Relevant bibliographies by topics / Film roughness

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Film roughness'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Film roughness"

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He, Li Jun, Chuan Li, and Xing Zhao Liu. "Surface Roughness in Alumina Thin Film Deposited on Silica Using Oblique Incidence." Materials Science Forum 787 (April 2014): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.787.373.

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The main characteristics of a surface are physical and chemical structure, surface tension and surface roughness. Surface roughness is one of the critical factors, which could cause instability in quality performance. In this paper, surface roughness of alumina thin films deposited on a silicon substrate by using electron beam evaporation with oblique angle deposition were studied. It has been found that the surface roughness of the alumina thin films was dependent on the substrate temperature, the deposition rate, the film thickness and the inclined angle. The experimental results showed that
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ZHAO, PEI, RENG WANG, DINGQUAN LIU, FENGSHAN ZHANG, WEITAO SU, and XIAOFENG XU. "UNDERLAYER ROUGHNESS INFLUENCE ON THE PROPERTIES OF Ag THIN FILM." Surface Review and Letters 15, no. 06 (December 2008): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x08012062.

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The effects of the roughness of ZnS underlayer on the microstructure, optical, and electrical properties of nanometer Ag thin film have been investigated in this paper. Nanometer Ag thin films in glass/ ZnS /7.5 nm Ag /30 nm ZnS stacks have been deposited and analyzed. In the stacks, the underlayers of ZnS have been sputtered with various thicknesses to generate various surface roughnesses. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been used to study the crystal structure of Ag films. The surface topography and the roughness of ZnS underlayer have been analyzed by atomic force microscopy. The sheet resi
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Chengwei, Wu. "On Mixed Squeeze Films of Infinite Width Plates." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920632.

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A mixed squeeze film model between two rough squeezing plates is established in the present paper. The squeeze behavior in the presence of full and partial fluid film between two rough surfaces is analyzed by using Patir and Cheng’s average flow model and Greenwood and Tripp’s roughness contact model. For one-dimensional squeeze films, transverse and isotropic surface roughness (γ ≤ 1) leads to an increasing squeeze film damping coefficient and a longer sinkage time in comparison with smooth surfaces. But, longitudinal roughness (γ > 1) leads to a decreasing squeeze film damping coefficient
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Mitsuya, Y., T. Ohkubo, and H. Ota. "Averaged Reynolds Equation Extended to Gas Lubrication Possessing Surface Roughness in the Slip Flow Regime: Approximate Method and Confirmation Experiments." Journal of Tribology 111, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261957.

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The average film thickness theory is extended to gas lubrication possessing surface roughness in the slip flow regime. A simplified averaged Reynolds equation is derived and its applicability is confirmed through comparing with experiments. This averaging equation makes use of the mixed average film thickness defined as Havem = αHm + (1 − α)Hmˆ, where m = 1, 2 and 3; α indicates the mixing ratio; and H¯ and Hˆ denote the arithmetically and harmonically averaged film thicknesses. The experiments were performed using computer flying heads having precisely photolithography-fabricated longitudinal
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Wongkaew, Akkarat, Chanida Soontornkallapaki, Naritsara Amhae, and Wichet Lamai. "Effect of ZnO on a Superhydrophilic Self-Cleaning Properties of TiO2/SiO2 Thin Film on Glass Slide Substrate." Advanced Materials Research 1131 (December 2015): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1131.237.

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This work aims to study the effect of ZnO containing in TiO2/SiO2 film on the superhydrophilic property after exposed to different types of light. The metal solutions were prepared by sol-gel technique and the film was deposited on glass slides by dip coating method. The parameter studied was the amount of ZnO in the TiO2/SiO2 film. The contents of ZnO were 5-20% weight (increased by 5%). The amount of TiO2 was constant at 30% weight. The obtained films were analyzed for their roughness. The results indicated that film roughness changed according to the ZnO contents. With 5%ZnO in the thin fil
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Niesen, T. P., M. R. De Guire, J. Bill, F. Aldinger, M. Rühle, A. Fischer, F. C. Jentoft, and R. Schlögl. "Atomic force microscopic studies of oxide thin films on organic self-assembled monolayers." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 6 (June 1999): 2464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0331.

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The surface morphology of TiO2- and ZrO2-based thin films, deposited from aqueous solution at 70–80 °C onto functionalized organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on silicon has been examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The films have been previously shown to consist, respectively, of nanocrystalline TiO2 (anatase) and of nanocrystalline tetragonal ZrO2 with amorphous basic zirconium sulfate. The films exhibit characteristic surface roughnesses on two length scales. Roughness on the nanometer scale appears to be dictated by the size of the crystallites in the film. Roughness on the m
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Mitsuya, Y., and H. Ota. "Stiffness and Damping of Compressible Lubricating Films Between Computer Flying Heads and Textured Media: Perturbation Analysis Using the Finite Element Method." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920698.

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Averaged static and dynamic lubrication equations are derived in the general form containing anisotropic film thicknesses dependent on roughness orientation. Solving these equations lead to a presentation of the dynamic characteristics of lubricating films existing between computer flying heads and textured media. Squeeze effects owing to moving roughness accompanying high-frequency spacing variation are found to be given as a function of arithmetically averaged film thickness minus harmonically averaged film thickness. The calculation procedure using the finite element method is then presente
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Cui, Rui Hai, Zhao Hua Jiang, and Zhong Ping Yao. "Influence of Cu2+ Doping on the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Film." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1483.

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With the approach of anodic oxidation, TiO2/Ti film doped with Cu2+ was produced in H2SO4 electrolyte mixed with CuSO4. The surface morphology and the roughness of the films were studied with atomic force microscopy. The phase composition of the films was studied by X-ray diffraction. The photocatalytic activity of the films was compared through the photocatalytic degradation rate of phenol. The relations of the photocatalytic activity to the concentration of Cu2+, the microstructure and the surface roughness of the film were investigated. The results showed that Cu2+ increased the surface rou
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Peng, Yonghong, Shuai Zhang, Fanghua Zhu, Wa Li, Yong Yi, Kai Du, and Qiang Yin. "Fabrication and Characterization of Fluorinated Polyimides (PI) Films with Improved Hydrophobic Property." Nano 13, no. 07 (July 2018): 1850080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292018500807.

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There is a demand for composite films with excellent hydrophobic properties in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) physics experiments. In this paper, we prepared fluorinated polyimide hydrophobic films using spinning and plasma etching methods. The experimental results indicate that the water contact angle for the perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFTS) treatment polyimide (PI) film is 112.0[Formula: see text], which is larger than the pure PI film [Formula: see text]. The rap oil contact angle is 84.2[Formula: see text], which is also much larger than the contact angle of PI film [Formula: see te
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SURESH, K. A., YUSHAN SHI, A. BHATTACHARYYA, and SATYENDRA KUMAR. "WETTING–DEWETTING TRANSITION AND CONFORMAL TO NON-CONFORMAL INTERFACIAL ROUGHNESS TRANSITION IN ULTRA-THIN LIQUID CRYSTAL FILMS ON SOLID SUBSTRATES." Modern Physics Letters B 15, no. 08 (April 10, 2001): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984901001628.

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High-resolution X-ray reflectivity has been employed to study the structure, wetting properties, and interfacial roughness of ultra-thin liquid crystal films. The films were prepared at the air–water interface and transferred on to glass substrates by a modified horizontal deposition technique. A 3-layer film was found to partially-wet the substrate in the nematic and isotropic phases and dewet upon cooling to the crystalline phase. The surface roughnesses at the air-film and the film-glass interfaces exhibited a gradual reversible but hysteretic conformal (strongly correlated) to non-conforma
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Film roughness"

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Lee, Hyunjin. "Radiative properties of silicon wafers with microroughness and thin-film coatings." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07092006-181152/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.<br>Zhang, Zhuomin, Committee Chair ; Joshi, Yogendra, Committee Member ; Lee, Kok-Meng, Committee Member ; Gallivan, Martha, Committee Member ; Zhao, Yiping, Committee Member.
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Guegan, Johan. "Experimental investigation into the influence of roughness on friction and film thickness in EHD contacts." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/53388.

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The roughness of machined surfaces such as those in bearings and gears is characterized by asperities which cover a wide spectrum of wavelengths and heights. When the height of the asperities becomes comparable to the lubricant film thickness, the roughness is known to influence friction and wear behaviour. This thesis reports an experimental investigation into the effect of roughness on the film thickness and friction in EHD contact. This work focuses on the particular roughness case of ridges oriented parallel to the rolling-sliding direction, such as the ones produced on raceways during the
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Cardwell, Nicholas Don. "Effects of Realistic First-Stage Turbine Endwall Features." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36121.

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The modern gas turbine engine requires innovative cooling techniques to protect its internal components from the harsh operating environment typically seen downstream of the combustor. Much research has been performed on the design of these cooling techniques thus allowing for combustion temperatures higher than the melting point of the parts within the turbine. As turbine inlet temperatures and efficiencies continue to increase, it becomes vitally important to correctly and realistically model all of the turbine's external cooling features so as to provide the most accurate representation o
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Shioya, Nobutaka. "Development of Analytical Technique of Molecular Orientation in a Thin Film and Its Application to Low-Crystallinity Organic Thin Films Having a Surface Roughness." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232268.

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Aghasi, Paul P. "Dependence of Film Cooling Effectiveness on 3D Printed Cooling Holes." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1458893416.

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Webb, Joshua J. "The Effect of Particle Size and Film Cooling on Nozzle Guide Vane Deposition." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313528110.

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Pavlík, František. "Studium vlivu parametru elipticity na rozložení tloušťky mazacího filmu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229941.

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Diploma thesis deals with elastohydrodynamic lubrication of point contacts, which surfaces are influenced by topography and velocity vector of one rubbing surface is misaligned. Author summarizes knowledge of previously published research articles, which fundamentally enrich current state of knowledge. Diploma thesis contains experimental measurement results of the film thickness and the way of lubrication film formation in elliptical contact for different ellipticity parameters, kinds of rubbing surfaces and angles of the velocity vector. New findings have helped to better understand the beha
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Fratini, Christopher M. "Study of the Morphology and Optical Properties of Propylene/Ethylene Copolymer Films." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27211.

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The development of a new catalyst system by The Dow Chemical Company has resulted in the production of isotactic polypropylene and propylene/ethylene copolymers with a unique defect and comonomer distribution. This work investigated the morphology and optical properties of cast and compression molded films made from the homopolymer and copolymers with up to 20 mol% ethylene comonomer. The defect distribution of the Dow Chemical copolymers resulted in materials with lower crystallinity than Ziegler-Natta or metallocene-made materials of similar ethylene content. These materials exhibited a gamm
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Sugar, Joshua D. "Mechanisms of microstructure development at metallic-interlayer/ceramic interfaces during liquid-film-assisted bonding." Berkeley, Calif. : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2003. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/825347-j6A0Su/native/.

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Thesis (M.S.); Submitted to the University of California, Berkeley, CA (US); 1 Dec 2003.<br>Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LBNL--54185" Sugar, Joshua D. USDOE Director. Office of Science. Basic Energy Sciences (US) 12/01/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
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Simon, Darren, and s3027589@student rmit edu au. "Chemistry and Morphology of Polymer Thin Films for Electro-Optical Application." RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070123.122707.

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Thin polymer films and their properties have been investigated. The characteristics of crystalline polymers according to film thickness have been improved using polycaprolactone (PCL). The melting enthalpy of PCL has increased when the film thickness decreased and the peak melting temperature showed no significant changes with film thickness. Film thickness variation influenced surface roughness and crystal size. Optical microscope images showed the rougher surface of thicker films. The spinning time has shown no influence on film thickness and no significant changes to surface roughness.
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Books on the topic "Film roughness"

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1935-, Aboudi Jacob, Arnold S. M, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. The effect of interface roughness and oxide film thickness on the inelastic response of thermal barrier coatings to thermal cycling. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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The effect of interface roughness and oxide film thickness on the inelastic response of thermal barrier coatings to thermal cycling. Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Film roughness"

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Fukushima, Manabu, Seiji Nakano, and Hideki Kita. "Ceramic Surface Roughness Modification Using A Polymethylsilsesquioxane and Silicon Oxycarbide Film Coating." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 289–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118144145.ch45.

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Itoh, M., K. Aota, R. Sugano, and H. Takano. "Reduction of Thin Film Surface Roughness by Self-Assembling of Organic Molecules." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 467–74. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118406038.ch57.

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Woods, D. C., R. L. Fletcher, and E. B. G. Jones. "Microfouling Film Composition, Thickness and Surface Roughness on Ship Trial Antifouling Paints." In Biodeterioration 7, 49–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1363-9_7.

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Park, Bo Hyeon, Hyun Sik Oh, Seok Pyo Hong, and Sang Jeen Hong. "Analysis of Surface Roughness of Immersion Sn Plating Film via Micro Etch Process." In Advanced Materials Research, 425–28. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-463-4.425.

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Adeshara, Jatinkumar V., M. B. Prajapati, G. M. Deheri, and R. M. Patel. "Study of Longitudinal Roughness on Hydromagnetic Squeeze Film Between Conducting Rotating Circular Plates." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 219–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0184-5_20.

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Peng, Zhilong. "Effects of Surface Roughness and Film Thickness on the Adhesion of a Bio-inspired Nanofilm." In Springer Theses, 55–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46955-2_5.

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Olmeda, R., P. Breda, C. Stemmer, and M. Pfitzner. "Large-Eddy Simulations for the Wall Heat Flux Prediction of a Film-Cooled Single-Element Combustion Chamber." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 223–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_14.

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Abstract In order for modern launcher engines to work at their optimum, film cooling can be used to preserve the structural integrity of the combustion chamber. The analysis of this cooling system by means of CFD is complex due to the extreme physical conditions and effects like turbulent fluctuations damping and recombination processes in the boundary layer which locally change the transport properties of the fluid. The combustion phenomena are modeled by means of Flamelet tables taking into account the enthalpy loss in the proximity of the chamber walls. In this work, Large-Eddy Simulations of a single-element combustion chamber experimentally investigated at the Technical University of Munich are carried out at cooled and non-cooled conditions. Compared with the experiment, the LES shows improved results with respect to RANS simulations published. The influence of wall roughness on the wall heat flux is also studied, as it plays an important role for the lifespan of a rocket engine combustors.
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Tarakci, M., and S. Guruswamy. "Influence of Surface Roughness on the Coercivity and Magnetic Interactions in CoCrX (X=Pt,Pd,Ta,B) Thin Film Media." In Surface Engineering, 283–92. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118788325.ch28.

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Mwema, Fredrick Madaraka, Esther Titilayo Akinlabi, and Oluseyi Philip Oladijo. "Mono-Fractal Analyses of Roughness of Sputtered Films." In Sputtered Thin Films, 101–36. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2021. | Series: Engineering materials book series: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003053507-7.

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Trost, M., and S. Schröder. "Roughness and Scatter in Optical Coatings." In Optical Characterization of Thin Solid Films, 377–405. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75325-6_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Film roughness"

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Morris, Nicholas J., Joaquin M. Gutierrez, Ever J. Barbero, and Darran R. Cairns. "Polymer Skins With Switchable Roughness." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5129.

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films with embedded electrically-responsive liquid crystal (LC) ellipsoids were fabricated to develop a membrane coating featuring tunable roughness. Membranes (∼30 microns thick) were placed between opposing pieces of indium-tin oxide (ITO) glass, creating electrodes for creation of a uniform electric field. Applied voltages ranged from 0V–350 V, as films were observed using an optical microscope. Thin-film interference patterns were observed in various regions of each film and were measured. Contour plots of film displacement were created and showed elevations across
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Schmidt, Donald L., Basav Sen, and David G. Bogard. "Effects of Surface Roughness on Film Cooling." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-299.

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A flat plate test section was used to study how surface roughness representative of an in-service turbine affects the film cooling adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient for a round hole geometry. The injection was from a single row of round film cooling holes with injection angle of 30°. The density ratio of the injectant to the mainstream was 2.0 for the adiabatic effectiveness tests, and 1.0 for the heat transfer coefficient tests. A range of momentum flux ratios was examined to characterize the adiabatic effectiveness and heat transfer performance. Streamwise distributions o
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Tielking, John, and V. Thomas. "The effect of film thickness on the fracture roughness of balloon film." In 32nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1994-634.

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Southwell, W. H. "Coherence Loss Due To Thin Film Interface Roughness." In 1986 International Symposium/Innsbruck, edited by J. Roland Jacobsson. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.938393.

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Shen, Zhengxiang, Bin Ma, Tao Ding, Xiaoqiang Wang, ZhanShan Wang, Lishuan Wang, Huasong Liu, and Yiqin Ji. "Fabrication and quantitative characterization of super smooth surface with sub-nanometer roughness." In Seventh International Conference on Thin Film Physics and Applications, edited by Junhao Chu and Zhanshan Wang. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.888916.

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Karabekov, Albert Y., and Igor V. Kozhevnikov. "Peculiarities of x-ray scattering by thin-film roughness." In X-ray Optics and Surface Science, edited by Alexander V. Vinogradov. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.200273.

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Inoue, Y., and K. Ikuta. "Cell based microactuator with controlled roughness of thin film." In TRANSDUCERS 2015 - 2015 18th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/transducers.2015.7181271.

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Osipov, M. I. "EFFICIENCY OF FILM COOLING WITH INFLUENCE OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS." In International Heat Transfer Conference 10. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc10.1130.

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Han, Guoqiang, Zhuangde Jiang, Weixuan Jing, and Mingzhi Zhu. "Effects of Substrate Properties, Film Thickness and Evaporation Rate on the Surface Roughness of Ultra Thin Titanium Films." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21096.

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Ultra thin (less than 50nm) titanium films with various thicknesses are systematically deposited on different substrates by electron-beam evaporation at various deposition rates in order to correlate flat titanium film surface roughness with deposition process parameters. In this paper, the influences of the substrate surface properties, film thickness and evaporation rate on surface roughness of flat ultra thin titanium films are clarified. In this study, distinct and abrupt steps on the film surface were fabricated by masks pasted on the substrate surfaces during the deposition process. The
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Boutaous, M’hamed, and Patrick Bourgin. "Macroscopic Effects of Surface Roughness in Confined Air-Flow." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33831.

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The general framework deals with the winding of thin plastic films. It is well known by the man-of-the art that the “windability” of plastic films is mainly governed by their surface topography. One key issue is then to optimize their surface topography so that to improve the quality of the wound roll. In a previous work, we proposed a simple model which considers the flow of an air layer squeezed between a solid smooth substrate and a plastic film sample : it was shown experimentally that the macroscopic characteristics of the flow are connected to the film roughness, but how? To answer this
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Reports on the topic "Film roughness"

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Raben, Sam, Pavlos Vlachos, and Wing Ng. Effects of Leading Edge Film-Cooling and Surface Roughness on the Downstream Film-Cooling Along a Transonic Turbine Blade for Low and High Free-Stream Turbulence. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada479415.

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Berney, Ernest, Naveen Ganesh, Andrew Ward, J. Newman, and John Rushing. Methodology for remote assessment of pavement distresses from point cloud analysis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40401.

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The ability to remotely assess road and airfield pavement condition is critical to dynamic basing, contingency deployment, convoy entry and sustainment, and post-attack reconnaissance. Current Army processes to evaluate surface condition are time-consuming and require Soldier presence. Recent developments in the area of photogrammetry and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) enable rapid generation of three-dimensional point cloud models of the pavement surface. Point clouds were generated from data collected on a series of asphalt, concrete, and unsurfaced pavements using ground- and aerial-ba
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