Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Filtração Direta Ascendente'
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Kuroda, Emília Kiyomi. "Avaliação da filtração direta ascendente em pedregulho como pré-tratamento em sistemas de dupla filtração." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-07012016-121656/.
Full textThis work consists of a performance evaluation of the system composed by direct upflow filtration in gravel followed by rapid downflow filtration in sand. The experimental investigation was accomplished in pilot installation, being varied the filtration rate in the upflow (60 to 240 m3/m2.d.) and downflow (100 to 240 m3/m2.d.) filters with and without execution of intermediate downflushes in the first one. The raw water was provided from a superficial source with pH between 6,5 to 7,5, turbidity values between 8,5 and 21 UT, visible colour between 19 and 50 uH and alkalinity between 6,7 and 10 mg CaC03/L. ln addition, the behavior of the installation was verified, for a simulate condition of turbidity peak occurrence of 380 uT, with short duration. From the obtained results it was possible to accomplish considerations concerning the detachment occurrence/continuous flowing of flakes in the upflow filter and to verify the influences of the execution of intermediate downflushes, with production of better quality effluents and longer filter runs. The upflow filter with filtration rate of 120 m3/m2.d. was able to attenuate the turbidity peak of 380 uT, producing prefiltered effluent with turbidity values between 0,3 and 5,7 uT, and the downflow filter, with filtration rate of 180 m3/m2.d. produced final effluent with consistently values lower than 1 uT and in most of time lower than 0,1 uT.
Pereira, Pinto Adriana. "Utilização da filtração direta ascendente em pedregulho como alternativa de pré-filtração em sistemas de dupla filtração." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2006. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/5570.
Full textDesempenho da filtração direta ascendente em pedregulho como alternativa de pré-filtração em sistema Dupla filtração. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em instalação piloto, de novembro de 2002 a julho de 2004, para avaliação do desempenho da filtração direta ascendente em pedregulho. Foi utilizada água de superfície da Barragem de Duas Unas com turbidez variando de apresentou turbidez entre 4,1 e 125 uT, predominando valores entre 4,1 e 30 uT, e cor aparente, foram registrados valores entre 17,5 e 550 uC, predominando valores entre 17,5 e 250 uC. O Sulfato de Alumínio Comercial líquido era adicionado à água de superfície em dosagens pré-definidas através dos ensaios de coagulação e filtração (ECF) realizados com o Filtro de Laboratório de Areia (FLA).Após essa mistura, a água coagulada era filtrada da em um filtro de fluxo ascendente e meio granular constituído por pedregulho de granulometria (2,4 mm a 50 mm). A dosagem era definida através Foram aplicadas dosagens entre 19,74 a 41,70 mg SA/L durante os ensaios efetivos. As taxas de filtração testadas durante os treze ensaios efetivos variaram de 45 a 195 m3/m2.dia. Durante os ensaios efetivos foram executadas descargas de fundo intermediarias na unidade de filtração, para verificação da sua eficiência na remoção das impurezas acumuladas nos interstícios granula e sua influência na duração da carreira de filtração
Pereira, Pinto Adriana. "Utilização da filtração direta ascendente em pedregulho como alternativa de pré-filtração em sistemas de dupla filtração." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2005. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/5756.
Full textDesempenho da filtração direta ascendente em pedregulho como alternativa de pré-filtração em sistema Dupla filtração. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em instalação piloto, de novembro de 2002 a julho de 2004, para avaliação do desempenho da filtração direta ascendente em pedregulho. Foi utilizada água de superfície da Barragem de Duas Unas com turbidez variando de apresentou turbidez entre 4,1 e 125 uT, predominando valores entre 4,1 e 30 uT, e cor aparente, foram registrados valores entre 17,5 e 550 uC, predominando valores entre 17,5 e 250 uC. O Sulfato de Alumínio Comercial líquido era adicionado à água de superfície em dosagens pré-definidas através dos ensaios de coagulação e filtração (ECF) realizados com o Filtro de Laboratório de Areia (FLA).Após essa mistura, a água coagulada era filtrada da em um filtro de fluxo ascendente e meio granular constituído por pedregulho de granulometria (2,4 mm a 50 mm). A dosagem era definida através Foram aplicadas dosagens entre 19,74 a 41,70 mg SA/L durante os ensaios efetivos. As taxas de filtração testadas durante os treze ensaios efetivos variaram de 45 a 195 m3/m2.dia. Durante os ensaios efetivos foram executadas descargas de fundo intermediarias na unidade de filtração, para verificação da sua eficiência na remoção das impurezas acumuladas nos interstícios granula e sua influência na duração da carreira de filtração
Rohers, Fábio. "Tratamento físico-químico de lixiviado de aterro sanitário por filtração direta ascendente." Florianópolis, SC, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90200.
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A disposição dos resíduos sólidos tem sido um grande problema em virtude da preocupação crescente da preservação ambiental. A rápida industrialização e urbanização resultaram num incremento do consumo de produtos ou materiais diversos, conseqüentemente, aumentando a geração de resíduos sólidos, principalmente nas grandes cidades e regiões metropolitanas. Uma das alternativas mais utilizadas para dispor os resíduos sólidos são os aterros sanitários. Mas esta técnica requer cuidados na sua execução para que atenda às normas ambientais, como a impermeabilização da camada de base e a cobertura do aterro. Os lixiviados gerados pela degradação biológica dos resíduos contidos no seu interior e pela ação das chuvas que infiltram pelo mesmo podem contaminar os recursos hídricos. Os lixiviados caracterizam-se pela sua composição complexa e sua variabilidade em relação à quantidade e qualidade gerada. Sua composição e a concentração de substâncias poluidoras são influenciadas pelos tipos de resíduos depositados no aterro. Em geral os lixiviados, ou chorume como são comumente denominados, apresentam altas concentrações de contaminantes orgânicos representados pela demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), e também com altas concentrações de amônia. Diversos tratamentos são utilizados a fim de minimizar o impacto do lixiviado de aterros no meio ambiente. De forma básica os tratamentos se dividem em biológicos e físico-químicos, com maior ênfase no tratamento biológico. O lixiviado de lixo é um líquido com elevado potencial poluente, os métodos convencionais utilizados em seu tratamento têm descartado-o com intensa coloração e alta toxicidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo implantar em escala piloto um sistema de filtração direta ascendente, para o tratamento do lixiviado "in natura", proveniente do aterro sanitário da cidade de Biguaçu - SC. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas utilizando cloreto férrico, sulfato de alumínio e sulfato ferroso como coagulantes principais, a primeira com o objetivo da otimização dos parâmetros operacionais através dos ensaios de bancada utilizando o equipamento Jar Test, a segunda etapa já com os parâmetros ótimos conhecidos (Gradientes de velocidade para a mistura rápida, tempo da mistura e dosagem de coagulante) partiu-se para os ensaios no piloto, como acompanhamento da eficiência do tratamento foram utilizadas rotinas analíticas para a determinação da sua eficiência. O filtro ascendente foi construído com tubos de PVC de 150 mm de diâmetro e 4,2 m de altura tendo como meio filtrante pedregulho e areia com diversas granulometrias. A taxa de filtração aplicada foi de 100 m3/m2.d. O tratamento do lixiviado por filtração direta ascendente teve redução significativa da maioria dos parâmetros analisados, destacando a redução de aproximadamente 90% de cor aparente, DQO 65%, DBO 45% e amônia 33%. The disposition of solid residues has been a great problem due to the growing preoccupation of environmental preservation. The quick industrialization and urbanization resulted in an increase of consumption of products or diverse materials, consequently increasing the generation of solid residues, especially in the large cities and metropolitan areas. One of the most used alternatives to dispose of solid residues is the sanitary landfill. However, this technique requires detailed care in its execution in order to attend environmental norms, such as the waterproofing of the base layer and the cover of the landfill. The leachates generated by biological degradation of the residues contained in the interior of the landfill and by action of rains that infiltrate it may contaminate water resources. Leachates are characterized by their complex composition and their variability related to the quantity and quality generated. Their composition and the concentration of polluting substances are influenced by the types of residues deposited in the landfill. Leachates or manure, as they are commonly denominated, present high concentrations of organic contaminants represented by the chemical demand of oxygen (CDO) and by the biochemical demand of oxygen (BDO), and also with high concentrations of ammonia. Several treatments are used in order to minimize the impact of leachates of landfills on the environment. They basically are divided in biological and physical-chemical, with a greater emphasis on biological treatment. The garbage leachate is a liquid with a high polluting potential, and the conventional methods used in its treatment have discarded it with intense coloration and high toxicity. This study had the objective to implant, on a pilot scale, a direct ascending filtration system for the treatment of "in natura" leachates coming from the sanitary landfill of the city of Biguaçú, SC. The study was developed in two phases using ferric chloride, aluminum sulphate and ferrous sulphate as the main coagulants, the first with the objective of optimizing the operational parameters through tests of bench using the Jar Test equipment, and the second phase, with the optimum parameters already known (Gradients of velocity for the fast mixture, time of mixture and dosage of coagulant), parted for the tests on the pilot, as a follow-up of the efficiency of the treatment analytical routines were used for the determination of its efficiency. The ascending filter was built with PVC tubes of 150 mm diameter and 4.2 meters of height, having as a filtration environment small rocks and sands of several granulometries. The rate of filtration applied was of de 100 m3/m2.d. The treatment of leachates by direct ascending filtration had a significant reduction of most of the parameters analyzed, point out to the reduction of approximately 90% of the apparent color, CDO 65%, BDO 45% and ammonia 33%.
Paula, Donizeti de. "Avaliação da dupla filtração para tratamento de água superficial utilizando filtração ascendente em areia grossa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-31102016-142553/.
Full textThis work concerns the study of the performance of a double filtration pilot plant whom treating surface water, presenting turbidity between 8,5 and 21,0 NTU. The pilot plant consisted of a two-stage filtration system, with an upflow coarse sand direct filtrer followed by a dowflow fine sand filter. Filtration rats varied from 120 to 360 m/day in the upflow filter and from 200 to 400 m/day in the downflow filter. Intermediate downflow in the upflow filter were performed during the run length do evaluate the performance of the pilot plant in addition, a peak of turbidity in the for influent selected filter operating varabile, was studied here in. Based on the experimental work carried out, it was concluded that: (i) the global efficiency of the system of double filtration with upflow filtration in coarse sand was satisfactory, presenting final efflents with inferior turbidity to 1,0 NTU and inferior true color to 1 uH; (ii) the distribution of the load loss in the layers of the granular middle of FAAG didn\'t present significant differences for the varied filtration taxes and operation way (with and without execution of DFIs); (iii) the rehearsals that were accomplished with the execution of DFIs presented longer filtration runs.
Gusmão, Paulo Tadeu Ribeiro de. "Utilização de filtração direta ascendente como pré-tratamento à filtração rápida descendente para tratamento de água para abastecimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-07012016-161754/.
Full textBased on me investigation carried out in pilot plant, from June 1998 to October 1999, using natural surface raw water with low turbidity and color, two systems of two-stage filtration have been evaluated. As a pretreatment, the first system (S01) used direct up-flow sand filtration (with filtration rates from 200 to 360 m3/m2.day), and the second system (S02) used direct up-flow roughing filtration (with filtration rates from 80 to 190 m3/m2.day), both with final treatment based on rapid filtration (with filtration rates from 115 to 480 m3/m2.day) The coagulant doses (commercial product of aluminum sulfate) have been established through the use of laboratory scale sand filter, presenting signs of coagulation in the adsorption mechanism, with partial charge neutralization. Intermediate bottom discharges in the direct up-flow filtration units have resulted in significant reduction in thee headloss in gravel granular medium. The turbidity, apparent-color, total iron and manganese concentrations of the final effluents of the systems have attended the Brazilian Standards for drinking water production. The increase of headloss in gravel granular medium in system S02 was smaller in me direct up-fiow filtration unit than in the rapid filter, the opposite occurring in system S01, where some tests have proved lhe rapid filter redundant. The filter runs time were 27 to 88 hours in system S01 and 14 to 35 hours in system S02. In certain cases, flocculation was predominant in the direct up-flow roughing filtration unit, jeopardizing the effiuent quality. System S02 has proved advantageous in relation to system S01, except when in system S01 the rapid filter was redundant.
Sá, Mirtys Arruda de. "Avaliação do desempenho de uma Estação de Tratamento de Água com sistema de filtração direta ascendente em escala real." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2012. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/10689.
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O desempenho de uma Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) depende, inicialmente, de uma seleção adequada da tecnologia de tratamento e de um projeto criterioso, acompanhados da disponibilidade de recursos humanos e materiais que propiciem uma boa rotina de operação. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho da tecnologia da Filtração Direta Ascendente adotada em uma Estação de Tratamento de Água em escala real, nos anos I e III, uma vez que nesse ano a companhia de saneamento responsável por sua implantação e operação, em face do precário desempenho que vinha presentando, introduziu modificações de modo a transformá-la em ETA do tipo convencional (ou de ciclo completo). O trabalho foi estruturado nas seguintes etapas: (i) coleta de informações preliminares e caracterização das unidades componentes da ETA; (ii) acompanhamento e registro dos procedimentos operacionais; (iii) coleta e análise das resultados operacionais da própria estação, especialmente parâmetros físicoquímicos indicadores de qualidade da água; e (iv) avaliação conjunta dos resultados e dos procedimentos operacionais adotados. A conclusão do trabalho ressalta aspectos de suma importância: o conhecimento da variação da qualidade da água bruta no processo de seleção da tecnologia de tratamento a ser utilizada; a necessidade, óbvia, de se implantar uma ETA em conformidade com o seu projeto executivo; a execução de procedimentos operacionais adequados; e a necessidade de correto e permanente controle operacional em todas as etapas do processo de tratamento.
Nascimento, Marcely Ferreira. "Remoção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium por meio da filtração direta ascendente em areia : avaliação em escala piloto." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2009. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/8991.
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Dentre as doenças de veiculação hídrica que vêm recebendo maior atenção nos últimos anos, destaca-se a Criptosporidiose que é causada pelo protozoário Cryptosporidium. Os oocistos de Cryptosporidium são resistentes ao estresse ambiental e à inativação por cloro e, devido ao seu tamanho, têm facilidade para passar através do processo de tratamento físico de água. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a remoção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum por meio da filtração direta ascendente em areia. Os experimentos de filtração direta ascendente, em escala piloto, foram realizados com água proveniente do Lago Paranoá inoculada com oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum de modo a se obter concentração da ordem de 103 ooc./L na água de estudo. A taxa de filtração adotada foi de 120m³/m².d. Em nove experimentos de filtração a água de estudo apresentava valores baixos de turbidez (2,7 a 4,8 UT) e em três experimentos a turbidez era de cerca de 30 UT. Os resultados revelaram que a eficiência de remoção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum no início do experimento de filtração foi, em média, 0,5 log menor que no período de funcionamento estável, em que a remoção média de oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum foi de 3,5 log. Os valores de turbidez na água filtrada foram inferiores ao limite de 0,5 UT recomendado na legislação brasileira, Portaria MS No. 518/2004, e também inferiores ao limite da legislação americana (0,3 UT), exceto nos experimentos com turbidez mais elevada. A concentração de oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum na água de lavagem do filtro confirmou o elevado risco de contaminação microbiológica desse resíduo. O tratamento estatístico dos dados indicou que na água filtrada não houve correlação significativa entre a concentração de oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum e os parâmetros turbidez, coliformes totais e E.coli. Correlação fraca foi observada entre oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum e contagem de partículas nas faixas de tamanho do oocisto de Cryptosporidium. Os resultados revelam que os filtros rápidos ascendentes apresentam eficiências de remoção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum similares aos filtros rápidos descendentes. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Among the waterborne diseases that have received increased attention in recent years stands out Cryptosporidiosis, which is caused by the parasite protozoan Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium oocysts are resistant to environmental stress and inactivation by chlorine and, due to their size,, may pass through the physical treatment processes of water. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts by up flow direct sand filtration. The experiments in pilot scale were carried out with Paranoá lake water spiked with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in order to obtain concentration of about 103 ooc./L in the study water. The filtration rate adopted was 120m³/m².d. In nine experiments the study water presented low levels of turbidity (2.7 to 4.8 NTU) and in three experiments the turbidity was of around 30 NTU. The results showed that the removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the early stages of the filtration experiments was, in average 0.5 log lower than during filtration steady state where the average removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was 3.5 log. The values of turbidity in filtered water were below the limit of 0.5 NTU recommended by UT Brazilian Health Authority, Decree MS No. 518/2004, and also below the limit set by U.S. legislation (0.3 NTU), except in experiments with study water with higher turbidity. The concentration of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the filter backwash water confirmed the high risk of microbiological contamination of the this waste. Statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant correlation between the concentration of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and characteristics such as turbidity, total coliform and E.coli in the filtered water. Weak correlation was found between Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and particle counting in size range of Cryptosporidium oocyst. The results suggest that up flow direct filtration has similar removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium oocysts when compared with down flow filtration.
Fujii, Eduardo Hideo. "Avaliação da aplicabilidade da filtração direta ascendente em pedregulho como pós-tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Tecnologia e Urbanismo. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Edificações e Saneamento, 2014. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000190019.
Full textThe current final disposal method of solid waste in landfills has been the most accepted and used in developed and developing countries with large territorial area. Despite the advantages of this method, the solid waste deposited undergo physical, chemical and biological decomposition and are solubilized in water, producing methane gas and a dark and highly pollutant liquid called landfill leachate. The landfill leachate has a complex and variable composition, and can have high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen, biodegradable and recalcitrant organic matter. Thus, it is necessary a post-treatment of landfill leachate to remove its recalcitrant organic matter and to reach the physical, chemical and biological standards for this effluent discharge by current regulations. This study evaluated the applicability of post-treatment by up-flow direct filtration in gravel - FDAP for leachate pretreated by ammonia stripping followed by biological treatment with activated sludge. The assays on the FDAP pilot plant were conducted to obtain the best condition and operating efficiency through modifications of the filter bed, variations on dosage of coagulant and filtration rate. Parameters monitored to evaluate treatment effectiveness were apparent color, true color, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC). Typical and operational control parameters were: filter bed composed of gravel and sand, 3 intermediate downflushes, head loss limited to 120 cm, minimum operation time of 24 h, filtration rate of 15 m3 m2 day-1, coagulant dosage of 400 mg L-1 Fe and pH 4,0. The results showed that the up-flow direct filtration in gravel system presented to be an applicable technical for post-treatment of leachate, removing apparent color from 96,0 to 99,7%, with residual of 170 to 13 uH, respectively, 99,4% of true color (with maximum value of 24 uH), 81,8% of COD (with a maximum value of 200 mg L-1), 95,2% of TOC (with value of 44 mg L-1), during 37,1 h of filtration.
Benini, Bianca Dieile da Silva. "Remoção de substâncias húmicas na dupla filtração com filtro ascendente de pedregulho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-11102016-164520/.
Full textThe present work was carried out to evaluate the removal of humic substances in a double filtration system, comprising on upflow gravel prefilter followed by a rapid down flow filter. Raw water was abstracted from the influent took to the municipal water treatment Plant 2. Humic substances were extracted from peat through alkaline process. The concentrated solution was pumped to raw water in order to obtain true colour of 90-110 Hu in the influent to the pilot plant. Filtration rates studied were as follows: 80 and 120 m3/m2.day in the upflow filter 80, 120, 150, 180, 220 e 240 m3/m2.day in the down flow filter. Maximum filter run length was fixed in 72 hours. Intermediate down flushes in the upflow filter were performed during the run when the effluent colour reached 50 Hu. It is concluded that the system performed efficiently to remove colour; in most part of the effluent colour remained bellow 1 Hu. Absorbance (254 nm) removal resulted high (between 89,1% and 93,6%). Dissolved organic carbon resulted satisfactory (27,5% to 48,5%).
Botari, Alexandre. "Modelação matemática da perda de carga e da remoção de turbidez e de partículas na filtração direta ascendente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-28032007-185228/.
Full textThis work proposes mathematical models to predict the head loss, the turbidity and particles removal in up flow direct filtration based on the models that describe macroscopic filtration process. The models include the mechanism of particles detachment from the granular medium and the porosity change of the retained material during the filtration process. Two models were proposed: the monodisperse one and the polidisperse one. These models were used for up flow direct filtration in granular material of coarse sand and gravel based on down flow filtration models. The identification of the influence of the gravitational vector was aimed in the efficiency portion by gravitational sedimentation in the proposition of models of initial efficiency collector in the up flow filtration. Three conceptions of four initial efficiency collector models were proposed and applied to up flow filtration. Two of those conceptions were adapted from up flow aerosols filtration and another one was based on down flow models. The results of the monodisperse model presented good adherence to the up flow experimental data from a double filtration system by means of a statistical analysis with based on coefficients of non lineal correlation values. The polidisperse model was also analyzed, however, it did not provide the same efficiency of the monodisperse model. The initial efficiency removal values for the up flow direct filtration calculated by the proposed models indicated reasonable suitability to the filtration models and they come coherent and consistent with the experimental values and with the theory of trajectory analysis.
Bernardo, Angela Silva Di. "Desempenho de sistemas de dupla filtração no tratamento de água com turbidez elevada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-24112015-111804/.
Full textDouble filtration may be considered one of the most important technologies for water treatment. It has been estimated that most of water treatment can be efficiently achieved with the use of this technology, although some design and operational aspects related to the high turbidity of the influent water have not been fully studied until the present time. A pilot plant was built comprising two double filtration systems (system 1 with an upflow coarse sand filter followed by a downflow fine sand filter; system 2 with an upflow gravel filter followed by a downflow filter identical to that used in system 1). The experimental investigation was carried out using influent waters prepared with kaolin (water type I with turbidity of approximately 100 NTU and water type II with turbidity of approximately 300 NTU). Coagulation was accomplished by using aluminum sulfate (no acid or alkaline products) so that the zeta potential resulted approximately zero. The operation of both systems was carried out with and without intermediate down flushes during the runs. Filtration rates in the filters of both systems varied from 120 to 240 m³/m².d in the upflow filters and from 180 to 300 m³/m².d in downflow filters. It was mainly concluded that both systems resulted capable to produce filtered water with turbidity consistently lower than 0.5 NTU and that the net production was related to the influent water turbidity, filtration rates, execution of intermediate down flushes and the hydraulic head provided for solids retention in both filter of each double filtration system.
Romero, Méndez Ingrith Marcela. "Remoção de microesferas de poliestireno, em substituição a oocitos de Crypstosporidium, por filtração direta ascendente no tratamento de água usando o coagulante quitosana." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2014. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/17735.
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O presente estudo avaliou o desempenho da filtração direta ascendente na remoção de microesferas de poliestireno, em substituição a oocistos de Cryptosporidium, no tratamento de águas com turbidez moderada e cor elevada, usando quitosana como coagulante. As águas de estudo tiveram como matriz a água do Lago Paranoá. Na água de estudo I (AEI) a turbidez, induzida com caulinita, era de cerca de 30 uT. A água de estudo II (AEII), apresentava cor próxima de 50 uH e foi induzida com ácidos húmicos. Inicialmente foram elaborados diagramas de coagulação para definir as condições ótimas de coagulação a serem adotadas nos ensaios de filtração. Os ensaios de filtração direta ascendente foram efetuados em uma instalação piloto. Foram efetuados 10 ensaios de filtração com a água AEI e 7 ensaios com a água AEII, inoculando microesferas em concentração de 105 me./L. A taxa de filtração adotada foi de 120 m3/m2d. As condições de coagulação testadas incluíram sub-dosagens, dosagens ótimas e super-dosagens de coagulante. Em condições ótimas de coagulação, na maioria dos experimentos com a água AEI os efluentes apresentaram níveis de turbidez inferiores a 0,5 uT com residuais de microesferas (6 a 64 me./L) que corresponderam a remoções entre 3,54 log e 4,91 log durante a operação regular do filtro. Já com a água AEII, foi alcançada menor remoção dessas partículas (3,72 e 4,4 log) e por tanto maiores residuais de microesferas (13 a 96 me./L) mesmo com níveis de turbidez na água filtrada de 0,3 uT. Considerando as microesferas indicadores confiáveis da remoção de oocistos, essas concentrações encontradas nos efluentes do filtro foram bem superiores à concentração limite para um risco mínimo de infecção por oocistos de Cryptosporidium de 10 -4, prescrito pela OMS. Em geral, o emprego de condições de coagulação não ótimas pode causar decréscimo da eficiência do filtro ascendente na redução dos parâmetros de qualidade da água e o incremento da concentração de partículas com tamanho similar aos oocistos no efluente. _____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The present study evaluates the up-flow in-line filtration performance in the removal of polystyrene microspheres, in substitution of Cryptosporidium oocysts, in the treatment of waters with moderate turbidity and high color, using chitosan as a coagulant. The waters of study had as matrix Lake Paranoá water. In the water of study I the turbidity kaolinite-induced, was of about 30 NTU. The water of study II, presented color next 50 uH by color humic acid-induced. Initially coagulation diagrams were developed to define the optimal coagulation conditions to be adopted in the filtration experiments. The up-flow in-line filtration experiments were performed in a pilot-scale installation. Were performed 10 filtration experiments with the water of study I and 7 experiments with the water of study II, spiking microspheres at a concentration of 105 me./L. The filtration rate adopted was 120 m3/m2d. The tested coagulation conditions included optimal doses, sub-optimal and over-optimal doses of coagulant. Most of the filtration experiments with the water of study I at optimal coagulation conditions presented levels of turbidity lower of 0.5 NTU with microspheres residuals (6 a 64 me./L) that corresponded to removals between 3.54 log and 4.91 log during regular operation of the filter. But, with the water of study II relatively less removals of these particles were observed (3.72 – 4.40 log) and therefore higher microspheres residuals (13 to 96 me./L) even with turbidity levels in the filtered water of 0.3 NTU. Considering the microspheres reliable indicators of removal of oocysts, the concentrations found in the filter effluent were well above the concentration limit for a minimal risk of infection by Cryptosporidium 10 -4 as prescribed by WHO. In general, the use of non-optimal coagulation conditions can cause the up-flow filter efficiency decrease in reducing water quality parameters and the increment of the concentration of oocysts-sized particles in the effluent.
Kuroda, Emília Kiyomi. "Remoção de células e subprodutos de Microcystis spp. por dupla filtração, oxidação e adsorção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-26012007-155052/.
Full textConsidering the increase in the frequency of cyanobacterial blooms and the possibility of by-product formation in water supply sources for human consumption, this work was carried out in order to evaluate the removal of cells and by-products of Microcystis spp. using the processes of double filtration (gravel upflow filtration of coagulated water followed by rapid sand downflow filtration), oxidation and adsorption in powdered and granular activated carbons. Bench scale assays were performed in phase 1 to determine the operational conditions of the tests to be performed in a continuous flow pilot plant, using a study water prepared with filtered water in the water treatment plant 2 of Sao Carlos and culture of a toxic strain of Microcystis spp. and/or microcystins extract. Based on the conditions stated in phase 1, phase 2 was carried out by performing tests in the pilot plant for study waters prepared with culture of toxic strain of Microcystis spp. and phase 3 of microcystins extract from material collect in the de Barra Bonita SP reservoir. The double filtration system used resulted very efficient concerning the removal of cells of Microcystis spp., but, on the other hand, the removal or degradation of extracellular microcystins was significant with the use of complementary processes such as oxidation and or activated carbon adsorption. With regards to the waters studied, there wasnt significant formation of by-products due to the oxidation of the effluent of each combination of processes, when submitted to chlorination with detention time of 1 day. Additionally, it was observed the toxicity effect by bioassays with crustaceans and mices, besides Danio rerio fish screening.
Saldanha, João Rodrigo. "Avaliação do desempenho de uma estação de tratamento de água com sistema de dupla filtração, em escala real." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-24012017-152630/.
Full textWater treatment by means of a double filtration system is in a relatively high stage of development, however, there are still few data on real scale operations. The aim of this work was to evaluate a double filtration system in a real scale (ETA2) for the treatment of water, of the autonomous service of water and sewer of the city of São Carlos - SP, which treats water from the Ribeirão do Feijão (name of a local river), and is constituted of three filtration units, each a contain a direct up-flow sand filter, and a rapid filter. In the first stage, the sand of the filters was characterized, and the operational conditions of the ETA2 were evaluated. Next, the general situation of the ETA was studied by means of several parameters (turbidity, pH, expansion of the sand during washing process, counting of particles, total coliforms and Escherichia coli), in a order to detect the main problems. Finally, a confrontation between the ETA2 an a double filtration pilot Plant was carried through. This study made infer that: I) due to the low filtration rates of the ETA2`s filtration units, excessive doses of coagulant and lack of control of the washings, the actual production of water was low (around 90%); ii) the sometimes insufficient performance of the direct up-flow sand filtration and rapid filtration systems was mainly caused by an inefficient mixing of the coagulant with the natural water, lack of sand in direct up-flow filters; iii) the building up of the lossof cargo in the direct up-flow san filtration in filters of the ETA2 was more accentuated than in the Pilot Plant due to the mixture of the filtration materials.