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El-Husseini, Mohamad-Hussein. "Amélioration de la fiabilité des condensateurs à films polypropylène métallisés." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10265.
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Le travail présenté porte sur l'étude de la fiabilité des condensateurs à films polypropylène métallisés. En particulier, une cartographie de la répartition de la température à l'intérieur du bobinage est présentée. Il apparaît ainsi que l'échauffement d'un condensateur long est plus important qu'un condensateur plat de mêmes propriétés électriques. Ceci s'explique par la valeur de l'ESR plus grande dans le cas d'un condensateur long. Les tests normalisés de vieillissements accélérés ont montré qu'une représentation de la fiabilité des condensateurs par une fonction de Weibull est possible. Ces tests, sollicitant le diélectrique, ont montré aussi qu'un condensateur plat est plus fiable. L'étude est argumentée par des photos prises par microscopies électronique et optique. L'étude consacrée à l'état de dégradation du contact schoopage-électrode des condensateurs à films métallisés a montré que la qualité de ce contact est fortement conditionnée par des paramètres liés à la fabrication : l'angle de projection des grains et les paramètres du processus de schoopage, la qualité du bord renforcé et la précision lors de son coupage, ainsi que la géométrie du condensateur et les forces électrodynamiques qui tendent à arracher le schoopage.
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Kochbati, Hatem. "Projection numérique au cinéma : les nouvelles modalités de consommation des films art et essais (les cinémas Utopia / vidéo en poche)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG016/document.
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Ce travail de recherche consiste à analyser et à restituer les principaux faits qui illustrent les changements provoqués par le numérique dans les industries culturelles et les pratiques du cinéma Art et Essai en particulier. A l’ère de la projection numérique, les salles de cinéma vivent une véritable révolution technologique. Cette dernière induit un changement dans les modes de consommation et d’accès à la culture. L’analyse des salles de cinéma Utopia et le concept « vidéo en poche » témoigne d’un nouveau usage des biens culturels à l’ère de l’économie numérique<br>The present research sets out to study and scrutinise the key facts that illustrate the change in conditions caused by digital cultural industries and practice of the art of cinema and particularly the essay. In the era of digital projection, cinema halls are facing a true technological revolution. The latter induces a change in the consumption patterns and the access to culture The analysis of Utopia cinema halls and the video-in-pocket concept tell us a lot about this postmodern use of cultural artifacts at the age of digital economy
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Essoukan, epee Hermann. "La Vision poétique du 'Monde' dans les films-essais Méditerranée de Jean-Daniel Pollet, Sans soleil de Chris Marker et Asientos de François L. Woukoache." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALL024.
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La présente étude s’intéresse non seulement à l’idée d’un cinéma qui pense et participe à la pensée poétique, c’est-à-dire à l’idée de « la coulée du film qui s’apparenterait à celle de la pensée » pour parler comme Norman McLaren ; elle défend également l’idée d’un cinéma poétique et d’une poétique du cinéma axés sur une esthétique nouvelle de médiation et de création qui explore l’univers poétique. En plus de s’engager dans la définition d’un cinéma de poésie et d’une poétique du cinéma, cette étude entend contribuer à la compréhension de certains mécanismes esthétiques et artistiques qui affectent poétiquement l’attention des percept’acteurs (attention poétique) lorsqu’ils sont face aux effets et aux procédés filmiques qui ne jouent plus sur des effets immersifs et déterminants comme on peut le voir dans les cinémas populaires, de divertissement, de narration, et dans les films documentaires, mais sur des indéterminations perceptives, sur « la promenade esthétique » pour parler comme Jean-Marie Schaeffer et sur la « poétique du désœuvrement ».Les films-essais Méditerranée de Jean-Daniel Pollet, Sans soleil de Chris Marker et Asientos de François L. Woukoache, font naviguer les percept’acteurs – néologisme que nous employons à la place de spectateur, puisqu’il ne s’agit plus de spectacle dans ces films – dans une sphère atemporelle et les amènent à l’extérieur du temps, afin de briser la relation qu’ils entretiennent avec les films classiques et de proposer un regard nouveau de l’œuvre. Pour ces cinéastes de la poésie et de la mémoire, il s’agit de façon ambivalente de déraciner et d’ensevelir le mot, de bousculer les conventions et de rompre avec l’accoutumance à travers une vision poétique et « politique » au sens large (politico-historique) du monde, une esthétique nouvelle, un bricolage et braconnage artistique, engendrant une sorte de réinvention du langage.Mots-clés : Films-essais, modernité cinématographique, cinéma de poésie, attention esthétique, attention poétique, percept’acteurs, création artistique<br>The present study does not only examine the idea of a cinema that thinks and participates in the poetic thought, as stated by Norman McLaren as: ‟the flowing movement of the film that echoes that of the thought”, but it also argues for the idea of a poetic cinema and a poetics of cinema focused on a new aesthetic of mediation and creation that explores the poetic universe. In addition to engaging in the definition of a cinema of poetry and a poetics of cinema, this study intends to offer a deeper insight into the understanding of certain aesthetic and artistic mechanisms that poetically affect the attention of percept’acteurs (poetic attention) when they are faced with filmic effects/texts and processes that no longer rely on immersion and determining factors such as observed in popular cinemas, entertainment, storytelling, and documentary films. The attention of the percept’acteurs is rather drawn to the visual/perceptual indeterminacy, of the ‟aesthetic walk”, to sound like Jean-Marie Schaeffer and on the ‟poetics of idleness”.The essay-films Méditerranée by Jean-Daniel Pollet, Sans soleil by Chris Marker and Asientos by François L. Woukoache, make the percept’acteurs – a neologism that we use instead of spectator, since these films no longer deal with spectacle – to navigate in a timeless sphere and export them beyond the time, in order to break the relationship they maintain with classic films and to encourage a new look towards the artwork. For these filmmakers of poetry and memory, it’s about an ambivalent way to uproot and bury the word in order to defy conventions and break habits through a poetic and ‟political” vision in the broaden sense (Political-historical) of the world, a new aesthetic, a diy and artistic poaching, leading to a kind of reinvention of the language.Keywords: Essay films, Modern cinematography, a poetic cinema, aesthetic attention, poetic attention, percept’acteurs, artistic creation
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Makdessi, Maawad. "Modélisation, vieillissement et surveillance de l'état de santé des condensateurs films utilisés dans des applications avioniques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058227.
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Le domaine aéronautique connait de nos jours un engouement sans précédent autour de l'avion plus électrique. L'importance du nombre d'équipements électriques est à un tel point que l'amélioration de leur fiabilité devient incontournable. Actuellement, les composants passifs occupent 75 % des éléments électroniques utilisés en avionique dont la moitié correspond à des condensateurs. Ces derniers doivent donc répondre aux exigences environnementales avioniques assez contraignantes. C'est dans ce contexte que nous nous sommes intéressés particulièrement à l'étude des condensateurs à technologie film utilisant le polypropylène ou le polyester comme diélectrique. Afin de mieux comprendre le comportement fréquentiel de cette technologie, deux modèles fins de condensateurs films ont été développés, permettant ainsi de suivre les évolutions de leurs grandeurs électriques dans des conditions cohérentes avec l'application. Dans un deuxième temps, l'effet des contraintes en tension et en température constantes a été étudié sous la forme de facteurs d'accélération du vieillissement. Cela a été établi par l'intermédiaire de plusieurs essais, permettant d'établir les lois d'évolutions temporelles des paramètres électriques des condensateurs. Comme ces contraintes constantes ne sont pas toujours représentatives des conditions réelles d'utilisation, les cinétiques de dégradation ont été comparées à celles où les condensateurs sont sollicités par de fortes ondulations de courant, seules ou associées à une tension continue. Enfin, la dernière partie de notre travail expose l'utilisation des données expérimentales issues des essais de vieillissement dans un objectif de diagnostic en ligne. Les techniques utilisées assurent l'analyse de la dégradation de ces composants, étape essentielle dans la prédiction de l'état de santé des condensateurs en ligne
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Poilâne, Christophe. "CARACTÉRISATION MÉCANIQUE DES MATÉRIAUX EN FAIBLE ÉPAISSEUR PAR INTERFÉROMÉTRIE NUMÉRIQUE. APPLICATION AUX ESSAIS DE GONFLEMENT ET DE TRACTION." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00326993.
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La thèse est consacrée à la caractérisation mécanique des films minces à l'aide de mesures de déplacements par voie optique et traitements numériques. Les domaines d'études sont d'une part les contraintes résiduelles et d'autre part l'essai de traction. Les moyens de mesure employés sont la projection de franges et la photographie numérique de speckle.<br /><br />La projection de franges permet de mesurer la carte des déplacement hors-plan. Elle est adaptée à la mesure des contraintes résiduelles dans les films minces par analyses de courbure et/ou essais de gonflement. On montre suite à trois études expérimentales :<br />1. la précaution à prendre dans l'utilisation de la formule de Stoney même pour des bicouches libre-libre (SiO2/Si) ;<br />2. la présence de flambage dans les membranes bicouches comprimées encastré-encastré (SiO2/Si) ;<br />3. un parfait accord entre essais de gonflement et essais de nano-indentation pour des films tendus (polimiide).<br /><br />La photographie numérique de speckle permet de mesurer la carte des déplacements dans le plan. Elle est adaptée avec succès à un banc d'essais de traction conçu durant la thèse et spécialement dédié aux films minces. Un algorithme original de calcul a été développé pour obtenir une résolution subpixel. Les performances de l'algorithme sont comparées par des simulations et des expériences aux algorithmes classiques de corrélation. Sa rapidité et sa haute résolution permettent de calculer les cartes de déplacements en temps réel. Les déformations dans le plan en sont déduites et permettent le tracé des courbes contrainte/déformation puis le calcul du module d'Young E et du coefficient de Poisson v. Les matériaux choisis pour valider le banc d'essai sont le cuivre électrodéposé, matériaux ductile, puis le silicium monocristallin, matériaux fragile.
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Aloui, Madiha. "Élaboration et fabrication de films nanocomposites à matrice biosourcée pour application textile à usage unique : étude du comportement à la rupture." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10190.
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Ce travail a pour objectif le développement et l’analyse du comportement de films nanocomposites en poly(acide lactique) (PLA), obtenus par extrusion gonflage, pour application textile à usage unique. L’utilisation du PLA, est justifiée par son origine naturelle et ses bonnes performances physiques. Il présente néanmoins quelques limites compte tenu de l’application visée (notamment en termes de sensibilité à la dégradation thermique, aptitude au gonflage et souplesse) nécessitant sa modification par des plastifiants et des agents de branchement dont l’efficacité est tout d’abord évaluée. L’ajout de nanocharges est justifié par les performances de barrière attendues. Deux argiles, associées à divers traitements de surface, sont incorporées à la matrice PLA modifiée à l’état fondu, par extrusion. L’état de dispersion est caractérisé par un couplage de techniques globales (rhéologie, microscopie électronique à balayage) ou locales (diffraction des rayons X, microscopie électronique par transmission) et permet de juger de l’efficacité des traitements proposés. Les nanocomposites ainsi élaborés sont utilisés pour la fabrication de films par extrusion gonflage. La caractérisation de leurs performances mécaniques et de barrière permet alors d’optimiser la formulation compte tenudes contraintes imposées par le cahier des charges de l’application visée. Enfin, la ténacité de films soufflés est caractérisée par la méthode du travail essentiel de rupture dont la validité est analysée sur la base de mesures de champs cinématiques pour certaines de ces formulations<br>The aim of this work is the development and the behavior analysis of blown nanocomposite films based on polylactic acid (PLA), obtained by extrusion-blowing for single-use textile application. The use of the PLA is justified by its natural origin and by its good physical properties. However, PLA presents some limits (in particular, in terms of sensibility to the thermal degradation, processabilty by extrusion-blowing and flexibility) requiring its modification by branching and plasticization. Te efficiency of these modifications was estimated first of all. Adding Nanoclay is justified by the barrier properties aimed. Two nanoclays, associated to different surface treatment, were incorporated to PLA by melt intercalation using an extruder. The dispersion level of the modified clays was analyzed by global techniques (rheology, scanning electron microscopy) or local techniques (X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy) and leads to characterize the efficiency of clay treatments. Nanocomposites so elaborated were used for manufacturing films by extrusion-blowing. The characterization of their mechanical and barrier properties allowed to optimize the film composition considering the aimed application. Finally, film tenacity was studied by the essential work of fracture method for blown films. The relevance of this method is studied via the validation of hypotheses necessary for its application. The technique that measures the displacement field has allowed us to study two of these hypotheses
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RAMOND, ANGELELIS CELINE. "Analyse mecanique des essais d'indentation sur materiaux elasto-plastiques homogenes ou multi-couches - application a la caracterisation de la rheologie et de la tenue mecanique des films minces." Paris, ENMP, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENMP0833.
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L'utilisation de plus en plus repandue des films minces dans l'elaboration de composants micro-electroniques et comme protection contre l'endommagement mecanique et la corrosion a pour consequence de susciter un interet considerable envers leurs proprietes mecaniques. L'etude de ces dernieres requiert le developpement et l'utilisation de techniques de caracterisation non conventionnelles. Apres avoir passe en revue les differents essais de caracterisation mecanique des films minces, nous nous interessons plus particulierement a l'essai d'indentation normale. Cet essai, contrairement aux autres, impose au film, et ce des le debut de l'essai, des deformations elasto-plastiques. Ainsi, il est a la fois tres riche potentiellement et d'une grande difficulte d'interpretation. Les methodes de depouillement et d'interpretation sont en constante evolution et suscitent toujours un grand nombre de recherches. Notre but est de mieux comprendre les phenomenes se produisant lors d'un essai d'indentation normale. Nous envisageons d'une part les tres faibles penetrations en tentant d'ameliorer le depouillement des nano-indentations et de comprendre le role joue par les contraintes residuelles. Pour cela, nous utilisons la simulation numerique, d'abord bidimensionnelle au travers d'un cone axisymetrique equivalent aux indenteurs pyramidaux, puis tridimensionnelle. Les resultats obtenus en terme de depouillement de l'essai de nano-indentation sont appliques a des exemples concrets. Une comparaison avec les valeurs fournies par d'autres types d'essais (flexion dynamique, traction uni-axiale) est effectuee. Par ailleurs, les penetrations plus importantes sont envisagees en tant que moyen de caracterisation de la tenue de l'interface film - substrat. L'essai de macro-indentation pris comme essai d'adherence est utilise lors d'une campagne visant a optimiser la tenue d'un film ceramique sur un substrat acier par l'introduction d'une intercouche metallique. La aussi, les resultats sont compares a ceux d'autres essais (flexion trois points, rayure).
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Breuils, Jacques. "Caractérisation par nanoindentation de surfaces métalliques fonctionnalisées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAD044.
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Les travaux de thèse se sont attachés à développer des outils permettant :(i) d'estimer par nanoindentation le niveau de contraintes résiduelles locales de type biaxial introduit dans un alliage d'aluminium 2050-T8. Nous proposons une méthode d'estimation qui couple des essais expérimentaux de nanoindentation, l'observation des empreintes résiduelles et une analyse numérique de l'effet de contraintes résiduelles élastiques biaxiales sur la géométrie des empreintes résiduelles d'indentation. et (ii) de déterminer par nanoindentation le comportement mécanique d'un film d'oxyde ultra-mince, d'épaisseur variant entre 15 et 20nm, formé sur un acier inoxydable biphasé de type Duplex. Nous avons développé une méthode de caractérisation de films ultra-minces qui couple la réalisation et l'analyse d'essais expérimentaux à l'aide d'indenteurs dont le défaut de pointe est déterminé, et la reproduction de ces essais en simulation numérique 3D à l'aide des géométries réelles des indenteurs<br>Works performed during this thesis were dedicated to development of tools allowing:(i) To estimate using nanoindentation tests the level of biaxial residual stresses introduced within a 2050-T8 aluminium alloy. We propose an estimation method that couples experimental nanoindentation tests, residual imprints observation and numerical evaluation of the impact of elastic biaxial residual stresses on the geometries of residual indentation imprints. And (ii) the determination by nanoindentation of the mechanical behavior of an ultra-thin oxide film, between 15 to 20nm thickness, formed on a dual phased Duplex stainless steel. We developed a characterization method that couples analysis of experimental nanoindentation tests using several indenters with known tip defects, and reproduction of these tests in 3D finite element simulations using the true indenters' geometries
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Hoydicz, Jennifer. "The narc files /." Full text available online, 2006. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.
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Exadaktylos, Dimitrios. "Essays on firms' competitiveness." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2022. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/362/1/Exadaktylos_phdthesis.pdf.
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As competition becomes intense, firms seek strategies to keep afloat. Among others, they carefully choose their activity location, recruit a talented workforce, and engage in innovation. In this thesis, we shed light on these three features empirically, mainly using econometric techniques. Our contribution is in the literature of firms’ competitiveness, industrial organization and economic geography. At first, we study regional productivity disparities and their interplay with local agglomeration advantages. To do so, we apply a density-based machine learning clustering algorithm to identify firms’ clusters at a fine-grained geographic scale on a sample of Italian firms. Then, we observe simultaneously the extent to which clusters explain agglomeration economies and firm selection effects. Our findings suggest that dense clusters generate agglomeration externalities that are heterogeneous across regions. In the second part of the thesis, we
investigate the impact of foreign managers on firms’ competitiveness on a sample of firms operating in the United Kingdom. We show that domestic firms become more efficient
after recruiting foreigners to their management team due to
previous industry-specific experience. In the last part, we assess the impact of patents on market share and labour productivity in the global Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector. Using a recent difference-in-difference approach, we find that patenting increase market share without significantly affecting labour productivity. Our evidence indicates some concerns regarding the implications of property rights from innovation on market competition.
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Yun, Ke. "Essays on firms' accounting quality." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54179.
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This dissertation consists of two essays that present new evidence on the determinants and consequences of accounting quality. The first essay examines the consequences of earnings quality on a firm’s use of trade credit. I use earnings smoothness, asymmetric timeliness of earnings (conservatism), and earnings management to proxy for earnings quality. Consistent with high accounting quality reducing information asymmetry between firms and stakeholders, I hypothesize and find that firms with higher accounting quality are able to obtain more trade credit from their suppliers. Using a customer-supplier paired subsample, I show that the results are robust after controlling for suppliers’ characteristics. Moreover, using the 2007–2008 financial crisis as an exogenous shock to credit supply, I show that the positive relation between trade credit and accounting quality is more pronounced during a period of credit tightening. Furthermore, I find that the characteristics of transacted products also impact the relation—the association is stronger when companies purchase services or differentiated goods. Finally, I show that the positive association is concentrated in small firms and firms without credit ratings on senior debt. Overall, the evidence suggests that high earnings quality facilitates firms’ access to trade credit from suppliers.
The second essay documents the effect of stock underpricing on firms’ financial reporting quality. I use mutual fund fire sales to identify relatively underpriced stocks and use performance-matched discretionary accruals to proxy for earnings management. Using difference-in-differences tests, I find that firms subjected to mutual fund fire sales increase their level of earnings management relative to unaffected firms. I also show that the effect is greater for firms experiencing more severe underpricing, firms with higher information asymmetry, and lower stock liquidity. In addition, earnings management is more pronounced in financially constrained firms. Finally, I examine whether earnings management helps stock price recovery, but find no evidence to support this hypothesis. In sum, the second essay finds that stock underpricing adversely affects firms’ financial reporting quality, an indirect effect of the stock market that has been previously overlooked.<br>Business, Sauder School of<br>Graduate
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Duo, Yi. "Essays on politically connected firms." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63324.
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This thesis explores a number of issues related to politically connected firms in two separate chapters. I follow Goldman et al. (2009), defining politically connected firms as those with at least one former politician serving as member of its board of directors, and construct a sample containing the S&P 500 firms between 2004 and 2013. The first chapter explores why firms seek these political connections, and how they benefit from two direct value extraction channels: government procurement and subsidies. I find that firms that aim for government contracts seek executive branch connections, while those that face heavy regulations target congressional connections. Next, I show that politically connected firms do get more government contracts and subsidies. Firm performance (using accounting based measures) suffers with government contracts and subsidies, and political connections fail to increase or decrease this negative relation, which suggests effective safeguards against overpricing and cronyism. However, politically connected firms do seem to enjoy a temporary increase in future ROA, when government contracts are taken into consideration. The second chapter asks if politically connected firms pay higher audit fees, and explores the underlying reasons. Prior studies have mixed implications on how risky these clients are for auditors. On the one hand, some studies suggest politically connected firms have lower accounting quality and face higher political risk, hence incur higher audit fees. On the other hand, less investor pressure and lower litigation and bankruptcy risks would decrease audit fees for firms with political connections. I find that politically connected firms do pay higher audit fees, and the effect is stronger for those with executive branch connections. Neither lower accounting quality nor higher political risk is found to be the underlying reason. The fact that many politically connected firms are government contractors, who are subject to additional regulations and government audit, is found to be the main factor for this difference in audit fee.<br>Business, Sauder School of<br>Accounting, Division of<br>Graduate
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Bajgar, Matej. "Essays on firms and globalisation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cdee11d5-263e-4d9a-a11f-10e0f019bc2a.
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This dissertation consists of three stand-alone substantive chapters. It examines how various aspects of globalisation - openness to international trade, inflows of foreign direct investment and exposure to foreign demand shocks - affect economic performance through their impact on individual firms. The first substantive chapter presents a theoretical model of international trade with heterogeneous firms that differ not only by their productivity but also by the distortions they face. For a particular distribution of productivity and distortions, it shows that the distortions which affect the domestic and export sales in the same way and are correlated with productivity reduce the welfare gains from trade, while the distortions affecting only domestic sales tend to increase them. In addition, it documents that correlated distortions lead to a bias in an influential recent method for estimating the gains from trade. The following chapter empirically examines the link between the presence of multinational companies and the export sophistication of domestic firms in an emerging economy. The analysis is based on the matched firm and customs panel data from Romania covering the period 2005-11. The results show a positive relationship between the unit values of goods exported and imported by Romanian firms and the multinational companies' presence in downstream (input sourcing) industries. These results are consistent with quality upgrading being an additional channel through which local suppliers benefit from contacts with their multinational customers. The last chapter examines how Romanian manufacturing firms reacted to a dramatic drop in the export demand during the global trade collapse of 2008 and 2009. The exogenous effect of a fall in exports is identified by instrumenting exports with a firm-specific index of foreign demand. The results indicate that exporting firms were unable to redirect their sales to the domestic market and were forced to abruptly reduce their employment, material expenditure and investment, passing the shock to their suppliers. The results suggest that the export status of a firm may be a poor predictor of its vulnerability to a negative foreign demand shock.
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Staes, Aurore. "Essays on Firms' Private Information." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0091.
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Cette thèse est constituée de trois chapitres et s'organise en deux parties. Chaque partie traite d'un problème théorique particulier relatif à la question de l'information privée des entreprises.La première partie traite de l'architecture des politiques environnementales et de l'information privée des entreprises. Le premier chapitre analyse la possibilité de mettre en place un accord climatique international quand l'asymétrie d'information touche à la fois les pays et les entreprises domestiques. Nous prenons en compte les contraintes clés dans la modélisation d'un tel accord: hétérogénéité des pays, asymétrie d'information aux niveaux national et international et participation de tous les pays. Nous obtenons l'accord de premier et de deuxième rang. Nous montrons que l'accord optimal ne se caractérise pas nécessairement par un prix unique du carbone. En effet, en présence d'un double niveau d'asymétrie d'information, l'accord de deuxième rang se définit par des prix du carbone qui diffèrent d'un pays à l'autre. Nous mettons ainsi en lumière la sous-optimalité d'un accord qui reposerait sur un prix unique du carbone. La seconde partie de la thèse, organisée en deux chapitres, s'intéresse à l'interaction entre deux outils de communication le signal par le prix et la divulgation d'information par un tiers qui sont utilisés par les entreprises pour révéler leur information privée aux consommateurs. Le deuxième chapitre s'attache à l'examen d'une divulgation d'information par un tiers sous la forme d'une certification menée par un intermédiaire: un certificateur. Un monopole a le choix entre payer pour cette certification ou utiliser son prix pour signaler sa qualité. Le certificateur est stratégique, soit à la recherche de son propre profit, soit il agit dans l'intérêt du monopole. Je montre tout d'abord que la structure des coûts d'audit engagés par le certificateur détermine le type de monopole qui choisit la certification. Je montre ensuite que les caractéristiques de la certification la probabilité d'audit et les frais de certification varient selon la motivation du certificateur. Le troisième chapitre étudie une divulgation d'information par un tiers qui se caractérise par deux étapes: la certification et l'obtention d'un label.Celle-ci implique deux intermédiaires: un certificateur et un détenteur du label et deux types de coût: un frais de certification et un prix du label. Un monopole choisit entre payer pour cette divulgation ou signaler sa qualité par le prix. Je caractérise la divulgation quand le certificateur maximise son profit et le détenteur du label est soit à la recherche de son propre profit, soit il agit dans l'intérêt du monopole. Je montre que, quand le détenteur du label défend le monopole, le prix du label ainsi que la répartition du surplus dépendent de la nature de la compétition entre certificateurs. En particulier, si ce détenteur du label souhaite empêcher la capture du surplus par un certificateur, il devra favoriser la compétition entre certificateurs ou, quand cela est impossible, choisir un prix du label élevé<br>This thesis consists of three chapters and is organized in two parts. Each part deals with a particular theoreticalissue of firms' private information.The first part of the thesis is devoted to the architecture of global warming policies and firms' private information.The first chapter analyses which global agreement can be implemented in presence of two-tiers asymmetry of information coming from both countries and domestic firms. We impose several key constraints on the design of such a regulatory policy: heterogeneity of countries, two-tier private information both at domestic and international levels and full participation. We derive the optimal first and second-best agreement. It is shown that the optimal global agreement does not always entail a uniform price for carbon. In presence of domestic firm's private information, the second-best agreement entails prices for carbon that differ from one country to another. We thereby highlight the failure of the Law of One Carbon Price. In the second part of the thesis that comprises two chapters, I study the interaction between two communication tools --- price signaling and third-party disclosure --- that firms may use to reveal their private information to consumers. The second chapter examines a third-party disclosure that consists in a certification handled by a middleman: a certifier. A monopolist has the choice between paying for that disclosure or using price to signal quality. The strategic certifier is either a for-profit entity or an entity that defends the monopolist' interest. I first show that the structure of audit costs incurred by the middlemen affects the type of monopolist that chooses certification. I then show that the characteristics of the certification ---audit probability and certification fee--- vary with the motivation of the strategic middleman. More specifically, a for-profit certifier, whenever it is possible, will not audit and put the highest feasible fee while a certifier defending the monopolist will audit with a certain probability and select the lowest possible fee. This chapter thereby contributes to a better understanding of the certification industry.The last chapter studies a third-party disclosure that consists of two steps: certification and labeling. It involves two middlemen --- the certifier and the owner of the label --- and it includes a certification fee and a price for the label. A monopolist has the choice between paying for that disclosure or signaling quality through price.I derive the disclosure when the certifier is a for-profit private entityand the label owner is private either a for-profit entity or an entity that defends the monopolist' interest. I show that, when the label owner defends the monopolist, the price of that label and the sharing of the surplus depend on the nature of certifiers' competition. In particular, I find that, a label owner defending the monopolist in order to prevent the certifier from capturing the surplus should favor competition between certifiers or, when that is not possible, monetize the label
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Santoleri, Pietro. "Essays on young firms' dynamics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E011.
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A la lumière du rôle de premier plan joué par les entreprises jeunes dans la définition du processus de destruction créatrice et dans la création globale d’emplois, cette thèse fournit de nouvelles preuves de la dynamique de ce segment du système de production. La thèse s’articule autour des thèmes suivants : i) le rôle joué par les activités d’innovation dans la promotion de la croissance de l’emploi dans les jeunes entreprises ; ii) l’impact de la récession économique sur les taux de croissance des jeunes entreprises par rapport aux petites entreprises ; iii) le rôle joué par les politiques publiques dans le soutien aux entreprises innovantes. Le chapitre 1 examine le lien sous-étudié entre les activités d’innovation et la croissance de l’emploi dans les entreprises nouvellement créées. Basés sur un ensemble de données représentatif d’une cohorte d’entreprises américaines créées en 2004, les résultats soulignent la pertinence de la recherche et du développement et des brevets pour favoriser la croissance et, en particulier, la performance à forte croissance des entreprises nouvellement créées. Le chapitre 2 fournit des éléments de preuve supplémentaires sur la relation entre innovation et croissance en utilisant des données chiliennes et se concentre sur les différences de rendement de l’innovation pour les entreprises jeunes et matures. Les résultats montrent que l’innovation profite aux entreprises à forte croissance. Cependant, ces résultats se concrétisent en particulier pour les entreprises matures et dans le cas d’innovation de procédé, alors que les activités innovantes ne semblent pas être une condition préalable à la performance à forte croissance des jeunes entreprises. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le fait que les rendements de l’innovation pourraient être spécifiques au contexte. Le chapitre 3 porte sur l’impact de la récession à double creux sur la performance de croissance des jeunes entreprises par rapport aux petites entreprises. En utilisant des données pour dix pays de la zone euro, les résultats montrent que les petites entreprises n’ont pas été particulièrement touchées, voire plus performantes, alors que les jeunes entreprises ont enregistré une nette diminution de leur taux de croissance. Dans l’analyse, nous constatons également que le canal de la contrainte financière semble être l’une des forces responsables des résultats susmentionnés<br>In light of the prominent role played by young firms in shaping the creative destruction process and contributing to overall job creation, this thesis provides novel evidence on the dynamics of these segment of the productive system. In particular, the dissertation revolves around the following topics: i) the role played by innovation activities in fostering employment growth in young firms; ii) the impact of the economic recession of the growth rates of young vs. small firms; iii) the role played by public policies in supporting innovative entrants. In more detail, Chapter 1 examines the under-researched nexus between innovation activities and employment growth in newly born firms. Based on a representative dataset for a cohort of US firms born in 2004, the results highlight the relevance of R&D and patenting to foster growth and, especially, high-growth performance for newly-born firms. Chapter 2 provides additional evidence on the relationship between innovation and growth by using Chilean data and focus on how returns to innovation differ for young and mature firms. Results show that innovation benefits high-growth firms. However, these results materialize especially for mature firms and in the case of process innovation whereas innovative activities do not appear to be a prerequisite for high-growth performance in young businesses. These findings highlight how the returns to innovation might be context specific. Chapter 3 focuses on the impact of the double-dip recession on the growth performance of young vis-à-vis small firms. Using data for ten Eurozone countries, the findings show that small firms were not particularly affected - if anything they performed better - whereas young firms experienced a marked decrease in their growth rates. In the analysis we also find that the financial constraint channel appears to be one of the forces responsible for the above results. In Chapter 4 the main focus is the investigation of the role of public policy in providing support for the performance of innovative new firms. In particular, we investigate the impact of a recent policy implemented in Italy (i.e. the “Start-up Act”). The analysis indicates an overall positive effect of the program on a wide range of firm-level outcomes
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Sellier, Geneviève. "Les films de jean gremillon : essai d'analyse narratologique." Paris 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA030227.
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La these aborde successivement et chronologiquement les longsmetrages de fiction de jean gremillon, depuis maldone (1927) jusqu'a l'amour d'une femme (1954), avant de faire la synthese de l'oeuvre. A travers l'analyse des ecarts entre histoire, recit et narration, de la construction des personnages et du travail sur les acteurs, enfin de l'utilisation du montage narratif et des figures de focalisation, il s'agit de montrer un fonctionnement recurrent du texte filmique, mais aussi des ruptures et des evolutions. Cela nous amene a tenter d'evaluer la place de gremillon dans la production de son temps, en particulier son rapport au melodrame; puis nous mettons en evidence une problematique centree sur la critique du cinema dominant comme alienation du spectateur, et sur la construction de personnages feminins "alternatifs", destines a valoriser le quotidien, dans un cadre qui utilise systematiquement les exterieurs naturels<br>The thesis deals in chronological order with the full length films of jean gremillon, from "maldone" (1927) to "the love of a women" (1954), before discussing his work as a whole. By analysing the divergence between the story itself and the sequence of events and their presentation, the creating of the characters and the interpretation of the actors, and lastly the editing of the narrative and of the visual images, we have attempted to show how certain themes recur in the films while others are developed and break new ground. This leads us to try to evaluate the position of gremillon's films in relation other works of this period and in paricular to other melodramas. Finally we discuss the question of a cinema wich aims to alienate the audience, and of the cration of "alternative" female characters who reinstate the value of everyday life in sets wich systematically make use of natural exteriors
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Sellier, Geneviève. "Les Films de Jean Grémillon essai d'analyse narratologique /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609868c.
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Bai, Jie Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Essays on firms in developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104483.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 223-231).<br>This thesis consists of three chapters on microeconomic issues of firms in developing countries and the impact of government policies on business growth. The first chapter examines firms' incentive to establish a reputation for quality. A key problem in developing countries is the lack of reliable provision of high quality goods and services. I designed an experiment to understand this phenomenon in a setting that features typical market conditions in a developing country: the retail watermelon market in a major Chinese city. I begin by demonstrating empirically that there is substantial asymmetric information between sellers and buyers on sweetness, the key indicator of quality for watermelons, yet sellers do not sort and price watermelons by quality. I then randomly introduce one of two branding technologies into 40 out of 60 markets-one sticker label that is widely used and often counterfeited and one novel laser-cut label. I track sellers' quality, pricing and sales over an entire season and collect household panel purchasing data to examine the demand side's response. I find that laser branding induced sellers to provide higher quality and led to higher sales profits, establishing that reputational incentives are present and can be made to pay. However, after the intervention was withdrawn, all markets reverted back to baseline. To rationalize the experimental findings, I build an empirical model of consumer learning and seller reputation. The results indicate that information frictions and fragmented markets lead to significant under-provision of quality in this setting. Though there is a high demand for quality, trust could take a long time to establish under the existing branding technology, which makes reputation building a low return investment. While the new branding technology enhances consumer learning, small individual sellers do not have the incentive to invest in this technology due to their small market size and market competition. The second chapter (co-authored with Seema Jayachandran, Edmund J. Malesky and Benjamin Olken) considers how local governments' bribe extraction could interact with firms' growth. We propose a model in which government officials' choice of how much bribe money to extract from firms is modulated by inter-jurisdictional competition. The model predicts that economic growth decreases the rate of bribe extraction under plausible assumptions, with the benefit to officials of demanding a given share of revenue as bribes outweighed by the increased risk that firms will move elsewhere. A second prediction is that the negative effect of growth on bribery is larger if firms are more mobile. We find empirical support for these predictions. In particular, we employ two instrumental variables strategies-one based on growth in a firm's industry in other provinces within Vietnam and another based on industry growth in neighboring China and find that growth causes a decrease in bribe extraction. Our results suggest that as poor countries grow, corruption could subside on "its own." Consistent with the model's predictions, we find that the effect is for firms whose property rights to their land are transferable and who have operations in multiple provinces, two proxies for geographic mobility. The third chapter examines the impact of internal trade barriers on firms' performance and export activities. It is well known that various forms of non-tariff barriers exist among Chinese provinces. However, empirically, it is difficult to measure these barriers because they can take many forms. I take advantage of an export VAT rebate policy reform in 2004 as a natural experiment to identify the existence of internal trade barriers and study the impact on TFP and resource allocation. In particular, as a result of shifting tax rebate burdens, the 2004 reform leads to a greater incentive for the provincial governments to block the domestic flow of non-local goods related to exporting. I find that foreign trade companies in the coastal region become more "inward-looking" in the years after the reform, consistent with rising local trade barriers. The value of exports through intermediaries grows less in the inland region relative to the coastal region, and the negative effect is larger in inland provinces with greater exposure to the reform, measured using baseline reliance on trade through intermediaries. I extend the standard open-economy heterogeneous firm model by adding an intermediary sector as in Ahn, Khandelwal and Wei (2011) but with a new focus on the intermediary's role of domestic sourcing. The model can be used to analyze general equilibrium effects, examine firms' entry and exit into exporting, and quantify the distortion on TFP.<br>by Jie Bai.<br>Ph. D.
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Grassi, Basile. "Essays on firms dynamics in macroeconomics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010089.
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Les entreprises sont l’unité de production d’une économie moderne. Les matières premières y sont transformées en biens destinés à la consommation ou en biens utilisés par d’autres entreprises. Ces entreprises sont nombreuses et très différentes. Certaines sont très grandes, tandis que d’autres sont de petite taille. Ces entreprises hétérogènes font face à l’évolution de leur demande et de leur productivité qui façonnent leur dynamique. Le produit intérieur (PIB) est la somme de la valeur ajoutée des entreprises hétérogènes qui composent une économie. Il semble donc naturel de penser que la dynamique du PIB est l’agrégation de la dynamique des entreprises. Cependant, la littérature macroéconomique traditionnelle, par exemple la théorie des cycles réels (RBC), suppose une entreprise représentative. La dynamique de l’agrégat est seulement déterminée par un choc qui affecte cette entreprise représentative. Ceci est équivalent à supposer que des chocs parfaitement corrélés affectent toutes les entreprises d’une économie de la même manière. [...]<br>Firms are the productive unit of a modern economy. It is where inputs are transformed in goods used for consumption or as inputs for other firms. These firms are numerous and very different from one another. Some are very large, while others are small. These heterogeneous firms face changes in their demand and productivity that shape their dynamics. The growth domestic product (GDP) is the sum of the value added of all the heterogeneous firms that compose an economy. It thus seems natural to think that the dynamics of the GDP is the aggregation of the dynamics of firms. However, the conventional wisdom in the macroeconomics literature, for example the real business cycle (RBC) theory, assumes one representative firm. The dynamics of the aggregate is only driven by a shock that affects the representative firm. This is equivalent to assuming perfectly correlated shocks that affect all the firms of an economy in the same way. […]
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Zhang, Yanren. "Essays on incentives in family firms." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192157.
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This thesis consists of one literature review and three self-contained essays that discuss management transfers, work incentives and age structures in family firms. In the literature review, I summarize and structure recent studies on management transfer in family firms. The first essay focuses on the incentive effects of age structure in a single firm, and argues that compressed age structures are negatively related to firm performance, which provides a mechanism that causes the underperformance of dynastic management. In the second essay, I extend the single-firm analysis to a multi-firm scenario and find children prefer to work for their own family if the age gap between levels is large. Otherwise, they leave and work for other families. As a result, increased life expectancy leads to the separation between ownership and management, and family-managed firms have more compressed age structures than their professionally managed counterparts. In the third and final essay, I study the issue of self-enforcement in promotion tournaments and find organizations using rank-order contracts may still act opportunistically even when there exists no agency problem between owners and managers. Furthermore, both the wage-seniority profile and governance structure determine the credibility of rank-order contracts, which provides an alternative rationale for returns to seniority and underperformance of dynastic management.
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Adrjan, Pawel. "Essays on firms and employee compensation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b1ae8a91-5c82-4148-9956-fd5a5e6843ed.
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This DPhil thesis is a collection of three empirical papers that study the role of firms in the UK labour market. Each chapter focuses on firms at different points in their lifecycle. Young firms are an engine of job creation but little is known about the quality of the jobs that they offer. In Chapter 1, I use a matched employer-employee dataset to study how starting wages and lifecycle earnings of employees differ between young and mature firms. I find that young firms pay a small premium to new hires, but subsequent wage growth is better at mature firms, both within continuing job matches and when individuals change jobs. Crucially, highly-paid and stable jobs at young firms have become increasingly rare over time, as young firms themselves have become less likely to survive and attain high productivity levels - both in absolute terms and relative to mature firms over the same period. Policies that aim to stimulate job growth by encouraging the formation of new firms should therefore pay close attention to the types of firms that form. Chapter 2 asks what determines the proportion of a firm's income that workers receive as compensation. I use longitudinal firm data from a period of substantial labour share variation to understand the firm-level determinants of the labor share of income - a question that has typically only been addressed with country- and sector-level data. Estimating a dynamic model using GMM, I find that firms with greater market power and a higher ratio of capital to labour allocate a smaller proportion of their value added to workers. Testing the impact of tangible and intangible capital on low- and high-wage firms leads to conclusions consistent with the hypothesis of capital-skill complementarity. Overall, the results suggest that firm-level drivers play a key role in the evolution of the aggregate labour share, which has declined significantly since the 1970s. Chapter 3 co-authored with Brian Bell, focuses on mature firms and asks how wages at such firms respond to idiosyncratic firm-level cost shocks. We create a unique dataset that links longitudinal data on workers' compensation to the unexpected costs related to firms' legacy defined benefit pension plans. We show that firms are able to share the burden of such costs when a significant share of their workers are current or former members of the plan. We also find that firms that respond to deficits by closing down the pension plans effectively reduce the total compensation of plan members. These results point to significant frictions in the labour market, which we show are a direct result of the pension arrangement that workers have. Yet closing schemes has an implicit cost for firms, since it reduces the frictions that workers face, and increases mobility.
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Costa, Magali Pedro. "Three essays on firms' financial distress." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/17512.
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Financial and output market decisions are crucial to the success or failure of an or-
ganization. These decisions are influenced by the dynamic and competitive economic
environment in which firms operate and, in turn, affect the ability of firms to meet their
debt obligations.
This thesis is constituted by three separate but interrelated essays which explore the
impact of financial and operating decisions on the default risk. The first two essays study
the equilibrium default probability, in a two-stage differentiated product duopoly model
with uncertainty, where firms decide their financial structure in the first stage and their
quantities in the second stage. These two essays analyze the impact of changes in the
parameters of the model, on the equilibrium default probability (the first essay uses com-
parative statics tools while the second uses numerical simulation). The impact of changes
in the uncertainty level, in the degree of product substitutability, in the marginal costs
and in the default cost on the financing and output decisions and on the default risk are
analyzed. The third essay tests empirical the relationship between market structure and
capital structure decisions and their relationship with the default probability using a sam-
ple of eleven members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD).
The three essays reach a coherent set of conclusions. In particular, they show that
uncertainty, market structure and default costs influence financial and product market de-
cisions and the probability of default. Moreover, they show that the default probability is
influenced directly by the parameters, but it is also influenced by the way firms optimally
adjust their financial and product market decisions when the parameters change. There-
fore a less favorable environment does not necessarily imply higher default probability, as
firms may respond by financing less with debt; RESUMO:Decisões financeiras e no mercado do produto são cruciais para o sucesso ou falência de
uma organização. Estas decisões são influenciadas pelo ambiente econômico, dinâmico e
competitivo em que as empresas operam e, por sua vez, afetam a capacidade das empresas
cumprirem suas obrigações.
Esta tese é constituída por três ensaios distintos, mas interrelacionados que exploram
o impacto das decisões financeiras e operacionais sobre o risco de incumprimento. Os dois
primeiros ensaios estudam a probabilidade de incumprimento de equilíbrio, num modelo
duopólio, com produtos diferenciados, com dois estágios e com incerteza, onde as em-
presas no primeiro estágio decidem a sua estrutura financeira, e no segundo estágio as
suas quantidades. Estes dois ensaios analisam o impacto de alterações dos parâmetros
do modelo na probabilidade de incumprimento de equilíbrio (o primeiro ensaio usa ferra-
mentas de estática comparada, enquanto o segundo usa simulação numérica). É analisado
o impacto de mudanças no nível de incerteza, no grau de substituibilidade do produto,
nos custos marginais e no custo de incumprimento sobre as decisões de financiamento e
de produção, e sobre o risco de incumprimento. O terceiro ensaio testa empíricamente a
relação entre estrutura de mercado e as decisões da estrutura de capital e a sua relação
com a probabilidade de incumprimento, utilizando uma amostra de onze membros da
Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OCDE).
Os três ensaios chegam a um conjunto coerente de conclusões. Nomeadamente, mostram
que a incerteza, a estrutura de mercado e custos de incumprimento infuenciam as decisões
financeiras e no mercado do produto e a probabilidade de incumprimento. Além disso,
mostram que a probabilidade de incumprimento é infuênciada diretamente pelos parâmetros
, mas também é infuênciada pela forma como as empresas ajustam de forma ótima as
suas decisões financeiras e no mercado do produto quando os parâmetros alteram. Por
conseguinte, um ambiente menos favorável não significa necessariamente maior probabilidade
de incumprimento, uma vez que as empresas podem responder financiando-se com menos dívida
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Javed, Muhammad Rashid. "Essais sur la préférence du fils au pakistan." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU2056/document.
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Ce mémoire regroupe différentes études sur la préférence pour les garçons au Pakistan. Celles-ci analysent la fréquence et l'étendue de la préférence pour les garçons et son effet sur la grossesse des femmes. Le rôle que la préférence pour les garçons joue sur la participation des femmes au niveau des décisions au sein du ménage est examiné, tout comme son effet sur l'espacement des naissances, la probabilité d'une naissance à risque, ou l'impact de l'âge auquel une femme se marie sur l'équilibre entre les sexes et le développement de l'enfant né. Nous trouvons qu'il existe une préférence réelle et déclarée pour la progéniture masculine au Pakistan. La probabilité de poursuivre les grossesses diminue avec le nombre de garçons nés. De plus, les femmes qui ont au moins un garcon ont plus d'influence sur les décisions quotidiennes du ménage mais pas sur les décisions financières. La participation des femmes sur les décisions à prendre au sein du ménage augmente avec le nombre de garçons mais seulement jusqu'à la troisième naissance. D'ailleurs, les femmes ayant au moins un garçon attendent plus longtemps avant d'avoir d'autres enfants. Ce constat est plus particulièrement vrai dans le cadre d'une première naissance et il est moins présent à partir de la deuxième naissance. En outre, le fait de se marier à 18 ans ou plus tard influence de façon positive la préférence des femmes sur la composition de sa famille. Pourtant, peu importe qu’une femme se marie avant ou après 18 ans, cela ne modifie pas le biais en faveur des garçons dans leur investissement parental. A partir de ces résultats, nous proposons des préconisations politiques afin de lutter contre les inégalités entre les sexes au Pakistan<br>This thesis is a collection of studies on son preference in Pakistan. The studies analyze the prevalence and strength of son preference and its effects on women’s childbearing. The role son preference plays in determining women's participation in intra-household decisionmaking is examined as are its effect on birth spacing, probability of risky births and role of maternal age at marriage in modifying gender-specific reproduction and development outcomes. We find strong evidence for both the revealed and stated preference for male offspring. The probability of continuing childbearing also decreases with the number of sons born. Furthermore, we find that women with at least one son have more say in ‘routine’ household decisions but not in financial decisions. Female participation in decision-making grows significantly with the number of sons but only up to the third parity. We find that women with at least one son are more likely to delay succeeding births. We obtain strong evidence at parity 1. The impact seems to dissipate beyond the second parity. Moreover, we find that marriage at 18 or later positively influence women’s preference for family’s sex composition. However, whether or not a woman married early or late does little to modify the male gender bias prevalent in parental investment. In light of these findings, we suggest policy measures that could help improve gender equity in the country
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Olland, Frédéric. "Essais on firms' heterogeneity and the productivity of exporters." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAB017/document.
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Cette thèse contribue à la littérature théorique et empirique concernant l’hétérogénéité des entreprises et le commerce international. La partie théorique analyse les conséquences de la libéralisation du commerce lorsque les entreprises sont hétérogènes et les pays asymétriques. La partie empirique discute le sens de causalité de la relation entre la performance des entreprises et leur statut international. Les entreprises sont-elles plus performantes parce qu’elles exportent et/ou importent ? Ou sont-ce les entreprises les plus performantes qui s’auto-sélectionnent sur le marché international ? Les deux hypothèses ne s’excluent pas mutuellement et ce travail les accrédite toutes deux<br>This thesis contributes to both theoretical and empirical aspects of the literature on firm heterogeneity in international trade. On the theoretical side, I provide insights of the consequences of trade liberalisation when firms are heterogeneous and countries are asymmetric. On the empirical side, I discuss the causality of the relationship between performances and trading status of firms. Do more productive firms self-select into international markets? Do firms become more productive because they enter international markets? These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and my work provides support for both of them
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Niney, François. "L'epreuve du reel a l'ecran essai sur le principe de realite documentaire." Paris 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA030122.
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Depuis l'invention des freres lumiere, actualites, documentaires, reportages nous convient a des visions toujours plus "immediates", plus proches, plus "vraies" de la realite "sur le vif". Que valent ces miroirs argentiques et electroniques des evenements ? que nous donnent-elles a voir et croire ces doublures auxquelles nous confions la tache paradoxale de nous demontrer le monde et d'en produire la verite ? a travers l'evolution historique des formes du documentaire, ce travail questionne nos manieres de representer et voir la realite a travers le discours des images, ainsi que les regimes de croyance que suscite la soi-disant "objectivite" des prises de vues. Croire a l'adequation de l'image au reel "tel quel", du commentaire aux "evenements" comme s'il y avait des vues sans point de vue, des faits sans interpretation - n'est-ce pas couper dans toutes les propagandes audiovisuelles qui ont en commun de promettre la verite a ciel ouvert ? en contrepoint de cette critique de fond, l'ouvrage explore les figures du langage cinematographique comme manieres de decouper, traduire, reflechir le monde, de decouvrir de nouvelles relations sujet/objet, reel/fiction, voir/savoir, ou au contraire de reproduire des cliches vraisemblables. Tableau vivant du cinema primitif, invention du montage, documentarisme social et propagandiste d'avant-guerre, nouvelle-vague de l'apres-guerre, documentaire joue a l'americaine et neo-realisme italien, cinema-verite et cinema direct, dogme de l'objectivite tv et preuve par l'image, camera subjective et machines de vision, archives, reconstitutions: telles sont les entrees dans ce parcours critique ou realite et fiction, vrai et faux jouent a cache-cache. Andre bazin ne disait-il pas que "le cadre est un cache ?".
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Cencig, Javier Esteban. "Estrategias do discurso no cinema não ficcional." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/284666.
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Orientador: Marcius Cesar Soares Freire<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T14:55:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar estratégias do discurso no domínio documentário ou não ficcional a partir da análise de três filmes de diferentes épocas e suas particularidades metodológicas, abordando a formação histórica que os envolve. O principal critério para a escolha dos filmes, além do grande apreço que lhes tenho, foi o fato de terem como tema condições de vida em cenários de exclusão, quer seja por meio da marginalização ou da reclusão, de homens e mulheres em diferentes contextos sociais<br>Abstract: This work's main purpose is to identify discourse strategies in the non-fictional domain based on the analysis of three movies from different moments and their methodological particularities, approaching their historical formation. The choice of the movies was carried out based on the fact they share the subject of life conditions in exclusion scenarios, whether it is by reclusion or marginalization, of men and women in different social contexts.<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Multimeios
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Choi, Hye Lin. "Essays in Multinational Firms and Productivity Growth of Domestically-Owned Firms." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1396886658.
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Riedel, Nadine. "Essays on the Taxation of Multinational Firms." Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-85304.
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Xu, Ting. "Essays on entrepreneurship and closely-held firms." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62597.
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This thesis contains three essays on entrepreneurship and close-held firms. The first essay examines the feedback role of crowdfunding, a new financing method that allows entrepreneurs to raise finance online directly from the public. Using a novel dataset from Kickstarter, I show that crowdfunding outcome signals to entrepreneurs the product market potential of their projects and guides entrepreneurs’ subsequent commercialization decisions. Exploiting weather-induced variation in pledged funds within unfunded projects (which receive no financing), I find that entrepreneurs who received more pledging are more likely to complete and commercialize their projects. Consistent with the real option value of crowdfunding feedback, entrepreneurs on Kickstarter launch riskier projects when crowdfunding becomes more costly relative to alternative financing. These results highlight the role of crowdfunding in improving the information environment faced by early-stage entrepreneurs. The second essay, co-authored with Jan Bena, studies how product market competition affects firms’ ownership structures. Using a large sample of closely held firms in eighteen European countries, we show that firms operating in more competitive environments have lower inside ownership and that the stakes of their outside shareholders are more dispersed. These results are explained by competition increasing the need to raise external equity and reducing private control benefits. Our findings suggest that, by changing corporate ownership structure, competition mitigates incentive misalignment among shareholders, leading to better firm performance and gains in economic efficiency. The third essay studies the effect of shareholder excess control rights on creditors. I show that excess control rights can benefit creditors despite its negative effect previously documented on minority shareholders. Using a sample of U.S. dual-class firms, I find that dual-class firms take less business and financial risk than similar single-class firms, consistent with controlling insiders’ emphasis on long-term survival to access ongoing private benefits of control. Such risk avoidance translates into lower borrowing costs for dual-class firms. Further, lenders seem to be able to use specific covenants to prevent potential expropriations by controlling insiders. These results suggest that the overall effect of excess control rights on firm value may not be as negative as we previously thought.<br>Business, Sauder School of<br>Finance, Division of<br>Graduate
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Wilson, Linus. "Essays on the financial governance of firms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ouls.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d7b12d53-d530-438e-bbe6-366d356ac37f.
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Kattuman, Paul A. "Three essays on the growth of firms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295124.
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Kuegler, Alice. "Empirical essays on inventors, workers and firms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267840.
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My research seeks to understand the behaviour of workers and firms and how their decisions affect labour market outcomes. My PhD dissertation consists of three separate Chapters that use detailed historical, census and administrative data to gain insights into the mechanisms at play when incentives for production and location decisions change. Chapter 1 asks whether financial incentives can induce inventors to innovate more. I exploit a large reduction in the patent fee in the United Kingdom in 1884 to distinguish between its effect on increased efforts to invent, and a decrease in patent quality due to a lower quality threshold. For this analysis I create a detailed new dataset of 54,000 British inventors with renewal information for each patent. In the longer run high-quality patenting increases by over 100 percent, and the share of new patents due to greater effort accounts for three quarters of the pre-reform share of high-quality patents. To test for the presence of credit constraints I generate two wealth proxies from inventor names and addresses, and find a larger innovation response for inventors with lower wealth. These results indicate efficiency gains from decreasing the cost of inventing and in addition, from relaxing credit constraints. In Chapter 2 we assess the effects of changes in ethnic neighbourhood composition in England and Wales. A change in social housing allocations in the 1990s serves as instrument for changes in the local ethnic composition. For the analysis we create a dataset of highly disaggregated census geographies for 1991-2011. The results imply that an exogenous increase in social housing minority share by 10 percentage points raises the minority share in private housing by 1.2 percentage points initially. This sorting effect is larger for privately rented than for privately owned housing. We further show that an increase in the minority share leads to higher local population growth and a small decrease in house prices in the longer run. Chapter 3 proposes a new approach for analysing responses to comprehensive labour market reforms. Using detailed micro data we evaluate the German Hartz reforms that aimed at reducing unemployment. The timing of the reforms affects the model parameters, which are estimated using matched data on 430,000 workers in 340,000 firms. Contrary to previous findings, our analysis shows that the reforms marginally reduced unemployment at the cost of a pronounced decline in wages. Low-skilled workers suffered the largest wage losses. Furthermore, we decompose the contribution of each reform wave on employment and wages, and document a structural shift in the factors that govern overall wage dispersion.
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Huang, Hanwei. "Three essays on firms and international trade." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3753/.
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The first chapter of the thesis investigates the resilience of Chinese manufacturing importers to supply chain disruptions by exploiting the 2003 SARS epidemic as a natural experiment. I show both in theory and empirics that geographical diversification is crucial in building a resilient supply chain. I also find that reduction in trade costs induces firms to further diversify. Connectivity to the transportation network facilitates diversification in input sourcing and reduces the negative impact of SARS. Infrastructure is therefore useful not only in improving the efficiency of the economy, but also in increasing its resilience to shocks. The second chapter studies how changes in factor endowments, technologies, and trade costs jointly determine structural adjustments, which are defined as changes in the distributions of production and exports. During 1999 to 2007, Chinese manufacturing production became more capital-intensive while exports did not. A structurally estimated Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin model with heterogeneous firms reconciles this seemingly puzzling pattern. Counterfactual simulations show that capital deepening made Chinese production more capital intensive, but technology changes that biased toward the labour intensive sectors and trade liberalizations provided a counterbalancing force. The last chapter examines how firm heterogeneity shapes comparative advantage. Drawing on matched customs and firm-level data from China, we find that export participation, exported product scope and product mix, and firm mix within industries vary systematically with firms’ labour intensity. This is rationalized by a model in which firms from industries of comparative disadvantage face tougher competition in the export market. The competitive effect induces reallocation within and across firms and generates endogenous Ricardian comparative advantage, which dampens ex ante comparative advantage. Using sufficient statistics to measure and decompose comparative advantage, we find that the dampening mechanism is quantitatively important in shaping comparative advantage for a calibrated Chinese economy.
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Iodice, Irene. "Three essays on firms in international markets." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E015.
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La thèse contient trois essais sur les entreprises internationales. Le premier essai était développé par Iodice et Tomasi et étudie l'évolution de la structure du travail et des salaires des secteurs manufacturiers italiens au début des années 2000s. Il ressort que les travailleurs s’orientent principalement vers les secteurs non qualifiés, en cohérence avec l'avantage comparatif de l'Italie dans les industries plus traditionnelles. La plupart des changements se sont produits au sein d’industries et surtout au sein d’entreprises, alors que les salaires ne s'ajustent pas proportionnellement. Le deuxième essai est un travail conjoint avec Fontagné et Secchi, il décrit la diversification des produits exportés comme le résultat du choix des entreprises hétérogènes. Nous proposons un indice de similarité des produits des entreprises et nous l’interprétons comme une mesure des forces fondamentales plutôt que spécifiques à l'entreprise dans la diversification. Nous calculons les avantages comparatifs révélés (ACR) pour la France et nous constatons que les industries à forte similarité de produits sont les plus résistantes à la perte d'ACR lorsque les plus grandes entreprises ne sont pas prises en compte. Enfin, le troisième essai étudie la nature protectrice des réglementations techniques. Nous construisons une base de données historique des règlements techniques (TBT) intégrée à un panel d'exportateurs français. Il ressort que plus d'un tiers des pays n'ont pas publié la TBT avant sa mise en application. Dès lors, la TBT provoque un arrêt temporaire de l'exportation et cela suggère que les pays peuvent entraver la concurrence étrangère en augmentant l'incertitude du marché<br>The thesis contains three essays on international firms. The first essay extends Iodice and Tomasi and studies the evolution of the labor and wage structure of Italian manufactures in the early 2000s. We decompose the skilled-wage bill ratio into labor and wage movements, occurred between and within industries and firms. We find that workers moved mostly towards unskilled intensive sectors, consistently with the comparative advantage of Italy in traditional industries. Most of the changes occurred within industries and mostly within firms, while wages did not adjust proportionally. The second essay is a joint work with Fontagné and Secchi. We describe the aggregate diversification, the products exported towards a destination, as the output of choices of heterogeneous firms. We propose an index of firms product similarity and interpret it as a measure of fundamental rather than firm-specific forces in diversification. We compute the Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA) for France and we find that industries with high firms' product similarity are more resilient to loose the RCA when removing individual firms. The third essay studies the protective nature of non transparent technical regulations. I build a database on the history of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) that have been contested to the WTO and I match it with a panel of French exporters. I find that in more than 1/3 of the cases, countries have not disclosed the TBT before the enforcement. In these cases, TBTs cause a temporary halt of the exporting activity. This suggests that countries can hinder foreign competition by rising the uncertainty in the market and firms' incentives to delay their export investment
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Buisson, Bernard. "Essays on innovation management in established firms." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/233155.
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Abstract for Chapter 2:Most of the debate related to innovation now focuses on the disruption theory.This theory is the result of years of research and multiple contributions over the last forty years, the most important ones coming from Clayton Christensen.Still it comes with limitations. This paper therefore examines the usefulness of the theory compared with the contributions of the strategy literature.It concludes that the disruption theory is mostly descriptive, that using it as a prescriptive theory to build a strategy can be quite dangerous, and that incumbents could probably design more relevant strategies using contributions from the strategy literature. Abstract for Chapter 3:Innovation is widely recognized as a major driver of long-term corporate growth. Successful innovators who manage to dominate new markets enjoy Schumpeterian rents for their inventions. How then can a firm dominate a new market? Two streams of literature have proposed opposite answers to this question.The First Mover approach indicates that by setting up a strong differentiation strategy,companies are supposed to create a new area where profits abound. This approach issupported especially by Kim and Mauborgne (2004) who coined the term Blue Ocean to describe it.The Fast Second approach, defended by Markides and Geroski (2005), contends, onthe contrary, that companies should not try to become pioneers, but should target the newly created market in second position, and colonize it.But neither Blue Ocean nor Fast Second are able to convincingly explain successfulmarket domination. Our study of 24 innovation cases suggests that innovation which leads to market domination is instead achieved by using four kinds of breakthroughs, separately of simultaneously.Abstract for Chapter 4:The question addressed in this study is: "Is there a relationship between the level of R&D internationalization and the innovation performance?"Using a sample of 237 companies, representing 126,824 priority patents with country information, it turns out that no link can be found between innovation performance and the proportion of foreign R&D (the proportion of patents which were not invented in the company home country), but that innovation performance is positively related to the geographical dispersion of R&D (the number of countries where a given company invented patents), and that this relationship is statistically significant at the 1% level. This paper also discards the possibility of any reverse causality.Abstract for Chapter 5:This paper investigates the dynamics of innovation, profits and economic performance of multinational corporations. Using a panel of 1130 companies with financial data over a three-year period (2011, 2012 and 2013), this paper confirms that contemporaneous relationships exist between innovation performance and profits, but comes up with two unexpected results: 1) innovation performance is positively related to profits and 2) profits are negatively related to innovation performance.Models are estimated using alternative methods as suggested by the literature. The modelling methods are not implemented to suggest a simultaneous structure per se, and are implemented to mitigate concerns related to circularity (endogeneity) issues. Innovation performance and profits are used as independent variables including a proxy for economic performance as dependent variable. Empirically, this paper indicates that economic performance is positively related to both innovation performance and profits, and that this relationship is statistically significant at the 1% level.<br>Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Kudrimoti, Sanjay. "Two essays on financial condition of firms." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002734.
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Phan, Khanh Thi Quoc. "Three Essays on the Organisation of Firms." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15747.
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This thesis examines the organisation of firms under various circumstances Endogenous mergers in an international context In a two country model where firms vary in their production efficiency, amodel of endogenousmergers is developed to examine equilibriummerger configurations and their welfare implications. In autarky, it is found that profitable mergers are welfare decreasing. On the other hand, in the presence of international trade in goods, domestic mergers increase welfare in a country as long as the country is not too large or the country has all the most efficient firms. Cross-border mergers result in the two most efficient firms acquiring all other firms and only increase welfare in the relatively small country. Mergers in a mixed oligopoly Potential mergers among a high cost public firm and two low cost private firms are examined. Mergers can either involve two firms merging with a share of ownership or one firmpurchasing the other through a lumpsum payment. It is shown that two private firms having the same costs do not merge, regardless of the merger type. However, a potential merger between a public and a private firm is possible depending on the marginal cost of the merged firm and the cost difference between the public and private firm. The role of intermediaries in the choice between outsourcing and ver- tical integration Within an incomplete contracts framework, this chapter examines how firms choose to organise their production – to internally produce the intermediate inputs through vertical integration, or to engage in arm’s-length viii transactions either directly with the input suppliers or through intermediary firms. Themodel suggests that the firm’s choice depends on the relative intensity of headquarter services and intermediate inputs in the final good, as well as the elasticity ofmarket demand for the final good. In particular, it is found that an intermediary firm is used when the final-good production is very intermediate-input intensive and the final-goods market demand is relatively elastic.
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BOTTA, ENRICO. "Essays on enviromental regulation and firms' performance." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/581498.
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The increasing concerns over the environmental sustainability of current development trajectories have brought numerous countries to adopt “greener growth strategies”. However, given the numerous failures that hinder the well- functioning of market mechanisms in relation to the environment, environmental regulations are considered as necessary to align private and public marginal benefit (and cost) curves. This dissertation aims at contributing to the on-going debate in literature on the impact of environmental policies on economic growth.
To this end, the first essay of this thesis reviews the literature on the link between economic performance and environmental policy. The assessment underlines the different views on the effects of environmental regulations on firms’ productivity proposed by the neoclassical economic theory and by the so- called Porter’s hypothesis. The former considers environmental regulations as necessary to cope with market failures related to environmental externalities but as detrimental to firms’ productivity. Michael Porter challenged this interpretation almost 25 years ago by arguing that “well-designed” policies do not necessarily hinder the competitiveness of firms but might actually increase it. Within this context, the essay first reviews the wide empirical literature on the Porter’s hypothesis and highlights the often contrasting results. In fact, the number of studies estimating a negative effect of tighter environmental norms on firms’ competitiveness appears to be almost equal to those finding a positive impact. Then, the multifaceted nature of environmental regulation is discussed as a potential explanation for the non-homogeneous results across studies. In fact, notwithstanding Porter and van de Linde (1995) underline how “well- designed” regulations may lead to higher competitiveness for firms, the vast majority of studies mainly focus on the stringency of enforced norms. Instead, a number of other aspects of regulations are likely to play a key role in determining their overall impact on economic performance. Building on the literature examining what features a “well-designed” environmental regulation should exhibit, the essay finally discusses the role that elements such as stringency, flexibility or policy-induced uncertainty may have in shaping the economic outcomes of environmental policies. The proceedings of this work constitute the backbone of an article published in the journal “Energia” (edited by Stefano Clò, published in Italian) in September 2016
The review of the first chapter underlines the presence of several gaps in the literature in relation to the impact of environmental regulation on innovation. In fact, while market-based instruments are often highlighted by scholars as providing higher dynamic incentives than non-market-based regulation, few papers have been able to empirically test such claims within the same study also given the difficulties of comparing environmental policy norms across countries. Secondly, in a resources-constrained world, environmental policy is more likely to steer the direction of technological change toward rather than increase green innovation. Nonetheless, studies on the Porter’s hypothesis have often omitted to
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consider the impact of environmental policies on the technologies not explicitly targeted by the introduced regulation. To this end, the second essay focuses on the consequences of increasingly stringent regulation on the technologies the environmental policy aims to promote and on other innovation. Building on the discussion of what a well-designed regulation entails, the paper distinguishes between market- and non-market-based policies. In order to capture the full extent of induced innovation, we adopt a cross-sectoral approach. This is due to the assumption that innovations designed in order to comply with environmental regulation are not necessary developed in the regulated industry. In line with theoretical results, market-based instruments are shown to be the main driver of increased innovation in the technological field that environmental policy wishes to promote. At the same time, the estimations suggest that non- market-based regulations mainly decrease inventive efforts directed towards non-environmental technologies, possibly because of a negative impact on “polluting technologies”. In addition, the results show the presence of path- dependency in innovation. This work has been presented at the 2016 AIEAR Annual Conference in February 2016 and at the University College of London within the seminar series “Innovation and Technological Change Research” in April 2016.
The third essay adopts an experimental approach and focuses on a second feature often highlighted as characterizing well-designed regulation in the literature, namely (limited) uncertainty. More precisely, the paper assesses how policy-induced risk may affect investment decisions in renewable power plants. To this end, the paper first reviews the main characteristics of auction frameworks across Europe since these are being increasingly adopted by OECD and Non-OECD countries to support renewable energy deployment but are limitedly studied in the literature. The review underlines how auction designs can vary along a number of dimensions, including how planning, winner selection, construction and operation stages are regulated. Since the policy features connected to the winner selection stage are the most novel and most unique to renewable energy technologies (RET) support through auction, these are discussed in more detail. Then, a stated preference approach is leveraged to investigate how auction design and the uncertainty regarding the future arrangements between the UK and the EU contribute to determine the cost of equity for renewable energy projects. The results show that improved design can lead to a moderate decrease in the cost of equity. The largest decrease is provided by the introduction of moderate financial bid-bonds but the analysis also underlines how long-term auction programs strengthen the cost reduction effects typical of tendering competition. The adoption of “technology-specific” auctions seems also to decrease business risks. The evidence on Brexit is rather weak and, if anything, suggests the higher relevance of these negotiations for English-based investors rather than for those based in EU27.
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Brunet, Nicole. "Essai d'analyse cinématographique de la communauté des Sauniers de l'île de Noirmoutier." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375964656.
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Gilje, Erik P. "Essays in Corporate Finance." Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3878.
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Thesis advisor: Philip E. Strahan<br>The first essay of this dissertation measures the real effect of increases in local deposit supply on local economic outcomes. To identify this effect, I use exogenous variation in local deposit supply from oil and natural gas shale discoveries. A change in deposit supply should have its largest effect on areas where credit supply frictions are the strongest. I find that the effect is strongest in areas dominated by small banks. The second essay analyzes the investment policies of public and private natural gas firms, and is joint work with Jérôme Taillard. We find that privately held firms are 60% less responsive to natural gas price changes than publicly traded firms. Additionally, we find that private firms do not respond to new shale investment opportunities, whereas public firms do. We believe these results are consistent with private firms having a higher cost of external capital. The third essay empirically tests whether firms increase risk taking activity when they are close to distress due to the risk taking incentives of equity-holders. I find that firms actually reduce risk taking when they are close to distress, and in the years prior to bankruptcy. This evidence suggests that risk reduction incentives may be more important for the average firm as it gets close to distress<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management<br>Discipline: Finance
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Sainati, Augusto. "Le rapport film-comique-spectateur : essai de typologie et d'analyse." Paris 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030177.
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Le but decette these est d'etudier les determinations qui pesent sur la lecture du film comique effectuee par le spectateur. Apres avoir fait le point sur l'etat de la recherche en matiere de film comique, dans la premiere partie du travail on propose une typologie des configurations textuelles susceptibles e donner lieu a un effet comique. Cette typologie est developpee a partir de la problematique de la coherence. Une analyse des positions que le film assigne au spectateur lors de la lecture est egalement proposee. Dans la deuxieme partie, apres une discussion des limites des conceptions purement textualistes, on analyse l'influence du contexte historico-culturel dans la determination du comique. L'exemple choisi est celui des films de l'acteur italien toto, consideres dans leur fonctionnement comique par rapport aucontexte socio-culturel de l'italie des annees trente et de l'apres-guerre. Enfin, dans la conclusion, on met en question l'applicabilite de la notion d'effet-fiction au film comique a la lumiere des analyses proposees, pour conclure que celui-ci n'est pas un film de fictiion au sens plein<br>The aim of this thesis is the study of influences which determine comic film interpretation by the spectator. After an overview of the state-of-the-art research in the field of comic film, in the first part a typology of textual structures that can lead to comic effects is proposed. This typology is developed on the basis of theories on coherence. An analysis of positions that film assigns to spectator in the course of interpretation is also proposed. In the second part, after a discussion of the limits in referring only to theories on text, we study historical and cultural influences in determining the reading of comic films. As an example, we study some films of the italian actor toto, examined in their comic functioning with reference to the italian cultural context of the thirties and of the post-war period. Finally, we discuss the apppicability of notion of fiction effect to comic film, and we argue that comic film is not completely a fiction film
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Queiroz, Ruben Caixeta de. "Les Waiwai du nord de l'Amazonie (Brésil) et la rencontre interculturelle : un essai d'anthropologie filmique." Paris 10, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA100049.
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Jusqu'aux annees quarante, les indiens waiwai vivaient disperses dans la region de la frontiere separant le bresil de la guyane. Appartenant au groupe carib, ils etaient repartis en petits villages lies entre eux par un reseau d'echanges d'ordre commercial, matrimonial et rituel. Vers 1947, une mission evangeliste nordamericaine introduisit de nouveaux elements dans la societe waiwai et contraignit les indiens a modifier leurs anciennes formes culturelles pour les adapter au nouvel ordre religieux. Le sujet de la these traite de cette rencontre interculturelle et de certains de ses effets. Grace a l'observation directe et aux enregistrements filmiques concernant deux techniques materielles et un rituel, est montree la maniere dont les waiwai se sont approprie les elements materiels et symboliques provenant du monde exterieur en vue de reproduire et raviver leur societe. L'enquete ethno-cinematographique revele une societe dynamique, creative, qui ne se borne pas a reproduire les formes traditionnelles. Aussi ce travail s'inscrit-il dans une perspective differente de celles adoptees par la plupart des cineastes americanistes. En effet, ces derniers montrent ou evoquent plus volontiers, soit les indiens figes dans le monde de leurs traditions, evitant le contact avec l'exterieur, soit, au contraire, des societes indigenes au seuil de la disparition et de la degradation culturelle, perverties par le monde occidental. La premiere partie de la these presente des exemples d'anthropologues-cineastes qui ont traite de la rencontre interculturelle, a partir d'un panorama general dela production de films ethnographiques sur les indiens du bresil. Puis sont exposees les conditions dans lesquelles nous nous sommes inseres dans la societe waiwai lors de la realisation de nos films {rati, kanawayischiputire, shodewiko). La deuxieme partie, concernant certaines techniques materielles waiwai, decrit la methode et les mises en scene utilisees pour realiser nos films. Nous y presentons les raisons pour lesquelles ont ete adoptees certaines strategies filmiques. La troisieme partie, tout en evoquant les attitudes methodologiques qui ont guide la realisation, compare le rituel traditionnel du shodewiko tel que l'a decrit niels fock en 1963 avec le rituel actuel, tel qu'il apparait dans nos enregistrements. Cela nous permet de proposer une interpretation des changements affecta
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Pourvali, Bamchade. "L'"Essai filmé" comme forme de la modernité cinématographique, 1953-1997." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0034.
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La modernité cinématographique désigne une remise en cause de la représentation classique au moment de la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui se manifeste par un retour au documentaire. Celui-ci se traduit de deux manières : au sein du cinéma hollywoodien, comme en témoignent la fin du Dictateur de Charlie Chaplin et le début de Citizen Kane d’Orson Welles; et dans l’Europe de l’après-guerre avec le néo-réalisme italien. Dans ce contexte, la critique cinématographique définit l’essai comme une des finalités du cinéma moderne alliant ontologie et langage comme en témoignent les textes d’Alexandre Astruc, André Bazin ou Jacques Rivette. Au milieu des années 1950, le cinéma moderne propose une épure de ces formes cinématographiques avec, d’une part, Nuit et Brouillard d’Alain Resnais, film emblématique de « l’école française du court métrage » et, d’autre part, Voyage en Italie de Roberto Rossellini, affirmation d’un « néo-réalisme plus pur », selon les termes de son auteur. En 1963, deux films français sont à la fois les héritiers du cinéma classique américain et le point de départ d’une réflexion plus approfondie sur l’essai cinématographique, il s’agit de La Jetée de Chris Marker et du Mépris de Jean-Luc Godard. C’est à travers l’étude comparée du parcours de ces deux cinéastes que nous nous proposons de définir l’essai cinématographique comme une forme liée à l’histoire d’un art à un moment particulier. C’est ainsi que l’essai qui connaît ses premières grandes réussites dans les années 1960 se développera dans les années 1990 autour du centenaire du cinéma. De nouveaux enjeux associés à la modernité cinématographique se dessinent alors entre le Nord et le Sud, l’Est et l’Ouest, dans ce passage d’un siècle à l’autre du cinéma<br>In the field of cinematic studies, modernity refers to the attempts to challenge classical modes of representations at the time of the Second World War, which take the form of a return to the documentary. This process takes two expressions: one runs through Hollywood productions, for instance the opening scene of Chaplin’s Great Dictator and the conclusion of Orson Welles’ Citizen Kane; the other is apparent in post-war Europe with Italian neorealism. In this context, film criticism defines the essay as one of the objects of modern cinema, joining ontology to language, as described in the works of Alexandre Astruc, André Bazin or Jacques Rivette. In the middle of the 1950s, modern cinema offers striking examples of these cinematographic forms with, on the one hand Alain Resnais’ Night and Fog, a film which is typical of “the French school of short films”, and on the other hand Roberto Rossellini’s Journey to Italy, which its author has described as the expression of “a refine form of neorealism”. In 1963, two French films are at once heirs to the tradition of classic American cinema and the start of a deeper reflection on the cinematographic essay, Chris Marker’s The Jetty and Jean-Luc Godard’s Contempt. By comparing the evolution of both these directors we will attempt to define the cinematographic essay as form closely linked to a certain moment in the history of cinema. Thus the essay, after producing its first major works in the 1960s will develop during the 1990s around the time of the hundredth anniversary of cinema. New stakes arise at that time to define cinematographic modernity between North and South, East and West, as cinema enters a new century
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Konstantinidou, Eirini. "Mnemophrenia : a science fiction film-essay on the future of cinema and artificial memories." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7968.
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“What is more real than the thoughts in your mind?”, “Re/structure your memories, re/construct your reality, re/define yourself”. The foundation of my research is about practising theory instead of theorising practice. My project begins with theory, which then leads to the science fiction film Mnemophrenia that constitutes the practical aspect of it. I attempt to demonstrate how theory and practice can be joined to create a fruitful union, each one feeding the other. In my research, I am inspired by Marshall McLuhan’s idea and use the medium as the message in order to depict and explore how cinema can affect human memory and more specifically create artificial memories and thus contribute to the dissolution of any boundaries between reality and fiction. The key research question that Mnemophrenia explores is: what would happen if in a future postmodern society the Bazinian myth of ‘total’ cinema becomes a reality? If ‘total cinema’ is pure realism and cinema can lead to artificial memories, then artificial memories and pure realism become one and films become artificial memories. Mnemophrenia depicts a different kind of human being or species, a schizophrenic ‘cyborg’ changed from within due to the advancement of virtual reality films which signals the end of cinema as we know it today. Mnemophrenia is about the future of cinema and maintains a horizon of hope that could lead to utopia; it does not discard technology as something evil as many previous science fiction films have done. I am interested in depicting through the film and examining in my thesis the possibility of a society where the dissolution of borders between fiction and reality does not lead to horrific consequences for humanity but instead promotes a potential for a new kind of identity that is an amalgam of real and artificial memories.
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Subramaniam, Giridaran. "Essays in Macroeconomics and Development:." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108829.
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Thesis advisor: Ryan Chahrour<br>Thesis advisor: Fabio Schiantarelli<br>This dissertation consists of three chapters. The first chapter, "The Supply-Side Effects of India's Demonetization", investigates the supply-side effects of a unique monetary shock – the 2016 Indian demonetization – that made 86% of currency in circulation illegal overnight. Exploiting cross-sectional variation in firm and industry characteristics that correlate with cash usage and exposure to the informal sector, I find that firms that use cash more and obtain larger shares of labor or material inputs from the informal sector, experienced declines in their labor and material shares after demonetization. I also show that casual laborers were more likely to report being unemployed in the months following demonetization. These findings document a supply channel for demonetization and also show that cash plays an essential role in India's informal sector. Crucially, given that India's formal sector is highly dependent on the informal sector for labor and materials, any shock to the supply of cash is likely to have affected the economy as a whole. In the second chapter, "Directed Lending and Misallocation: Evidence from India", joint with Deeksha Kale, we leverage a natural experiment to study whether targeted credit policy can help reduce misallocation. In 2006, the Government of India modified the definition of small firms thereby expanding eligibility to a directed credit program. We show that the credit policy changed eligible firms' input wedges and thereby reduced misallocation. For firms with initially higher MRPK, the policy resulted in relatively larger increases in physical capital and decreased the MRPK. This policy moderately reduced within-industry dispersion of MRPK and increased aggregate productivity. Finally, in the third chapter, "Victims of Consequence: Evidence on Child Outcomes using Microdata from a Civil War", joint with Sajala Pandey, we study the short-run impacts of violent events on child time allocation, curative health-care, and education. Exploiting spatial and temporal variation in exposure to local-level armed conflict, we find that an increase in violent events: (i) leads to an increase in contemporaneous hours worked by children, with the effect being substantial for agricultural work; (ii) decreases the likelihood of parents taking their children to visit a health-care facility to seek curative care; and (iii) results in a reduced likelihood of attending school, along with a decline in years of education. Overall, the results indicate that the war affected schooling and time allocation of boys whereas girls were less likely to get curative health-care<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Economics
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Brink, Joram ten. "The essay film." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1999. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6876/.
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This thesis on the essay film is written from the film maker's point of view, following the production of the film The Man Who Couldn't Feel and Other Tales, (54 min, 16mm). The film and the thesis together form the PhD submission. Examination of the completed film led to the definition of the essay film as an avantgarde, non-fiction film genre. The thesis rejects the current positioning of the essay film as a part of the documentary genre. The essay film creates an aesthetic coherence through the use of image and sound fragments, narrative and nonnarrative structures, 'methodically unmethodically' edited together. The essay film follows Vertov's and Astruc's steps in 'writing' fragments as they occur to the film maker, which are in turn put together using the editing traditions of the film avantgarde and modernist poetry. The film maker's presence in the essay film results in the cinematic 'text' becoming the 'reflective text' - the mediating medium between the film maker and the spectator. Beside its avant-garde roots, the genre owes much to the literary essay tradition established since Michel de Montaigne. Many of the literary essay's aesthetic, thematic and structural elements are to be found in the essay film genre. Each and every essay film is unique in its structure, and the genre as a whole does not conform to a pre-determined cinematic construction. Nevertheless, the thesis charts some useful characteristics and definitions for the establishment of an independent essay film genre.
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Rebmann, Anna. "Essays on entrepreneurship, high growth firms and institutions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678836.
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Irlacher, Michael. "Essays on multi-product firms and international trade." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-176365.
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Vanino, Enrico. "Essays on firms' innovation, internationalization and trade policy." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6884/.
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The development of information technologies and the reduction of trade barriers have fostered the international fragmentation of production and the expansion of knowledge networks. Globalization has stimulated an unprecedented economic growth across the globe, shifting the balance in the world economy, with a decline of developed countries and the rise of emerging economies. The response of rms in mature economies to global competition is an increased engagement in internationalization and innovation strategies. In this thesis we investigate rst how trade protectionism might not be an e cient instrument to prevent the negative e ects of international competition, nding mixed e ect of EU anti-dumping measures on Chinese products, with temporary bene t for domestic producers, but a negative impact on importers and long-run perverse e ect on productivity. Second, we analyse the role of innovation in fostering the international performance of rms. Our results show that R&D investment, innovation and outsourced R&D improve the export performance of European rms, exporting more products and accessing new and more di cult foreign markets. Only by investing in innovation European rms will be able to positively internalise the externalities linked to globalization, increasing human capital and the stock of knowledge, boosting productivity and creating new value-added jobs.
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Zia, Bilal Husnain 1977. "Essays on firms, banks and Access to finance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34510.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2006.<br>"June 2006."<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>This thesis is a collection of three empirical essays on firms, banks, and access to finance. Chapter 1 provides evidence that credit subsidies for exports are substantially misallocated towards financially unconstrained firms. Using loan level data for firms and exploiting an exogenous change in loan eligibility, I show that publicly listed firms are financially unconstrained, and are also allocated nearly 44% of all subsidized loans. The opportunity cost of these misallocated funds is significant as even the more productive privately held firms are shown to be financially constrained. Chapter 2 studies the role of banks in the transmission of financial flows to the economy. Exploiting a large and unexpected liquidity upsurge in an emerging economy, the chapter examines changes in bank lending behavior and finds very stark results. Bank lending to firms did not increase despite a substantial drop in the cost of capital. The results suggest that banks may be limited in their ability to extend credit due to severe agency problems. Chapter 3 analyzes changes in firm ownership structure that may be caused by the level and ease of obtaining outside financing.<br>(cont.) I combine a sector-specific financial shock with detailed data on the board of directors of firms and find that private firms that are adversely affected by the financial shock are more likely to have group-affiliated directors take positions on their boards. I also find that private firms that do not get a group director are significantly likely to acquire cross-holdings in other private firms, thus integrating horizontally.<br>by Bilal Husnain Zia.<br>Ph.D.