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1
Bokobza, Liliane. "Elastomer Nanocomposites: Effect of Filler–Matrix and Filler–Filler Interactions." Polymers 15, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15132900.
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The reinforcement of elastomers is essential in the rubber industry in order to obtain the properties required for commercial applications. The addition of active fillers in an elastomer usually leads to an improvement in the mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus and the rupture properties. Filled rubbers are also characterized by two specific behaviors related to energy dissipation known as the Payne and the Mullins effects. The Payne effect is related to non-linear viscoelastic behavior of the storage modulus while the Mullins or stress-softening effect is characterized by a lowering in the stress when the vulcanizate is extended a second time. Both effects are shown to strongly depend on the interfacial adhesion and filler dispersion. The basic mechanisms of reinforcement are first discussed in the case of conventional rubber composites filled with carbon black or silica usually present in the host matrix in the form of aggregates and agglomerates. The use of nanoscale fillers with isotropic or anisotropic morphologies is expected to yield much more improvement than that imparted by micron-scale fillers owing to the very large polymer–filler interface. This work reports some results obtained with three types of nanoparticles that can reinforce rubbery matrices: spherical, rod-shaped and layered fillers. Each type of particle is shown to impart to the host medium a specific reinforcement on account of its own structure and geometry. The novelty of this work is to emphasize the particular mechanical behavior of some systems filled with nanospherical particles such as in situ silica-filled poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks that display a strong polymer–filler interface and whose mechanical response is typical of double network elastomers. Additionally, the potential of carbon dots as a reinforcing filler for elastomeric materials is highlighted. Different results are reported on the reinforcement imparted by carbon nanotubes and graphenic materials that is far below their expected capability despite the development of various techniques intended to reduce particle aggregation and improve interfacial bonding with the host matrix.
2
Lee, Jegon, and Hye Jung Youn. "Strengthening effect of polyelectrolyte multilayers on highly filled paper." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 1 (May 23, 2018): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3010.
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AbstractPolyelectrolyte multilayering (PEM) treatment is regarded as one of the surface modification techniques to increase paper strength. In this study, the strengthening effect of PEM treatment of highly filled paper was investigated. PEM treatment was performed on both fiber and filler with cationic starch and anionic polyacrylamide systems. Both approaches provided an improvement in the strength of filled paper. However, the strengthening effect of PEM treatment on fibers became weaker as filler content increased, whilst the PEM treatment on fillers was more effective in improving the strength of the highly filled paper. This was because PEM treatment on fillers improved bonding strength between fiber and filler as well as bonding strength between fillers. This was confirmed by the evaluation of specific debonding factor between fiber and filler, and the measurement of the breaking strength of dense film composed of fillers.
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Roy, Kumarjyoti, Subhas Chandra Debnath, and Pranut Potiyaraj. "A critical review on the utilization of various reinforcement modifiers in filled rubber composites." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 52, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244319835869.
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Presently, the development of high-performance filled rubber composites offers a new era in the industrial field of polymer research. This article reviews the utilization of various reinforcement modifiers on the successive property enhancement of rubber composites containing different commonly used fillers like silica, nanoclay, carbon nanotube, natural fibers, and so on. The practical importance of reinforcement modifiers in rubber technology is systematically described in the light of filler dispersion, processing, and mechanical properties of filled rubber compounds. A special emphasis is given on the mechanism of interaction between reinforcement modifiers and filler surface in filled rubber composites. Filler dispersion in the rubber matrix is the key parameter that controls the ultimate performance and rubber–filler interaction of filled rubber system. The use of some fixed reinforcement modifiers is an innovative way not only to solve the dispersion problem of filler particles but also to increase the reinforcing ability of most of the fillers in filled rubber products. Thus, the concept of reinforcement modifiers has the potential to facilitate further development of filler reinforcement technology for rubber-based composite materials.
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Mansor, Mohd Khairulniza, and Ruslimie Che Ali. "Properties Evaluation of Micro-Crystalline Cellulose and Starch as Bio-Filler in Rubber Compounding." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.593.
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Effects of filler loading on the mechanical properties of Epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) filled with bio-fillers were studied. The compounds with different filler loadings (0, 30, 50, 70 phr) were prepared in a Haake internal mixer. Result showed that the viscosity of the compounds increased with filler loading and exhibited longer cure time with higher loading of the bio-filler. The mechanical properties of starch-filled vulcanisates present better tensile strength at 50 phr when compared to micro-crystalline cellulose (MCC) filled vulcanisates at similar filler loadings. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture surface of 50 phr starch-filled vulcanisates illustrated a homogenous distribution in comparison with MCC-filled compounds.
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Shen, Jing, Zhanqian Song, Xueren Qian, and Wenxia Liu. "Modification of papermaking grade fillers: A brief review." BioResources 4, no. 3 (July 28, 2009): 1190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.3.1190-1209.
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The use of fillers in paper products can provide cost and energy savings, improved paper properties, increased productivities, and specifically desired paper functionalities. There are many problems associated with the use of fillers, such as unsuitability of calcium carbonate fillers in acid papermaking, negative effects of filler loading on paper strength, sizing, and retention, and tendencies of fillers to cause abrasion and dusting. In order to solve these problems and to make better use of fillers, many methods have been proposed, among which filler modification has been a hot topic. The available technologies of filler modification mainly include modification with inorganic substances, modification with natural polymers or their derivatives, modification with water-soluble synthetic polymers, modification with surfactants, modification with polymer latexes, hydrophobic modification, cationic modification, surface nano-structuring, physical modification by compressing, calcination or grinding, and modification for use in functional papers. The methods of filler modification can provide improved acid tolerant and optical properties of fillers, enhanced fiber-filler bonding, improved filler retention and filler sizabilities, alleviated filler abrasiveness, improved filler dispersability, and functionalization of filled papers. Filler modification has been an indispensable way to accelerate the development of high filler technology in papermaking, which is likely to create additional benefits to papermaking industry in the future.
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Basha, U. Mahaboob, D. Mohana Krishnudu, P. Hussain, K. Manohar Reddy, N. Karthikeyan, and M. Ashok Kumar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Natural Fibers Reinforced Fiber Epoxy Composites." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 51 (May 2015): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.51.47.
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In the current work epoxy resin is chosen as matrix, treated Sacharum offinarum ( SugarCane) fiber, Pennisetum typhoides (Jowar)/ Fillet miller (Ragi) filler are chosen as reinforcement. Room temperature cured Epoxy System filled with Sacharum offinarum fiber and Pennisetum typhoides (Jowar)/ Fillet miller (Ragi) filler are synthesised by mechanical shear mixer, then kept in a Ultra sonic Sonicator for better dispersion of Pennisetum typhoides (Jowar)/ Fillet miller (Ragi) filler in the matrix. Different weights of modified Pennisetum typhoides (Jowar)/ Fillet miller (Ragi) filler (1,2,3,4,5 gm wt) has been incorporated into the Epoxy matrix in order to study the variation of Mechanical and Thermal properties.
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Basha, U. Mahaboob, D. Mohana Krishnudu, P. Hussain, K. Manohar Reddy, N. Karthikeyan, and M. Ashok Kumar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Natural Fibers Reinforced Fiber Epoxy Composites." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 51 (May 15, 2015): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-068o68.
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In the current work epoxy resin is chosen as matrix, treated Sacharum offinarum ( SugarCane) fiber, Pennisetum typhoides (Jowar)/ Fillet miller (Ragi) filler are chosen as reinforcement. Room temperature cured Epoxy System filled with Sacharum offinarum fiber and Pennisetum typhoides (Jowar)/ Fillet miller (Ragi) filler are synthesised by mechanical shear mixer, then kept in a Ultra sonic Sonicator for better dispersion of Pennisetum typhoides (Jowar)/ Fillet miller (Ragi) filler in the matrix. Different weights of modified Pennisetum typhoides (Jowar)/ Fillet miller (Ragi) filler (1,2,3,4,5 gm wt) has been incorporated into the Epoxy matrix in order to study the variation of Mechanical and Thermal properties.
8
Joseph, S., V. A. Bambole, and P. A. Mahanwar. "Mechanical Properties of Poly(ether ether ketone) Composites Reinforced by Carbon Nano-Platelet Chains and Nanoalumina." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 24, no. 6 (July 29, 2011): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705711403638.
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Carbon nanoplatelet and nanoalumina reinforced PEEK nanocomposites were fabricated by twin-screw extrusion followed by injection molding. The effect of the filler loading on mechanical properties, morphology, dielectric strength, and thermal stability of the composites has been analyzed. The mechanical properties were found to increase with nanoplatelet content up to 1% loading (optimum filler content) and after that, due to agglomeration of filler, slight decrease in properties were observed. For alumina-filled systems mechanical properties increased with increasing filler content due to the well-dispersed fillers in the composites. The modulus and toughness of alumina-filled composites were higher than platelet-filled composites.
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Choi, Jae Hyun, Bong Goo Choi, Min A. Lee, and Jae Sik Na. "Development of Epoxy/BN Composites with High Thermal Conductivity for Metal-Core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 749 (April 2015): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.749.290.
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The epoxy composites with high thermal conductivity for metal-core printed circuit board (MCPCB) can be prepared by varnish coating and a hot press method. Alumina filler of plate-like shape was used as primary micro-filler, while plate-like alumina filler, h-BN, a-BN and s-BN filler were used for blending into the plate-like alumina filler as the secondary filler. Results showed that the secondary fillers a-BN and s-BN loaded epoxy composites have higher thermal conductivity than alumina filler single-loaded composites. Also, BN filler has high thermal conductivity, but h-BN filled epoxy composite has lower thermal conductivity than alumina filled epoxy composite. The decrease of voids in epoxy composite are very important, and the filler shape and surface modification is also necessary to achieve high thermal conductivity in epoxy composite for MCPCB
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Ray, Sudip, Anil K. Bhowmick, and S. Bandyopadhyay. "Atomic Force Microscopy Studies on Morphology and Distribution of Surface Modified Silica and Clay Fillers in an Ethylene-Octene Copolymer Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 5 (November 1, 2003): 1091–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547789.
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Abstract Topographic and phase imaging in tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) has been performed to investigate the effect of surface modification of silica and clay fillers on the morphology and the microdispersion of the filler particles in the rubber matrix. The above fillers have been modified by using surface coating agents like an acrylate monomer (trimethylolpropane triacrylate, TMPTA) or a silane coupling agent (triethoxy vinylsilane, TEVS) followed by electron beam modification at room temperature. Both unmodified and surface modified fillers have been incorporated in an ethylene-octene copolymer rubber. The phase images of the above composites elucidate the reduction in aggregate size due to the filler surface modification, which is more pronounced in the case of silane modification. The results obtained from the section analysis and the histogram of the filler distribution further corroborate the above findings. The corresponding topographic images are characterized by various statistical quantities like roughness parameters and two-dimensional power spectral density (2-D PSD). As compared to the control silica and clay filled rubbers, a noticeable reduction in the surface roughness is observed in the case of modified filled composites. Thus, the whole study based on AFM suggests that the surface modification of the above fillers significantly reduces the filler-filler interaction, which in turn reduces the filler aggregate size and helps in improving the filler dispersion.
11
Wang, Meng-Jiao. "Effect of Polymer-Filler and Filler-Filler Interactions on Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 520–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538492.
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Abstract In the past few years, an enormous amount of work has been reported on the progress in the application of conventional fillers and the development of new products to improve the reinforcement of rubber, dynamic properties in particular. While all agree that the filler as one of the main components of the filled-rubber composite, has a very important role in improving the dynamic performances of the rubber products; many new ideas, theories, practices, phenomena, and observations about how and especially why the filler alters the dynamic stress-strain response have been presented. This, of course, suggests that not only is the real world of the filled rubber complex and sophisticated but also multiple mechanisms may be involved. However, it must be admitted that the possibility exists for explaining the effect of all fillers on rubber properties ultimately in similar and relatively nonspecific terms, i.e., the phenomenon related to all filler parameters should follow a general rule or principle. It is the author's belief that, with regard to the effect of filler on the dynamic properties of a given polymer and cure system, filler networking, both its architecture and strength, is the main (although not only) parameter to govern the behavior of the filled rubber. From the thermodynamic and kinetic points of view, filler network formation is especially related to filler-filler, polymer-filler, as well as polymer-polymer interactions. As mentioned in the introduction, this paper is an attempt to review the effect of filler characteristics on dynamic properties in connection with processing conditions and additives. Since the polymer-filler interaction is not only affected by filler, what is also important are the characteristics of polymers such as chemical composition, chain microstructure including molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, configuration, stereoregularity, monomer unit distribution and sequence, and their functionality. All of these have a substantial influence on the physical and/or chemical interactions with other additives and filler surfaces, as well as on the interaction between polymer molecules themselves, which would impact not only the filler network formation but also the viscoelastic response of the polymer matrix. In addition, the polymer network structure which was formed during vulcanization and characterized by crosslink density, crosslink structure, and chain modification, is equally important in contributing to the overall dynamic properties of the filled rubber. In this paper, only some of these aspects have been discussed relative to their effect on filler network formation. Further discussion of these parameters is beyond the subject of the present paper. However, some guidance to these important topics is given in a handbook that was recently published.
12
Jung, Jae Kap, Chang Hoon Lee, Min Seok Son, Ji Hun Lee, Un Bong Baek, Ki Soo Chung, Myung Chan Choi, and Jong Woo Bae. "Filler Effects on H2 Diffusion Behavior in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Blended with Carbon Black and Silica Fillers of Different Concentrations." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040700.
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Filler effects on H2 diffusion in nitrile butadiene rubbers (NBRs) blended with carbon black and silica fillers of different concentrations are first investigated by employing a volumetric analysis. Total uptake, solubility, and diffusivity of hydrogen for ten filled-NBR, including neat NBR, are determined in an exposed pressure range of 1.3 MPa~92.6 MPa. Filler dependence on hydrogen uptake and diffusion is distinctly observed in the NBRs blended with high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black (CB) fillers compared to NBRs blended with medium thermal furnace (MT) CB and silica filler, which is related to the specific surface area of carbon black and interface structure. The HAF CB filled-NBR follows dual sorption behavior combined with Henry’s law and the Langmuir model, responsible for two contributions of solubility from polymer and filler. However, a single gas sorption behavior coming from the polymer is observed satisfying Henry’s law up to 92.6 MPa for NBR blended with MT CB filled-NBR and silica filled-NBR. Diffusion demonstrates Knudsen and bulk diffusion behavior below and above, respectively, at certain pressures. With increasing pressure, the filler effect on diffusion is reduced, and diffusivity converges to a value. The correlation observed between diffusivity and filler content (or crosslink density) is discussed.
13
Thirumal, M., Dipak Khastgir, Nikhil K. Singha, B. S. Manjunath, and Y. P. Naik. "Mechanical, Morphological and Thermal Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam: Effect of the Fillers." Cellular Polymers 26, no. 4 (July 2007): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248930702600402.
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Rigid polyurethane foam (PUF) having different fillers such as precipitated silica (SiO2), precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and glass powder (GP) were prepared by blowing with distilled water. The effect of filler loading on different properties of PUF was studied. In this investigation, the filler content was varied from 5 to 50 parts per hundred of polyol (phr) by weight. The properties such as density, mechanical, morphological, water absorption, thermal conductivity and thermal properties of the filled PUF were compared with the neat PUF. The density of silica filled PUF decreases with an increase in the filler loading. In case of calcium carbonate and glass powder the density initially decreases with filler loading, but after a certain concentration of fillers there is an increase in density with filler content. The mechanical properties such as compressive stress at 10% strain, compressive modulus and hardness of the filled PUF decrease in comparison with the neat PUF, due to the reaction between isocyanate and surface functional group present in filler. In all cases, the water absorption of the PUF increases with the increase in filler loading, due to the decrease in the closed cell content. The thermal conductivity analysis of PUF shows that the insulation properties decrease with the increase in silica as well as CaCO3 loading. This is mainly due to formation of open and damaged cell structure. However, when glass powder is used as filler the thermal conductivity first decreases, but later increases with filler loading.
14
Song, Shunxi, Shibo Yuan, Meiyun Zhang, Lin Li, Bin Yang, Jingyi Nie, and Zhaoqing Lu. "A filler distribution factor and its relationship with the critical properties of mineral-filled paper." BioResources 13, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 6631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.6631-6641.
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The use of mineral fillers in the paper industry has attracted much attention due to its low cost and ability to improve optical properties and printability. Besides the filler characteristics, paper properties, such as bulk, tensile, and opacity, are greatly affected by filler distribution in the z-direction. Therefore, optimization of filler distribution is an effective way to maximize the value of fillers. In this work, a filler distribution factor (Fc) was proposed to quantitatively describe the concentrated degree of filler distribution in the z-direction. The reduction in Fc resulted in an increase in paper bulk, porosity, and opacity, due to the generation of more interfaces between fibers and fillers. When filler particles were concentrated in one layer (Fc = 1), the tensile strength of the filled paper increased between 26 to 40% in comparison to the paper with various Fc values. For a given Fc, better tensile and opacity properties were achieved by increasing filler concentration on the surface layer of paper.
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Gregorova, Adriana, Michal Machovsky, and Rupert Wimmer. "Viscoelastic Properties of Mineral-Filled Poly(lactic acid) Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/252981.
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Poly(lactic acid) was filled with 20 wt% of the three mineral fillers Mica, Zeolite, and Vansil, differing in the particle shape and surface area. Viscoelastic properties of unfilled and filled composites were investigated via dynamic mechanical analysis, while filler and fracture surface morphology of the composites was analysed through scanning electron microscopy. Results demonstrate the relationships between viscoelastic damping behaviour of filled PLA composites and the filler distribution in the PLA matrix. Both damping reduction and scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that Zeolite was better distributed in the poly(lactic acid) matrix than the other used fillers Mica and Vansil. The interfacial filler/matrix adhesion has again proved to be the key factor determining thermal and mechanical properties of reinforced composite material.
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Ma, Jian-Hua, Su-He Zhao, Li-Qun Zhang, and You-Ping Wu. "COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TWO STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBERS FILLED WITH CARBON BLACK, CARBON–SILICA DUAL-PHASE FILLER, AND SILICA." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 664–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87956.
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ABSTRACT Heat buildup, wet skid resistance (WSR), wear resistance (WR), and cutting and chipping resistance (CCR) of carbon black (CB), carbon–silica dual-phase filler (CSDPF), and silica-filled two kinds of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) were investigated. For the same SBR systems, the composite filled with silica exhibited the lowest heat generation and highest WSR performance, whereas it showed the worst WR and CCR among the three composites. The CSDPF-filled composite obtained a balanced overall performance. Rubber processing analyzer (RPA) strain sweep results showed that the CSDPF-filled composite exhibits the lowest Payne effect, which is related to filler networking in the rubber matrix. Solid-state 1H low-field NMR demonstrated that the sequence of the filler–rubber interaction of the composites was CB > CSDPF > silica. Bis-(3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl)-tetrasulfide increased the cross-link density of the silica-filled composite. For the composites with different fillers, the lower filler network structure and higher cross-link density result in the lowest heat generation of silica-filled composite, and the strongest filler–rubber interaction leads to the best WR and CCR performances of the CB-filled composite. Filled SBR5025 composites exhibited better WR, lower heat buildup, and worse CCR than filled SBR1712 composites with the same filler.
17
Amin, L. Muhamad Nadhli, Hanafi Ismail, and O. Nadras. "Comparative Study of Bentonite Filled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber and Carbon Black Filled NBR Composites Properties." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 5, 2018): 5468–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.15.3.2018.5.0420.
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This paper determines the potential of bentonite to replace the commonly used carbon black as filler in synthetic rubber composite product. Thus, the study made by comparing the results of curing, tensile thermal and morphological properties of bentonite and carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composites. The result of the tensile strength (TS), modulus at 100 % elongation (M100) and modulus at 300 % elongation (M300) for both bentonite (Bt) and carbon black (CB) filled NBR composites increased as the filler loading increased. The elongation at break (Eb) for Bt followed the same trend but not for NBR/CB composites. At similar filler loading, CB filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites demonstrated higher TS, M100, M300, and Eb compared to the Bt filled NBR composites. As the filler loading increased, the swelling percentage decreased for both types of fillers. However, at similar filler loading, the swelling percentage of CB filled NBR (NBR/CB) is lower than the Bt filled NBR (NBR/Bt). Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the tensile fractured surface of NBR/CB composites exhibits better filler dispersion and more tear lines compared to the NBR/Bt composites.
18
Pouchelon, A., and P. Vondracek. "Semiempirical Relationships between Properties and Loading in Filled Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): 788–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536275.
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Abstract The dynamic storage modulus of uncured silica-filled silicone rubber increases sharply when a critical filler loading is reached. A similar behavior has been observed for the conductivity in the same compounds. The experimental data fit a percolation law fairly well, and microscopy confirms the formation of a filler network according to the percolation model. This behavior depends on a polymer-filler interaction level, suggesting a filler network consisting of filler particles bridged together by adsorbed polymer. It has been found that the percolation threshold coincides with the optimum value of elongation at break of the corresponding vulcanizates. The percolation behavior and the relations between properties of filled rubbers described here were observed in various filled rubbers of quite different compositions. This seems to suggest the general validity of the presented relationships in all elastomers reinforced by particulate fillers.
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Gao, Yangyang, Dapeng Cao, Jun Liu, Jianxiang Shen, Youping Wu, and Liqun Zhang. "Molecular dynamics simulation of the conductivity mechanism of nanorod filled polymer nanocomposites." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 35 (2015): 22959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp01953b.
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We adopted molecular dynamics simulation to study the conductive property of nanorod-filled polymer nanocomposites by focusing on the effects of the interfacial interaction, aspect ratio of the fillers, external shear field, filler–filler interaction and temperature.
20
Shahabaz, S. M., Prakhar Mehrotra, Hridayneel Kalita, Sathyashankara Sharma, Nithesh Naik, Dilifa Jossley Noronha, and Nagaraja Shetty. "Effect of Al2O3 and SiC Nano-Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 4 (March 27, 2023): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7040133.
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Polymeric nanocomposites are an emerging research topic, as they improve fiber-reinforced composites’ thermo-mechanical and tribological properties. Nanomaterials improve electrical and thermal conductivity and provide excellent wear and friction resistance to the polymer matrix material. In this research work, a systematic study was carried out to examine the tensile and hardness properties of a carbon fiber epoxy composite comprising nano-sized Al2O3 and SiC fillers. The study confirms that adding nano-fillers produces superior tensile and hardness properties for carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The amount of filler loading ranged from 1, 1.5, 1.75, and 2% by weight of the resin for Al2O3 and 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 2% for SiC fillers. The maximum tensile strength gain of 29.54% and modulus gain of 2.42% were noted for Al2O3 filled composite at 1.75 wt.% filler loading. Likewise, enhanced strength gain of 25.75% and 1.17% in modulus gain was obtained for SiC-filled composite at 1.25 wt.% filler loading, respectively. The hardness property of nano-filled composites improved with a hardness number of 47 for nano-Al2O3 and 43 for nano-SiC, respectively, at the same filler loading.
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Azrem, Ahmad Azmi, N. Z. Noriman, and M. N. Razif. "The Effects of Carbon Black and Calcium Carbonate as a Filler on Cure Characteristic and Physical Properties of SBR/CRr Blends." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.867.
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Filler are compounding ingredients added to a rubber compound for the purpose of iether reinforcing or cheapening the compound. Despite that, fillers can also be used to modify the physical properties of both unvulcanized and vulcanized rubbers. Typically filler materials include carbon black, calcium silicate, calcium carbonate and clay [. The mechanism of reinforcement of elastomers by fillers has been reviewed by several workers. They considered that the effect of filler is to increase the number of chains, which share the load of a broken polymer chain. It is known that in the case of filled vulcanizates, the efficiency of reinforcement depends on a complex interaction of several filler related parameters. They include particle size, particle shape, particle dispersion, surface area, surface reactivity, structure of the filler and the bonding quality between the filler and the rubber matrix [.
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Kim, Youjin, and Jooheon Kim. "3D Interconnected Boron Nitride Networks in Epoxy Composites via Coalescence Behavior of SAC305 Solder Alloy as a Bridging Material for Enhanced Thermal Conductivity." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 1954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091954.
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In this study, hybrid fillers of spherically shaped aggregated boron nitride (a-BN) attached with SAC305, were fabricated via simple stirring and the vacuum filtration method. a-BN was used as the primary conductive filler incorporated with epoxy resin, and these fillers were interconnected each other via the coalescence behavior of SAC305 during the thermal curing process. Based on controlled a-BN content (1 g) on 3 g of epoxy, the thermal conductivity of the composite filled with hybrid filler (a-BN:SAC305 = 1:0.5) reached 0.95 W/mK (33 wt%) due to the construction of the 3D filler network, whereas that of composite filled with raw a-BN was only 0.60 W/mK (25 wt%). The thermal conductivity of unfilled epoxy was 0.19 W/mK.
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Khongwong, Wasana, Nittaya Keawprak, Phunthinee Somwongsa, Duriyoung Tattaporn, and Piyalak Ngernchuklin. "Effect of Alternative Fillers on the Properties of Rubber Compounds." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.316.
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The paper is focused on the influence of alternative fillers on rubber compounds properties. Three different types of powder fillers, drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS), perlite and calcium carbonate, were mixed into rubber compound mixtures. The mixtures were composed of STR20, EPDM, zinc oxide, steric acid, paraffin wax, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), sulphur, Wingstay L, and filler. The mixtures were mixed in a Kneader type mixer at temperature of 70°C and then continuously mixed using a two-roll mill at temperature of 70°C. The relationships between type and the amount of filler versus properties of rubber compounds were demonstrated. The results showed that tensile and elongation at break of rubber compounds gradually decreased with increasing the amount of filler. Rubber compounds filled with small particle size filler possessed higher tensile strength and elongation at break than those filled with large particle size filler. Values of DIN abrasion loss of rubber compounds prepared under proper mixing condition were not more than 300 mm3. Under appropriate condition, the rubber compounds with DWTS, perlite and calcium carbonate provided sufficiently high shore A hardness (not less than 50 Shore A hardness). Finally, alternative fillers such as DWTS and perlite were expected to replace calcium carbonate in normal formula.
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Liu, Jie Sheng, Dong Lai Li, Jun Yu, and Zong Wang Zhang. "Study in Surface Modification of Silica in Silicone Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 496 (March 2012): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.496.34.
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Silica fillers are well known to improve the mechanical properties of elastomers.Nevertheless, the silica filler particles tend to aggregate and affect the properties of the elastomer. In the present study, the silica filler was modified by silane coupling agent (A-151) in order to improve the dispersion of the filler in silicone rubber. The composites samples added with surface treated silica filler was characterized by FT-IR, bound rubber, and fluorescent microscope with that reinforced by the unmodified filler as a comparison. FT-IR results evidences the successful surface modified by silane coupling agent. Bound rubber contents of the origin silica filler are much lower than that of the silica filler with the silane coupling agent treatment. The modified silica-filled shows a better dispersion than that of the origin silica filler and the agglomeration of filler occurs in the unmodified silica-filler compounds.
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Dahal, Raj Kumar, Bishnu Acharya, and Animesh Dutta. "The Interaction Effect of the Design Parameters on the Water Absorption of the Hemp-Reinforced Biocarbon-Filled Bio-Epoxy Composites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (March 23, 2023): 6093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076093.
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Natural fiber-reinforced composites perform poorly when exposed to moisture. Biocarbon has been proven to improve the water-absorbing behavior of natural fiber composites. However, the interaction effect of the design parameters on the biocarbon-filled hemp fiber-reinforced bio-epoxy composites has not been studied. In this study, the effects of the design parameters (pyrolysis temperature, biocarbon particle size, and filler loading) on the water absorptivity and water diffusivity of hemp-reinforced biopolymer composites have been investigated. Biocarbon from the pyrolysis of hemp and switchgrass was produced at 450, 550, and 650 °C. Composite samples with 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 20 wt.% of biocarbon fillers of sizes below 50, 75, and 100 microns were used. The hemp fiber in polymer composites showed a significant influence in its water uptake behavior with the value of water absorptivity 2.41 × 10−6 g/m2.s1/2. The incorporation of biocarbon fillers in the hemp biopolymer composites reduces the average water absorptivity by 44.17% and diffusivity by 42.02%. At the optimized conditions, the value of water absorptivity with hemp biocarbon and switchgrass biocarbon fillers was found to be 0.72 × 10−6 g/m2.s1/2 and 0.73 × 10−6 g/m2.s1/2, respectively. The biocarbon at 650 °C showed the least composite thickness swelling due to its higher porosity and lower surface area. Biocarbon-filled hemp composites showed higher flexural strength and energy at the break due to the enhanced mechanical interlocking between the filler particles and the matrix materials. Smaller filler particle size lowered the composite’s water diffusivity, whereas the larger particle size of the biocarbon fillers in composites minimizes the water absorption. Additionally, higher filler loading results in weaker composite tensile energy at the break due to the filler agglomeration, reduced polymer-filler interactions, reduced polymer chain mobility, and inadequate dispersion of the filler.
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Bokobza, Liliane. "ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITES BASED ON NANOSPHERICAL PARTICLES AND CARBON NANOTUBES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 423–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.86983.
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ABSTRACT The reinforcement of elastomeric materials by addition of mineral fillers represents one of the most important aspects in the field of rubber science and technology. The improvement in mechanical properties arises from hydrodynamic effects depending mainly on the amount of filler and the aspect ratio of the particles and also on polymer–filler interactions depending on the surface characteristics of the filler particles and the chemical nature of the polymer. The past few years have seen the extensive use of nanometer-scale particles of different morphologies on account of the small size of the filler and the corresponding increase in the surface area that allow a considerable increase in mechanical properties even at very low filler loading. Among these nanoparticles, spherical particles (such as silica or titania) generated in situ by the sol-gel process and carbon nanotubes are typical examples of materials used as a nanosize reinforcing additive. Specific features of filled elastomers are discussed through the existing literature and through results of the author's research based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) filled with spherical silica or titania particles and on styrene–butadiene rubber filled with multiwall carbon nanotubes. The reinforcing ability of each type of filler is discussed in terms of morphology, state of dispersion (investigated by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, small-angle neutron scattering), and mechanical and electrical properties. In addition, the use of molecular spectroscopies provides valuable information on the polymer–filler interface. Spherical silica and titania spherical particles are shown to exhibit two distinct morphologies, two different polymer–filler interfaces that influence the mechanical properties of the resulting materials. The superiority of carbon nanotubes over carbon black for mechanical reinforcement and electrical conduction is mainly attributed to their large aspect ratio rather than to strong polymer–filler interactions. The use of hybrid fillers (carbon nanotubes in addition to carbon black or silica, for example) has been shown to give promising results by promoting an enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties with regard to each single filler.
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Song, Shunxi, Jiantao Liang, Lin Li, Meiyun Zhang, Jingyi Nie, and Xiaoli Zhen. "Selection of filler particle size for maximizing the critical properties of cellulosic paper by filler pre-flocculation." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-0044.
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AbstractFiller pre-flocculation has been extensively studied in the past to increase filler content while maintaining the physical strength properties of paper. However, optical properties of paper could be negatively affected due to the filler pre-flocculation. In this work, two kinds of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) fillers with different particle sizes, namely PCC1 (4.2 μm) and PCC2 (7.7 μm), were used to investigate the effects of filler pre-flocculation on the strength and optical properties of paper. Results showed that pre-flocculated fillers with smaller particle size (PCC1) could improve the tensile strength of handsheets more effectively, since the tensile index was increased by 22.9 %. Meanwhile, for a given floc size, the handsheets with PCC1 flocs exhibited a better light scattering ability comparing to the ones filled with PCC2 flocs. The improved light scattering ability of handsheets filled with 24 μm PCC1 flocs compared to 24 μm flocs produced with PCC2 can be attributed to the complex micro void structure of flocs. This finding can be used as a guidance for the selection of filler particle size when using filler pre-flocculation to optimize the mechanical and optical properties of paper.
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IBRAHIM, MAHA M., FARDOUS MOBARAK, EHAB I. SALAH EL-DIN, ABD EL-HAY E. EBAID, and MOHAMED A. YOUSSEF. "Modified Egyptian Talc as Internal and Surface Treatments for Papermaking." April 2009 8, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.4.15.
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Mineral fillers have long been used in papermaking. In Egypt, talc has been used, without modifica-tion, as filler or coating for bleached rice straw pulp. For this study, talc was modified chemically with starch, car-boxymethyl cellulose, glycerol, dodecytrimethyammonium bromide, polyacrylamide and poly(vinyl alcohol). Talc is chemically inert; the modification was carried out to change the nature of the native talc. Researchers then studied the mechanical and optical properties for filled and coated papers. The results indicated that modified talc enhances the mechanical and optical properties for filled or coated handsheets. Scanning electron micrographs of the filled and coated sheets were investigated; results of the study showed that talc modification can improve filler-fiber-filler bond.
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Osabohien, Emmanuel, Ufuoma Soya, and Nduka Obichukwu Ojeifo. "Characteristics of natural rubber – carbonized pawpaw seed composites." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 8 (December 9, 2020): 2951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i8.23.
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The search for eco-friendly and less expensive fillers and additives has necessitated the use of renewable natural resources of plant origin in rubber compounding. This research work utilized carbonized pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds as filler in natural rubber compounds in a bid to determining the reinforcing potentials. The carbonized pawpaw seeds (CPS) and dried raw pawpaw seeds (RPS) were separately pulverized, screened with a 75 μm sized test sieve and incorporated into natural rubber, Standard Nigerian Rubber (SNR 10), loaded between 0 – 50 parts per hundred (Phr) of the rubber. The cure characteristics, physicomechanical properties as well as the percentage swelling characteristics of vulcanizates were measured as a function of filler loading and compared with the values obtained using industrial grade carbon black (N330) as a standard reinforcing filler. Results showed that the CPS and RPS filled SNR 10 influenced the cure characteristics and physicomechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates. The scorch and cure times of the vulcanizates decreased as filler loading is increased while maximum torque increased with increase in filler loading. Tensile strength and modulus at 100% strain for all SNR 10 filled vulcanizates increased to optimum level at 40 phr respectively, thereafter decreased, and elongation at break decreased as filler loading is increased. The hardness and abrasion resistance of the vulcanizates increased with increase in filler loading, while compression set and percentage swelling in both petroleum and aromatic solvents decreased as filler loading is increased. The vulcanizates tend to swell more in aromatic solvents than in petroleum solvents. Percentage swelling of the vulcanizates (N330 – SNR 10 < CPS – SNR 10 < RPS – SNR 10) and in the order benzene > toluene > kerosene > diesel solvents. The research work showed that CPS and RPS fillers exhibited considerable reinforcing potentials but somewhat inferior to carbon black, N330.
Keywords: Natural rubber, pawpaw seeds, fillers, vulcanizates and reinforcement.
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Kotlyarova, Irina A., Irina V. Stepina, Dmitry A. Ilyushkin, and Igor S. Tsvetkov. "Assessment of influence of disperse filler polarity on structure and water absorption of epoxy compositions." Vestnik MGSU, no. 6 (June 2019): 690–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.6.690-699.
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Introduction. Composite materials on the basis of epoxy resin find wide application as adhesives, coatings and structural materials whose properties it is possible to regulate by introduction of various additives including disperse fillers in the epoxy binder. Positively influencing properties of epoxy materials, the disperse fillers can reduce water resistance of the materials. This work is aimed at studying of influence of polar and nonpolar disperse fillers on structure and water absorption of the epoxy materials. Materials and methods. When obtaining composite materials, the following components were used: ED-20 epoxy resin (state standard GOST 10587-84), dibutylphthalate (state standard GOST 8728-88) plasticizer, polyethylenepolyamine (specification TU 2413-357-00203447-99) hardener, marshallite (state standard GOST 9077-82) and graphite (state standard GOST 17022-81) disperse fillers. The structure of samples was investigated by means of IR-spectroscopy method. Water absorption was determined in boiling water using the standard gravimetric method (state standard GOST 4650-2014 (ISO 62:2008)) and evaluated by sample mass variation within 120 days. Results. As a result of the conducted researches, the optimum content of the marshallite and graphite fillers in epoxy materials is established. When mass filler-to-binder ratio is equal to 15/85, water absorption of the materials is minimum. The IR-spectroscopy method showed that introduction of the marshallite polar filler in the epoxy binder promotes ordering of material structure due to formation of hydrogen bond between reactive groups of the filler and resin. Localizing in amorphous areas, particles of the graphite nonpolar filler lead to weakening of the hydrogen-bond system. Interaction of marshallite-filled samples with water is accomplished at the swelling mode, with equilibrium degree of swelling about 1 %. The mechanism of interaction of graphite-filled samples with water includes the alternating stages of dissolution and swelling, which are more expressed as compared with check samples. Conclusions. Water resistance of epoxy materials filled with disperse fillers is defined by a microstructure of the cured resin. Introduction of the marshallite polar filler in the epoxy binder leads to ordering of material structure that results in increasing of water absorption. Introduction of the graphite nonpolar filler in the epoxy binder leads to disordering of material structure that results in reducing of water absorption. Lower value of water absorption of graphite-filled epoxy material is connected with partial dissolution of the sample. Using nonpolar fillers is inexpedient for epoxy materials contacting with water.
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Alam, Md Najib, Vineet Kumar, Taemin Jeong, and Sang-Shin Park. "Nanocarbon Black and Molybdenum Disulfide Hybrid Filler System for the Enhancement of Fracture Toughness and Electromechanical Sensing Properties in the Silicone Rubber-Based Energy Harvester." Polymers 15, no. 9 (May 5, 2023): 2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092189.
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Recently, hybrid fillers have been found to be more advantageous in energy-harvesting composites. This study investigated the mechanical and electromechanical performances of silicone rubber-based composites made from hybrid fillers containing conductive nanocarbon black (NCB) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). A hybrid filler system containing only 3 phr (per hundred grams of rubber) MoS2 and 17 phr NCB provided higher fracture strain, better tensile strength, and excellent toughness values compared to the 20 phr NCB-only-filled and 5 phr MoS2-only-filled rubber composites. The chemical cross-link densities suggest that NCB promoted the formation of cross-links, whereas MoS2 slightly reduced the cross-link density. The higher mechanical properties in the hybrid filler systems suggest that the filler particles were more uniformly distributed, which was confirmed by the scanning electron microscope study. Uniformly distributed filler particles with moderate cross-link density in hybrid filler systems greatly improved the fracture strain and fracture toughness. For example, the hybrid filler with a 17:3 ratio of NCB to MoS2 showed a 184% increment in fracture toughness, and a 93% increment in fracture strain, compared to the 20 phr NCB-only-filled composite. Regarding electromechanical sensing with 2 kPa of applied cyclic pressure, the hybrid filler (17:3 CB to MoS2) performed significantly better (~100%) than the 20 phr NCB-only compound. This may have been due to the excellent distribution of conducting NCB networks and piezoelectric MoS2 that caused symmetric charging–discharging in the toughened hybrid composite. Thus, hybrid composites with excellent fatigue resistance can find dynamic applications, such as in blood pressure measurement.
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Mustafa, Dalia M. T., and Sarkawt Rostam. "Friction and Wear Resistance for Polyetheretherketone Filled with Different Filler Materials: A Comparative Study." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 3 (August 27, 2017): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.3.55.
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Friction and wear behavior of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) filled with different filler composites were compared. The comparisons were made for different scholar research works which were published between 1987 – 2017.The comparison took place between different filler composites such as carbon fiber (CF) reinforced Polyetheretherketone, nanometer Al2O3, nanometer SiC, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filled PEEK, nanometer ZrO2, nanometer SiO2, nanometer Si3N4, CuS, short fiber reinforced PEEK composites, PEEK-CF30, GO-Si and Graphite composites.The friction and wear were studied according to different factors of the filler composites such as plasma treated PEEK, volume percentage, weight percentage, sliding distance, surface of roughness, and size of particles.By this work we can understand the effect of some nanometer particles which act as fillers in polyetheretherketone, and by this comparison study we conclude that friction and wear properties can be decreased or increased or stay unchanged by increasing and decreasing the amount of fillers but it can be improved by adding different fillers with certain properties to obtain optimal results.
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Najat J. Saleh and Jwan W. Mohammed. "Processability, and Determination of Some Mechanical and Thermal Prosperities of Filled and Unfilled Polypropylene / Polyamide 6 Blend." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2013.06406.
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A new type of Bentonite filled PP/PA6 and red Kaolin filled PP/PA6 blends has been developed. It is Polypropylene and Polyamide 6 at constant ratio (80/20) and different weight fraction (0, 5, 10, and 15) % of both local Bentonite and Red Kaolin fillers were added respectively. Filled polymer blends were developed on a single screw extruder. Hardness, compression impact strength, and thermal stability of BN/PP/PA6 and RK /PP/PA6 blend system were determined at different temperatures, and different weight fraction of filler. The results shown hardness and compression increase while impact strength decrease with increase in weight fraction content. Also the results shown that thermal stability increases with increased weight fraction of filler. Bentonite filler produces better mechanical properties, than Red Kaolin fillers. Empirical equations are proposed and show a best fit with experimental data. Relevant contour diagrams, based on the proposed equations, for optimization of properties were also presented
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He, Yan, Xue Sheng Wu, and Zhen Chao Chen. "Thermal Conductivity of Composite Silicone Rubber Filled with Graphite / Silicone Carbide." Advanced Materials Research 221 (March 2011): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.221.382.
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Graphite flakes and silicone carbide particles are used as heat conductive fillers added into methyl vinyl silicone rubber, and the effect of filler amount, filler shape and different curing agents (DCP, DBPMH) on the thermal conductivities of silicone rubber are investigated in this article. The results reveal that the thermal conductivities of composite silicone rubber will be increased with the increase of the amount of fillers. While the filling content surpasses a certain value, the thermal conductivity of composite increases obviously. The silicone rubber filled with graphite flake possesses a higher thermal conductivity than that filled with silicone carbide particles at relative high fillers content, but both of them are close to each other at relative low fillers content. Moreover, the thermal conductivities of composite silicone rubber filled with the powder form curing agent (DCP) are better than that of composite silicone rubber filled the liquid form curing agent (DBPMH).
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Liu, Jie Sheng, Shao Peng Wu, Mei Zhu Chen, and Yi Xuan Mi. "The Effect of Filler on the Properties of Silicone Rubber." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.311.
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Fillers play important roles in the performances of silicone rubber, such as mechanical and physical properties. In this paper, the silicone rubber filled with silica in a wide volume range was measured in order to study the effects of filler loading on the mechanical properties of silicone rubber. The composites samples added with surface treated silica filler was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent microscope with that reinforced by the unmodified filler as a comparison. The results showed that the surface treated filler are more easily diffused without agglomerate in the polymer network compared to the unmodifiedd filler. Incorporation of modified filler loading leads to the increase in both tensile strength and the elongation at break, but along with further increase in filler content, mechanical properties of silicone rubber decreased due to the filler particles aggregate state, which can be observed by SEM images. The tack-free time and the hardness of the silicone rubber decrease as the filler loading increases.
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Nassar, Mahmoud M. A., and Ishaq Sider. "Evaluation of Novel Compatibility Strategies for Improving the Performance of Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene Based Biocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 3486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203486.
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The interfacial compatibility of the natural filler and synthetic polymer is the key performance characteristic of biocomposites. The fillers are chemically modified, or coupling agents and compatibilisers are used to ensure optimal filler-polymer compatibility. Hence, we have investigated the effect of compatibilisation strategies of olive pits (OP) flour content (10, 20, 30, and 40%wt.) filled with recycled low-density polyethylene (rLDPE) on the chemical, physical, mechanical, and thermal behaviour of the developed biocomposites. In this study, we aim to investigate the filler-polymer compatibility in biocomposites by employing novel strategies for the functionalisation of OP filler and/or rLDPE matrix. Specifically, four cases are considered: untreated OP filled rLDPE (Case 1), treated OP filled rLDPE (Case 2), treated OP filled functionalised rLDPE (Case 3), and treated and functionalised OP filled functionalised rLDPE (Case 4). In general, the evaluation of the performance of biocomposites facilitated the application of OP industrial waste as an eco-friendly reinforcing agent for rLDPE-based biocomposites. Furthermore, surface treatment and compatibilisation improved the properties of the developed biocomposites over untreated filler or uncoupled biocomposites. Besides that, the compatibilisers used aided in reducing water uptake and improving thermal behaviour, which contributed to the stability of the manufactured biocomposites.
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He, Yan, Zhen Chao Chen, and Lian Xiang Ma. "Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Silicone Rubber Filled with Different Particle Sized SiC." Advanced Materials Research 87-88 (December 2009): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.87-88.137.
Full textAbstract:
Micro- and nano- silicone carbide particles are used as heat conductive fillers of methyl vinyl silicone rubber, and the influence of filler amount, particle size and the surface treatment of filler on the thermal conductivities and mechanical properties of silicone rubber are studied. The results show that the thermal conductivities of silicone rubber are improved, but the mechanical properties are worse with the increase of the amount of fillers. The composite filled with smaller sized silicone carbide has a better thermal conductivity than that filled with large particles in a relatively high filling fraction, and composite filled with different sized silicone carbide has different mechanical properties at the same filling amount. Treatment of fillers with coupling agent (KH-560, A-171) has active impacts on the thermal conductivity but negative impacts on mechanical properties of the filled silicone rubber.
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Chen, Nannan, Lijun Wang, Junchao Wen, Xianping Yao, and Wenyan Zhao. "Filler modified by a sequential encapsulation and preflocculation method and its effect on paper properties." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 35, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0047.
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AbstractIncreasing the filler content of sheet tends to decrease filler retention and paper strength properties. To overcome this problem and make better use of fillers, development of new methods on filler modification has never been stopped. In this study, filler modification was carried out by sequentially adding an anionic polyacrylamide, a cationic starch and a cationic polyacrylamide. It is believed that in this process, multiple polyelectrolyte complexes are formed which can not only encapsulate filler particles but also preflocculate the particles. The results showed that, compared to the single preflocculation treatment, the sequential encapsulation and preflocculation (SEP) treatment brought significantly larger particle size and higher surface charge potential of the filler, thus higher filler retention was achieved. When the modified fillers were used for papermaking and paper ash contents were controlled at the same level, the SEP modification was better in improving the tensile index, internal bond strength and tearing index of paper than the single preflocculation method, in addition, it maintained better paper formation, caused insignificant change on opacity of paper. It is believed that this newly developed SEP method is worthy of being applied to industrial scales in making various grades of filled paper.
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Gupta, Anu. "Synthesis and Erosion Wear Analysis of Short Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Filled with Ceramic Fillers." International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science 6, no. 2 (July 2018): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseims.2018070104.
Full textAbstract:
Hybrid natural fiber reinforced composites with ceramic fillers has been fabricated. Two ceramic fillers (Alumina and Silicon Carbide) have been used for the synthesis of composites and the samples have been fabricated with hand layup technique. 10% and 20% weight percentage of filler materials have been used for the different sets of composite samples. Erosion wear analysis of these composite samples has been carried out at different impingement angles (30,45,60,75, and 90) with varying impact velocities (48 m/s, 70 m/s, 82 m/s, and 109 m/s) and with varying erodent size (108, 125,150, 180µm). Results for the composites with and without filler have been compared. It has been observed that composites filled with particulate filler shows improvement in wear resistance properties as compared to composites without filler. Among the two fillers, Al2O3 has shown better resistance as compared to silicon carbide. A scanning electron microscope has been used to study the morphology of eroded surfaces and the mode of material removal.
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Mark, Uchechi C., Innocent C. Madufor, Henry C. Obasi, and Udochukwu Mark. "Influence of filler loading on the mechanical and morphological properties of carbonized coconut shell particles reinforced polypropylene composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319856070.
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The high cost of mineral-based fillers and their processing difficulties have necessitated the search for alternative and cheaper filler materials, usually agro-waste materials such as coconut shells. The coconut shells were carbonized, pulverized, and sieved into four particles sizes, namely; 63 μm, 150 μm, 300 μm, and 425 μm. The carbonized coconut shell particles of each particle size were used as fillers in the preparation of polypropylene-filled composites at filler loadings of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt. %. The control was the neat polypropylene of 0% filler addition. The polypropylene/carbonized coconut shell particles composites were prepared via melt blending of polypropylene and the filler in an injection molding machine to obtain composite sheets. The influence of filler loading on the mechanical properties was evaluated. The addition of fillers was found to improve the yield strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness of polypropylene as these mechanical properties increased with increase in filler loading. The elongation at break and modulus of resilience of the prepared polypropylene/carbonized coconut shell particles composites were, however, observed to decline with an increase in the filler loading. Compared with the neat polypropylene, the filler showed enhanced mechanical properties in the prepared composites. SEM revealed good filler–matrix interaction because of good interfacial adhesion. The incorporation of more filler resulted in the formation of more spherulite-producing nuclei, reduction of pore sizes, and enhanced particle size distribution with improved mechanical properties. Experimental data modeling showed the addition of more than 48% carbonized coconut shell particles to polypropylene would compromise property enhancement.
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Mat, Fauziah, K. A. Ismail, Masniezam Ahmad, Yaacob Sazali, and Inayatullah Othman. "Dynamic Axial Crushing of Empty and Foam-Filled Conical Aluminium Tubes: Experimental and Numerical Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.305.
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This paper presents the crushing behaviour of empty and foam-filled conical tubes under axial dynamic loading. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was developed and validated against experiments. The validated model was subsequently used to assess the beneficial of foam filling with regards to the variation in filler densities and tube materials. The results obtained were further analyzed and compared with straight tubes. We aim to evaluate the critical effective point for different density of fillers in foam-filled tubes based on specific energy absorption (SEA) value. The SEA value was highest for foam-filled conical aluminium tube with aluminium foam filler, followed by straight aluminium tube, straight carbon steel tube and conical carbon steel tube. Moreover, the initial peak force was found lower in aluminium tubes than carbon steel tubes and lower in conical tubes than that in straight tubes. The combination of conical aluminium tube and aluminium foam filler successfully convey the beneficial of foam filling and thus signify that proper combination and selection of tube and filler is vital in assessing the effectiveness of foam-filled tubes.
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Qian, Miaomiao, Weimin Huang, Jinfeng Wang, Xiaofeng Wang, Weiping Liu, and Yanchao Zhu. "Surface Treatment Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Silica Carbon Black Reinforced Natural Rubber/Butadiene Rubber Composites." Polymers 11, no. 11 (October 27, 2019): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111763.
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For the first time, phenolic formaldehyde resin (PF)-treated silica carbon black (SiCB) were prepared with different treatment conditions and their effect as fillers on the mechanical properties of filler filled natural rubber/butadiene rubber (NR/BR) composites were investigated in detail. The PF coating layer on the SiCB derived from rusk husk not only promoted the dispersion of the fillers but also improved the interfacial interactions between fillers and the rubber matrix. As a result, both the cross-link density and mechanical properties of the obtained composites were effectively enhanced. The filler SiCB with 3 wt % PF surface treatment greatly improved the tensile strength of NR/BR composites and reached 7.1 MPa, which increased by 73.7% compared with that of SiCB-filled NR/BR composites. The improved interfacial interactions promoted higher energy dissipation, leading to simultaneously enhancing the glass transition temperature of the obtained composites. Due to the easy processing and low cost of filler as well as the effectively enhanced mechanical properties of composites, the PF-coating methodology has a great potential for practical applications in SiCB reinforced high-performance composites. A commercial filler, carbon black (N774), was also used in this study and evaluated under the same conditions for comparison.
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Sattayanurak, S., J. W. M. Noordermeer, K. Sahakaro, W. Kaewsakul, W. K. Dierkes, and A. Blume. "Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects by Addition of Small Amounts of Secondary Fillers to Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5891051.
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Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable mixing temperatures based on the mixing procedure commonly in use for silica-filled NR systems. The results of Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, cure behavior, and mechanical properties imply that the silica hydrophobation and coupling reaction of the silane coupling agent with silica and elastomer are significantly influenced by organoclay due to an effect of its modifier: an organic ammonium derivative. This has an effect on scorch safety and cure rate. The compounds where carbon black was added as a secondary filler do not show this behavior. They give inferior filler dispersion compared to the pure silica-filled compound, attributed to an inappropriate high mixing temperature and the high specific surface area of the carbon black used. The dynamic properties indicate that there is a potential to improve wet traction and rolling resistance of a tire tread when using organoclay as secondary filler, while the combination of carbon black in silica-filled NR does not change these properties.
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Wang, Meng-Jiao. "The Role of Filler Networking in Dynamic Properties of Filled Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 430–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538812.
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Abstract Fillers, when added to polymer systems, are known to cause a considerable change in dynamic properties. For a given polymer and cure system, this paper discusses the impact of the filler network, both its strength and architecture, on the dynamic modulus and hysteresis during dynamic strain. It was found that the filler network can substantially increase the effective volume of the filler due to rubber trapped in the agglomerates, leading to high elastic modulus. The amount of trapped rubber was estimated according to Van der Poel theory. During cyclic strain, while the stable filler network can reduce the hysteresis of the filled rubber, the breakdown and reformation of the filler network would cause an additional energy dissipation resulting in higher hysteresis.
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Martinyuk, G., O. Aksimentyeva, N. Skoreiko, and V. Zakordonskyi. "Effect of Filler Nature on Chemical Resistance and Microhardness of Epoxy Composite Films." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 16, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.16.3.528-533.
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We investigated the processes of water absorption, chemical stability and microhardness of films of epoxy composites that contained as the polymer matrix the epoxy resin UP-655 and mineral fillers: graphite, mica, aluminum oxide at their content (0 - 30 % mass). It found that introduction of mineral fillers significantly affects on all complex of operating characteristics of the films. Increase of filler content, especially mica, to 20 %, resulting in slower process and reducing the quantity of absorbed moisture by films. In the study of physical and mechanical properties of filled epoxy composites was established that the introduction of mineral filler significantly affects their microhardness, and the nature of the exposure is determined by the type and filler content.
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Kojima, Takashi, and Masataka Koishi. "Mechanisms of Mechanical Behavior of Filled Rubber by Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Tire Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 78–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.20.160117.
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ABSTRACT: We reproduced mechanical behaviors, such as the reinforcement effect, hysteresis, and stress softening, of filled rubber under cyclic deformations using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We measured polymer density distribution in the nonload equilibrium state and conformational changes in polymer chains during deformation for dispersed and aggregated filler structures. We found that the polymer–filler attractive interactions increase the polymer density in the vicinity of fillers and decrease the polymer density in the other regions. The polymer bonds that connect polymer particles away from fillers are extended when the polymer density decreases. This alteration increases the modulus of the polymer phase, and the reinforcement effect appears. For aggregated filler structures, the polymer chains interacting with adjacent fillers act as a bridge between these fillers and increase the modulus, especially when the strain is low. To test the mechanisms of hysteresis and stress softening, we measured the changes in the polymer paths. A polymer path is the minimal path of polymer networks between two fillers; in other words, it is the “bridge” that connects two fillers. We found that the polymer paths increase in length, especially during primary loading, because of polymer adsorption/desorption on the filler surface to adjust the change of filler positions. It was also found that the influence of the filler structure diminishes in the first loading. During subsequent unloading, a long path does not become a short path again but will be folded even though the filler distance reduces. Hence, the change in the polymer paths in the second cycle is smaller than that in the first cycle because the polymer path is just unfolded. We confirmed the hysteresis and stress-softening result from these conformational changes. In this article, we also discuss the recovery mechanism for stress softening and the history dependence.
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Taşdemir, Münir. "Relation between Microstructure and Tribological Properties of High Density Polyethylene Hybrid Composites Filled with Untreated Glass Spheres, Talc and Calcium Carbonate." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.655.
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In the present work, high density polyethylene based composites filled with glass spheres, talc and calcite particles were prepared. Fillers contents in the HDPE were 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%. The mechanical, morphological and tribological properties of the polymer composites were investigated. Substantial improvements in the some mechanical properties were obtained by the addition of filler. For example, the results showed that the elasticity modulus of composites improved with increasing the filler content. The addition of fillers to the HDPE changed significantly the friction coefficient and wear rate of the composites. HDPE filled with a high level content of fillers showed higher wear rate than pure HDPE under dry sliding. The structure and properties of the composites are characterized using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Jung, Jae Kap, Chang Hoon Lee, Un Bong Baek, Myung Chan Choi, and Jong Woo Bae. "Filler Influence on H2 Permeation Properties in Sulfur-CrossLinked Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Polymers Blended with Different Concentrations of Carbon Black and Silica Fillers." Polymers 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030592.
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Filler effects on H2 permeation properties in sulfur-crosslinked ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) polymers blended with two kinds of carbon black (CB) and silica fillers at different contents of 20 phr–60 phr are investigated by employing volumetric analysis in the pressure exposure range of 1.2 MPa~9.0 MPa. A linear relationship is observed between the sorbed amount and pressure for H2 gas, which is indicative of Henry’s law behavior. The hydrogen solubility of EPDM composites increases linearly with increasing filler content. The magnitude of hydrogen solubility for the filled EPDM composites is dependent on the filler type. The hydrogen solubility is divided into two contributions: hydrogen absorption in the EPDM polymer and hydrogen adsorption at the filler surface. Neat EPDM reveals pressure-dependent bulk diffusion behavior. However, with increasing filler content, the diffusivity for the filled EPDM composites is found to be independent of pressure. The magnitude of filler effects on the hydrogen permeation parameter is measured in the order of high abrasion furnace CB~semireinforcing furnace CB ˃ silica, whose effect is related to the specific surface area of CB particles and interfacial structure. The correlation between the permeation parameters and filler content (or crosslink density) is discussed.
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Huang, Zhengqiang, Wei Wu, Dietmar Drummer, Chao Liu, Yi Wang, and Zhengyi Wang. "Enhanced the Thermal Conductivity of Polydimethylsiloxane via a Three-Dimensional Hybrid Boron Nitride@Silver Nanowires Thermal Network Filler." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020248.
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In this work, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based composites with high thermal conductivity were fabricated via a three-dimensional hybrid boron nitride@silver nanowires (BN@AgNWs) filler thermal network, and their thermal conductivity was investigated. A new thermal conductive BN@AgNWs hybrid filler was prepared by an in situ growth method. Silver ions with the different concentrations were reduced, and AgNWs crystallized and grew on the surface of BN sheets. PDMS-based composites were fabricated by the BN@AgNWs hybrid filler added. SEM, XPS, and XRD were used to characterize the structure and morphology of BN@AgNWs hybrid fillers. The thermal conductivity performances of PDMS-based composites with different silver concentrates were investigated. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of PDMS-based composite filled with 20 vol% BN@15AgNWs hybrid filler is 0.914 W/(m·K), which is 5.05 times that of pure PDMS and 23% higher than the thermal conductivity of 20 vol% PDMS-based composite with BN filled. The enhanced thermal conductivity mechanism was provided based on the hybrid filler structure. This work offers a new way to design and fabricate the high thermal conductive hybrid filler for thermal management materials.
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Wang, Meng-Jiao, Ping Zhang, and Khaled Mahmud. "Carbon—Silica Dual Phase Filler, a new Generation Reinforcing Agent for Rubber: Part IX. Application to Truck Tire Tread Compound." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547633.
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Abstract The application of carbon-silica dual phase fillers (CSDPF) to natural rubber compound was investigated. It was found that these new fillers give significantly better overall performances in comparison with the conventional fillers—carbon black and silica. In a typical truck-tread compound, due to its high polymer—filler interaction and lower filler—filler interaction, the CSDPF E shows a comparable laboratory abrasion resistance and more than 40% reduction in tan δ at 70 °C, a parameter for rolling resistance, compared to compound filled with its carbon black counterpart, N1 10. These properties can, to a certain degree, be further improved by the addition of a small amount of coupling agent, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfane (TESPT). In the case of wet skid resistance measured using the British Portable Skid Tester, the data show that CSDPF gives better performance than the conventional fillers, with and without coupling agent.