggested that they tended to become nitrogen starved when nitrogen addition was lower than 5 µM - 25 µM, in an incubation at 1.5 g of thalli per L with medium change every 3 days.Frequency of medium change had no effect on the daily uptake of NO3-. Total nitrogen concentration and other major nitrogen pools also demonstrated that thalli would under nitrogen stress when nitrogen addition was lower than 5µM - 25 µM. The critical point of TN was 1.4  103 μmol N.gdw-1（or 2% of dry weight）. The major nitrogen pools responding to nitrogen starvation was observed in an order as Int. NO3-, FAA, and PE, in time series. This order was also observed the sequence of nitrogen accumulation when thalli were treated with a NO3- over loading. However, the size of nitrogen pools seemed to be in a different series, that FAA taking the largest position, Int. NO3-, the second, and PE, the third.

碩士
國立海洋大學
水產養殖學系
88
For the development of the cultivation of red alga Grateloupia filicina, the establishment of seed stock, both filamentous and crust stage in a large quantity is a preliminary step. For this purpose, several environmental factous, e.g. photoperiod, light untensity, temperature were studied for their effects on the regeneration of crusts of G. filicina after wounding treatment. It was found that the shortest light period (4 L:20 D) showed the best effect in maintaining the regeneration filimants at a thorougly filamentous stage. Longer light period (8 L:16 D,12 L:12 D) would favor the formation dark crusts.This dark crusts in photoperiod 12 L:12 D will further develop new shoots. In seaweed aquaculture, the filamentous stage can be kept as seed stock for rope culture while the dark crusts can be used as that for suspension culture. To further promote the growth of the filaments in a short light period, the addition of plant growth regulators (PGR), polyamine, nitrogen sources and organic carbon sources have been tried in artificial culture medium (ASP12-NTA). The results showed that in single PGR experiment, IAA at concentration of 0.01 mg/L exhibited the best promotion, while in combination experiment with 2,4-D 0.01 mg/L and BA 0.01 mg/L at a ratio of 1:1 the effect was further promoted. In polyamines experiment,putrescine was significantly effective at 0.01 mg/L, when compared to control.In the addition of nitrogen of different sources exhibited various effect on the filament growth. Urea showed no significant effect on the growth of the filaments, that of NaNO3 showed saturation at 50μΜ, while NH4Cl presented an increasing trend of growth at the experimental concentration range (0-200 μΜ). Supplementary organic carbon source also showed different effect in promoting filament growth, with glycerol at 0.3 M exhibited the best effect, glycerol at 0.1 M ranked the second, while the other organic carbon sources was either less effective or not. The addition of glycerol in nature seawater at concentration of 0.1 M exhibited even higher growth promotion on filament growth. Aside from regeneration of wound thallus filaments seed stock could also be prepared directly from tetraspores by culturing them at non-attachment status and shaking them at suitable interval in a short- light period environment. The morphogenesis pattern could be modified following the change in the regime of photoperiod as described in the previous results.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
生物學系
92
Thallus of Grateloupia filicina was used for investigating the correlation of polyamines and metabolism of floridean starch under a photoperiod, a long-term darkness and two salt stress(15 ‰, 45 ‰). In photoperiod experiment which was under intermittent illumination of 12 hr light and 12 hr darkness, floridean starch level was found unchanged at the beginning of the light period. Soluble sugar, putrescine (Put) content and activity of two floridean starch degrading enzyme (α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) and phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1)) evidently decreased simultaneous, and protein content obviously increased. During the following dark period, there was significantly declined in floridean starch and protein content, and slightly decreased in soluble sugar. On the contrary, Put content and activity of two floridean starch degrading enzyme remarkably increased, and Put level was accumulated to a maximum value(123.76±4.46 nmol/Fw g) at the 20th hr of photoperiod.The experiment of long-term darkness indicated floridean starch and protein content, phosphorylase activity showed a declined pattern, soluble sugar decreased at the 4th day, Put content and α-glucosidase activity slightly raised during the first 3 days of darkness, and then rapidly declined. In the experiment of salt stress used 15 ‰ seawater as hyposaline stress, 45 ‰ seawater as hypersaline stress and 30 ‰ seawater as control. Thallus was treated with Put and it’s synthetic inhibitors (D-arginine (D-Arg) and methylornithine(MO)) for 24 hr, then removed to cultural medium without Put and it’s synthetic inhibitors. The results indicated growth rate reduced, soluble sugar and protein increased at 45 ‰ salinity. The change of specific growth rate and ingredients at 15 ‰ were similar to control. Put synthetic inhibitor, D-Arg, could significantly decrease Put content and specific growth rate. There wae no effect in MO. At 45 ‰ salinity, the specific growth rate of thallus treated with Put was highter than at 30 ‰ salinity. In addition, activity of floridean starch degrading enzyme and soluble sugar were inhibited by D-Arg, and increaseing proline level at 45 ‰. Due to 24 hr short-term significant treatment effect may decline with time,and an additional Put and it’s synthetic inhibitor were added to the medium of 30 ‰ and 45 ‰ salinity, and immediately, analysis it’s physiological change after 24 hr. The results indicated phosphorylase activity showed no significantly different, and α-glucosidase activity, Put, floridean starch, soluble sugar and protein content were more significant than 24 hr short-term treatments. As a whole, after photoperiod and long-term darkness treatments, change in Put content was consistent with the activity of floridean starch degrading enzyme. In the experiment by adding Put and synthetic inhibitors under salt stress were proved that Put may regulate activity of floridean starch degrading enzyme, and to stimulate the floridean starch degradation. Key words: Grateloupia filicina、salt stress、floridean starch、floridean starch degrading enzyme、proline、polyamine、polyamine synthetic inhibitors

Desde su génesis mítica griega Medea ha sido caracterizada como la mujer bárbara, la transterrada, la desesperada, la hechicera y la filicida. Calificativos éstos que, en mayor o menor medida, han sostenido los numerosos autores que la han reescrito desde el siglo V hasta nuestra era, dado el carácter polisémico que este personaje adquiere. Ella encarna la marginalidad que significa ser mujer y extranjera en la Atenas del siglo V a.C, una suerte de alteridad que carga con una serie de impulsos y de reacciones, en particular la cólera desmedida, el furor pasional que le ha permitido trascender la exclusividad del ámbito literario e incorporarse definitivamente en la pluralidad de las artes: la literatura, el cine, la pintura y la música; y en la pluralidad de los tiempos. Ya Eurípides en el 431 a.C resemantizó el relato tradicional al implementar el rito iniciático de la muerte de los hijos. A posteriori, la literatura de Occidente vuelve sobre esta imagen en la que se siguen indagando los aspectos psicológicos de la mujer y de la madre con los aportes decisivos que cada autor ha gestado en ella. En este trabajo analizamos la concepción trágica de la mujer desde la tragedia griega, Medea de Eurípides, hacia las distintas performances que brinda la literatura de Occidente, en el marco de los estudios comparados. Los personajes femeninos de Eurípides representarían un tipo de diseño que los haría más cercanos a las mujeres reales pues su trágica humanidad, les ha permitido perpetuarse en los trazos de otras mujeres, otras Medeas, en la particularidad de la literatura argentina y de la literatura francesa, en los albores del siglo XXl. Sin circunscribirnos a una lectura unívoca, creemos que las mujeres de las obras analizadas, transgreden los límites previsibles, quiebran un orden, el del κόσμος, en la vertebración de tres ejes: la extranjería, el destierro y finalmente el filicidio. Cada una de ellas: Bárbara en La frontera de David Cureses, Medea en Jasón de Alemania de Javier González, y Médée en Médée Kali de Laurent Gaudé, se erigen en representantes de la extralimitación, de la desproporción en sus sentimientos de amor y de odio y en sus consecuencias más terribles. Por ello son mujeres trágicas, en un momento dado, en el momento en que la tragedia es el verdadero espejo de la vida humana en sus crisis decisivas, en la descripción del sufrimiento humano.