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1
Lussac, Olivier. "Les recherches érotiques du cinéma structurel et la réduction radicale de Fluxus." Figures de l'Art. Revue d'études esthétiques 4, no. 1 (1999): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/fdart.1999.1225.
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Au cours des années soixante, deux tendances du cinéma érotique se développaient. Chacun utilisait le corps comme matériau. D’un côté, le corps était représentation et figuration expressive, de l’autre, il était fragmentation et dématérialisation de l’objet de l’art. En effet, la première tendance était issue des champs minimaliste et «underground ». La seconde était essentiellement destructrice et provenait de Fluxus et de sa tendance au Concept Art. Finalement, si le film expérimental dans son ensemble faisait appel à une avidité sémantique, le film structurel développait davantage la construction «interne », tandis que Fluxus détruisait au contraire le processus filmique.
2
Saouter, Catherine. "Le téléroman, art de nouveaux conteurs: formes et influences de récit téléromanesque." Recherche 33, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/056693ar.
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Le téléroman, qui prolonge la longue et fructueuse carrière du feuilleton dans la presse et à la radio, est la forme de fiction la plus largement consommée, loin devant le film et le roman. Du point de vue structurel autant que thématique, le téléroman est en voie de devenir un véritable paradigme qui déborde des stricts cadres télévisuels jusque dans d'autres modes d'expression: cinéma, littérature, bande dessinée. Quelques éléments de démonstration basés principalement sur le téléroman Les Filles de Caleb sont apportés.
3
Singh, Satya Pal, Archana Kumari Singh, and Aman Alexander. "SYNTHESIS OF Mg-DOPED n(ZnO) THIN FILMS USING SOL-GEL 6 DIP-COATING METHOD AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ITS STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 04 (April 30, 2022): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213412.
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Mg-doped ZnO alloy thin films having hexagonal Wurtzite structures were prepared using the Sol-Gel method. The doping results into, increased surface roughness and reduced grain size. Photonic applications are made easier by altering the optical bandgap of ZnO nano-structured thin films doped with various components. Mg metal atom doped ZnO films are an excellent example for study. In this work, the thin film of Mg-doped ZnO is formed on glass substrate via dip coating method with varied concentration of dopant. Dip-coating method is one of the cheapest methods. SEM, Raman spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy are used to characterize the thin films. The spectroscopic analysis revealed a more uniformed crystalline nano-structured surface with fewer structural deffects. As the Mg atom concentration is increased, the results show a linear increment in the band gap of Mg-doped ZnO thin film in comparsion to the pure ZnO nanostructured thin film, as well as there occurs an improvement in crystalline character. The reduction in intensity of visible radiation (enhancement in radiation in UV region) with increase in Mg concentration indicates for a decrease in intrinsic defects. The changing trends in optical and structural parameters as with increased Mg content reveal a nonlinear and non-monotonic relations. The work provides insights to analyse the dependence of optical bandgap on crystal structure and defects.
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Sim, Sang Gyo. "A Study on the imaginative structure and meaning of the Jeongdongjin Independent Film Festival." Liberal Arts Innovation Center 13 (November 30, 2023): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54698/kl.2023.13.169.
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This paper examined the imaginative structure of films screened at the 25th Jeongdongjin Independent Film Festival in 2023. A total of 22 films were screened at this fi lm festival, including 19 short fi lms, 1 feature fi lm, and 1 film festival support film. Among these works, seven works whose imaginative structure was easy to identify and whose narrative structure was clear were examined. Just as there is an explanation that the human unconscious is structured by language or libido that created the works submitted to this year's Jeongdongjin Independent Film Festival.
The typical imaginative structures that appeared commonly at this film festival. Structures were paradox and human insight. The roots was love for humanity and family. It seems necessary to characterize fi lm festivals with specific themes. It may be necessary to plan with specialized themes such as family or the sea. Operating a children's film class program can also be considered, and it is also worth considering adding a program in the nature of a silver class.
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Hamada, Seiti, Takafumi Horiike, Tomohiro Uno, Masato Ishikawa, Hideaki Machida, Yoshio Ohshita, and Atsushi Ogura. "Evaluation of GexSbyTez Film Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition." Materials Science Forum 725 (July 2012): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.725.289.
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This paper describes structure evaluation of GexSbyTez (GST) film fabricated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We successfully established composition controlled GST CVD with smooth surface by applying appropriate deposition conditions. By increasing Ge flow rate or reducing substrate temperature, the average grain size was reduced and the film flatness was improved. As the results, we succeeded to obtain the extremely smooth surface, and also to fill a finite hole with conformal film deposition. All GexSbyTez films showed FCC or amorphous crystalline structures, both are utilized in the proposed phase change random access memory (PRAM), in spite of the wide range of composition control. We believe these CVD-GST films are useful for PRAM applications.
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WUTTIG, M., and B. FELDMANN. "ULTRATHIN METAL FILMS BY DESIGN: EXPLOITING THE CLOSE CORRELATION BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND MAGNETISM." Surface Review and Letters 03, no. 03 (June 1996): 1473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x96002485.
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To design ultrathin metal films with desired properties, it is necessary to understand the close correlation between film structure and film properties. In this paper several examples of the relationship between the magnetism and the structure of thin metallic films are presented. It is demonstrated that for iron films on Cu(100) and Cu 3 Au (100) and for MnCu surface alloys, unusual film structures are often accompanied by unusual magnetic properties. While two fcc phases, which differ in their crystallographic and magnetic states, have been stabilized on Cu(100) depending upon film thickness, no fcc modification is observed on Cu 3 Au (100). This can be understood qualitatively if the different contributions to the total energy of the film are considered. For the weak magnets Mn and Fe studied here, this points towards a pronounced contribution of the surface to stabilizing unusual magnetic phases. This is demonstrated even quantitatively for the Cu (100) c(2×2) Mn phase, where an unusual surface-layer corrugation is accompanied by a large magnetic moment. An improved understanding of the energies that govern the correlation between structural and magnetic properties should widen the opportunities for designing ultrathin films with desired magnetic characteristics.
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Kveglis, L. I., A. V. Kuzovnikov, and I. V. Timofeev. "The Self-Organisation of Tetrahedrally Close-Packed Structures in Magnetic Nanocrystalline Tb-Fe and Co-Pd Films." Solid State Phenomena 115 (August 2006): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.115.267.
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The self-organization of an atomic structure in Tb30Fe70 and Co50Pd50 films possessing of high values of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) constant (K⊥ ~ 106 erg/cm3) is investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The crystallization of the films is realized in an explosive way with formation of different dissipative structures from the initial nanocrystalline state. In present work the structural model of a thin film in mezzo-scale and the correlation of a structure with magnetic properties are discussed.
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Huang, Jie, Xuan Pei, and Feng Ji. "Fabrication and Characterization of Ga and N Co-Doped SnO2 Films by MOCVD." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.37.
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The gallium and nitrogen co-doped tin oxide (SnO2 :Ga-N) films have been prepared on α-Al2O3 (0001) substrates at 500°C by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method. The relative amount of Ga (Ga/(Ga+Sn) atomic ratio) was 8%. The flow rate of gaseous NH3 injected into the reactor chamber varied from 25sccm to 55sccm. According to the XRD patterns, the film grown at the flow rate of 25sccm has the best crystalline structure. Subsequently, a series of co-doped SnO2 films with the Ga concentration varying from 1% to 12% and the flux of 25sccm for NH3 were fabricated. Post-deposition annealing of the films was carried out at different temperatures for 2 h in nitrogen atmosphere. The structural, electrical and optical transmittance properties of the films have been investigated. For the as-deposited films, except that the film with 12% Ga doping has the amorphous structure, other films have the rutile structures of pure SnO2 with a strong (2 0 0) preferred orientation. After annealing, the structures of all films have changed obviously. Especially, the 12% Ga doping film has the polycrystalline structure also with the (200) preferred orientation. The average transmittances for all the films in the visible range were over 85%. The values of the band gaps varied from 3.3eV to 3.5eV for the as-deposited films and 3.7-3.9eV for the annealed ones. The electrical properties of the as-deposited films varied with the Ga content and were being discussed in detail.
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KAVAK, H., N. H. ERDOGAN, K. KARA, H. YANIS, Z. BAZ, and R. ESEN. "CHARACTERIZATION OF n AND p TYPE ZNO THIN FILMS DEPOSITED BY CATHODIC PULSED FILTERED VACUUM ARC SYSTEM." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2009): 1719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209061524.
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The transparent, conductive n and p -type semiconducting ZnO thin films were prepared by pulsed filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition (PFCVAD) method. The structural, optical and electrical properties of n and p -type ZnO thin films are investigated after annealing at 450°C. 197 nm thick n -type ZnO thin film was deposited with oxygen pressure of 8.5 × 10-4 Torr . XRD pattern of annealed ZnO thin film exhibits hexagonal structure with (100), (101) and (110) orientations. The crystallite size of semiconductor ZnO thin film is 18 nm, interplanar distance 0.16 nm and lattice constant c is 0.52 nm for (110) orientation. The optical transmittance spectra of n and p -type ZnO films are over 90% in the visible wavelength region with optical energy gap 3.3 eV. p -type ZnO thin films are produced by oxidation of PFCVAD deposited zinc nitride. Zinc nitride is deposited with nitrogen pressure of 8.6 × 10-4 Torr and the thickness of this film is 179 nm. The oxidation of zinc nitride thin films at 450°C results in hexagonal structures p -type ZnO thin films. XRD pattern of this film has the same (100), (101) and (110) orientations with the same crystalline structures as the directly deposited ZnO thin film. Hall measurements indicated that ZnO films were p -type and the highest carrier concentration of 1.08 × 1018 cm -3 and mobility of 93.53 cm2/Vs were obtained.
10
Avramenko, K. A., Nina N. Roshchina, G. P. Olkhovik, Petro S. Smertenko, and Lyudmyla V. Zavyalova. "Structural and Electro-Physical Properties of ZnO Films, Obtained by a MOCVD Method on Glass and Silicon Substrates." Solid State Phenomena 230 (June 2015): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.230.205.
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This paper reports on the ZnO film structures obtained by MOCVD method from acetylacetonate of zinc and diethyldithiocarbamate of zinc on silicon substrates at 280-320 оС substrate. The structural, emitting and transport properties of the ZnO films were examined by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electronic microscopy, Photoluminescent microscopy and Current-Voltage methods. The electrical transport mechanisms were analyzed on the base of differential and injection approaches. The ZnO/Si structure with ZnO film obtained was found to be appropriate for use in electronic devices due to their structural and electrical properties.
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Chen, Liang Yu, Chung Cheng Su, and Ren Haw Chen. "Influences of Process Conditions on Stretching Characteristics of Crystalline Polymer Film." Advanced Materials Research 939 (May 2014): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.342.
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Developing the interior structures of polymer films is essential for creating novel functions of such films. This study investigates the effects of extension parameters and processing procedures on the super-structure of a polypropylene (PP) film. An biaxial extension device is also designed and fabricated to analyze the effects of annealing, extension temperature, extension rate and other parameters on the super-structures of PP films. Based on super-structure analyses, the relationships between extension parameters and film structures are determined, and an extension process that involves a second time stretching procedure is suggested. Experimental results indicate that void structures can be generated by biaxial extension at the interface between the crystalline and amorphous regions in a film. The mechanical strength of the film is also affected by stretching and become highly oriented. Although a low extension temperature can increase the number of void structures generated at a low extension ratio, structure sizes are dispersed. Additionally, voids with uniform size can be obtained when the film is stretched at a high temperature; however, it needs a high extension ratio to promote the formation of void structures. As for annealing treatment, when the annealing temperature increased, the size and quantity of the spherulites that were formed in films by annealing also increased, but these films tend to have similar sizes and numbers of void structures. Based on the experimental results, this study also describes how parameters influence the void structures of a PP film created during the extension process. Analysis results further demonstrate how extension parameters and processing procedures can be adjusted to improve the fabrication of PP films.
12
Qiao, Dongling, Wenyao Tu, Lei Zhong, Zhong Wang, Binjia Zhang, and Fatang Jiang. "Microstructure and Mechanical/Hydrophilic Features of Agar-Based Films Incorporated with Konjac Glucomannan." Polymers 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11121952.
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Different characterization methods spanning length scales from molecular to micron scale were applied to inspect the microstructures and mechanical/hydrophilic features of agar/konjac glucomannan (KGM) films prepared under different drying temperatures (40 and 60 °C). Note that the lower preparation temperature (40 °C) could increase the strength and elongation of agar/KGM films at high KGM levels (18:82 wt/wt KGM-agar, or higher). This was related to the variations in the film multi-scale structures with the increment of KGM content: the reduced crystallinity, the increased perfection of nanoscale orders at some KGM amounts, and the negligibly-changed morphology and molecular chemical structure under 40 °C preparation temperature. These structural changes initially decreased the film tensile strength, and subsequently increased the film strength and elongation with increasing KGM content. Moreover, under the higher drying temperature (60 °C), the increased KGM content could concurrently reduce the strength and elongation for the films, associated with probable phase separations on nano and smaller scales. In addition, the increased KGM amount tended to make the film more hydrophilic, whereas the changes in the film structures did not dominantly affect the changing trend of hydrophilicity.
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Saurdi, I., Mohamad Hafiz Mamat, M. F. Malik, A. Ishak, and Mohamad Rusop. "Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Multiple Layers Nano-Structured Zinc Oxide Thin Film." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.401.
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The nanoStructured ZnO thin films were prepared by Spin coating technique on glass substrates at various layers. The structural and optical properties were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV-Vis-NIR respectively. The surface morphology reveals that the nanostructured ZnO thin films become densely packed as the thickness increased. The average particles size of ZnO thin film estimated from FESEM images at different layers of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 were 20nm, 28nm, 36nm, 39nm and 56nm, respectively. The surface roughness of thin films was increase as the thin film thickness increases. The results show all films are transparent in the visible region (400-800 nm) with average transmittance above 85 %. Meanwhile, the optical band gap was decrease as the film thickness increases. The conductivity of ZnO thin film slightly improved as the thickness increased as measured through two probes 1-V measurement system.
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Hasegawa, Takashi, and Kosuke Ito. "Structural Dependent Ferromagnetic-Nonmagnetic Phase Change in FePtRu Films." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8949458.
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Herein, we studied correlations between crystal structures and magnetic properties of FePt1−xRux films. At room temperature, the chemical disordered A1 films with 0≤x<0.20 and 0.20≤x≤1.00 exhibited ferromagnetic properties and paramagnetic properties, respectively. Curie temperature of the disordered film with x=0.30 was 200 K. In contrast, the ordered L10 films had ferromagnetic properties in a wider range of 0≤x<0.80 with the magnetic easy-axis perpendicular to the film plane. For 0≤x≤0.50, with the ordered structure, the films had high magnetization and high uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of over 107 erg cm−3. For x = 0.60–0.70 with the ordered structure, a temperature-dependent magnetic phase transition appeared, and magnetization reached its maximum value at around 200 K. Using this material system, we proposed a nanopatterning method involving a ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase change due to the ordered-disordered structural transformation.
15
Qian, Zhangyi, Menghan Wang, Junling Li, Zhaoran Chu, Wenwei Tang, and Cheng Chen. "Preparation and Adsorption Photocatalytic Properties of PVA/TiO2 Colloidal Photonic Crystal Films." Gels 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2024): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10080520.
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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/TiO2/colloidal photonic crystal (CPC) films with photocatalytic properties are presented, where TiO2 nanoparticles were introduced into the PVA gel network. Such PVA/TiO2/CPC films possess three-dimensional periodic structures that are supported with a PVA/TiO2 composite gel. The unique structural color of CPCs can indicate the process of material preparation, adsorption, and desorption. The shift of diffraction peaks of CPCs can be more accurately determined using fiber-optic spectroscopy. The effect of the PVA/TiO2/CPC catalyst films showed better properties as the degradation of methylene blue (MB) by the PVA/TiO2/CPC film catalyst in 4 h was 77~90%, while the degradation of MB by the PVA/TiO2 film was 33% in 4 h, indicating that the photonic crystal structure was 2.3~2.7 times more effective than that of the bulk structure.
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Kang, Jihye, Dongsu Park, Donghun Lee, Masao Kamiko, Sung-Jin Kim, Sang-Kwon Lee, and Jung-Hyuk Koh. "Enhanced Electrical Properties of AZO/IZO Multilayered Thin Film with Post Laser Annealing Process." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 1971–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18913.
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In this research, alternative deposition process of ZnO-based thin films have been studied for transparent conducting oxide (TCO) application. To improve the electrical and optical properties of transparent oxide thin films, alternatively stacked Al-doped ZnO and In-doped ZnO thin films were investigated. Multilayer structure of alternative 6 layers of thin films were prepared in this research. Especially, Aluminum and Indium were chosen as dopant materials. Thin films of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) and In-doped ZnO (IZO) were alternatively deposited by spin coating with sol-gel method. After deposition of multilayered thin films, multi steps of furnace (F), rapid thermal annealing (R) and CO2 laser annealing (L) processes were carried out and investigated thin film properties by dependence of post-annealing sequence and thin film structures. The electrical and optical properties of thin films were investigated by 4-point probe and UV-vis spectroscopy and its shows the greatest sheet resistance value of 0.59 kΩ/sq. from AZO/IZO multilayered structure and upper 85% of transmittance. The structural property and surface morphology were measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The Al- and In-doped ZnO thin film shows the highest intensity value at (002) peak of AZO/IZO multilayer structure which was performed FRL process.
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Перевалов, Т. В., В. А. Володин, Ю. Н. Новиков, Г. Н. Камаев, В. А. Гриценко, and И. П. Просвирин. "Наноразмерные флуктуации потенциала в SiO-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-, синтезированном плазмохимическим осаждением." Физика твердого тела 61, no. 12 (2019): 2528. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2019.12.48589.552.
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The atomic structure and electron spectrum of a-SiOx:H films deposited on silicon and glass substrates by the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method are considered in this paper. The film stoichiometric parameter «x» varied in the range from 0.57 to 2 depending on the oxygen supply to the reactor conditions. The film structures and the electronic structure peculiarities characterization, depending on the parameter «x» value, were carried out using a set of structural and optical techniques, as well as the ab initio quantum-chemical simulation for the model SiOx structure. It was established that the studied SiOx:H films mainly consist of silicon suboxide SiOy with SiO2 and amorphous Si clusters. Based on the spatial chemical composition fluctuations, the electron and hole potential fluctuations model for SiOx is proposed. The obtained results will allow a more accurate charge transport modeling in a-SiOx:H films, which is important for creating nonvolatile memory and memristor elements on the base of SiOx.
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Liu, Xiao Zhen, Yu Fan Ni, Xiao Zhou Liu, Le Tian Xia, Jie Chen, and Xiao Yu Zheng. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Crystal Structure of the Anodic Cerium Oxide Films." Key Engineering Materials 748 (August 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.748.12.
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The cerium dioxide films were prepared with cerium foils as raw materials by anodization in Na2C2O4-NH3∙H2O-H2O-(CH2OH)2 electrolyte. The anodic cerium oxide films were heat treated in 100~400°C and 0.5~2.5h, respectively. The heat treated anodic cerium oxide films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The heat treated anodic cerium oxide film at 100°C is semi crystalline film. The heat treated anodic cerium oxide film at 200°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, respectively for 2h, is the cerium dioxide film respectively, and has a structure of cubic fluorite respectively. The crystal structures of the cerium dioxide films become more complete with the increase of heat treatment temperature in 200 ~ 400 °C. The heat treated anodic cerium oxide film at 400°C for 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2.5h, respectively, is the cerium dioxide film respectively, and has a structure of cubic fluorite respectively. The crystal structures of the cerium dioxide films become more complete with the increase of heat treatment times in 0.5h ~ 2.5h.
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Nam, Jungtae, Gil Yong Lee, Dong Yun Lee, Dongchul Sung, Suklyun Hong, A.-Rang Jang, and Keun Soo Kim. "Tailored Synthesis of Heterogenous 2D TMDs and Their Spectroscopic Characterization." Nanomaterials 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2024): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14030248.
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Two-dimensional (2D) vertical van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) show great potential across various applications. However, synthesizing large-scale structures poses challenges owing to the intricate growth parameters, forming unexpected hybrid film structures. Thus, precision in synthesis and thorough structural analysis are essential aspects. In this study, we successfully synthesized large-scale structured 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) via chemical vapor deposition using metal oxide (WO3 and MoO3) thin films and a diluted H2S precursor, individual MoS2, WS2 films and various MoS2/WS2 hybrid films (Type I: MoxW1−xS2 alloy; Type II: MoS2/WS2 vdWH; Type III: MoS2 dots/WS2). Structural analyses, including optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and cross-sectional imaging revealed that the A1g and E2g modes of WS2 and MoS2 were sensitive to structural variations, enabling hybrid structure differentiation. Type II showed minimal changes in the MoS2′s A1g mode, while Types I and III exhibited a ~2.8 cm−1 blue shift. Furthermore, the A1g mode of WS2 in Type I displayed a 1.4 cm−1 red shift. These variations agreed with the TEM-observed microstructural features, demonstrating strain effects on the MoS2–WS2 interfaces. Our study provides insights into the structural features of diverse hybrid TMD materials, facilitating their differentiation through Raman spectroscopy.
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Kayani, Zohra Nazir, Iqra Shah, Bareera Zulfiqar, Saira Riaz, Shahzad Naseem, and Aneeqa Sabah. "Structural, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Co-Doped ZnO Thin Films Grown by Sol–Gel." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 73, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2017-0302.
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AbstractCobalt-doped ZnO thin films have been deposited using a sol–gel route by changing the number of coats on the substrate from 6 to 18. This project deals with various film thicknesses by increasing the number of deposited coats. The effect of thickness on structural, magnetic, surface morphology and optical properties of Co-doped ZnO thin film was studied. The crystal structure of the Co-doped ZnO films was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The films have polycrystalline wurtzite hexagonal structures. A Co2+ ion takes the place of a Zn2+ ion in the lattice without creating any distortion in its hexagonal wurtzite structure. An examination of the optical transmission spectra showed that the energy band gap of the Co-doped ZnO films increased from 3.87 to 3.97 eV with an increase in the number of coatings on the substrate. Ferromagnetic behaviour was confirmed by measurements using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The surface morphology of thin films was assessed by scanning electron microscope. The grain size on the surface of thin films increased with an increase in the number of coats.
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Yan, Fu Xue, Gao Yang Zhao, Na Song, and Yuan Qing Chen. "Preparation of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3-Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Bilayer Thin Films and their Magnetic and Ferroelectric Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 248 (December 2012): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.248.212.
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Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4-Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (NZFO-PZT) composite films were prepared using sol–gel method on Si (100) substrate with different bilayer structures, namely, the NZFO/PZT (NP) and the PZT/NZFO (PN). Their structure, magnetic and ferroelectric properties were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) and ferroelectric testing unit. Both the NP and the PN films exhibit coexistence of magnetic and ferroelectric properties. The overlapping sequence has much influence on the electrical properties. Whereas, such an overlapping structure of the films has slightly effect on its magnetic properties. The NP structured composite film is more suitable to get a promising magnetoelectric coupling.
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Elschner, Chris, Alexandr A. Levin, Lutz Wilde, Jörg Grenzer, Christian Schroer, Karl Leo, and Moritz Riede. "Determining the C60 molecular arrangement in thin films by means of X-ray diffraction." Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, no. 5 (September 8, 2011): 983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188981103531x.
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The electrical and optical properties of molecular thin films are widely used, for instance in organic electronics, and depend strongly on the molecular arrangement of the organic layers. It is shown here how atomic structural information can be obtained from molecular films without further knowledge of the single-crystal structure. C60 fullerene was chosen as a representative test material. A 250 nm C60 film was investigated by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction and the data compared with a Bragg–Brentano X-ray diffraction measurement of the corresponding C60 powder. The diffraction patterns of both powder and film were used to calculate the pair distribution function (PDF), which allowed an investigation of the short-range order of the structures. With the help of the PDF, a structure model for the C60 molecular arrangement was determined for both C60 powder and thin film. The results agree very well with a classical whole-pattern fitting approach for the C60 diffraction patterns.
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Tomidokoro, Masashi, Sarayut Tunmee, Ukit Rittihong, Chanan Euaruksakul, Ratchadaporn Supruangnet, Hideki Nakajima, Yuki Hirata, Naoto Ohtake, and Hiroki Akasaka. "Electrical Conduction Properties of Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Films with Different Structures." Materials 14, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 2355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092355.
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Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films have optical and electrical properties that vary widely depending on deposition conditions; however, the electrical conduction mechanism, which is dependent on the film structure, has not yet been fully revealed. To understand the relationship between the film structure and electrical conduction mechanism, three types of a-C:H films were prepared and their film structures and electrical properties were evaluated. The sp2/(sp2 + sp3) ratios were measured by a near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure technique. From the conductivity–temperature relationship, variable-range hopping (VRH) conduction was shown to be the dominant conduction mechanism at low temperatures, and the electrical conduction mechanism changed at a transition temperature from VRH conduction to thermally activated band conduction. On the basis of structural analyses, a model of the microstructure of a-C:H that consists of sp2 and sp3-bonded carbon clusters, hydrogen atoms and dangling bonds was built. Furthermore, it is explained how several electrical conduction parameters are affected by the carrier transportation path among the clusters.
24
Liu, Yen-Chun, Shih-Nan Hsiao, Ying-Hung Chen, Ping-Yen Hsieh, and Ju-Liang He. "High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputter-Deposited Chromium-Based Coatings for Corrosion Protection." Coatings 13, no. 12 (December 18, 2023): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122101.
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The use of high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) to deposit chromium-based thin films on brass substrates for the purpose of corrosion-protective coating was investigated. By varying the process parameters (pulse frequency, pulse width and N2 flow rate) and structure design, including single-layer and multilayer structures, the obtained results revealed that the Cr-N films deposited through the use of HIPIMS exhibited higher film density and corrosion resistance compared to traditional direct-current magnetron sputtering. Based on the results of a field test using copper-accelerated acetic acid solution, the Cr-N film with a multilayered structure can further extend the time to corrosion onset. This is because the bottom layer in the multilayer structure can block structural defects in the layer above it, effectively reducing the penetration of corrosive agents into the substrate. The high bias voltage, coupled with increased temperature during deposition, led to a dezincification effect, resulting in the reduced adhesion of the film to the substrate and decreased overall corrosion resistance.
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PINPRU, Nattapong, Varol INTASANTA, Thitirat CHAROONSUK, Supharada KHAISAAT, Oubonwan SAWANAKARN, Naratip VITTAYAKORN, and Somsak WORAMONGKOLCHAI. "Preparation of bacterial cellulose film from rotten fruits for mulching film application." Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 32, no. 4 (December 26, 2022): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v32i4.1535.
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This research aims to reduce production capital costs and added value to natural products. The bio-mulching film was prepared by bacterial cellulose (BC) “Acetobacter xylinum”, extracted from three rotten fruits, grape, coconut, and pineapple under standard tests in the laboratory. The analysis from the FTIR technique confirmed to cellulose molecular vibration of BC films. XRD pattern was matched to structure crystallinity of JCPDS standard file which possessed a high percentage of crystallinity. The SEM micrographs were also revealed the 3D nanofiber network structure. The absorption capability of BC films could highly hold water in its structure. In addition, the mechanical properties of BC films came from rotten coconut, given the highest tensile strength (7.2 ± 1.1 MPa) according to nano-fiber symmetric with its dense structure. Nevertheless, the soil burial testing emphasized BC films could reduce soil temperature and increase moisture content in the soil as well. The biodegradation rate of BC films in 30 days was moderately fair. The BC film from rotten coconut had the slowest biodegradation rate (approximately 22.3 4.2%), applicable to biodegradable mulching film.
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Miyajima, Tatsuya, Susumu Saito, Takumi Okuyama, Satoshi Matsushita, Tetsuji Shimohira, and Go Matsuba. "Orientation Control of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Films via Addition of 1,2,4-Triazole during Casting." Polymers 16, no. 17 (September 7, 2024): 2533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16172533.
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Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymers are used as electrolyte membranes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. To investigate the effect on proton conductivity through structural orientation control, we added 1,2,4-triazole to PFSA films during casting to impart anisotropy to the ion-cluster structure of the films. The proton conductivities of the films were found to be high in the film-surface direction and low in the film-thickness direction. Structural analysis using small-angle X-ray scattering suggested that the anisotropy in proton conductivity was due to anisotropy in the ion-cluster structure, which in turn was attributed to the formation of a phase-separated structure via strong bonding between sulfonic acid groups and 1,2,4-triazole during cast film formation and the surface segregation of fluorine. We expect the findings of this study to aid in the fabrication of PFSA films with controlled ion clusters.
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Mamykin, S. V., T. S. Lunko, I. B. Mamontova, O. S. Kondratenko, T. R. Barlas, N. V. Kotova, T. V. Semikina, et al. "Comparison of optical and photovoltaic characteristics of solar cells based on hetero-junctions of organic nanocomposite films on Si and GaAs." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 28, no. 01 (March 26, 2025): 059–69. https://doi.org/10.15407/spqeo28.01.059.
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Comparison between solar cell heterostructures based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) organic complex thin film and semiconductors (Si, GaAs) with flat and microrelief interfaces have been performed. PEDOT:PSS film thicknesses and optical parameters were ascertained using spectroscopic ellipsometry, while electrical dc-conductivity was determined using the four-point probe method. A method of increasing the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films by forming a multilayer film with a decreased content of PSS component is proposed. Plasmon-active metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag) have been grown on the active interface region to increase photoconversion efficiency. They reduce the structure series resistance and increase the I–V characteristic fill factor as well as the incident light absorption. The post-processing treatment method of fabricated structures to obtain a tunnel-thin intermediate layer of SiO2 of optimal thickness has been proposed. The photoelectric properties of the fabricated solar cells have shown that GaAs-based structures have more stable long-term characteristics and higher open-circuit voltage than Si-based ones.
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Zhao, Yadong, Ayumu Tagami, Galina Dobele, Mikael E. Lindström, and Olena Sevastyanova. "The Impact of Lignin Structural Diversity on Performance of Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF)-Starch Composite Films." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030538.
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Lignin fractions having different molecular weights and varied chemical structures isolated from kraft lignins of both softwood and hardwood via a sequential solvent fractionation technique were incorporated into a tunicate cellulose nanofibers (CNF)—starch mixture to prepare 100% bio-based composite films. The aim was to investigate the impact of lignin structural diversity on film performance. It was confirmed that lignin’s distribution in the films was dependent on the polarity of solvents used for fractionation (acetone > methanol > ethanol > ethyl acetate) and influenced the optical properties of the films. The –OH group content and molecular weight of lignin were positively related to film density. In general, the addition of lignin fractions led to decrease in thermal stability and increase in Young’s modulus of the composite films. The modulus of the films was found to decrease as the molecular weight of lignin increased, and a higher amount of carboxyl and phenolic –OH groups in the lignin fraction resulted in films with higher stiffness. The thermal analysis showed higher char content formation for lignin-containing films in a nitrogen atmosphere with increased molecular weight. In an oxygen atmosphere, the phenol content, saturated side chains and short chain structures of lignin had impacts on the maximum decomposition temperature of the films, confirming the relationship between the chemical structure of lignin and thermo-oxidative stability of the corresponding film. This study addresses the importance of lignin diversities on composite film performance, which could be helpful for tailoring lignin’s applications in bio-based materials based on their specific characteristics.
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Gong, Dao Ren, Dong Sheng Li, Zhi Zhong Yuan, and De Ren Yang. "Reaction of Iron with Amorphous Silicon and Crystal Silicon for the Fabrication of Iron Silicides." Defect and Diffusion Forum 272 (March 2008): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.272.99.
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Iron silicide films with two different structures were fabricated by electron beam evaporation (EBE) technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were carried out to describe the characteristics and structures of the films. It was found that after annealing at 800oC for 5 h, the β-FeSi2 film formed in the sample with the structure of Si/Fe film on silicon substrate, while only FeSi film generated in the sample with the structure of Si/Fe/Si films on silicon substrate. It is considered that the different iron silicides may be due to the different reaction of iron with crystal silicon or amorphous silicon, which is related to diffusion of iron or silicon atoms.
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Nikolenko, Yury M., and Albert M. Ziatdinov. "Nanographite Films: Structure and Properties." Solid State Phenomena 247 (March 2016): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.247.17.
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Nanographite film structures of different morphology have been grown on various substrates using the activated carbon fibers (ACF) as a source of nanographites. As was revealed from the data of Raman spectroscopy, the fabricated films consisted mainly of the same structural blocks as the initial ACF. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the films morphology. The presence of lengthy zigzag edges in nanographites, which is prerequisite for their nontrivial electronic structure and magnetic characteristics, has been established. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data show the appearance of expressed maxima in the C1s spectra of the films in the usually observable "diffuse" structure of π→π* shake-up satellites, π and π + σ plasmons.
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Akhtaruzzaman, Md, Md Shahiduzzaman, Nowshad Amin, Ghulam Muhammad, Mohammad Aminul Islam, Khan Sobayel Bin Rafiq, and Kamaruzzaman Sopian. "Impact of Ar Flow Rates on Micro-Structural Properties of WS2 Thin Film by RF Magnetron Sputtering." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071635.
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Tungsten disulfide (WS2) thin films were deposited on soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering at different Ar flow rates (3 to 7 sccm). The effect of Ar flow rates on the structural, morphology, and electrical properties of the WS2 thin films was investigated thoroughly. Structural analysis exhibited that all the as-grown films showed the highest peak at (101) plane corresponds to rhombohedral phase. The crystalline size of the film ranged from 11.2 to 35.6 nm, while dislocation density ranged from 7.8 × 1014 to 26.29 × 1015 lines/m2. All these findings indicate that as-grown WS2 films are induced with various degrees of defects, which were visible in the FESEM images. FESEM images also identified the distorted crystallographic structure for all the films except the film deposited at 5 sccm of Ar gas flow rate. EDX analysis found that all the films were having a sulfur deficit and suggested that WS2 thin film bears edge defects in its structure. Further, electrical analysis confirms that tailoring of structural defects in WS2 thin film can be possible by the varying Ar gas flow rates. All these findings articulate that Ar gas flow rate is one of the important process parameters in RF magnetron sputtering that could affect the morphology, electrical properties, and structural properties of WS2 thin film. Finally, the simulation study validates the experimental results and encourages the use of WS2 as a buffer layer of CdTe-based solar cells.
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Pergament, A. L., V. P. Malinenko, L. A. Aleshina, E. L. Kazakova, and N. A. Kuldin. "Electrical Switching in Thin Film Structures Based on Molybdenum Oxides." Journal of Experimental Physics 2014 (September 18, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/951297.
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We report on the experimental study of electrical instabilities in thin film structures on the basis of molybdenum oxides. Thin films of molybdenum oxide are obtained by thermal vacuum evaporation and anodic oxidation. The results of X-ray structural analysis, investigation of optical and electrical properties, are presented. It is shown that the initial vacuum-deposited oxide represents amorphous MoO3. In the MOM (metal-oxide-metal) structures with Mo oxide films obtained by the two methods, the effect of electrical switching with an S-shaped current-voltage characteristic is found. We put forward a hypothesis according to which the switching mechanism is associated with the development of electrical instability caused by the insulator-to-metal transition in Mo8O23. The switching channel, comprising this lower valence oxide, emerges in the initial film during the process of electrical forming of the MOM structure. The obtained results indicate the possibility of application of these structures in oxide micro- and nanoelectronics as electronic switches and other electronic devices.
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Patel, T. H. "Low Temperature Chemical Synthesis of p-Type SnS Thin Films Suitable for Photovoltaic Structures." Solid State Phenomena 209 (November 2013): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.209.82.
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SnS thin film has been deposited on glass substrate at room temperature using low cost, environmental friendly chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The structural parameters of the deposited film have been investigated through X- ray diffraction measurements. The deposited SnS film found almost crystalline with preferred orientations along (111) planes revealing an orthorhombic phase of herzenbergite SnS structure. The lattice parameters and dislocation density were determined. The average grain size estimated to be ~ 25 nm. The surface morphology of the film examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show uniform granular and any crack or pinhole free deposition of the film. The chemical compositions of the film examined using energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) confirmed stoichiometric deposition. The analysis of the optical absorption spectra of the deposited film in the wavelength range of 200-1200 nm indicate that direct allowed transitions are dominant in the film. The direct band gap of the film determined to be ~ 1.92 eV which is higher than those reported earlier for bulk or single crystal SnS, exhibiting quantum size effect at the observed grain size in the film. This value of band gap is promising for possible use of the deposited film as absorption layer in photovoltaic structures like solar cells. The thermoelectric power measurements indicate p-type electrical conductivity of the deposited films. A systematic study on room temperature chemical deposition and characterization of SnS thin films suitable for absorber layer in photovoltaic structures has been reported.
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Tominov, Roman V., Zakhar E. Vakulov, Vadim I. Avilov, Daniil A. Khakhulin, Aleksandr A. Fedotov, Evgeny G. Zamburg, Vladimir A. Smirnov, and Oleg A. Ageev. "Synthesis and Memristor Effect of a Forming-Free ZnO Nanocrystalline Films." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10051007.
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We experimentally investigated the effect of post-growth annealing on the morphological, structural, and electrophysical parameters of nanocrystalline ZnO films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. The influence of post-growth annealing modes on the electroforming voltage and the resistive switching effect in ZnO nanocrystalline films is investigated. We demonstrated that nanocrystalline zinc oxide films, fabricated at certain regimes, show the electroforming-free resistive switching. It was shown, that the forming-free nanocrystalline ZnO film demonstrated a resistive switching effect and switched at a voltage 1.9 ± 0.2 V from 62.42 ± 6.47 (RHRS) to 0.83 ± 0.06 kΩ (RLRS). The influence of ZnO surface morphology on the resistive switching effect is experimentally investigated. It was shown, that the ZnO nanocrystalline film exhibits a stable resistive switching effect, which is weakly dependent on its nanoscale structure. The influence of technological parameters on the resistive switching effect in a forming-free ZnO nanocrystalline film is investigated. The results can be used for fabrication of new-generation micro- and nanoelectronics elements, including random resistive memory (ReRAM) elements for neuromorphic structures based on forming-free ZnO nanocrystalline films.
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Кузнецова, В. С., С. В. Новиков, Ч. К. Ниченаметла, И. Кальво, and М. Вагнер-Ритц. "Структура и термоэлектрические свойства пленочных композитов на основе CoSi." Физика и техника полупроводников 53, no. 6 (2019): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.06.47729.38.
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Properties of Co-Si thin films produced by thermal treatment of Co and Si layers are studied in this article. Co/Si layers were produced by chemical vapor deposition. The two-layer structure was annealed at elevated temperatures for the formation of cobalt silicide. Thermoelectric properties of the film structures were investigated in the temperature range 300-800 K. Temperature dependences of thermopower and resistivity as well as structural data indicate the formation a multilayer structure with Si-rich and Co-rich layers.
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Shin, Donghyeok, SangWoon Lee, Dong Ryeol Kim, Joo Hyung Park, Yangdo Kim, Woo-Jin Choi, Chang Sik Son, Young Guk Son, and Donghyun Hwang. "Effect of RF Power on the Properties of Sputtered-CuS Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030688.
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Copper sulfide (CuS) thin films were deposited on a glass substrate at room temperature using the radio-frequency (RF) magnetron-sputtering method at RF powers in the range of 40–100 W, and the structural and optical properties of the CuS thin film were investigated. The CuS thin films fabricated at varying deposition powers all exhibited hexagonal crystalline structures and preferred growth orientation of the (110) plane. Raman spectra revealed a primary sharp and intense peak at the 474 cm−1 frequency, and a relatively wide peak was found at 265 cm−1 frequency. In the CuS thin film deposited at an RF power of 40 W, relatively small dense particles with small void spacing formed a smooth thin-film surface. As the power increased, it was observed that grain size and grain-boundary spacing increased in order. The binding energy peaks of Cu 2p3/2 and Cu 2p1/2 were observed at 932.1 and 952.0 eV, respectively. Regardless of deposition power, the difference in the Cu2+ state binding energies for all the CuS thin films was equivalent at 19.9 eV. We observed the binding energy peaks of S 2p3/2 and S 2p1/2 corresponding to the S2− state at 162.2 and 163.2 eV, respectively. The transmittance and band-gap energy in the visible spectral range showed decreasing trends as deposition power increased. For the CuS/tin sulfide (SnS) absorber-layer-based solar cell (glass/Mo/absorber(CuS/SnS)/cadmium sulfide (CdS)/intrinsic zinc oxide (i-ZnO)/indium tin oxide (ITO)/aluminum (Al)) with a stacked structure of SnS thin films on top of the CuS layer deposited at 100 W RF power, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 115 mA, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 9.81 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) of 35%, and highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.39% were recorded.
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Awada, Chawki, Goodfriend M. Whyte, Peter O. Offor, Favour U. Whyte, Mohammed Benali Kanoun, Souraya Goumri-Said, Adil Alshoaibi, Azubike B. C. Ekwealor, Malik Maaza, and Fabian I. Ezema. "Synthesis and Studies of Electro-Deposited Yttrium Arsenic Selenide Nanofilms for Opto-Electronic Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081557.
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Nanocomposite films grown by incorporating varying concentrations of Yttrium, a d-block rare-earth ion, into the binary chalcogenide Arsenic selenide host matrix is here presented. Films were grown via the wet-chemical electro-deposition technique and characterized for structural, optical, surface morphology, and photoluminescence (PL) properties. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) result of the host matrix (pristine film) showed films of monoclinic structure with an average grain size of 36.2 nm. The composite films, on the other hand, had both cubic YAs and tetragonal YSe structures with average size within 36.5–46.8 nm. The fairly homogeneous nano-sized films are shown by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs while the two phases of the composite films present in the XRD patterns were confirmed by the Raman shifts due to the cleavage of the As-Se host matrix and formation of new structural units. The refractive index peaked at 2.63 within 350–600 nm. The bandgap energy lies in the range of 3.84–3.95 eV with a slight decrease with increasing Y addition; while the PL spectra depict emission bands across the Vis-NIR spectral regions. Theoretically, the density functional theory (DFT) simulations provided insight into the changes induced in the structure, bonding, and electronic properties. Besides reducing the bandgap of the As2Se3, the yttrium addition has induced a lone pair p-states of Se contributing nearby to Fermi energy level. The optical constants, and structural and electronic features of the films obtained present suitable features of film for IR applications as well as in optoelectronics.
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Bui, Hoa, Giang Nguyen Thi, Hanh Pham Hong, Tuyet Ngo Thi Anh, Linh Do, Lam Nguyen Duc, Mai Nguyen Thi, Tung Nguyen Thanh, and Oanh Vu Thi Kim. "Effect of Precursor and Calcination Time on the Morphological Structure and Catalytic Activity of Co3O4 Film in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction." Communications in Physics 34, no. 1 (February 5, 2024): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/18878.
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This research investigates the effect of cobalt precursor and calcination time on the morphology and catalytic activity of Co3O4 films in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Co3O4 films with porous flower-like nanostructures were obtained using cobalt nitrate as a cobalt precursor, while cobalt chlorides were used to produce porous nanoneedle structures Co3O4 film. Extended annealing time at temperatures 350°C caused structural fractures in the films. Among the samples, the synthesized Co3O4 films were then evaluated as catalyst materials for the OER in alkaline 1M KOH electrolyte. Among synthesized films, the Co3O4-2-1h, synthesized using the cobalt chlorides as Co precursor and annealed at 350°C for 1 hour, exhibited better OER catalytic activity. With its porous nanoneedle structure, the Co3O4-2-1h demonstrated superior performance comparable to the state-of-the-art 20% Ir/C catalyst. Moreover, the Co3O4-2-1h film demonstrates remarkable stability for the OER in a 1M KOH alkaline electrolyte.
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Khan, Muhammad Iftikhar, Amna Mukhtar, Norah Alwadai, Muhammad Irfan, Ikram-ul Haq, Hind Albalawi, Aljawhara H. Almuqrin, Maha M. Almoneef, and Munawar Iqbal. "Improving the Structural, Optical and Photovoltaic Properties of Sb- and Bi- Co-Doped MAPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cell." Coatings 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030386.
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We prepared 1% Bi- and (0, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) Sb- co-doped MAPbBr3 films by a sol-gel spin coating technique. For the first time, the detailed structural properties including grain size, dislocation line density, d-spacing, lattice parameters, and volume of co-doped MAPbBr3 films have been investigated. XRD confirmed the cubic structure of MAPbBr3 with high crystallinity and co-doping of Bi and Sb. The 1% Bi and 1% Sb co-doping have a surprising effect in MAPbBr3 structures, such as large grain size (59.5 nm), d-space value (6.23 Å), small dislocation line dislocation (2.79 × 1018 m−2), and small lattice parameters (a = b = c = 6.3 Å) and volume of unit cell. The detailed optical properties, including energy band gap (Eg), refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k) and dielectric constant (Ɛ), which are very important for optoelectronics applications, were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The film of 1% Bi and 1% Sb co-doped MAPbBr3 showed good optical response including small Eg, high n, low value of k, high real and low imaginary parts of dielectric constant, making it good for solar cell applications. Solar cells were fabricated from these films. The cell fabricated with pure MAPbBr3 has Jsc of 8.72 mA cm−2, FF of 0.66, Voc of 1.29 V, and η of 7.5%. All the parameters increased by co-doping of Bi and Sb in MAPbBr3 film. The cell fabricated with 1% Bi and 1% Sb co-doped MAPbBr3 film had high current density (12.12 mA-cm−2), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (0.73), and high efficiency (11.6%). This efficiency was 65% larger than a pure MAPbBr3-based solar cell.
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KADAU, K., R. MEYER, and P. ENTEL. "MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS STUDY OF THIN IRON FILMS ON COPPER." Surface Review and Letters 06, no. 01 (February 1999): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x9900007x.
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We have studied the structural stability of thin γ-iron films on Cu(001) and Cu(111) substrates using molecular-dynamics simulations in combination with a semiempirical model. Experimentally, the stability of such films has turned out to depend on (growth) temperature and film thickness. On increasing the thickness or decreasing the temperature the films undergo a structural change to the bcc structure, which is well reproduced by our simulations. An analysis of the local atomic environment of the films after the structural transformation shows that, especially on Cu(001), only parts of the film accomplish the transformation into the bcc structure. Considerations of the atomic displacements during the transformation allow us to give an explanation of the different stability of the films on Cu(001) and Cu(111) as well as the observed orientational relationships.
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Pugachev, Alexey, Andrey Tumarkin, Sergey Adichtchev, Ludmila Ivleva, and Alexey Bogdan. "Characterization of the Microstructure of Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Thin Films by Brillouin Light Scattering." Nanomaterials 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2024): 1963. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231963.
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Strontium-barium niobate (SrxBa(1−x)Nb2O6) films can be considered as a promising material for microwave applications due to high dielectric nonlinearity and relatively low losses. Since strontium-barium niobate has a disordered structure that determines its unique electrical properties, the identification of structural features of the SrxBa(1−x)Nb2O6 films is the key to their successful use. The SrxBa(1−x)Nb2O6 films were synthesized on a sapphire substrate by magnetron sputtering. The structure of the films was studied by both traditional methods of electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and the rarely used for thin films investigation Brillouin light scattering method, which was the focus of our study. We show that Brillouin light scattering is an excellent nondestructive method for studying the structural features of thin ferroelectric strontium-barium niobate films. An analysis of the features of the Brillouin light scattering spectra in thin-film structures and their comparison with the spectra of bulk crystals allowed us to determine with high accuracy the thickness of the films under study and their structural features determined by the resonant scattering of acoustic waves.
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Chang, Tsung-Wen, Chzu-Chiang Tseng, Dave W. Chen, Gwomei Wu, Chia-Ling Yang, and Lung-Chien Chen. "Preparation and Characterization of Thin-Film Solar Cells with Ag/C60/MAPbI3/CZTSe/Mo/FTO Multilayered Structures." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123516.
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New solar cells with Ag/C60/MAPbI3/Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe)/Mo/FTO multilayered structures on glass substrates have been prepared and investigated in this study. The electron-transport layer, active photovoltaic layer, and hole-transport layer were made of C60, CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite, and CZTSe, respectively. The CZTSe hole-transport layers were deposited by magnetic sputtering, with the various thermal annealing temperatures at 300 °C, 400 °C, and 500 °C, and the film thickness was also varied at 50~300 nm The active photovoltaic MAPbI3 films were prepared using a two-step spin-coating method on the CZTSe hole-transport layers. It has been revealed that the crystalline structure and domain size of the MAPbI3 perovskite films could be substantially improved. Finally, n-type C60 was vacuum-evaporated to be the electronic transport layer. The 50 nm C60 thin film, in conjunction with 100 nm Ag electrode layer, provided adequate electron current transport in the multilayered structures. The solar cell current density–voltage characteristics were evaluated and compared with the thin-film microstructures. The photo-electronic power-conversion efficiency could be improved to 14.2% when the annealing temperature was 500 °C and the film thickness was 200 nm. The thin-film solar cell characteristics of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, fill factor, series-resistance, and Pmax were found to be 1.07 V, 19.69 mA/cm2, 67.39%, 18.5 Ω and 1.42 mW, respectively.
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Nowak, Ewelina, Mirosław Szybowicz, Alicja Stachowiak, Daria Piechowiak, Andrzej Miklaszewski, Marcin E. Witkowski, Michał Makowski, et al. "The Influence of Recrystallization on Zinc Oxide Microstructures Synthesized with Sol–Gel Method on Scintillating Properties." Crystals 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11050533.
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Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the wide-bandgap semiconductors, which may be useful in a plethora of electronic, optical, piezoelectric, and scintillating applications. The following article consists in a structural and luminescence analysis of ZnO microfilms grown on a sapphire substrate with a sol–gel method. The films were annealed at different temperatures. The structures were investigated with the XRD and Raman methods, by which the influence of the substrate on the structure of the film was determined. The luminescence of films was investigated with room-temperature fluorescence, radioluminescence, and thermoluminescence.
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Saberi, Elahe. "The Impact of Non-linear Narrative Structures on Better Character Development in Animated-short Movies." AVANCA | CINEMA, no. 14 (January 5, 2024): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37390/avancacinema.2023.a505.
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Nonlinear narrative structures are infrequently used in animated short films and their benefits seems to be relatively neglected in comparison with cinema. Yet, the revolutionary potential of utilizing such structures in animated short films is endless. Nonlinear narratives provide techniques and tools which helps in better introduction and development of characters, resulting in in-depth emotional involvement of the audience. Such engagement is viable without the emphasis which classical structure puts on irrevocable principles such as linear timeline. This paper discusses the impact of nonlinear narrative structures in four animated short films, “The coin” (2019), “Negative Space” (2017), “Late afternoon” (2017), “The boy who saw the iceberg” (2000), which demonstrate a restructure of temporal factors. Each of these films is not only taking advantage of an exclusively tailored nonlinear structure using time distortion, they are also enforcing the impact they have on the way characters are delineated which could be inspired by other film-makers in animation. This paper discusses such innovative potentials in narrative structure of animated short films by relying on David Bordwell classical narration theories in “Narration in the fiction film” (1985), which are then diversified into nonchronological structures according to temporal feature of the narration. The present study argues that not only applying various nonlinear storytelling structures is possible in the context of animated short films, it also provides film-makers with measures and capabilities to achieve memorable and engaging characters.
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Karbivskyy, V. L., V. V. Zaika, L. I. Karbivska, N. A. Kurgan, and N. O. Zueva. "Structural and Physical Properties of Ultrathin Bismuth Films." Uspehi Fiziki Metallov 22, no. 4 (December 2021): 539–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.04.539.
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Bismuth films are interesting objects for research because of the many effects occurring when the film thickness is less than 70 nm. The electronic band structure changes significantly depending on the film thickness. Consequently, by changing the film thickness, it is possible to control the physical properties of the material. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief description of the basic structural and physical properties of bismuth films. The structural properties, namely, morphology, roughness, nanoparticle size, and texture, are discussed first, followed by a description of the transport properties and the band structure. The transport properties are described using the semi-metal–semiconductor transition, which is associated with the quantum size effect. In addition, an important characteristic is a two-channel model, which allows describing the change in resistivity with temperature. The band structure of bismuth films is the most interesting part due to the anomalous effects for which there is still no unambiguous explanation. These effects include anomalous spin polarization, nontrivial topology, and zone changes near the edge of the film.
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Lagally, M. G., and D. E. Savage. "Quantitative Electron Diffraction from Thin Films." MRS Bulletin 18, no. 1 (January 1993): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400043414.
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The structure and morphology of a thin film is, apart from composition, probably its most significant feature. Again and again we find that electronic, chemical, mechanical, magnetic, optical, and superconducting properties depend on the arrangement of atoms and on disorder in this arrangement. As most thin films are created using some form of deposition technique in which atoms are brought together at a surface, it is at the surface that the first opportunity occurs for formation of a particular atomic structure and morphology. As deposition proceeds, a moving surface, the “growth front,” continues to serve as the template for structure formation. Various kinetic processes, such as atomic transport and the adsorption or desorption of atoms from already-formed structures, determine the final morphology of the film. Subsequent treatment can, of course, modify the structure and morphology, but clearly the initial events occurring at the surface influence, to a large measure, the final outcome.Techniques sensitive to surface structure and morphology are therefore an important component in the toolbox of methods for the quantitative analysis of the properties of thin films. Electron diffraction techniques have been, and continue to be, the most powerful and versatile of these. Even though electron diffraction is also useful for the structural analysis of the bulk, when one speaks of electron diffraction in the context of thin films, one almost invariably refers to surface-sensitive diffraction. Other methods, in particular scanning probe microscopy, have recently become popular. In many cases, such methods serve to re-emphasize the value of electron diffraction for quantitative structural analysis of thin films.
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Kapetanović, Amir. "“Kaya” from Novella to Film." Colloquia Humanistica, no. 7 (December 18, 2018): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2018.008.
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Kaya from Novella to FilmThis paper analyses the transformation of K. Quien's novella Kaya into a screenplay adaptation and a film of the same name by eminent Croatian director Vatroslav Mimica. The analysis points out both significant characteristics of the transformation of the text and the transformation of the portrayed Mediterranean urban area (a crime in Trogir), as well as the linguistic stylisation of the characters' Trogir dialect, which contributes to the atmosphere of the film. Discussion of this film has so far only unfolded on the basis of a comparison of Quien's novella and Mimica's film. This analysis thus contributes important information about the structural and narrative characteristics of the unpublished screenplay, which sheds more light on the paths towards the creation of this Croatian film,which is considered V. Mimica's best work and one of the best Croatian films. Kaya, od noweli do filmuW artykule analizowane jest przekształcenie noweli Kaya, zabiję cię K. Quiena w scenariusz adaptacji filmowej, a następnie w film pod tym samym tytułem, nakręcony przez wybitnego chorwackiego reżysera Vatroslava Mimicę. Analiza skupia się na dwóch kwestiach. Po pierwsze, dotyczy przekształcenia tekstu i obrazu przestrzeni śródziemnomorskiego miasteczka (Trogiru). Po drugie, omawiana jest stylizacja językowa, wykorzystanie cech dialektu trogirskiego, przyczyniające się do stworzenia atmosfery filmu. Dotychczasowa dyskusja o filmie jedynie powierzchownie dotykała związków z nowelą Quiena na poziomie porównawczym. Niniejszy artykuł przynosi ważne informacje o strukturalnych i narracyjnych cechach niepublikowanego dotąd scenariusza, co rzuca nowe światło na proces tworzenia filmu, uznawanego za najwybitniejsze dzieło Mimicy i jeden z najlepszych chorwackich filmów w ogóle. Kaya, od novele do filmaU ovom radu analizira se transformacija novele K. Quiena Kaja, ubit ću te preko scenarističke adaptacije u istoimeni film istaknutoga hrvatskoga redatelja Vatroslava Mimice. U analizi se ističu ne samo bitne značajke transformacije teksta nego i transformacija predočene mediteranske urbane sredine (zločin u Trogiru) te jezična stilizacija trogirskoga govora likova, koji doprinosi ambijentalnom ugođaju filma. Do sada se o filmu raspravljalo samo na temelju usporedbe Quienove novele i Mimičina filmskoga ostvarenja, pa ova analiza donosi neke važne podatke o strukturnim i narativnim značajkama neobjavljenoga scenarija, čime se jače osvjetljavaju putovi kreacije toga hrvatskoga filma, koji se smatra najboljim redateljskim ostvarenjem V. Mimice i jednim od najboljih hrvatskih filmova.
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TAY, B. K., Z. W. ZHAO, S. P. LAU, and J. X. GAO. "GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL STUDY OF NANOCRYSTALLINE TITANIUM OXIDE AND ZIRCONIUM OXIDE THIN FILMS DEPOSITED AT LOW TEMPERATURES." International Journal of Nanoscience 04, no. 04 (August 2005): 795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x05003565.
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Titanium oxide and zirconium oxide thin films were deposited at low temperatures (not exceeding 350°C) by off-plane filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA). The film structures were studied by XRD and Raman spectra. For titanium oxide thin films, amorphous structure remains up to 230°C, and anatase film with the crystallite size of 16 nm is observed at 330°C as confirmed by XRD and Raman analysis. For zirconium oxide, the film structure develops from amorphous at room temperature to polycrystalline state at 150°C and above. Moreover, for the crystallized films, preferred orientation is along [-111] direction. At 150°C the films possess nano-sized crystallites (less than 15 nm). For these two kinds of metal oxide thin films, surface roughness both increases with the growth temperature.
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Kamat, Sandip V., Vijaya Puri, and R. K. Puri. "The Effect of Film Thickness on the Structural Properties of Vacuum Evaporated Poly(3-methylthiophene) Thin Films." ISRN Polymer Science 2012 (March 21, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/570363.
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This paper reports on the structural properties of poly(3-methylthiophene) P3MeT thin films prepared by vacuum evaporation on the glass substrates. The structural and surface morphology, wettability, adhesion, and intrinsic stress of these thin films were studied for three different thicknesses. The variation of the film thickness affects the structure, surface, and mechanical properties of P3MeT thin films. Vapor chopping also strongly influences the surface morphology, surface roughness, and wettability of the thin films. It was found that there is a decrease in the intrinsic stress and (RMS) roughness, while the adhesion increases with increase in film thickness.
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Zinina, Oksana, Svetlana Merenkova, Elena Vishnyakova, and Damir Galimov. "Studying the food bioactive pectin-based films structure and properties." Bulletin of KSAU, no. 1 (May 13, 2024): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2024-1-201-207.
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The purpose of the study is to establish the structure and properties of bioactive films based on pectin. The objects of study are films obtained on the basis of the structure-forming agent pectin with the addition of protein hydrolyzate as an active component. The microstructure of the produced films was determined using scanning electron microscopy; physicochemical properties (biodegradability, solubility, thickness, moisture content); bioactive properties (antioxidant capacity, ability to absorb DPPH radicals, content of polyphenols and flavonoids) spectrophotometrically. The addition of protein hydrolyzate to the composition of the pectin film changed its structural properties: a dense cellular network was formed, due to which the film became less susceptible to water and took longer to biodegrade in compost, and its thickness became smaller compared to the control. Moreover, both film samples completely turned into vermicompost after 2 weeks, which shows the high biodegradability of pectin films. The antioxidant properties of the films also improved: antiradical activity increased by 11 %, and antioxidant capacity by 49 % compared to the control sample. The introduction of protein hydrolyzate into the composition of a pectin film can solve a number of problems in the monocomponent composition of a pectin-based film, improve the structural characteristics and moisture resistance. The peptides included in the hydrolyzate, forming stable chemical bonds with pectin molecules, not only have a positive effect on the structure, but also increase antioxidant properties, which is promising for the production of bioactive food film coatings that can increase the shelf life of food products.