Journal articles: 'Films sol-gel'

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Zhou, Qi, Xuan Xiao, Da Li Zhao, and En Jun Song. "Alumina Sol-Gel Films and Alodine Films on Al 2024 Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.364.

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Development of the sol-gel films for painting pretreatment of aluminium alloy is to replace bichromate conversion films such as Alodine. Corrosion resistance of Alodine film and sol-gel film were evaluated through potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, salt spraying and acidic dropping solution. Sol-gel film is almost the same as Alodine film at the film surface density, salt spraying resistance and adhesion with painting coating. Changing color times of dropping solution on sol-gel film is shorter than Alodine film. But the corrosion current of sol-gel film is lower than Alodine and the impedance value is higher than Alodine in 35g/L NaCl solution. Mechanism of corrosion resistance of alumina sol-gel film is that the cathode reaction and anodic reactions are restrained by sol-gel film in the Cl- corrosive medium. The EIS of sol-gel film consisted of only a single capacitive arc with one time constant. Sol-gel coating can prevent or delay the corrosive solution from infiltrating the substrate for its better isolation function, thus protecting 2024 aluminium alloy from corrosion. Sol-gel films can improve corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy and have the same adhesion as Alodine film. It will be a promising alternative pretreatment for aluminum alloys prior to painting.

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Vinogradov, Vladimir V., Alexander Agafonov, and David Avnir. "Conductive sol–gel films." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2, no. 20 (2014): 3914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tc32462a.

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Pang, Suh-Cem, and Marc A. Anderson. "Novel electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors: Part II. Material characterization of sol-gel-derived and electrodeposited manganese dioxide thin films." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 10 (October 2000): 2096–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0302.

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Material characterization of sol-gel-derived and electrodeposited MnO2 thin films showed that their microstructures are highly porous in nature. While sol-gel-derived films are nanoparticulate, electrodeposited films showed macropores of random and irregular platelike structures, comprising much denser surface layers and highly porous underlying layers. On the basis of calculated and theoretical density values of 1 and 4.99 g/cm3, respectively, the porosity of sol-gel-derived MnO2 films was determined to be as high as 80%, which is substantially higher than electrodeposited films at 67%. Apart from their higher specific capacitance, sol-gel-derived MnO2 films appeared to exhibit higher cycling stability and reversibility than electrodeposited MnO2 films. In the case of sol-gel films, thinner films appeared to exhibit higher cycling stability than thicker films. There was less alteration in surface morphology and microstructure, and the rate of loss in charge-storage capacity upon voltammetric cycling was not as significant for sol-gel MnO2 thin films

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Na, Moon Kyong, Dong Pil Kang, Hoy Yul Park, Myeong Sang Ahn, and In Hye Myung. "Properties of Nano-Hybrid Sol-Gel Materials Synthesized from Colloidal Silica-Silane Containing Epoxy Silane." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2278.

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Three kinds of colloidal silica (CS)/silane sol solutions were synthesized in variation with parameters such as different acidity and reaction time. Sol solutions were prepared from HSA CS/ methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), LS CS/MTMS and LS CS/MTMS/γ -Glycidoxypropyltri methoxysilane (ES) solutions. In order to understand their physical and chemical properties, sol-gel coating films were fabricated on glass. Coating films on glass, obtained from LS/MTMS sol, had high contact angle, also, much enhanced flat surface in the case of LS/MTMS sol was observed in comparison with HSA/ MTMS sol. From all sol-gel solutions, seasoning effect of for enhancing properties of sol-gel coating layer on glass was observed while such sol-gel solutions were left for 7days. In initial stage of sol-gel reaction, all most of sol solutions used in this work seem to be unstable, formation of coating films was a little hazy and rough. However, improved coating films as observed in 4days later. LS/MTMS/ES sol solutions were synthesized with ES, adding to LS/MTMS sol. Contact angle of LS/MTMS/ES sol-gel coating films decreased, since ES played a role in forming hydrophilic hydroxyl sol. The elastic portion of coating films prepared from LS/MTMS/ES sol increased with addition of ES, but thermal stability decreased a little.

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Dang, Thi Ha, Thi Doan Tran, Duc Minh Nguyen, Van Truong Do, and Ngoc Hung Vu. "Comparative studies of relaxor-ferroelectric Pb0.92La0.08(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition and sol-gel spin coating." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 64, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjste.64(3).38-43.

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In this study, the energy storage properties of relaxor Pb0.92La0.08(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PLZT) thin films grown on Pt/Si substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and sol-gel methods were investigated. The PLZT thin films deposited by PLD possessed a columnar growth microstructure and mixed orientations of (100) and (110) while a dense microstructure and preferred orientation of (100) were achieved by sol-gel deposition. Although the electric breakdown strength (EBD) of the sol-gel-deposited PLZT thin films (EBD=2200 kV/cm) was slightly higher than that of the films deposited using PLD (EBD=2100 kV/cm), the PLD-deposited PLZT thin films had a larger recoverable energy storage density (Ureco) and energy storage efficiency (η), which can be explained by its slimmer polarization loop, higher maximum polarization, and lower remanent polarization. At corresponding EBD values, the Ureco and η values were 33.2 J/cm3 and 67.5% for the PLD-deposited films and 27.5 J/cm3 and 62.2% for the sol-gel-deposited films. Although the sol-gel-deposited PLZT thin films had lower energy storage performance, the sol-gel method remains a promising method for the fabrication of thin films for dielectric energy storage applications due to its unique advantages of low fabrication cost, simple preparation process, and easy control of chemical composition.

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Zhang, X., V. A. Spiridonov, D. I. Panov, I. M. Sosnin, and A. E. Romanov. "Preparation of Ga2O3 Thin Films by Sol-Gel Method—a Concise Review." Reviews on Advanced Materials and Technologies 5, no. 2 (2023): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/2687-0568-2023-5-2-10-24.

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Nowadays, gallium oxide (Ga2O3) as a wide bandgap semiconductor material is acquiring more and more attention in various practical areas. As a result, there has been a lot of efforts to fabricate and study bulk Ga2O3 material, Ga2O3 thin films, and Ga2O3 nanowires. For Ga2O3 films, there exists a variety of preparation methods such as metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, hydride vapor phase epitaxy, pulsed laser deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, frequency magnetron sputtering, atomic layer deposition, wet chemistry, and sol-gel. This concise review focuses on the preparation of Ga2O3 thin films by sol-gel methods. Sol-gel methods include dip-coating, spin-coating, spray pyrolysis, and drop casting technique. The details on the fabrication of β-Ga2O3 thin films by sol-gel method are summarized and prospected. Polymorphism, structure and properties of sol-gel prepared Ga2O3 films are discussed.

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Vinogradov, Vladimir V., Israel Felner, Israel Nowik, and David Avnir. "Conductive magnetic sol–gel films." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 41 (2015): 10723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc02136g.

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Brusatin, Giovanna, Massimo Guglielmi, and Alessandro Martucci. "GeO2-Based Sol-Gel Films." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80, no. 12 (January 21, 2005): 3139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03242.x.

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Scherer, George W. "Sintering of sol-gel films." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 8, no. 1-3 (February 1997): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02436865.

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Vorotilov, K. A., E. V. Orlova, and V. I. Petrovsky. "Sol-gel silicon dioxide films." Thin Solid Films 209, no. 2 (March 1992): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(92)90674-z.

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11

Carbonell, Diógenes J., Rodrigo Montoya, Victoria J. Gelling, Juan Carlos Galván, and Antonia Jiménez-Morales. "Enhancing the Corrosion Protection of AA2024-T3 Alloy by Surface Treatments Based on Piperazine-Modified Hybrid Sol–Gel Films." Metals 10, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040539.

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The aim of this study was to develop new chrome-free surface pretreatments for AA2024-T3 aluminum alloy. These pretreatments were based on hybrid organic–inorganic sol–gel thin films prepared from mixtures of γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS) and tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS). Different MAPTMS/TMOS molar ratios were used for optimizing the physical–chemical characteristics of the sol–gel films. The formulation of a set of these sols was modified by incorporating piperazine (1,4-diazacyclohexane) as a corrosion inhibitor. The resulting sol–gel films were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), liquid-state 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (29Si-NMR) and viscosity measurements. The corrosion performance of the sol–gel films was analyzed by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and local electrochemical impedance mapping (LEIM). The characterization techniques indicated that piperazine behaved as a catalyst for the condensation reaction during the formation of the MAPTMS/TMOS organopolysiloxane network and produces an increase of the crosslinking degree of the sol–gel films. EIS and LEIM results showed that piperazine is an effective corrosion inhibitor, which can be used to enhance the active corrosion protection performance of sol–gel films.

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Santos Garcia, Irene Teresinha, and Diego Soares de Moura. "Sodium tetratungstate/tungsten oxide films prepared with dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride as structuring agent." Revista Eletrônica Científica da UERGS 8, no. 3 (December 23, 2022): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21674/2448-0479.83.218-227.

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Abstract The multiple forms of structuring transition metal anions in solution are important aspects to be taken into account in obtaining oxides of these metals by the sol-gel method. The formation of polyanions in aqueous media can produce a variety of structures in the solid state. Films were obtained through sol-gel method with sodium tungstate as precursor and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) as structuring agent, after calcined at 700 °C in air. The films, structured as nanospheres, were composed mainly of triclinic sodium tetratungstate and monoclinic tungsten oxide. The cationic surfactant interacts in aqueous media with the precursor, affecting the obtained films' final morphology, without affecting their crystal structure. Their photocatalytic properties were also evaluated. Keywords: Colloidal synthesis; sol-gel; photocatalysis. Resumo Filmes de tetratungstato de sódio/óxido de tungstênio preparados com cloreto de dodeciltrimetilamônio como agente estruturante As múltiplas formas de estruturação de ânions de metais de transição em solução revelam aspectos importantes a ser levados em consideração na obtenção de seus óxidos pelo método sol-gel. Um desses aspectos é a formação de poliânions em meio aquoso, que pode produzir uma variedade de estruturas no estado sólido. Desta feita, foram obtidos filmes através do método sol-gel utilizando-se, como precursor, de tungstato de sódio e, como agente estruturante, cloreto de dodeciltrimetil amônio, que foram posteriormente calcinados a 700 ºC em ar. Observou-se que os filmes, estruturados como nano esferas, eram compostos principalmente de tetratungstato de sódio triclínico e óxido de tungstênio monoclínico. Por sua vez, conclui-se que o surfactante catiônico interage em meio aquoso com o precursor e afeta a morfologia final dos filmes obtidos, no entanto tem pouca influência nas suas estruturas cristalinas. Faz-se importante destacar que as propriedades fotocatalíticas foram também avaliadas na presente pesquisa. Palavras-chave: Síntese coloidal; sol-gel; fotocatálise. Resumen Películas de tetratungstato de sodio/óxido de tungsteno preparadas con cloruro de dodeciltrimetilamonio como agente estructurante Las múltiples formas de estructurar los aniones de metales de transición en solución son aspectos importantes a tener en cuenta a la hora de obtener sus óxidos por el método sol-gel. La formación de polianiones en medios acuosos puede producir una variedad de estructuras en estado sólido. Se produjeron películas por medio del método sol-gel utilizando tungstato de sodio como precursor y cloruro de dodeciltrimetilamonio como agente estructurante, luego calcinadas a 700 ºC en aire. Las películas, estructuradas como nanoesferas, estaban compuestas principalmente de tetratungstato de sodio triclínico y óxido de tungsteno monoclínico. El tensioactivo catiónico interactúa en medio acuoso con el precursor, afectando la morfología final de las películas obtenidas, pero tiene poca influencia sobre su estructura cristalina. Fueron evaluadas también las propiedades fotocatalíticas. Palabras clave: Síntesis coloidal; sol-gel; fotocatálisis.

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Radin, Shula, V. Antoci, N. Hickok, Christopher S. Adams, Javad Parvizi, I. M. Shapiro, and Paul Ducheyne. "In Vitro and In Vivo Bactericidal Effect of Sol-Gel/Antibiotic Thin Films on Fixation Devices." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 1323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.1323.

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Beneficial properties of room temperature processed silica sol-gels as resorbable and biocompatible materials for the controlled release of drugs and macromolecules have been described before. Recently, it was shown that a thin sol-gel film can be used for the controlled delivery of antibiotics such as vancomycin. It was also demonstrated that the release and degradation properties of the sol-gel films can be tailored via processing parameters. In this work, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo bactericidal effects of vancomycin-containing thin sol-gel films applied on Ti-alloy intramedullary nails. Both the in vitro and the in vivo results demonstrate a pronounced bactericidal effect of the sol-gel/antibiotic films. This study suggests that thin antibiotic-containing sol-gel film holds great promise for the prevention and treatment of bone infections.

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Dawley, J. T., P. G. Clem, M. P. Siegal, D. R. Tallant, and D. L. Overmyer. "Improving sol-gel Yba2Cu3O7−δ film morphology using high-boiling-point solvents." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 8 (August 2002): 1900–1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0282.

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The effect of high-boiling-point solvent addition on the morphology of low-p(O2) processed, sol-gel YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) films is discussed. Proper selection and addition of a high-boiling-point solvent prevents film roughening during precursor pyrolysis, while permitting at least a tenfold reduction in pyrolysis time compared to standard film processing in air or O2. Use of such solvents appears to increase film plasticity, avoiding elastic compressive stress related buckling. High-quality YBCO films on 〈100〉 LaAlO3 with a critical current density (Jc) ∼ 3–4 MA/cm2 at 77 K, are routinely crystallized with this new sol-gel process. Diethanolamine-based, sol-gel YBCO films deposited on sol-gel SrTiO3-buffered 〈100〉 Ni have Jc(77 K) > 1 MA/cm2, demonstrating a route toward all-sol-gel superconducting wires.

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Ballato, John, Matthew Dejneka, Richard E. Riman, Elias Snitzer, and Weimin Zhou. "Sol-gel synthesis of rare-earth-doped fluoride glass thin films." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 4 (April 1996): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0102.

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This paper describes ZBLA fluoride glass thin films produced via an inexpensive, low-temperature reactive atmosphere sol-gel approach. Luminescence from erbium at 1.55 μm has been observed in x-ray-amorphous doped films deposited on calcium fluoride, polyimide, sapphire, and silicon substrates. Fluorescence studies of the erbium 4S3/2 → 4I13/2 transition, a characteristic emission for a reduced phonon energy host, were conducted for both sol-gel-derived films and conventionally prepared glass rods. The peak intensity observed from the sol-gel films was blue-shifted by 16 nm with a FWHM value approximately half that measured for the melt-quenched rods. Excitation studies indicate that, unlike conventionally prepared glasses, sol-gel materials suffer from nonradiative relaxation of the 4S3/2 excited state to the 4I9/2 level, where subsequent radiative emission to the 4I15/2 ground state occurs. The proposed source of the quenching mechanism are remnant species inherent to the sol-gel process. While this causes the luminescence behavior of rare-earth-doped sol-gel-derived fluoride materials to be similar to oxide hosts, these remnant species modify the branching ratios, resultantly leading to a novel 824 nm emission when excited at 488 nm.

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Li, A.-D., C. L. Mak, K. H. Wong, D. Wu, and Naiben Ming. "Novel route for the epitaxial growth of (SrBa)Nb2O6 thick films by the sol-gel method using a self-template layer." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 11 (November 2001): 3179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0438.

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A novel sol-gel processing method has been developed to fabricate epitaxial (SrBa)Nb2O6 (SBN) thin films on MgO substrates. It involves the introduction of a SBN self-template layer on MgO by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Effects of the SBN self-template layer on the structural and morphological properties of the sol-gel-derived SBN films were investigated. Compared to the sol-gel-derived SBN films without a self-template layer, our new technique produces SBN films of excellent epitaxy and more dense grains with uniform distribution. This can be explained by the self-template-layer-induced homoepitaxial growth. The innovative processing method with combination of PLD and sol-gel is a promising technique in preparing high-quality, thick epitaxial SBN films for electro-optics device applications.

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Zhou, Yan Jun, Fang He, Jin Gang Qi, and Yu Lin Wang. "Study on Preparation and Optical Absorption of Ge Doped TiO₂ Composite Thin Films by Sol-Gel Method." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.558.

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By using the sol-gel method, TiO2 thin films and Ge doped TiO2 composite thin films were fabricated onto quartz substrates. XRD, XPS and UV-vis were used to characterize the phase structure, the atomic chemical states and optical absorption of these composite TiO2 thin films. XRD results indicate that diffraction peak of anatase is observed in samples. XPS result reveals that there is Ge crystal in Ge doped films which were prepared by sol-gel method, and Ge exists as elemental Ge and GeO2 in the films. The composite TiO2 thin films by sol-gel method exhibits the absorption shift to visible region due to Ge doped TiO2 thin films.

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Abdul Razak, K., D. S. Che Halin, M. M. A. Abdullah, M. A. A. Mohd Salleh, N. Mahmed, A. Azani, and V. Chobpattana. "Factors of Controlling the Formation of Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) Synthesized using Sol-gel Method – A Short Review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2169/1/012018.

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Abstract There have been experiments on TiO2 thin films synthesized utilizing sol-gel techniques. The sol-gel method is a straightforward technology that gives numerous benefits to the researcher, for instance, material’s reliability, reproducibility, and controllability. Following from there, it can be utilized to make high-quality nano-structured thin films. According to previous studies, the TiO2 films’ characteristics occur to be highly dependent on the production parameters and initial materials utilized. Controlling the formation of TiO2 thin films with the sol-gel method was momentarily discussed here.

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Chen, Lan Li, Bao Gai Zhai, and Yuan Ming Huang. "Blue Photoluminescence of Sol-Gel Derived SnO₂:Sb Films." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.280.

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By varying the antimony dopant level in the sol-gel solutions, we prepared a series of antimony-doped SnO2 films on slide glass with the sol-gel technique. The transmission, absorption, photoexcitation and photoemission spectra were measured for the sol-gel derived antimony-doped SnO2 films. Under the 300 nm excitation, near untraviolet emission at 390nm and blue emission at 460 nm were recorded from thermally annealed antimony-doped SnO2 films. The effect of the ionic dopant on the photoluminescent properties of the antimony-doped SnO2 films are discussed.

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Galio, Alexandre Ferreira, Sviatlana V. Lamaka, Mikhail L. Zheludkevich, L. F. Dick, Iduvirges Lourdes Müller, and Mário G. S. Ferreira. "Evaluation of Corrosion Protection of Sol-Gel Coatings on AZ31B Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.390.

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Magnesium is one of the lightest metals and magnesium alloys have good strength to weight ratio making them very attractive for many particular applications [1]. The main drawback of magnesium alloys is their high corrosion susceptibility. Improving the corrosion protection by deposition of thin hybrid films can expand the areas of applications of relatively cheap magnesium alloys. This work aims at investigation of new anticorrosion coating systems for magnesium alloy AZ31B using hybrid sol-gel films. The sol-gels were prepared by copolymerization of 3- glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), titanium alcoxides and special additives which provide corrosion protection of magnesium alloy. Different compositions of sol-gel systems show enhanced long-term corrosion protection of magnesium alloy. The sol-gel coatings exhibit excellent adhesion to the substrate and protect against the corrosion attack. Corrosion behavior of AZ31B substrates pre-treated with sol–gel derived hybrid coatings was tested by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The morphology and the structure of sol-gel films under study were characterized with SEM/EDS techniques.

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Ćurković, Lidija, Helena Otmačić Ćurković, Irena Žmak, Mihone Kerolli Mustafa, and Ivana Gabelica. "Corrosion Behavior of Amorphous Sol–Gel TiO2–ZrO2 Nano Thickness Film on Stainless Steel." Coatings 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080988.

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In this work, a single-layer TiO2–ZrO2 thin film is deposited on the AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel by the sol–gel process and the dip coating method to improve its corrosion resistance properties. For the sol preparation, titanium isopropoxide and zirconium butoxide are used as the precursors, yttrium acetate hydrate is used for the ZrO2 stabilization, i-propanol as the solvent, nitric acid as the catalyst, acetylacetone as the chelating agent, and the distilled water for the hydrolysis. The deposited films are annealed at 400 °C or 600 °C. Morphology and phase composition of the sol–gel TiO2–ZrO2 films and powders are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDX detector and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The thickness of the sol–gel TiO2–ZrO2 films deposited on the stainless steel is determined by glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES). The corrosion behavior of the stainless steel, coated by amorphous films, is evaluated in 3 wt% NaCl and 0.5 mol dm−3 HCl by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. It is found that the sol–gel TiO2–ZrO2 films with the amorphous structure, deposited by the sol–gel process, and calcined at 400 °C significantly enhance the corrosion properties of AISI 316L in both chloride media.

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Arouh, Stephanie, Roland Himmelhuber, and Robert A. Norwood. "SiO2 and TiO2 Sol-Gel Blends with Tunable Optical and Electronic Properties." MRS Advances 4, no. 11-12 (2019): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.130.

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Sol-gel blends are created using a combination of a high refractive index (n∼2.4) TiO2 based sol-gel and a low refractive index (n∼1.5) SiO2 based sol-gel. The blends are prepared with different ratios of sol-gels and films are created using the spin coating method on silicon and ITO-on-glass substrates. The film thickness, refractive index, and dielectric constants of the resulting films are measured using profilometry, prism coupling, and LCR measurements, respectively. Results show that including more SiO2 based sol-gel in the initial mixture creates thicker films ranging from 1-7 μm, but results in lower refractive index and lower dielectric constants. This is consistent with expectations due to SiO2 having a lower refractive index and dielectric constant than titania over a range of wavelengths andfrequencies. The ability to fine tune the properties is explored.

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Li, Qiang, Wei Ying Liu, Guo Yin Sun, and Juan Fang Shang. "Research Progress of Combined Application of Sol-Gel and Electrochemistry." Key Engineering Materials 768 (April 2018): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.768.119.

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There were many advantages for functional materials production using Sol-gel method, such as low operating temperature and easy doping. So, it was widely used in materials preparation, such as nano powders, films, functional glass, nanoceramic and modified electrode. The sol-gel modified electrode has extensive application in electrochemical analysis and electrochemical sensors. In addition, the film by electrodeposition can be tightly assembled on electrode substrate and its structure and shape can be easily regulated. So, The two methods are combined to make better use of their respective advantages. Up to now, the film materials using electrochemically induced sol-gel had been used in electrochemistry analysis and functional films preparation. In this paper, it was summarized that the progress of combined application of sol-gel and electrochemistry. Mainly including sol-gel materials, modified electrodes, electrochemical analysis and sensors, and electrochemical induction sol-gel method for the preparation of thin film materials.

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Jayatissa, Ahalapitiya H., A. M. Soleimanpour, and Yue Hao. "Manufacturing of Multifunctional Nanocrystalline ZnO Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 4073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.4073.

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Optical, surface and structural properties of ZnO thin films fabricated by reactive radio- frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering and sol-gel coating methods are comparatively investigated. The optical properties of films produced by both techniques have very similar characteristics, however; the surface morphology and degree of crystallinity have different behaviors. The nanostructure columnar zinc oxide thin films can be synthesized by sol-gel coating methods which can have numerous applications requiring larger surface area. Also, the process scalability and large-scale manufacturing of these materials are discussed. It indicated that the nanostructure ZnO thin films can be synthesized with sol-gel methods at wafer levels with nano-grains and improved surface properties compared with reactive rf magnetron sputtering deposition.

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Yin, Li Xiong, Jian Feng Huang, Yan Huang, and Li Yun Cao. "Orientation Growth and Optical Properties of Sm₂O₃ Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 105-106 (April 2010): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.105-106.345.

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Sm2O3 optical thin film is a new photovoltaic material and has potential applications in optical switches, date recording device and magnetic device. Using samarium dichloride as raw material, Sm2O3 optical thin films were prepared by sol-gel and hydrothermal process on glass and Si (100) substrates. The phase compositions, morphologies and optical properties of the as-prepared thin films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM) and UV-vis spectrophotometer (UV-vis). Results show that the Sm2O3 thin films prepared by sol-gel method exhibit an obvious (110) orientation growth on glass substrates, while the Sm2O3 thin films prepared with hydrothermal method have no obvious orientation. The as-prepared films have excellent absorbency of UV light and are transparent to visible light. The band gap of the Sm2O3 films prepared by hydrothermal method is narrower than that of those obtained by sol-gel method. The absorbency of UV light and transparence to visible of the Sm2O3 films prepared by sol-gel method are obviously improved in comparison with those deposited by hydrothermal process.

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Xue, Bing, Xue Mei Zong, Can Wang, Hua Yuan Zhang, and Jing Luo. "Adsorption Behavior of GTMS on AA2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy and the Application on Surface Pretreatment." Materials Science Forum 984 (April 2020): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.984.31.

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Basing on the study of adsorption behavior of glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxy-silane (GTMS), pretreatment method of AA2024-T3 aluminum alloy for sol-gel films was optimized. The morphology, composition and corrosion protective performance of alloy coated with the films were investigated by using FE-SEM, EDS, AFM and EIS. The results showed that the Al matrix exhibited better ability to adsorb GTMS molecules than the second phase particles, especially at lower concentration of GTMS. Further, the 5% GTMS films cover the whole surface, but the selective adsorption behaviors still exist. It was concluded that less second phase particles and smoother surface were benefit to the sol-gel films on aluminum alloy. Depending on this conclusion, the pretreatment method for sol-gel films was optimized. The optimized surface condition conducted with 50 g•L-1 sodium hydroxide and ultrasound at 60 oC for 30 s was obtained. These samples coated with the sol-gel films revealed good anti-corrosion performance. The coverage degree of the films was up to 97.95 %.

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Villanueva-Ibáñez, M., M. A. Flores-González, and C. LE Luyer. "Cerium-doped SrHfO3 sol-gel films." Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) 15, no. 4 (2010): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-70762010000400005.

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Lee, Jaichan, and Chang Won Choi. "Sol–Gel Derived Epitaxial MgTiO3Thin Films." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 38, Part 1, No. 6A (June 15, 1999): 3651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.38.3651.

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Judeinstein, Patrick, and Jaques Livage. "Sol–gel synthesis of WO3thin films." J. Mater. Chem. 1, no. 4 (1991): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/jm9910100621.

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Klebanskii, E. O., A. Yu Kudzin, V. M. Pasal’skii, S. N. Plyaka, L. Ya Sadovskaya, and G. Kh Sokolyanskii. "Thin sol-gel bismuth silicate films." Physics of the Solid State 41, no. 6 (June 1999): 913–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1130903.

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Mezza, P., J. Phalippou, and R. Sempere. "Sol–gel derived porous silica films." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 243, no. 1 (January 1999): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(98)00825-4.

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Cheng, Kui, Gaorong Han, Wenjian Weng, Haibo Qu, Piyi Du, Ge Shen, Juan Yang, and J. M. F. Ferreira. "Sol–gel derived fluoridated hydroxyapatite films." Materials Research Bulletin 38, no. 1 (January 2003): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-5408(02)00985-6.

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Phillips, Nicolas J., Maria L. Calzada, and Steven J. Milne. "Sol-gel-derived lead titanate films." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 147-148 (January 1992): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(05)80631-3.

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34

Sigov, A. S., K. A. Vorotilov, A. S. Valeev, and M. I. Yanovskaya. "Sol-gel films for integrated circuits." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 2, no. 1-3 (1994): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00486310.

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Xiaoli, Xiang, Hou Lisong, and Gan Fuxi. "Sol-gel derived BaTiO3 thin films." Vacuum 42, no. 16 (1991): 1057–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(91)91324-h.

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Atkinson, A., and R. M. Guppy. "Mechanical stability of sol-gel films." Journal of Materials Science 26, no. 14 (July 1991): 3869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01184984.

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Gurlo, A., M. Ivanovskaya, A. Pfau, U. Weimar, and W. Göpel. "Sol-gel prepared In2O3 thin films." Thin Solid Films 307, no. 1-2 (October 1997): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(97)00295-2.

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Nabavi, M., S. Doeuff, C. Sanchez, and J. Livage. "Sol-gel synthesis of electrochromic films." Materials Science and Engineering: B 3, no. 1-2 (July 1989): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5107(89)90202-x.

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Murali, K. R., A. Kalaivanan, S. Perumal, and N. Neelakanda Pillai. "Sol–gel dip coated CdO:Al films." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 503, no. 2 (August 2010): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.11.187.

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Cerqua, Kathleen A., Joseph E. Hayden, and William C. LaCourse. "Stress measurements in sol-gel films." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 100, no. 1-3 (March 1988): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(88)90066-x.

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PARK, HOYYUL, MYEONGSANG AHN, and MOONKYONG NA. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THIN FILMS SYNTHESIZED FROM NANO BOEHMITE AND ORGANOALKOXYSILANE." Surface Review and Letters 17, no. 03 (June 2010): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x10013618.

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We investigated the properties of inorganic–organic hybrid thin films prepared by sol–gel reaction. Sol solutions were synthesized by using two kinds of nanosized boehmite and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) in variation with the amount of MTMS at different reaction times. Boehmite nano sol of spherical and fibrous shapes was used as inorganic material, and MTMS was used as organic material. The morphology of boehmite nano sol powder was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Coating sols were prepared from boehmite sol and MTMS by sol–gel reaction. Physical and chemical properties of thin films prepared from boehmite and MTMS sols were investigated. Surface hydrophobicity, roughness, thickness, thermal resistance and electrical resistivity of boehmite/MTMS thin films were investigated.

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Shang, H. M., M. Bliss, S. Heald, T. K. Sham, F. Heigl, and G. Z. Cao. "Dense and optical transparent CdWO4 films by sol-gel processing for scintillation applications." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 6 (June 2007): 1527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0215.

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In this paper, we report the first successful fabrication of dense and optically transparent cadmium tungstate (CWO) films by sol-gel processing and the study of their optical and x-ray scintillation properties. A new sol-gel processing method was developed using tungstic acid and cadmium nitrate as precursors and hydrogen peroxide as solvent; homogeneous and stable CWO sols were aged at room temperature and used for the preparation of CWO films. A rapid sintering process was investigated and found to be necessary to make dense and optically transparent nanocrystalline CWO films. CWO films were uniform, fully dense, and crack-free, with CWO as the only detectable crystalline phase, as determined by x-ray diffraction. The thickness, density, grain size, and crystallinity of CWO films are all found to be strongly dependent on the sintering conditions and in turn impact the optical and x-ray scintillation properties. Sol-gel-derived dense CWO films demonstrated intense photoluminescence and x-ray excited optical luminescence intensity. The relationships between sol-gel processing, nanostructures, and optical and x-ray scintillation properties are discussed in detail.

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Zhao, Lan, Dao Li Zhang, Gang Du, Jian Mei Xu, and Dong Xiang Zhou. "The Properties of Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide Thin Films by the Sol-Gel Approach." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.831.

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Antimony-doped tin oxide thin films have a range of technical applications as conductive coatings, and sol-gel processing seems to offer some advantages over other coating techniques. In this study, the sol was prepared by sol-gel approach from SnO2·H2O and SbCl3 in alcohol. It was found that the heat-treatment temperature and doping level have strong influences on the microstructure and composition of Sb: SnO2 films. The SnO2 crystals exist mainly as tetragonal rutile structure. The optimum heat-treatment temperature is about 450 ~ 500°C, and the film is composed with nanocrystals and nano-pores. Microstructure and the electrical behaviors of Sb-doped SnO2 thin films derived by sol-gel process were investigated.

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Balan, Poovarasi, Aaron Ng, Chee Beng Siang, R. K. Singh Raman, and Eng Seng Chan. "Effect of Nanoparticle Addition in Hybrid Sol-Gel Silane Coating on Corrosion Resistance of Low Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 686 (April 2013): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.686.244.

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Chromium pre-treatments of metal have been replaced by silane pre-treatments as more environmental friendly option. Nanoparticles can be added in the silane sol-gel network have been reported to improve corrosion resistance. In this work, the electrochemical corrosion resistance of low carbon steel coated with hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel film filled with nanoparticles was evaluated. The sol-gel films have been synthesized from 3-glycidoxy-propyl-trimethoxy-silane (3-GPTMS) and tetra-ethyl-ortho-silicate (TEOS) precursors. These films have been impregnated with 300 ppm of silica or alumina nanoparticles. The electrochemical behavior of the coated steel was evaluated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Equivalent circuit modeling, used for quantifying the EIS measurements showed that sol-gel films containing silica nanoparticles improved the barrier properties of the silane coating. The silica nanoparticle-containing films showed highest initial pore resistance over the five days of immersion in 0.05M NaCl.

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Liu, Hui Cong, Liqun Zhu, and Yan Bin Du. "Modification of Electroless Nickel-Plating Coatings with Sol-Gel Film." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3835.

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Four Sol-Gel films were developed by dip-coating electroless nickel-plated samples in different Sols, followed by heat treatment. The effects of the coating times and heat treatment temperature on the corrosion, oxidation resistance and wearing quality of the modified coating were examined. Results show that, after six coating, Sol-Gel films obtained can provide good corrosion and oxidation resistance, and their anti-corrosion quality remains high even after being oxidized at 500 °C for 60 hours. Addition of inorganic molybdenum salt or chromate into the Ti Sol also makes the wearing quality of the Sol-Gel film better.

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Zeng, Jianming, Chenglu Lin, Jinhua Li, and Kun Li. "Preparation of highly oriented Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films by sol-gel-hydrothermal process." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 7 (July 1999): 2712–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0364.

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A novel sol-gel-hydrothermal process for preparation of highly oriented thin films of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 is reported. Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films with fully (111) orientation were successfully prepared on platinized silicon substrates at low temperature (100–200 °C) by combining a conventional sol-gel process and hydrothermal method, i.e., sol-gel-hydrothermal technique. The x-ray rocking curve for the (111) reflection as measured by a high-resolution four-crystal diffractrometer showed a narrow full width at half-maximum value of 0.20° for the as-prepared films. A dense, pinhole-free, and uniform surface morphology was observed from atomic force microscopy images of the films. The low leakage current density of the prepared films was also found.

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Amakali, Theopolina, Likius S. Daniel, Veikko Uahengo, Nelson Y. Dzade, and Nora H. de Leeuw. "Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Molecular Precursor and Sol–Gel Methods." Crystals 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10020132.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a versatile and inexpensive semiconductor with a wide direct band gap that has applicability in several scientific and technological fields. In this work, we report the synthesis of ZnO thin films via two simple and low-cost synthesis routes, i.e., the molecular precursor method (MPM) and the sol–gel method, which were deposited successfully on microscope glass substrates. The films were characterized for their structural and optical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization showed that the ZnO films were highly c-axis (0 0 2) oriented, which is of interest for piezoelectric applications. The surface roughness derived from atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis indicates that films prepared via MPM were relatively rough with an average roughness (Ra) of 2.73 nm compared to those prepared via the sol–gel method (Ra = 1.55 nm). Thin films prepared via MPM were more transparent than those prepared via the sol–gel method. The optical band gap of ZnO thin films obtained via the sol–gel method was 3.25 eV, which falls within the range found by other authors. However, there was a broadening of the optical band gap (3.75 eV) in thin films derived from MPM.

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Kamardin, Ili Liyana Khairunnisa, and Ainun Rahmahwati Ainuddin. "Studies on Effect of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanostructures Morphology by Modification of Sol-Gel Solution." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.106.

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Zinc Oxide (ZnO) known as wide band gap semiconductor with large excitation energy 60 meV, noncentral symmetry, piezoelectric and biocompatible for biomedical application are the unique characteristic that attract many researcher’s attention on ZnO nanostructure synthesis and physical properties. ZnO thin films were deposited on Si Glass substrate by a sol-gel process. The starting solution were prepare by dissolved zinc acetate dehydrate (ZnAc) and diethanolamine (DEA) in water (H2O) and 2-propanol (2-PrOH). 0 to 60 drops of NaOH were dropped into 100 ml sol-gel solution to study effect of sol-gel modification. ZnO thin films were obtained after preheating the spin coated thin films at 100 °C for 10 minutes after each coating. The coated substrates were undergone for Hot Water Treatment (HWT) process at 90 °C for 6 hours to grow ZnO nanostructures. The effects of sol-gel modification by drop of NaOH into the solution were studied. ZnO nanorods and nanoflakes were obtained after hot water treated at 90 °C for 6 hours with different amount of NaOH dropped directly in the sol-gel solution. On the basis of the changes in morphology and microstructure induced by hot water treatment, it is concluded that the amount of NaOH dropped into sol-gel effected morphology of ZnO growth.

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Chen, R. T., and R. A. Norwood. "Microstructural characterization of sol-gel coating on PET films." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 886–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100172164.

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Sol-gel processing has been used to control the structure of a material on a nanometer scale in preparing advanced ceramics and glasses. Film coating using the sol-gel process was also found to be a viable process technology in applications such as optical, porous, antireflection and hard coatings. In this study, organically modified silicate (Ormosil) coatings are applied to PET films for various industrial applications. Sol-gel materials are known to exhibit nanometer scale structures which havepreviously been characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), neutron scattering and light scattering. Imaging of the ultrafine sol-gel structures has also been performed using an ultrahigh resolution replica/TEM technique. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ultrafine structures inthe sol gel coatings using a direct imaging technique: atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, correlation of microstructures with processing parameters, coating density and other physical properties will be discussed.The materials evaluated are organically modified silicate coatings on PET film substrates. Refractive index measurement by the prism coupling method was used to assess density of the sol-gel coating.AFM imaging was performed on a Nanoscope III AFM (by Digital Instruments) using constant force mode. Solgel coating samples coated with a thin layer of Ft (by ion beam sputtering) were also examined by STM in order to confirm the structures observed in the contact type AFM. In addition, to compare the previous results, sol-gel powder samples were also prepared by ultrasonication followed by Pt/Au shadowing and examined using a JEOL 100CX TEM.

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Myung, In Hye, Myeong Sang Ahn, and Dong Pil Kang. "Properties of Sol-Gel Coating Film Synthesized from Nano Boehmite and Methyltrimethoxysilane." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.1041.

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Several sol solutions were synthesized by using two kinds of nanosized boehmite and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) according to the changing amount of MTMS at different reaction time. To understand their physical and chemical properties, sol-gel coating films were fabricated on glass. The sol solutions were prepared from boehmite of spherical shape (boehmite1)/MTMS and mixed boehmites of spherical and fibrous shapes (boehmite2)/MTMS. The soluble stability of boehmite1/MTMS was observed in the sol solution left for 24 h, however, that of boehmite2/MTMS was observed in the sol solution left for 48 h. The contact angle of sol-gel coating films from boehmite/MTMS increased with MTMS contents and reaction time. The films formed a flat surface with the increasing MTMS contents and decreasing reaction time. The electrical resistivity of films increased with MTMS contents. The thermal degradation of films occurred at approximately 400 oC.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Films sol-gel'

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