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Academic literature on the topic 'Filtre électrostatique'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Filtre électrostatique"
Boichot, Raphael. "Filtration des particules issues des moteurs Diesel par matrices fibreuses plongées dans un champ électrique." Chambéry, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CHAMS008.
Full textThe filtration of diesel particulate matter is a major industrial and environmental stake, since the discovery of carcinogenic effects of this kind of particles and the advent of Euro IV (2005) and Euro V (2008-2010) regulations. The aim of this study is to point out the industrial practicability of filtration of this particles by a fibrous media immersed in an electric field. The global shape of this process is a wire-to-cylinder electrostatic precipitator with an porous earth collecting electrode, the whole flow passing through it. It was shown that this process is essentially an agglomerator and not a filter, and that it allows an increase by 50 of the mean diameter of particles. The process, by its completely new and original shape, allows to work with only several millisecondes of residence time. The energetic intensity is so important that the whole volume is compatible with an installation on vehicles. On a technical point of view, the efficiency of this electrostatic agglomerator depends only little on the fibrous matrices or high voltage electrodes used. It is in return very influenced by the quality of electric insulation by ceramic plugs between the canning and high voltage electrodes, and by the discharge polarity. During the last tests with a very optimised agglomerator, we obtain a decrease of 90% in number of the submicronic particulate matter (on a NEDC cycle), with a fuel over-consumption of less than 1%, which corresponds to an "volumic energy” of about 1 Joule per litre. A mathematical model of agglomerator was constructed during this study, integrating the last recent improvements in numeric simulation of Maxwell's equations in presence of space charge, integrating the particle turbulence and taking into account the fractal dimension of diesel aerosol particles. The process is nowadays in an advanced industrialisation stage
Bodin, Audrey. "Un dispositif de filtre en énergie couplé à un spectromètre de masse quadrupolaire pour le dépôt d'ions moléculaires sur des surfaces isolantes avec énergie contrôlée." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2224/.
Full textMolecular electronics is an alternative technology for nanoelectronics. It requires the conception of new equipments in order to deposit large and fragile molecules on insulating surfaces under ultra high vacuum (UHV). Keeping intact the deposited molecules is essential for the functionality of the fabricated devices. The most generally used deposition technique for molecules under UHV is thermal evaporation. However, this technique is often detrimental for fragile molecules. The development of less destructive deposition methods is therefore needed. An alternative technique is based on the use of a dedicated mass spectrometer. The commercial device used for our study is a Finnigan triple quadrupole mass spectrometer TSQ700 coupled to a multi-chamber equipment under UHV called " Dinamo " UHV Factory. To transform the TSQ700 in a low energy ion source, we studied the energy distribution of the ions at the exit of the analyzer by using the simulation software SIMION(r). This study revealed that the ion beam displays a high energy tail up to 1500 eV. The ion beam must then be filtered in energy in order to remove the high energy tail. To filter the ions in energy, we decided to add an electrostatic sector. The ion current measured at the output of electrostatic sector showed that the high-energy tail has been removed after this modification. The modified spectrometer was used to deposit CF3+ ions on a KBr(001) surface then characterized by Non-Contact Atomic Force Microscopy (NC-AFM) and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). KPFM observations are consistent with the presence of positive charges
Blejan, Octavian. "Contribution à l'amélioration du rendement des filtres électrostatiques." Poitiers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009POIT2297.
Full textThis paper is dedicated to improving the cylindrical electrostatic precipitator efficiency. The massic efficiency is a function of several factors: electric field, particles charging, collection surface, gas velocity, etc. A study of electric field intensity was performed using a numerical program developed in the Laboratory of Electrotechnical Materials (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, UPB). A high intensity of electric field causes a bigger electric charge injection and foster greater higher charge particles. Also, the collection surface of the cylindrical modular precipitator is greater than the corresponding classical one. Experimental study conducted in the Applied Electrostatics Laboratory (IUT Angouleme - University of Poitiers) show that the experimental current density distribution is close to the calculated and greater than the corresponding classical one. The experimental study showed that the mass efficiency of the cylindrical modular precipitator is higher than the corresponding classic cylindrical precipitator for the same experimental conditions. Has been studied the influences of various parameters involved in the particles collection process: particles mass, the voltage supply, gas pressure, functioning time etc. In the last part of this work was determined the response function of a modular type precipitator
Khalij, Mohamed. "Caractérisation et modélisation de l'efficacité de filtration d'un électrofiltre de type Cottrell." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10240.
Full textThe electroprecipitator are mainly used in the gas cleaning. The major disadvantage is the oversizing of this apparatus type. This aim of phD work consists in studying and modelling the dispersion of the submicronic particles inside a cylindrical electroprecipitator in order to determine the collection efficiency of this apparatus. After having reviewed the theory on the suspended particles and the technical filtration of gas-particles flow, we propose a synthesis of the means available, for the electrostatic precipitator design. Then we describe the experimental apparatus designed in accordance with the standards in force. We lay particular stress on the experimental evaluation technical of the collection efficiency. Finally in the fourth chapter, we develop a numerical model. It is based on convection-diffusion model with a none uniform electric field and a charge model precise. This prediction tool is based on a finite Volumes method. We finish by a chapter where we expose the results of our experimental study and the simulation results
Tabti, Belaid. "Contributions à la caractérisation des filtres à électret par la mesure du déclin de potentiel de surface." Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT2310.
Full textElectrostatic forces increase the collection efficiency of fine particles in electrets filters; The objective of the present, carried with industrial, was double: (1) evaluate the response of this class of dielectric materials to a deposit of charges generated by corona discharge in a "triode"-type electrode system; (2) understand the mechanisms of charge decay, by measuring the electric potential at the surface of the samples, using a vibrating capacitor probe connected at the electrostatic voltmeter. The acquisition and processing of data were performed using a virtual instrument (LabView) and routines developed in Matlab environment. The tests were performed on samples of polypropylene non-woven fabrics made of fibers of different sizes and orientations. These intrinsic characteristics of the materials affect the initial level and the dynamics of the surface potential. The behaviour of the filter media is also influenced by the following factors: level and polarity of the potential of the grid electrode that controls the charge deposition; the temperature at which the sample is preheated; the relative humidity of ambient air. The initial level of charge of the fibrous media is limited by partial discharges, due to local intensification of the electric field. At high temperatures, the trapping of charges is more stable, while the humidity increases the conduction of charge to the electrode connected to ground. Successive deposits of electrical charges significantly reduce the potential decay and increase the stability of the charge state of the filters
Oertel, Aurélie. "Filage par voie électrostatique de polyamide-imide : applications de non-tissés nanofilamentaires à la protection contre la chaleur et les flammes." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MULH7652.
Full textElectrospinning process has been widely used over the past decades for manufacturing nanofibers. The control of the electrospinning parameters is crucial to obtain nanofibers (nonwoven mats) with optimized morphological properties. The aim of this PhD work is to precisely define the electrospinnability of two meta-aramid solutions through wire-based electrospinning setup processing. Although the viscosity of polymer solution as an influent parameter for electrospinning has been widely investigated, only a few studies have yet made a connection between rheological behavior of polymer and electrospinnability. In our PhD work, rheological analyzes on three meta-aramid solutions have been conducted to confirm its electrospinnability and predict the morphological behavior of resultant nanofibers. A couple polymer/solvent of meta-aramid polymer (polyamide-imide) in a polar aprotic solvent (1,3 dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone) at 60 Pa.s in working viscosity is provided by an industrial partner (KERMEL Company). It has been highlighted through rheological study that 60 Pa.s is the best polymer viscosity to obtain good macromolecular conformation of the polyamide-imide chains while electrospinning and sufficient viscoelastic properties. Experiments have been conducted following a design of experiment to study the influence of several process and ambient parameters. Individual effects and/or combined interactions on obtained fiber diameter and general morphology have been investigated. The obtained nanofibers are expected to have thin diameters with high homogeneity of the products, which means low levels of beads, residual solvent or non-fibrous area and a narrow fiber diameter distribution, in order to validate the industrial requirements. A wide range of process parameters are available at industrial-scale with the NS® technology. The five studied process parameters are: applied voltage, relative humidity, temperature, distance between spinning electrode wire and substrate material, and airflow going through the spinning chamber. Each parameter was varied at three levels. Significant effects of parameters have been observed. The obtained results have allowed us to determine the influential factors (humidity and temperature) and reduce the domain study. Moreover, an estimation of the capacity of production for the NS500 has been calculated for the tested meta-aramid solution. Several applications have been investigated. A nanofibrous coating on 50KMP/50VFR woven media has been produced and permeability air tests have been conducted. A decrease of 1/3 to 2/3 of air permeability results has been obtained. A correlation is drawn between mean diameters of nanofibers and air permeability values, which is coherent with the expected behavior. Quality tests have been conducted through thermogravimetric analyses and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The residual solvent rate obtained in the optimized conditions of spinning is less than 8 %. Abrasion resistance tests have been conducted on KMP non-woven media coated with nanofibrous layer. The use of the bi-layer structure does not lead to the formation of breathable particles
Yarova, Svitlana. "Self-standing Fe-N-C cathodes prepared by electrospinning for fuel cells." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS027.
Full textThe aim of this PhD thesis project was the development of self-standing Fe-N-C cathodes prepared by electrospinning, in order to achieve hierarchical microporous and macroporous electrodes. Such a structure is desirable to improve accessibility by O2 of the Fe-based active sites for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and therefore to improve the performance of Fe-N-C cathodes in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Due to the lower activity for ORR of Fe-N-C catalysts compared to platinum on carbon, Fe-N-C active layers of ca 100 um thickness are today the state-of-art, about 5 to 10 times thicker than Pt/C layers. For this reason, the optimization of O2 diffusion in Fe-N-C electrodes is important to allow the replacement of Pt by less expensive catalysts.Different approaches were investigated to prepare self-standing Fe-N-C electrodes. In a first approach, a 3D web of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers comprising also a Fe precursor and additional porogens was first prepared by electrospinning, and then thermally treated in argon and NH3. This resulted in self-standing electrodes based on microporous carbon nanofibers with Fe-based active sites. In a second approach, iron-doped metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were grown on 3D web of polymer nanofibers (polyacrylonitrile or polybenzimidazole, PBI), and then thermally treated in argon. For this approach, it was first necessary to establish a reproducible method for the preparation of iron-doped MOFs, which was achieved with ferrocene encapsulation in two different MOFs (SIM-1 and ZIF-8). The ferrocene content and synthetic conditions were separately optimized to achieve the highest ORR activity. The same synthesis was then applied to grow Fe-doped MOFs on 3D webs of either PAN or PBI fibers. The growth of these MOFs was studied either on the polymer fibers, or on such fibers pre-coated with zinc.The Fe-N-C electrodes and materials prepared by these different approaches were characterized for their morphology, structure and Fe speciation by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Fe K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The self-standing electrodes and/or grinded FeNC powders were electrochemically investigated with rotating disk electrode and single-cell PEMFC.ORR-active materials were obtained with the different approaches, but the most promising one is identified to be the crystalline growth of ferrocene-doped ZIF-8 on a web of cross-linked PBI fibers, followed by pyrolysis in argon. The electrodes were investigated in PEMFC, either after grinding the self-standing FeNC cathodes into a powder or as a self-standing structure. In the latter case, they were functionalized by Nafion before electrochemical measurement in PEMFC. Grinded FeNC cathodes are shown to retain a fibrous structure derived from the electrospinning process, leading to increased macroporosity in the electrodes and good performance in fuel cell. Due to their thickness of only ca 20 µm, several self-standing FeNC layers (functionalized with Nafion) were superimposed in order to reach sufficient overall ORR activity. The concept of self-standing Fe-N-C cathode was validated for the first time, but further optimization of their functionalization by Nafion ionomer is needed to take full advantage of this approach.Future research is therefore needed to functionalize such novel electrode structures by proton-conducting ionomers to optimize the electrode activity and proton conductivity. Such electrode structure can also find application in other electrochemical energy conversion devices such as anion exchange membrane fuel cells, electrochemical supercapacitors and electrochemical CO2 reduction
Pothier, Arnaud. "Conception, réalisation et test de micro-commutateurs micro-electromécaniques et application aux circuits hyperfréquences reconfigurables." Limoges, 2003. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/6cf0371e-bf80-4a5b-b4de-07c554a9bbcb/blobholder:0/2003LIMO0058.pdf.
Full textSince few years, the MEMS technology for microwave applications has grown up with the potential to improve the circuit and device performances. Several components have been designed and demonstrate an important reduction of loss and a higher linearity than their main counterparts: the semi-conductor components. This work investigates the MEMS switches design and their integration in tunable microwave systems. Thus, we first present a state of art of this MEMS technology and the MEMS microwave devices. The micromachined switches operation is investigated. The main advantages, drawbacks and some applications where these components could improve the performances are discussed. The second part of this work is dedicated to the mechanical and electromagnetical design of a DC contact switch. The main objective of this work was to realise a reliable component which present good performances. The switch optimisation is presented and discussed with the corresponding mechanical and electric measurements. The last part of this memory addresses the development of new switchable microwave circuit topology including DC contact micro relays. Three applications are discussed; some tunable filters are developed with a high tuning in frequency (22% for the first one and 44% for the other). We also present how to preserve the device losses to a low level, and keep high the quality factor of these systems
Gouri, Rabah. "Optimisation électrique et géométrique d'un électrofiltre à barrière diélectrique en configuration fil-tube carré. Application aux particules submicroniques." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2279/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is the study of the collection efficiency of submicron particles with wire-to-square tubeElectroStatic Precipitator (ESP) using a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD). The experiments are performed with incense smokeparticles having a mean size of about 0.32 μm. An aerosol spectrometer is employed for characterizing the size distribution ofthese particles at the outlet of the ESPs. The collection efficiency is estimated for various applied voltages and frequencies(ranges: 4–30 kV, 0.3–1000 Hz) at a fixed air flow rate.The first step of our study consisted of an electrical characterization of the reference precipitator and the evaluation of itscollection efficiency performances. The results have shown that electrical behavior of the wire-to-square tube configuration issimilar to the wire-to- cylinder configuration. Furthermore, it reveals that the square configuration charged with a DBD gives verygood results (more than 99% of efficiency). The second step of the study was devoted to the geometrical optimization of thesquare ESP. The obtained results have established that the wire diameter, the number of faces has a minimal effect on electrostatic precipitation. However, the tube section, the width of the ground electrode and its discretization have an important effect. Also, the analysis of the effect of the presence of a second Dielectric Barrier (DB) has shown that in the case of the single DB, the discharge mode is rather homogeneous. In contrast, the discharge has a filamentary behavior in the case of the double DB. Results show that the particle collection efficiency of both ESPs is higher at high applied voltages and within a certai
Nazir, Ahsan. "Modelling and optimization of electrospun materials for technical applications." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH0598/document.
Full textOptimization and modelling of electrospun nanofibrous nonwovens and their technical applications, i-e heat generation and respiratory protection, were studied in this work. For utilization in these applications, nanowebs were statistically modelled and optimized using different electrospinning techniques i-e needle and needleless setups based on significance of these techniques for lab and bulk scale production of nanowebs. Moreover, quantitative impact of different electrospinning parameters was also observed. Statistical analysis was found to be a useful tool for study of electrospinning process and production of nanowebs with minimum defects. The optimized nanowebs were used for selected applications and based on results it was concluded that they can be a potential material for both, heat generation and respiratory protection. These observations are expected to initiate more focused studies in both the fields