Journal articles: 'Filling conditions'

1

Fortes, M. A., P. González, A. Palomares, and M. Pasadas. "Filling holes with shape preserving conditions." Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 118 (December 2015): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2014.12.008.

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Gonca, Vladimirs, Yurijs Shvabs, and Svetlana Polukoshko. "Conditions Of Fuel Filling Dispenser Trouble – Free Operation." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (August 5, 2015): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol2.972.

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Regularly on the filling stations (FS) there are failures at priming of transport vehicles, when a driver, driving away after priming, forgets to smuggle out of a pistol from the mouth of filling tank of car. Thus, at wedging of pistol in the tank of car, there are not only breaks in a chart a pistol is a hose but also serious destructions of fuel filling dispenser (FFD). In the present paper the mathematical model of functioning of chart is considered vehicle - fuel filling dispenser. From the analysis of the got model, if a car begins motion with the undrawn pistol out of a fuel tank, the geometrical parameters of chart are determined vehicle - fuel filling dispenser, at which slipping out of pistol or his wedging will be in the mouth of tank which possible consequences are considered for (tearing away of pistol from a hose, tearing away of hose from corps of filling vehicle, break of hose, deformation of fuel filling dispenser). The geometrical parameters of chart are determined fuel filling dispenser, at which "forgetfulness" of driver will not result in damages of fuel filling dispenser f, and there will be slipping out of pistol from the mouth of fuel tank of car.

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Bakhaeva, S. P., and E. V. Ananenko. "Conditions of dry-placed filling in footwall." Mining informational and analytical bulletin, no. 9 (2020): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2020-9-0-55-64.

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Havelka, Antonin, Viera Glombikova, Zdenek Kus, and Michal Chotebor. "The thermal insulation properties of hightech sportswear fillings." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 27, no. 4 (August 3, 2015): 549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-03-2014-0038.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to deal with performance verification of thermal insulation fillings that are used for outer clothes into cold environments. Thermal properties of filling materials (down and three sophisticated fillings) were tested under condition approaching real weather conditions in Middle Europe. Design/methodology/approach – In the paper, modern method of thermal resistance Rct measurement, by Sweating Guarded-Hotplate system, was compared with method of Technical University of Liberec (TUL method). The TUL method shows good results and it is applicable even at ambient temperatures below zero, which fully corresponds to real application of the insulation filling. Findings – Evaluation of fibre battings were carried out even at temperatures below the freezing point, which is important for simulation of actual application of these filling structures. The highest thermal resistance of goose down confirm that natural materials have their irreplaceable position, especially in application into clothes for extreme conditions. Research limitations/implications – There does not include effect of the humidity change on thermal insulation properties. It will be subject of further research of authors. Originality/value – The investigation of thermal insulation properties were carried out under conditions approaching real application of tested materials, namely, at low ambient temperature.

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Cafuta, Danijela, Mohammad Abu-Rous, Susanne Jary, Miriam Scheffelmeier, and Tatjana Rijavec. "Suitability of lyocell fiber for pillow fillings." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 18 (December 24, 2018): 3722–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518819844.

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The choice of a comfortable pillow is essential for good sleep. The filling material for pillows should be bulky, resilient and comfortable. For reasons of price, availability and resilience, polyester is the most commonly used filling material. Its drawbacks, however, lie in poor moisture management and a lack of biodegradability. This is the first study of the physical and microclimate properties of pillows with carded filling containing lyocell fiber. Pillow samples were manufactured on an industrial production line. Their carded fillings were rolled and comprised either 30% or 50% lyocell, blended with polyester (virgin and recycled), high elastic triexta and biodegradable polylactide fibers. In simulated sleeping conditions, using a thermal sweating manikin, it was proven that pillows with fillings made of 50% lyocell blended with polyester demonstrated an enhanced microclimate through much better moisture management than pillows with fillings made from pure polyester. It was also found, under use and care conditions, that lyocell affected the sensorial properties of pillows. Pillow form stability and height regain correlated with lyocell’s linear density. A higher lyocell content (50%) improved the form-keeping characteristics of pillows after repeated washing and drying. The type of lyocell used had only a minor effect on the compression resilience of the filling and perception of pillow firmness. The evaluators perceived higher pillows as firmer. The developed new methods for the evaluation of pillow quality and the results of this study can be of practical relevance in the bedding industry, where the reduction of non-biodegradable raw material is strategically important.

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Hind, R. "Filling by Holomorphic Disks with Weakly Pseudoconvex Boundary Conditions." Geometric And Functional Analysis 7, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 462–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000390050016.

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Choe, Kyeong Hwan, Gue Serb Cho, Kyong Whoan Lee, and Akira Ikenaga. "Effects of Casting Conditions on the Mold Filling Characteristics of Mg Alloy in the EPC Process." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 2753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2753.

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Mold filling characteristics in the Mg Expendable Pattern Casting(EPC) process were investigated in terms of casting conditions such as reduced pressure, pouring temperature and casting modulus including foam materials. With increasing pouring temperature up to 775oC the filling velocity increased. However, the filling velocity decreased at temperatures above 775oC. This is likely due to the increase of back pressure. Concerning the effect of reduced pressure on filling velocity, it increased sharply at lower reduced pressure while became stable at higher reduced pressure. In thick pattern, high reduced pressure would be needed to obtain high filling velocity. In expanded polystyrene(EPS) patterns, mold filling was found to be faster in the thick pattern than thin pattern at temperatures below 750oC. This propensity was observed to be reverse at pouring temperatures above 750oC. In polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) patterns, the filling velocity almost leveled off without showing a dependence of pouring temperature. This result is attributed to the difference in gas pressure between EPS and PMMA patterns during the EPC process.

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Li, Quanwei, Hui Ge, Renming Pan, Zhaojun Zhang, and Ruiyu Chen. "Numerical Study on Flow and Release Characteristics of Gas Extinguishing Agent under Different Filling Pressure and Amount Conditions." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091683.

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The fire-extinguishing system is an indispensable fire-protection facility on the aircraft. In order to guide weight reduction of the aircraft’s fixed gas fire-extinguishing system by improving its release efficiency, so as to improve fuel economy and reduce carbon emissions, the influence of filling pressures and filling amounts on the release efficiency of gas extinguishing agent along pipelines were studied based on numerical simulations. The release process of the fire-extinguishing system was analyzed. The effects of the filling pressure and filling amount of Halon 1301 agent on the release characteristics, such as release time, mass flow rate, and gasification ratio, were studied. Results show that the release process can be divided into three major phases, which are firstly the initial rapid filling of the pipeline, secondly the concentrated release of the liquid extinguishing agent, and thirdly the gas ejection along the pipeline. The second phase can also be subdivided into two stages: the outflow of the liquid extinguishing agent from the bottle, and the release of the residual liquid extinguishing agent along the pipeline. The release characteristics of the fire-extinguishing agent were obviously affected by the filling pressures and filling amounts. When the filling pressure was relatively low (2.832 MPa), increasing the filling pressure can significantly increase the mass flow rate, shorten the release time, and reduce the gasification ratio of the extinguishing agent during the release processes. Under the same filling pressure, with the increase of the filling amount of the extinguishing agent, the release times and the gasification ratio showed a linear increase trend, while the average mass flow rates showed a linear decrease trend.

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KOUTROUBAS, S. D., S. FOTIADIS, C. A. DAMALAS, and M. PAPAGEORGIOU. "Grain-filling patterns and nitrogen utilization efficiency of spelt (Triticum spelta) under Mediterranean conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, no. 5 (May 31, 2013): 716–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000324.

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SUMMARYThe identification of factors determining the adaptation and nitrogen (N) utilization of spelt wheat is important for the successful introduction of the crop to a new environment. The present study was carried out to investigate the relative importance of grain-filling rate and duration of grain growth and to analyse the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) and biomass production efficiency of spelt under Mediterranean conditions. The performance of spelt was evaluated in relation to a well-adapted bread wheat cultivar. Three spelt cultivars (Ressac, Poème and Cosmos) and one bread wheat cultivar (Centauro) were grown for two growing seasons on a silty clay soil under two N levels (0 and 100 kg N/ha). Grain-filling parameters were estimated using the cubic polynomial model. This model provided good fit to the grain-filling data of spelt cultivars, with high coefficients of determination (R2) that ranged from 0·868 to 0·999. Cultivar differences were found for all grain-filling parameters studied, and these differences accounted for most of the variation observed within each particular grain-filling component in both years. Grain filling of spelt plants took place under adverse environmental conditions, mainly high temperatures, which led to a shortening of the grain-filling period. This fact was not fully compensated by the increase in the grain-filling rate, and eventually resulted in a reduction of the final spelt grain weight. Selection for early-flowering cultivars could be a successful strategy to moderate the influence of the environment on grain filling and improve the adaptation of spelt under Mediterranean conditions. The mean grain-filling rate was positively correlated with dry matter translocation, suggesting the crucial role of reserve assimilates in the vegetative tissues for the grain growth of spelt. The efficiency of N utilization to produce biomass was greater during the grain-filling period than the vegetative period. Averaged across N application rates, NUtE in spelt ranged from 20·1 to 29·5 g grain/g plant N. Cultivar differences in NUtE were observed in both years. Grain yield per unit grain N (grain DM/grain total N at maturity) contributed more to the total variation in NUtE among spelt cultivars compared with N harvest index (NHI). Spelt showed lower NUtE values, probably due to its higher grain N concentration and lower NHI compared with wheat. Low straw N concentration at maturity may be an indicator of improved NUtE in spelt, as evidenced by the negative relationship detected between the two variables. These results provide a better understanding of factors related with the adaptation and N utilization of spelt under Mediterranean conditions.

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Cao, Jing, Mei Han, and Jing Yu Qi. "The Study on Medium Filling Scheme of LNG Tank Container Impact Testing Based on ANSYS." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.869.

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Proposal the medium filling scheme of LNG tank container impact testing that filling the tank with water which mass is equal to dangerous goods, since the medium filling scheme before is difficult and loss, by finite element calculation with ANSY to the stress of LNG tank framework in the actual conditions and test conditions. Studies show that the two conditions of the tank is similar, test conditions can simulate the actual filling conditions. Applying this conclusion to the impact test, which can greatly simplify the test procedure and reduce the difficulty of the test, the test can be enhanced operability and economy.

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Ifeuzu, Ugwu Francis, and Prof Agunwamba Jonah Chukwuemeka. "Modeling the Filling Rate of Faeces in Ordinary Pit Latrines." Indian Journal of Agriculture Engineering 1, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijae.a1503.051121.

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Faecal sludge deposited into the pit latrine is subject to biodegradation. The aim of this research was to develop model for the filling rate of faeces in ordinary pit latrine together with the effect of shape factor on such fillings to prepare the minds of users on the filling characteristics of the pit based on contents, usage and environmental factors. Consequently, faecal sludges sampled from 100 pits already filled were subjected to laboratory analyses for their physico-chemical and biological characteristics. Models for the actual filling rate of faeces in ordinary pit latrines were derived using BOD, COD, VS, and TS data, calibrated and verified. For a more critical situation, models were also derived for the filling rates considering pit shapes that gave the actual pit filling in comparison with the general condition. From the results, the actual filling rate was lower than those obtained using BOD, VS and TS. However, the COD gave filling rate closer to the actual filling rate than other parameters since TS could not be used to assess the filling rate of faeces in pit latrines. The pits exhibited low filling rate in terms of BOD in 2 pits. In terms of COD, the filling rate was higher compared with that of BOD. Low filling rate was observed with volatile solids and only 3 pits exhibited moderately high filling rates whereas total solids had the highest number of pits with high filling rates. The filling rates for both the square and rectangular pits increased by 26.5% from 40 – 90 ℓ/capita/year to 50 – 112 ℓ/capita/year due to the shape factor and this was above the values obtained in existing models while that of the circular pit remained the same. Reduction in pit volume and increase in filling rate by faeces was due to dead corners as a result of clogging, thereby reducing the area available for faecal infiltration into the surrounding soil. Circular pits are more stable because of the natural arching effect of the ground around the hole and there are no corners to concentrate the stresses. Pits with flat sides are much more likely to develop clogging resulting to dead corners than the circular pit. From this study, it is therefore evident that the shape of pit latrine determines the actual volume and the filling rate of faeces in pit latrine taking into consideration geological and environmental factors. Thus for optimal design, our engineers should take note of the pit shape factor. Thus, the model can be used to determine the filling rate of ordinary pit latrines considering soil characteristics, ground conditions and other favourable conditions.

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Mo, Yaping, Yongming Xu, Huijuan Chen, and Shanyou Zhu. "A Review of Reconstructing Remotely Sensed Land Surface Temperature under Cloudy Conditions." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142838.

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Land surface temperature (LST) is an important environmental parameter in climate change, urban heat islands, drought, public health, and other fields. Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is the main method used to obtain LST information over large spatial scales. However, cloud cover results in many data gaps in remotely sensed LST datasets, greatly limiting their practical applications. Many studies have sought to fill these data gaps and reconstruct cloud-free LST datasets over the last few decades. This paper reviews the progress of LST reconstruction research. A bibliometric analysis is conducted to provide a brief overview of the papers published in this field. The existing reconstruction algorithms can be grouped into five categories: spatial gap-filling methods, temporal gap-filling methods, spatiotemporal gap-filling methods, multi-source fusion-based gap-filling methods, and surface energy balance-based gap-filling methods. The principles, advantages, and limitations of these methods are described and discussed. The applications of these methods are also outlined. In addition, the validation of filled LST values’ cloudy pixels is an important concern in LST reconstruction. The different validation methods applied for reconstructed LST datasets are also reviewed herein. Finally, prospects for future developments in LST reconstruction are provided.

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13

Kouame, Kouame Joseph Arthur, Yu Feng, Fuxing Jiang, and Sitao Zhu. "A Study of Technical Measures for Increasing the Roof-Contacted Ratio in Stope and Cavity Filling." Journal of Materials Science Research 5, no. 1 (November 6, 2015): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v5n1p54.

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<p class="1Body">Due to the increasing depth of mines, fill mining is increasingly widely used in metal mines. As a result, supporting pit roofs has become an important issue to which an increasing number of people are devoting attention. This paper analyses the factors affecting the rate of supporting pit roofs under stope filling conditions, including filling slurry properties and the filling process. Building on this, the paper examines a number of potential measures for improving the rate of supporting pit roofs, including creating good conditions for filling, optimizing filling slurry properties, eliminating the problems caused by water and improving filling technology. Mining companies must select from these measures according to the particular conditions in which their mines operate, but given the right conditions all of the measures examined have the potential to increase the rate at which pit roofs are supported.</p>

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Zhang, Li Li, Feng Song, Xin She Liu, Shu Qun She, Yun Wang, and Yi Fan Zeng. "Analysis on Hydrogeological Conditions of Nanlizhuang Iron Ore in China." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3053–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3053.

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In allusion to mining design of succedent filling method on heavy-water deposit of Nanlizhuang iron ore, based on engineering geology, hydrogeological conditions of the mining area are studied. Through geological structure, strata and deposit hydrogeological condition were surveyed, analyzed source of water filling and main way of the ore deposit, and determined hydrogeology parameters of the mining area. It provided the theoretical basis for mining design and water inflow forecast, and will lay the foundation for safety production and production capacity of the mine.

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Liew, Chi Hoe, Foo Wei Lee, Yee Ling Lee, and Ming Han Lim. "Behavioural Study of Concrete Surface Crack Filling Conditions on Surface Rayleigh Wave." MATEC Web of Conferences 278 (2019): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927801013.

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In the recent studies of concrete surface crack non-destructive test (NDT), the environmental factors are seldom to be taken into assessment consideration using Rayleigh wave (R-wave) propagation method. Dust, fine sand or water that accumulated in the concrete surface cracks might potentially affect the behaviour of R-wave when it propagated through the cracks. In this study, the effects of filling conditions in concrete surface crack to the properties of R-wave were examined. The targeted parameters that used for studying the behaviour of R-wave are the arrival time of R-wave and its corresponding amplitude. Numerical simulations were conducted for determining the changes of R-wave amplitudes and arrival time when it propagated through a concrete model with a surface crack which containing various filling conditions. Sand and charcoal powder were the materials used for filling the concrete cracks. The results of numerical simulations were then justified by experimental measurements. The comparison between the results of numerical simulation and experimental measurement generated a conclusion where R-wave arrival time and its corresponding amplitude is independent from the predefined filling conditions of concrete surface crack.

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Tong, Yong-Guang, and Thomas R. Bürglin. "Conditions for dye-filling of sensory neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 188, no. 1 (April 2010): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.02.003.

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Delichatsios, Michael. "Tenability conditions and filling times for fires in large spaces." Fire Safety Journal 39, no. 8 (November 2004): 643–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2004.06.003.

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18

Neshumova, S. P., and M. M. Grunina. "Determination of the optimal conditions for filling of acetylene cylinders." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 26, no. 1 (January 1990): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01148151.

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Grunina, M. M. "Mathematical model for estimating the conditions for filling acetylene cylinders." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 30, no. 7 (July 1994): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01148230.

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Shabgard, Hamidreza, Bin Xiao, Amir Faghri, Ramesh Gupta, and Walter Weissman. "Thermal characteristics of a closed thermosyphon under various filling conditions." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 70 (March 2014): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.10.053.

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21

Brdar, Milka, Marija Kraljević-Balalić, and Borislav Kobiljski. "The parameters of grain filling and yield components in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)." Open Life Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-007-0050-x.

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AbstractFinal grain dry weight, a component of yield in wheat, is dependent on the duration and the rate of grain filling. The purpose of the study was to compare the grain filling patterns between common wheat, (Triticum aestivum L.), and durum wheat, (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), and investigate relationships among grain filling parameters, yield components and the yield itself. The most important variables in differentiating among grain filling curves were final grain dry weight (W) for common wheat genotypes and grain filling rate (R) for durum wheat genotypes; however, in all cases the sets of variables important in differentiating among grain filling curves were extended to either two or all three parameters. Furthermore, in one out of three environmental conditions and for both groups of genotypes, the most important parameter in the set was grain filling duration (T). It indicates significant impact of environmental conditions on dry matter accumulation and the mutual effect of grain filling duration and its rate on the final grain dry weight. The medium early anthesis date could be associated with further grain weight and yield improvements in wheat. Grain filling of earlier genotypes occurs in more temperate environments, which provides enough time for gradual grain fill and avoids the extremes of temperature and the stress of dry conditions.

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Zhang, Yunbo, Qiyuan Tang, Shaobing Peng, Danying Xing, Jianquan Qin, Rebecca C. Laza, and Bermenito R. Punzalan. "Water Use Efficiency and Physiological Response of Rice Cultivars under Alternate Wetting and Drying Conditions." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/287907.

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One of the technology options that can help farmers cope with water scarcity at the field level is alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Limited information is available on the varietal responses to nitrogen, AWD, and their interactions. Field experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) farm in 2009 dry season (DS), 2009 wet season (WS), and 2010 DS to determine genotypic responses and water use efficiency of rice under two N rates and two water management treatments. Grain yield was not significantly different between AWD and continuous flooding (CF) across the three seasons. Interactive effects among variety, water management, and N rate were not significant. The high yield was attributed to the significantly higher grain weight, which in turn was due to slower grain filling and high leaf N at the later stage of grain filling of CF. AWD treatments accelerated the grain filling rate, shortened grain filling period, and enhanced whole plant senescence. Under normal dry-season conditions, such as 2010 DS, AWD reduced water input by 24.5% than CF; however, it decreased grain yield by 6.9% due to accelerated leaf senescence. The study indicates that proper water management greatly contributes to grain yield in the late stage of grain filling, and it is critical for safe AWD technology.

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El-Alfy, Kassem s., M. F. Sobeih, A. M. Talaat, A. Fahmy, and M. Kamel. "CRITICAL CONDITIONS OF THE SHIP INSIDE THE LOCK CHAMBER DURING FILLING AND EMPTYING FOR END b FILLING SYSTEM." ERJ. Engineering Research Journal 24, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/erjm.2001.71148.

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Głownia, J., D. Koshal, R. Skoczylas, and S. Sobula. "Simulation of Solidification Conditions in High Quality Castings for Mining Industry." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0073.

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Abstract To obtain a right casting methoding of a yoke used in mining industry, a computer simulation of filling of mould cavity as well as casting solidification has been applied. Analysis of the casting solidification showed, that an initial casting methoding, based on common foundry practice, had to be changed. An initial bottom gating system was changed into a side-bottom one, what allowed smooth filling of mould cavity. Modified risering system enabled proper feeding of the casting. Ensuring high quality casting enable to substitute parts manufactured by forging

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Wei, Guomeng, and Jianfei Zhang. "Numerical Study of the Filling Process of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tank under Different Sloshing Conditions." Processes 8, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091020.

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Cryogenic vessels are widely used in many areas, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), aerospace, and medical fields. A suitable filling method is one of the prerequisites for the effective use of cryogenic containers. In this study, the filling process for the sloshing condition of a liquid hydrogen storage tank is numerically simulated and analyzed by coupling the sloshing model and the phase-change model. The effects of different sloshing conditions during the filling process are investigated by changing the amplitude and frequency of the sloshing. Within the scope of this study, there is a critical value for the effect of sloshing conditions on the pressure curve during the filling process. The critical value corresponds to a frequency f equal to 3 Hz and an amplitude A equal to 0.03 m. According to the simulation results, when the sloshing exceeds the critical value, the internal pressure curve of the storage tank increases significantly. Under microgravity conditions, within the scope of this study, the pressure curve changes less than the normal gravity, even if the amplitude and frequency increase. The sloshing makes it easier for the liquid to spread along the wall during the filling process. This also further weakens the temperature stratification in the storage tank.

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Park, Sung-Sik, Peter D. Ogunjinmi, Hyun-Il Lee, Seung-Wook Woo, and Dong-Eun Lee. "Effect of Wetting Conditions on the In Situ Density of Soil Using the Sand-Cone Method." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020718.

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The sand-cone method is commonly used to measure the in situ density of compacted soils. While determining field density with this method, differences in the sand-filling process between the test hole and the calibration container can cause errors. The differences can result from various in situ conditions such as the shape and size of the test hole and the moisture conditions of the filling sand and test ground. Temporary rainfall can increase the moisture content of both in situ soils and filling sand. This study examined the effect of wetting conditions on the accuracy of the sand-cone method in a laboratory. Compacted soils with different water contents (2–16%) were prepared in a small circular container in the laboratory, and the sand-filling process was simulated for cylindrical, conical, and roof-shaped test holes with depths of 10 and 15 cm. As the water content of the compacted soils increased, the sand-cone method underestimated the volume of sand accumulated in the test holes by up to 20%, resulting in the calculated density being overestimated by an identical amount. Slightly moist sand was poured into artificial test holes. When the water content of the filling sand was below 1%, no significant error was observed in the calculated volume.

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KATO, T. "Effect of spikelet removal on the grain filling of Akenohoshi, a rice cultivar with numerous spikelets in a panicle." Journal of Agricultural Science 142, no. 2 (April 2004): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859604004265.

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The Japanese rice cultivar, Akenohoshi, has numerous spikelets in a panicle (extra-heavy panicle type) and achieves a large yield sink capacity. However, this cultivar, as well as other extra-heavy panicle types, does not always produce higher yields because of poor grain filling of the spikelets on the secondary branches in a panicle. To determine whether the poor grain filling found in Akenohoshi was due to source-limited or sink-limited conditions, the present study examined the responses of grain-filling characteristics to several spikelet-removal treatments immediately after heading. Only when the spikelets on secondary branches remained was a significant increase in filled grain percentage in this spikelet position observed. This increase seemed to be associated with the increases in rate and duration of the grain-filling process and in single grain weight in this spikelet position. These results clearly indicate that the poor grain filling in the spikelet on secondary branches of Akenohoshi could mainly be attributed not to sink-limited conditions, but to source-limited conditions probably at specific stages of grain filling.

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Eickhoff, Mie Klessen, Signe Abitz Winther, Tine Willum Hansen, Lars Jorge Diaz, Frederik Persson, Peter Rossing, and Marie Frimodt-Møller. "Assessment of the sublingual microcirculation with the GlycoCheck system: Reproducibility and examination conditions." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): e0243737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243737.

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Background The glycocalyx is an extracellular layer lining the lumen of the vascular endothelium, protecting the endothelium from shear stress and atherosclerosis and contributes to coagulation, immune response and microvascular perfusion. The GlycoCheck system estimates glycocalyx’ thickness in vessels under the tongue from perfused boundary region (PBR) and microvascular perfusion (red blood cell (RBC) filling) via a camera and dedicated software. Objectives Evaluating reproducibility and influence of examination conditions on measurements with the GlycoCheck system. Methods Open, randomised, controlled study including 42 healthy smokers investigating day-to-day, side-of-tongue, inter-investigator variance, intraclass-correlation (ICC) and influence of examination conditions at intervals from 0–180 minutes on PBR and RBC filling. Results Mean (SD) age was 24.9 (6.1) years, 52% were male. There was no significant intra- or inter-investigator variation for PBR or RBC filling nor for PBR for side-of-tongue. A small day-to-day variance was found for PBR (0.012μm, p = 0.007) and RBC filling (0.003%, p = 0.005) and side-of-tongue, RBC filling (0.025%, p = 0.009). ICC was modest but highly improved by increasing measurements. Small significant influence of cigarette smoking (from 40–180 minutes), high calorie meal intake and coffee consumption was found. The latter two peaking immediately and tapering off but remained significant up to 180 minutes, highest PBR changes for the three being 0.042μm (p<0.05), 0.183μm (p<0.001) and 0.160μm (p<0.05) respectively. Conclusions Measurements with the GlycoCheck system have a moderate reproducibility, but highly increases with multiple measurements and a small day-to-day variability. Smoking, meal and coffee intake had effects up to 180 minutes, abstinence is recommended at least 180 minutes before GlycoCheck measurements. Future studies should standardise conditions during measurements.

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Michallet, H., C. Mathis, P. Mai¨ssa, and F. Dias. "Flow Filling a Curved Pipe." Journal of Fluids Engineering 123, no. 3 (February 28, 2001): 686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1374442.

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A small scale experiment was designed to study the propagation of the front of a viscous fluid filling a curved pipe. Several Newtonian fluids with different viscosities and a non-Newtonian fluid have been used. The experiments show that there exists a minimum speed for completely filling the pipe, which depends on the parameters of the experiment (diameter d and radius of curvature R of the pipe, kinematic viscosity ν of the fluid). Appropriate dimensionless numbers are introduced to characterize the flow and optimal filling conditions.

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Shin, Se-Hee, Tea-Yoo Kim, Jong-Hwan Park, and Su-Jeong Suh. "Optimization of Additive and Current Conditions for Void-Free Filled Through-Silicon Via." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 2135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112135.

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Studies of through-silicon vias (TSVs) have become important owing to the increasing demand for 3D packaging. To obtain high-performance devices, it is important to fill the holes inside TSVs without voids. In this study, poly(ethylene glycol), bis-(3-sodiumsulfopropyl disulfide), and Janus Green B are used as a suppressor, accelerator, and leveler, respectively, to achieve void-free filling of a TSV. The optimum conditions for the additives were studied, and electrochemical analysis was performed to confirm their effects. Different current conditions, such as pulse, pulse-reverse, and periodic pulse-reverse, were also employed to enhance the filling properties of copper (Cu) for a TSV with a hole diameter of 60 µm and depth/hole aspect ratios of 2, 2.5, and 3. The behavior of Cu filling was observed through a cross-sectional analysis of the TSV after Cu plating under various conditions.

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Martins, Lucimara P., Sueli M. Viegas, and Ruth Gruenwald. "Ultraviolet Continuum, Physical Conditions, and Filling Factor in Active Galactic Nuclei." Astrophysical Journal 587, no. 2 (April 20, 2003): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/368283.

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MATSUMOTO, Kenji, Mitsuhiro OHTA, and Shuichi IWATA. "0107 Optimization of Milk-Filling Conditions in a Milk Manufacturing Process." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2015 (2015): _0107–1_—_0107–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2015._0107-1_.

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Jacobsen, Stefan, Rolands Cepuritis, Ya Peng, Mette R. Geiker, and Jon Spangenberg. "Visualizing and simulating flow conditions in concrete form filling using pigments." Construction and Building Materials 49 (December 2013): 328–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.027.

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Macksimov, B. K., A. A. Obukh, A. V. Tikhonov, and V. A. Kapralov. "Assessment of spark-free conditions for filling tanks with liquid hydrocarbons." Journal of Electrostatics 23 (April 1989): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3886(89)90040-5.

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Zhu, Ying Ying, Zeng Xu, Guo Dong Yao, Yun Jun, and Fang Ming Jin. "Conversion of Microalgae under Hydrothermal Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.501.

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A new and green technology for converting microalgae to high value-added chemicals with solid metal oxides catalysts under hydrothermal conditions was proposed. The results indicated that ZrO2, among other test catalysts, can prominently boost the production of acetic acid and a highest yield of 24% was achieved at 300 °C for 2 h with a filling rate of 50%. The metal oxides catalyst provided a promising solution to obtain acetic acid from microalgae conversion.

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LeBlanc, Dominic, Benoit Landry, Arthur Levy, Pascal Hubert, Steven Roy, Ali Yousefpour, and Erin Quinlan. "Study of Processing Conditions on the Forming of Ribbed Features Using Randomly Oriented Strands Thermoplastic Composites." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.60.011005.

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Compression molding of randomly oriented strands (ROS) composites offers the possibility to manufacture complex parts with a fast processing cycle. In this paper, effects of pressure, strand size, temperature, and material placement in the mold cavity on the quality of a T-shape part were studied experimentally with carbon/polyether ether ketone ROS composites. Minimum filling pressure was obtained for the consolidation of a 25-mm deep cavity. Parts processed at filling pressure showed a void content no greater than 1.2%. Increasing pressure to 70 bar resulted in decreased void content as low as 0.03%. Mechanical testing of the T-shape showed similar strengths for parts processed at filling pressure and higher (70 bar). At the component level, initial strand placement greatly affected mechanical performance as the presence of a knit line was responsible for a reduction of 60% in tensile strength. The main findings show that processing a complex feature at filling pressure Pfill was sufficient to reach nominal mechanical properties. This suggested that moderate porosity was not detrimental to the mechanical performance for the given tests where fatigue performance was not evaluated.

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Liu, Xin Yu, Ai Hua Liu, and Bang Biao Wu. "An Experimental Study on the Mechanical Characteristics of Sandstone-Like Material with Preset Filling Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.644.

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This paper investigates the strength and deformation characteristics of the sandstone-like material containing the preset filling joints. The test specimens are designed with different height-diameter ratio. The uniaxial compression and shear tests were performed during the experimental studies. The results show that: (1) the failure models of the 3 kinds specimens including ones without joints, ones with "cruciform" joints and ones with "intersecting parallels" joints are similar to the general trend, e.g. X-shaped conjugated single-slope shear failure and single-slope shear failure under compression and shear tests ; (2) under uniaxial compression, the performance of intact specimen is clearly affected by its size, and the strength of jointed one is significantly affected by the weakening of the structure. This impact depends on the joints conditions, e.g. joint density, with filling material or without filling material; (3) Deformation modulus E and Cohesion c have no significant change for the 2 kinds jointed specimens, but the internal friction angle is obviously affected by joints and their fillings. The internal friction angle decreases rapidly with the increase of joints number.

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Kuppusamy, Raghu Raja Pandiyan, and S. Neogi. "Simulation of Air Entrapment and Resin Curing During Manufacturing of Composite Cab Front by Resin Transfer Moulding Process." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 1839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0278.

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AbstractMould filling and subsequent curing are the significant processing stages involved in the production of a composite component through Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) fabrication technique. Dry spot formation and air entrapment during filling stage caused by improper design of filling conditions and locations that lead to undesired filling patterns resulting in defective RTM parts. Proper placement of inlet ports and exit vents as well as by adjustment of filling conditions can alleviate the problems during the mould filling stage. The temperature profile used to polymerize the resin must be carefully chosen to reduce the cure time. Instead of trial and error methods that are expensive, time consuming, and non-optimal, we propose a simulation-based optimization strategy for a composite cab front component to reduce the air entrapment and cure stage optimization. In order to be effective, the optimization strategy requires an accurate simulation of the process utilizing submodels to describe the raw material characteristics. Cure reaction kinetics and chemo-rheology were the submodels developed empirically for an unsaturated polyester resin using experimental data. The simulations were performed using commercial software PAM RTM 2008, developed by ESI Technologies. Simulation results show that the use of increase in injection pressure at the inlet filling conditions greatly reduce the air entrapped. For the cab front, the alteration of injection pressure with proper timing of vent opening reduced the air entrapped during mould filling stage. Similarly, the curing simulation results show that the use of higher mould temperatures effectively decreases the cure time as expected.

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Borzenko, E. I., O. Yu Frolov, and G. R. Shrager. "Accounting Viscous Dissipation at Round Tubes Filling." Key Engineering Materials 685 (February 2016): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.191.

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The fountain nonisothermal flow of a viscous fluid realized during circular pipe filling is investigated. The mathematical basis of the process is formed by equations of motion, continuity and energy with respective initial and boundary conditions with due account of the temperature dependence of viscosity, the presence of a free boundary and dissipation of mechanical energy. To solve the problem numerically a finite difference method is required. Depending on the values defining the dimensionless parameters the results of parametric studies in temperature, viscosity, dynamic and kinematic characteristics of the flow are shown. Flow patterns for the formulation of problems with different initial and boundary conditions are given. The separation of flow into the zone of spatial flow in the vicinity of the free surface and one dimensional flow away from it, and changing the shape of the free boundary, depending on the level of dissipative heating are demonstrated.

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Blum, A., B. Sinmena, J. Mayer, G. Golan, and L. Shpiler. "Stem Reserve Mobilisation Supports Wheat-Grain Filling Under Heat Stress." Functional Plant Biology 21, no. 6 (1994): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9940771.

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The grain filling of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is seriously impaired by heat stress due to reductions in current leaf and ear photosynthesis at high temperatures. An alternative source of carbon for grain filling is stored stem reserves. Two spring wheat cultivars (V5 and V2183) of very similar phenology and plant stature, which had previously been found to differ in grain shrivelling under drought and heat stress conditions in the field, were used to evaluate the hypothesis that the mobilisation of stored stem reserves into the growing grain is an important source of carbon for supporting grain filling under heat stress. In two experiments in Israel (1990 and 1991), the rates of stem dry matter (DM) and stem total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) loss, grain growth and leaf senescence were monitored under optimal (control) and high (stressed) temperatures in the glasshouse (1990) and the growth chamber (1991). Cultivar V5 always sustained a smaller reduction in grain dry weight under heat stress, than V2183. Irrespective of temperature, V5 had a higher stem DM and TNC content at the onset of grain filling, greater depletion of stem dry matter (or TNC) during grain filling, and longer duration of grain filling, than V2183. During grain filling V5 generally exported about two to three times more DM from the stems than V2183, under both non-stressed and stressed conditions. On the other hand, V5 was more heat-susceptible than V2183 in terms of leaf longevity, in vivo chlorophyll stability and grain abortion under heat stress. In a third experiment (1992) five cultivars (including V5 and V2183) were subjected to chemical desiccation (0.3% potassium iodide) of the canopy in the field in order to destroy the photosynthetic source ofthe plant after anthesis. The same cultivars were subjected to heat stress (35/25�C) or non-stressed (25/15�C) conditions after anthesis in the growth chamber. It was found that grain dry weight reduction by chemical desiccation was highly correlated with grain dry weight reduction by heat stress (r2 = 0.89). Therefore, the superior capacity of V5 for grain filling from mobilised stem reserves is a consti- tutive trait which supports grain filling under heat stress which can be tested for by chemical desiccation of plants under non-stressed conditions.

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Zhang, Ting, Yong He, and Jian Zhong Fu. "Finite Element Modeling of Polymer Flow during Hot Embossing with Different Mold Structures and Embossing Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 305 (July 2011): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.305.144.

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The geometric structures of the mold and embossing conditions can obviously influence the filling flows in the polymeric patterns. In this study, embossing stamp and substrate with different geometries are used to investigate the flow behavior under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. In general, for the stamp, small duty ratio cavity fills more sufficiently than large duty ratio cavity. With the same cavity duty ratio, inner cavity fills more quickly and sufficient than outer cavity. Compared to multiple cavities stamp, individual cavity fills more slowly, especially embossed with the stamp having small duty ratio cavity. Under non-isothermal embossing, the filling flow indicates a wall climbing flow and the polymer flow replaces the outer cavity better. Uncommon substrate provides a limitation of out-squeezing flow from polymer layers, so the polymer pick reaches the mold faster than common substrate like the flat. The present simulation study provides an analysis of the mold geometry especially the substrate geometry to govern filling flow and replication fidelity.

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42

LATIRI, K., J. P. LHOMME, and D. W. LAWLOR. "GRAIN FILLING OF DURUM WHEAT THROUGH ASSIMILATE REMOBILISATION UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS." Experimental Agriculture 49, no. 2 (December 21, 2012): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479712001238.

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SUMMARYIn a context of understanding the physiological mechanisms and cultivar traits which could improve durum wheat (Triticum durum) yield in water limited conditions, the paper focuses on the contribution of stored assimilates to grain growth and yield. A conceptual model describing the different fluxes of assimilate during the grain filling period is used together with a dataset from field experiments made in northern Tunisia during two growing seasons and under different conditions of water and nitrogen supply. Three types of behaviour have been encountered in relation to the balance between demand for assimilate and supply. Remobilisation of stored assimilates provides a buffer enabling grain growth to be maintained. Conditions at anthesis play an important role in determining the type of fluxes of assimilates. Grain number also plays a major role in short- or long-term remobilisation and grain number per ear increases short-term remobilisation. In rain-fed conditions, short-term remobilisation allows faster grain growth.

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Marty, B., T. Gerhalter, E. Araujo, E. Giacomini, and P. Carlier. "Skeletal muscle tissue characterization by 23Na NMRS under different vascular filling conditions." Neuromuscular Disorders 25 (October 2015): S296—S297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.395.

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SZTAJZEL, J., P. RUEDIN, C. MONIN, C. STOERMANN, M. LESKI, W. RUTISHAUSER, and R. LERCH. "Effect of altered loading conditions during haemodialysis on left ventricular filling pattern." European Heart Journal 14, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/14.5.655.

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Dikman, S. M., and S. V. Iordanskii. "Spin relaxation under conditions of the quantum Hall effect with odd filling." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 63, no. 1 (January 1996): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.566962.

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Wieland, S., and R. van Eldik. "Apparatus for filling the pillbox high‐pressure optical cell under unaerobic conditions." Review of Scientific Instruments 60, no. 5 (May 1989): 955–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140353.

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OSADA, Takashi, Chisa NAKANO, and Kenichi OHTSUBO. "Heat Sterilization Conditions to Ensure Commercial Sterility of Hot-Filling Tomato Juice." Japan Journal of Food Engineering 16, no. 2 (2015): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11301/jsfe.16.145.

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Soh, Sung Kuk, and Chin Jui Chang. "Boundary conditions in the modeling of injection mold-filling of thin cavities." Polymer Engineering and Science 26, no. 12 (July 1986): 893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261209.

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Soltész, U., B. Klaiber, and L. Hähnel. "Strength behaviour of two composite dental filling materials under cyclic loading conditions." Journal of Biomechanics 18, no. 7 (January 1985): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(85)90719-5.

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Rong, Kuanwei, Wentao Lan, and Hongyan Li. "Industrial Experiment of Goaf Filling Using the Filling Materials Based on Hemihydrate Phosphogypsum." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040324.

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The surface stockpiling of phosphogypsum not only occupies a large amount of land, but also seriously harms the surrounding ecological environment. The preparation of phosphogypsum into filling materials for mine filling can not only maintain the stability of surrounding rock, reduce surface subsidence, enhance the recovery of resources, but it can also completely solve the problem of phosphogypsum stockpiling. Under certain activation conditions, hemihydrate phosphogypsum has a strong cementing property. It is an important way to reduce the filling cost by using hemihydrate phosphogypsum instead of cement as a cementing material. Through laboratory experiments, the filling materials based on hemihydrate phosphogypsum were developed. In order to further verify its feasibility in practical filling engineering, the industrial experiment of goaf filling was carried out in a phosphorus mine. The results show that the filling system was simple, reliable, and easy to operate and manage. The strength of the filling body basically reached the expected strength target of 2.5 MPa in 3 days. The consolidation speed of the filling materials was faster, which is beneficial to the safe underground construction of the mine. The results of the industrial experiment of goaf filling indicate that the filling materials based on hemihydrate phosphogypsum are suitable for mine filling engineering practice, the work amount is small, and the filling cost is low.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Filling conditions'

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