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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Filtre PHD'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Gomes, borges Marcos Eduardo. "Détermination et implémentation temps-réel de stratégies de gestion de capteurs pour le pistage multi-cibles." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECLI0019/document.

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Les systèmes de surveillance modernes doivent coordonner leurs stratégies d’observation pour améliorer l’information obtenue lors de leurs futures mesures afin d’estimer avec précision les états des objets d’intérêt (emplacement, vitesse, apparence, etc.). Par conséquent, la gestion adaptative des capteurs consiste à déterminer les stratégies de mesure des capteurs exploitant les informations a priori afin de déterminer les actions de détection actuelles. L’une des applications la plus connue de la gestion des capteurs est le suivi multi-objet, qui fait référence au problème de l’estimation conjointe du nombre d’objets et de leurs états ou trajectoires à partir de mesures bruyantes. Cette thèse porte sur les stratégies de gestion des capteurs en temps réel afin de résoudre le problème du suivi multi-objet dans le cadre de l’approche RFS labélisée. La première contribution est la formulation théorique rigoureuse du filtre mono-capteur LPHD avec son implémentation Gaussienne. La seconde contribution est l’extension du filtre LPHD pour le cas multi-capteurs. La troisième contribution est le développement de la méthode de gestion de capteurs basée sur la minimisation du risque Bayes et formulée dans les cadres POMDP et LRFS. En outre, des analyses et des simulations des approches de gestion de capteurs existantes pour le suivi multi-objets sont fournies<br>Modern surveillance systems must coordinate their observation strategies to enhance the information obtained by their future measurements in order to accurately estimate the states of objects of interest (location, velocity, appearance, etc). Therefore, adaptive sensor management consists of determining sensor measurement strategies that exploit a priori information in order to determine current sensing actions. One of the most challenging applications of sensor management is the multi-object tracking, which refers to the problem of jointly estimating the number of objects and their states or trajectories from noisy sensor measurements. This thesis focuses on real-time sensor management strategies formulated in the POMDP framework to address the multi-object tracking problem within the LRFS approach. The first key contribution is the rigorous theoretical formulation of the mono-sensor LPHD filter with its Gaussian-mixture implementation. The second contribution is the extension of the mono-sensor LPHD filter for superpositional sensors, resulting in the theoretical formulation of the multi-sensor LPHD filter. The third contribution is the development of the Expected Risk Reduction (ERR) sensor management method based on the minimization of the Bayes risk and formulated in the POMDP and LRFS framework. Additionally, analyses and simulations of the existing sensor management approaches for multi-object tracking, such as Task-based, Information-theoretic, and Risk-based sensor management, are provided
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2

Pace, Michele. "Stochastic models and methods for multi-object tracking." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651396.

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La poursuite multi-cibles a pour objet le suivi d'un ensemble de cibles mobiles à partir de données obtenues séquentiellement. Ce problème est particulièrement complexe du fait du nombre inconnu et variable de cibles, de la présence de bruit de mesure, de fausses alarmes, d'incertitude de détection et d'incertitude dans l'association de données. Les filtres PHD (Probability Hypothesis Density) constituent une nouvelle gamme de filtres adaptés à cette problématique. Ces techniques se distinguent des méthodes classiques (MHT, JPDAF, particulaire) par la modélisation de l'ensemble des cibles comme un ensemble fini aléatoire et par l'utilisation des moments de sa densité de probabilité. Dans la première partie, on s'intéresse principalement à la problématique de l'application des filtres PHD pour le filtrage multi-cibles maritime et aérien dans des scénarios réalistes et à l'étude des propriétés numériques de ces algorithmes. Dans la seconde partie, nous nous intéressons à l'étude théorique des processus de branchement liés aux équations du filtrage multi-cibles avec l'analyse des propriétés de stabilité et le comportement en temps long des semi-groupes d'intensités de branchements spatiaux. Ensuite, nous analysons les propriétés de stabilité exponentielle d'une classe d'équations à valeurs mesures que l'on rencontre dans le filtrage non-linéaire multi-cibles. Cette analyse s'applique notamment aux méthodes de type Monte Carlo séquentielles et aux algorithmes particulaires dans le cadre des filtres de Bernoulli et des filtres PHD.
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3

Delande, Emmanuel. "Filtrage PHD multicapteur avec application à la gestion de capteurs." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688304.

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Le filtrage multiobjet est une technique de résolution du problème de détection et/ou suivi dans un contexte multicible. Cette thèse s'intéresse au filtre PHD (Probability Hypothesis Density), une célèbre approximation du filtre RFS (Random Finite Set) adaptée au cas où les observations sont le fruit d'un seul capteur. La première partie propose une construction rigoureuse du filtre PHD multicapteur exact et son expression simplifiée, sans approximation, grâce à un partitionnement joint de l'espace d'état des cibles et des capteurs. Avec cette nouvelle méthode, la solution exacte du filtre PHD multicapteur peut être propagée dans des scénarios de surveillance simples. La deuxième partie aborde le problème de gestion des capteurs dans le cadre du PHD. A chaque itération, le BET (Balanced Explorer and Tracker) construit une prédiction du PHD multicapteur a posteriori grâce au PIMS (Predicted Ideal Measurement Set) et définit un contrôle multicapteur en respectant quelques critères opérationnels simples adaptés aux missions de surveillance.
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4

Meißner, Daniel Alexander [Verfasser]. "Intersection-based road user tracking using a classifying multiple-model PHD filter / Daniel Alexander Meißner." Ulm : Universität Ulm. Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften und Informatik, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1082294187/34.

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5

Thompson, Thaddeus. "Rheological Study of Linear and Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior for Silica-Reinforced Polybutadiene and Polystyrene." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1134566032.

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6

Káčeríková, Martina. "Vývoj organických UV filtrů na bázi přírodních extraktů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414167.

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This diploma thesis is focused on the development of organic UV filters. Organic UV filters were extracted from natural resources and encapsulated into nanomaterial-like delivery systems such as liposomes and nanofibres. SPF of particular extracts and carriers with encapsulated extracts were measured. All of the prepared extracts as well as carriers were characterised for their content of natural substances like phenolic compounds and their antioxidant acitvity, stability, cytotoxicity, micriobial acitivity and their safety were studied too. All of the prepared materials were evaluated as suitable for use in comestic industry. However, in a future, it would be appropriate to add to the study other experimental methods to increase the active substances and at the same time increase the SPF protection factor.
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7

Edman, Viktor. "Tracking Groups of People in Video Surveillance." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-93996.

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In this master thesis, the problem of tracking groups using an image sequence dataset is examined. Target tracking can be defined as the problem of estimating a target's state given prior knowledge about its motion and some sensor measurements related to the target's state. A popular method for target tracking is e.g. the Kalman filter. However, the Kalman filter is insufficient when there are multiple targets in the scene. Consequently, alternative multitarget tracking methods must be applied along with methods for estimating the number of targets in the scene. Multitarget tracking can however be difficult when there are many unresolved targets, e.g. associating observations with targets in dense crowds. A viable simplification is group target tracking, keeping track of groups rather than individual targets. Furthermore, group target tracking is preferred when the user wants to know the motion and extension of a group in e.g. evacuation scenarios. To solve the problem of group target tracking in video surveillance, a combination of GM-PHD filtering and mean shift clustering is proposed. The GM-PHD filter is an approximation of Bayes multitarget filter. Pedestrian detections converted into flat world coordinates from the image dataset are used as input to the filter. The output of the GM-PHD filter consists of Gaussian mixture components with corresponding mean state vectors. The components are divided into groups by using mean shift clustering. An estimate of the number of members and group shape is presented for each group. The method is evaluated using both single camera measurements and two cameras partly surveilling the same area. The results are promising and present a nice visual representation of the groups' characteristics. However, using two cameras gives no improvement in performance, probably due to differences in detections between the two cameras, e.g. a single pedestrian can be observed being at two positions several meters apart making it difficult to determine if it is a single pedestrian or multiple pedestrians.
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8

Lundquist, Christian. "Sensor Fusion for Automotive Applications." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Reglerteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71594.

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Mapping stationary objects and tracking moving targets are essential for many autonomous functions in vehicles. In order to compute the map and track estimates, sensor measurements from radar, laser and camera are used together with the standard proprioceptive sensors present in a car. By fusing information from different types of sensors, the accuracy and robustness of the estimates can be increased. Different types of maps are discussed and compared in the thesis. In particular, road maps make use of the fact that roads are highly structured, which allows relatively simple and powerful models to be employed. It is shown how the information of the lane markings, obtained by a front looking camera, can be fused with inertial measurement of the vehicle motion and radar measurements of vehicles ahead to compute a more accurate and robust road geometry estimate. Further, it is shown how radar measurements of stationary targets can be used to estimate the road edges, modeled as polynomials and tracked as extended targets. Recent advances in the field of multiple target tracking lead to the use of finite set statistics (FISST) in a set theoretic approach, where the targets and the measurements are treated as random finite sets (RFS). The first order moment of a RFS is called probability hypothesis density (PHD), and it is propagated in time with a PHD filter. In this thesis, the PHD filter is applied to radar data for constructing a parsimonious representation of the map of the stationary objects around the vehicle. Two original contributions, which exploit the inherent structure in the map, are proposed. A data clustering algorithm is suggested to structure the description of the prior and considerably improving the update in the PHD filter. Improvements in the merging step further simplify the map representation. When it comes to tracking moving targets, the focus of this thesis is on extended targets, i.e., targets which potentially may give rise to more than one measurement per time step. An implementation of the PHD filter, which was proposed to handle data obtained from extended targets, is presented. An approximation is proposed in order to limit the number of hypotheses. Further, a framework to track the size and shape of a target is introduced. The method is based on measurement generating points on the surface of the target, which are modeled by an RFS. Finally, an efficient and novel Bayesian method is proposed for approximating the tire radii of a vehicle based on particle filters and the marginalization concept. This is done under the assumption that a change in the tire radius is caused by a change in tire pressure, thus obtaining an indirect tire pressure monitoring system. The approaches presented in this thesis have all been evaluated on real data from both freeways and rural roads in Sweden.<br>SEFS -- IVSS<br>VR - ETT
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9

Magraoui, Mohamed. "Validation de techniques de commande d'un filtre actif parallèle /." Thèse, Montréal : École de technologie supérieure, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1459914731&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=46962&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thèse (M. Ing.)--École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, 2007.<br>"Mémoire présenté à l'École de technologie supérieure comme exigence partielle à l'obtention de la maîtrise en génie électrique." CaQMUQET Bibliogr. : f. [150]-155. Également disponible en version électronique. CaQMUQET
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Zhang, Xiuyin. "Novel RF resonators and bandpass filters for wireless communications : theory, design and application /." access full-text access abstract and table of contents, 2009. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/thesis.pl?phd-ee-b23750832f.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2009.<br>"Submitted to the Department of Electronic Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-158)
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11

Ilie, Iurie. "Récepteur hybride GPS/GALILÉO : simulation et analyse de robustesse avec le filtre FADP /." Thèse, Montréal : École de technologie supérieure, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1407513341&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=46962&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thèse (M.Ing.) -- École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, 2003.<br>"Mémoire présenté à l'École de technologie supérieure comme exigence partielle à l'obtention de la maîtrise en génie électrique". CaQQUQ Bibliogr. : f. [195]-198. Également disponible en version électronique. CaQMUQET
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Dia, Serigne Mbaye Fallo. "Conception et réalisation d'un filtre à décimation parallélisé sous forme de noyau programmable /." Thèse, Montréal : École de technologie supérieure, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251872121&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=46962&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thèse (M. Ing.)--École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, 2006.<br>"Mémoire présenté à l'École de technologie supérieure comme exigence partielle à l'obtention de la maîtrise en génie électrique". CaQMUQET Bibliogr.: f. [140]-142. Également disponible en version électronique. CaQMUQET
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Gilbert, Jennifer. "Characterizing dissolved phosphorus transport through vegetated filter strips." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 209 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597617901&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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14

Riis, Ebbesen Toke. "Design : Digital semiotik og materielkultur /." Odense : Syddansk Universitet, Institut for Litteratur, Kultur og Medier, 2004. http://www.humaniora.sdu.dk/phd/dokumenter/filer/Afhandlinger-45.pdf.

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15

Hartby, Inger. "Højskolens døtre : en analyse af højskolekvinders livsvilkår og kulturelle status samt folkehøjskolens forvaltning af køn 1920-2000." Odense : Syddansk Universitet. Institut for Litteratur, Kultur og Medier, 2003. http://www.humaniora.sdu.dk/phd/dokumenter/filer/Afhandlinger-17.pdf.

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16

Christensen, Tina Paulsen. "Translation memory-systemer som værktøjer til juridisk oversættelse : kritisk vurdering af anvendeligheden af translation memory-systemer til oversættelse af selskabsretlig dokumentation." Odense : Syddansk Universitet, Institut for fagsprog, kommunikation og informationsvidenskab, 2003. http://www.humaniora.sdu.dk/phd/dokumenter/filer/Afhandlinger-6.pdf.

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17

Daniyan, Abdullahi. "Advanced signal processing techniques for multi-target tracking." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35277.

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The multi-target tracking problem essentially involves the recursive joint estimation of the state of unknown and time-varying number of targets present in a tracking scene, given a series of observations. This problem becomes more challenging because the sequence of observations is noisy and can become corrupted due to miss-detections and false alarms/clutter. Additionally, the detected observations are indistinguishable from clutter. Furthermore, whether the target(s) of interest are point or extended (in terms of spatial extent) poses even more technical challenges. An approach known as random finite sets provides an elegant and rigorous framework for the handling of the multi-target tracking problem. With a random finite sets formulation, both the multi-target states and multi-target observations are modelled as finite set valued random variables, that is, random variables which are random in both the number of elements and the values of the elements themselves. Furthermore, compared to other approaches, the random finite sets approach possesses a desirable characteristic of being free of explicit data association prior to tracking. In addition, a framework is available for dealing with random finite sets and is known as finite sets statistics. In this thesis, advanced signal processing techniques are employed to provide enhancements to and develop new random finite sets based multi-target tracking algorithms for the tracking of both point and extended targets with the aim to improve tracking performance in cluttered environments. To this end, firstly, a new and efficient Kalman-gain aided sequential Monte Carlo probability hypothesis density (KG-SMC-PHD) filter and a cardinalised particle probability hypothesis density (KG-SMC-CPHD) filter are proposed. These filters employ the Kalman- gain approach during weight update to correct predicted particle states by minimising the mean square error between the estimated measurement and the actual measurement received at a given time in order to arrive at a more accurate posterior. This technique identifies and selects those particles belonging to a particular target from a given PHD for state correction during weight computation. The proposed SMC-CPHD filter provides a better estimate of the number of targets. Besides the improved tracking accuracy, fewer particles are required in the proposed approach. Simulation results confirm the improved tracking performance when evaluated with different measures. Secondly, the KG-SMC-(C)PHD filters are particle filter (PF) based and as with PFs, they require a process known as resampling to avoid the problem of degeneracy. This thesis proposes a new resampling scheme to address a problem with the systematic resampling method which causes a high tendency of resampling very low weight particles especially when a large number of resampled particles are required; which in turn affect state estimation. Thirdly, the KG-SMC-(C)PHD filters proposed in this thesis perform filtering and not tracking , that is, they provide only point estimates of target states but do not provide connected estimates of target trajectories from one time step to the next. A new post processing step using game theory as a solution to this filtering - tracking problem is proposed. This approach was named the GTDA method. This method was employed in the KG-SMC-(C)PHD filter as a post processing technique and was evaluated using both simulated and real data obtained using the NI-USRP software defined radio platform in a passive bi-static radar system. Lastly, a new technique for the joint tracking and labelling of multiple extended targets is proposed. To achieve multiple extended target tracking using this technique, models for the target measurement rate, kinematic component and target extension are defined and jointly propagated in time under the generalised labelled multi-Bernoulli (GLMB) filter framework. The GLMB filter is a random finite sets-based filter. In particular, a Poisson mixture variational Bayesian (PMVB) model is developed to simultaneously estimate the measurement rate of multiple extended targets and extended target extension was modelled using B-splines. The proposed method was evaluated with various performance metrics in order to demonstrate its effectiveness in tracking multiple extended targets.
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18

Bagnolini, Nicola. "Tracking di target multipli in reti di sensori radar." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7008/.

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Viene proposta una possibile soluzione al problema del tracking multitarget, tramite una rete di sensori radar basata su tecnoligia ultra wide-band. L'area sorvegliata ha una superficie pari a 100 metri quadri e all'interno di essa si vuole tracciare la traiettoria di più persone.
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Niedfeldt, Peter C. "Recursive-RANSAC: A Novel Algorithm for Tracking Multiple Targets in Clutter." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4195.

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Multiple target tracking (MTT) is the process of identifying the number of targets present in a surveillance region and the state estimates, or track, of each target. MTT remains a challenging problem due to the NP-hard data association step, where unlabeled measurements are identified as either a measurement of an existing target, a new target, or a spurious measurement called clutter. Existing techniques suffer from at least one of the following drawbacks: divergence in clutter, underlying assumptions on the number of targets, high computational complexity, time-consuming implementation, poor performance at low detection rates, and/or poor track continuity. Our goal is to develop an efficient MTT algorithm that is simple yet effective and that maintains track continuity enabling persistent tracking of an unknown number of targets. A related field to tracking is regression analysis, where the parameters of static signals are estimated from a batch or a sequence of data. The random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm was developed to mitigate the effects of spurious measurements, and has since found wide application within the computer vision community due to its robustness and efficiency. The main concept of RANSAC is to form numerous simple hypotheses from a batch of data and identify the hypothesis with the most supporting measurements. Unfortunately, RANSAC is not designed to track multiple targets using sequential measurements.To this end, we have developed the recursive-RANSAC (R-RANSAC) algorithm, which tracks multiple signals in clutter without requiring prior knowledge of the number of existing signals. The basic premise of the R-RANSAC algorithm is to store a set of RANSAC hypotheses between time steps. New measurements are used to either update existing hypotheses or generate new hypotheses using RANSAC. Storing multiple hypotheses enables R-RANSAC to track multiple targets. Good tracks are identified when a sufficient number of measurements support a hypothesis track. The complexity of R-RANSAC is shown to be squared in the number of measurements and stored tracks, and under moderate assumptions R-RANSAC converges in mean to the true states. We apply R-RANSAC to a variety of simulation, camera, and radar tracking examples.
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Acuña, Ureta David Esteban. "Manejo de incertidumbre ante pérdida parcial o total de datos en algoritmos basados en métodos secuenciales de Monte Carlo y nueva definición de probabilidad de falla en el contexto de monitoreo en línea." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/139825.

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Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico<br>Desde hace algunos años que la disciplina especializada en el diagnóstico de fallas en sistemas y el pronóstico de eventos que pudieran afectar la salud de éstos, denominada Prognostics and Health Management (PHM), ha ido tomando cada vez más fuerza y ha empezado a consolidarse como una nueva área de la ingeniería. Esta disciplina tiene como eje principal la caracterización del estado de salud de los sistemas dinámicos, ya sea a través de enfoques probabilísticos, posibilísticos, o epistémicos, por nombrar algunos; siendo el enfoque probabilístico el adoptado en la presente Tesis. Dado que la mayoría de los sistemas se conciben mediante complejas relaciones que suelen establecerse en base a no linealidades e incertidumbre no necesariamente Gaussiana, el empleo de métodos secuenciales de Monte Carlo -también llamados filtros de partículas- ha tomado gran relevancia para el diagnóstico de la salud de los sistemas. Los filtros de partículas proveen una distribución empírica de probabilidad para los estados del sistema siguiendo un enfoque Bayesiano. Es muy frecuente que en rutinas de estimación, y en especial al usar filtro de partículas, algunas de las mediciones que debiesen proporcionar los sensores se pierdan de manera parcial o total. En el caso de una pérdida parcial, se propone una estrategia basada en la Teoría de Imputaciones Múltiples desarrollada en los años 60' que permite incorporar la incertidumbre que hay al perder solo parte de la información. Por otra parte, cuando se pierde acceso a la totalidad de las mediciones se puede hablar de un problema análogo al de pronóstico. Se propone un algoritmo que recibe como entrada una distribución empírica producto del final de una etapa de estimación basada en filtro de partículas, en la cual se propaga incertidumbre haciendo uso de sigma-points y del ajuste paramétrico de mezclas de Gaussianas para la aproximación de distribuciones de probabilidad. Además de los algoritmos anteriormente mencionados, en esta Tesis se presenta la deducción y demostración de una nueva medida de probabilidad de falla de sistemas en el contexto de monitoreo en línea, la cual modifica el estado-del-arte y abre nuevas ramas de investigación que pueden influir fuertemente en el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas de toma de decisiones. Los desarrollos presentados en esta Tesis abordan principalmente el caso del problema de estimación y pronóstico del Estado-de-Carga de baterías de ion-litio para el análisis y validación de los algoritmos que se proponen dada su relevancia en la autonomía de los dispositivos electrónicos que requieren procesamiento de información en tiempo real; tales como tablets, celulares, vehículos o micro-redes, por nombrar algunos ejemplos.
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Nakamura, Michiko. "Processing of multiple filler-gap dependencies in Japanese." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=764748181&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1233163310&clientId=23440.

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Shekar, Sadahalli Arjun. "GPS L2C ACQUISITION AND TRACKING." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1796120851&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Ito, Masahiro. "Search for supernova induced gravitational wave bursts with optimal filter technique on LIGO science data /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1188882241&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-116). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Ansari, Aiysha R. "Comparison of Visual vs. Microscopic Methods to Detect Blood Splatter from an Intravascular Catheter with Engineered Sharps Injury Protection (ESIP)." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3951.

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Intravascular devices with engineered sharps injury protection (ESIP) are designed to reduce sharps injuries, but have not been investigated for blood splatter potential. In this laboratory-based experiment, which did not use human subjects, 100 intravenous catheters of the same type with a retraction mechanism, were tested for blood splatter. Once blood was obtained from a simulated brachial vein containing mock venous blood, the devices were placed in a testing chamber and scientific filters labeled A, B & C were used to capture blood splatter after activation. The blood splatter was examined visually and microscopically, and the filters were weighed pre- and post-activation on an analytical scale. The research questions in this study were: 1) do retractable intravenous devices produce blood splatter, and 2) does blood splatter frequency differ between visual methods vs. microscopy? The differences in filter mass, visual inspection, and microscopic analysis for presence of blood on filters were the units of analysis. Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests to determine pre and post activation filter weights and kappa statistics to assess degree of agreement between methods were used to analyze the data. For filters B and C, the proportions with blood detected by the naked eye were 12 and 13% respectively. However, for filter A, both visual and microscopic methods detected blood splatter on 70% and 71% of the time respectively. In addition, a statistically significant difference was observed in the mean mass of filter A between pre- and post-activation confirmed by the naked eye (t= - 0.0013, p= 0.01400) and confirmed microscopically (t= - 0.00014, p=0.0092). Substantial agreement between methods was observed for filter A (kappa=0.78; 95% CI: 0.64-0.92), filter B (kappa= 0.73; 95% CI: 0.51-0.95) and filter C (kappa= 0.75; 95% CI: 0.55-0.96). However, in 7 instances (7%), blood was detected by microscopy but not by the naked eye on filters A (5 %), B (1%), and C (1%), respectively. Also, in 6 instances (6%), blood was detected by the naked eye but now by microscopy on filter B (3%), and filter C (3%). Consequently, there is potential for a total of 13 % blood splatter. The findings indicate potential for bloodborne pathogen exposure with use of a specific retractable intravascular catheter. The finding that blood splatter was detected by microscopy in 7% of the instances has important occupational health implications. Healthcare workers (HCWs) may not be able to detect this blood splatter when it occurs and may not report a splash to mucous membranes or non-intact skin. This study therefore reinforces the need for HCWs to wear personal protective equipment, such as masks, face shields, goggles, when using intravascular catheters with retractable mechanisms. It is recommended that the research protocol used in this study be replicated by other investigators and tested on all brands of retractable intravascular devices.
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Nunez-Sanchez, Rafael Camilo. "Novel techniques for the acceleration of non-Gaussian signal processing algorithms." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 50 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338919431&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Golt, Michael C. "Magnetic and dielectric properties of magneto-dielectric materials consisting of oriented, iron flake filler within a thermoplastic host." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 150 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1597633721&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thyagaraj, Suraj. "Dynamic System Analysis of 3D Ultrasonic Neuro-Navigation System." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1967797551&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Aysal, Tuncer Can. "Filtering and estimation theory first-order, polynomial and decentralized signal processing /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 327 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1257806501&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Fortin, Benoît. "Méthodes conjointes de détection et suivi basé-modèle de cibles distribuées par filtrage non-linéaire dans les données lidar à balayage." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01021085.

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Dans les systèmes de perception multicapteurs, un point central concerne le suivi d'objets multiples. Dans mes travaux de thèse, le capteur principal est un télémètre laser à balayage qui perçoit des cibles étendues. Le problème desuivi multi-objets se décompose généralement en plusieurs étapes (détection, association et suivi) réalisées de manière séquentielle ou conjointe. Mes travaux ont permis de proposer des alternatives à ces méthodes en adoptant une approche "track-before-detect" sur cibles distribuées qui permet d'éviter la succession des traitements en proposant un cadre global de résolution de ce problème d'estimation. Dans une première partie, nous proposons une méthode de détection travaillant directement en coordonnées naturelles (polaires) qui exploite les propriétés d'invariance géométrique des objets suivis. Cette solution est ensuite intégrée dans le cadre des approches JPDA et PHD de suivi multicibles résolues grâce aux méthodes de Monte-Carlo séquentielles. La seconde partie du manuscrit vise à s'affranchir du détecteur pour proposer une méthode dans laquelle le modèle d'objet est directement intégré au processus de suivi. C'est sur ce point clé que les avancées ont été les plus significatives permettant d'aboutir à une méthode conjointe de détection et de suivi. Un processus d'agrégation a été développé afin de permettre une formalisation des données qui évite tout prétraitement sous-optimal. Nous avons finalement proposé un formalisme général pour les systèmes multicapteurs (multilidar, centrale inertielle, GPS). D'un point de vue applicatif, ces travaux ont été validés dans le domaine du suivi de véhicules pour les systèmes d'aide à la conduite.
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Klapil, Filip. "Frekvenční syntezátor pro mikrovlnné komunikační systémy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413162.

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The main aim of the thesis is to develop a solution of a frequency synthesizer for a microwave communication systems. Specifically, it suggests a design for frequency synthesizer with phase-locked loop. At beginning of the thesis the principle and basic properties of this method of signal generation are explained. Then it is followed by a brief discussion of the parameters of synthesizers and their influence on design. Another part of the work is the analysis of circuit the frequency synthesizer with the phase-locked loop MAX2871, which is followed by a proposal for the design of the frequency synthesizer module hardware. The last part of the work deals with practical implementation, verification of function and measurement of achieved parameters and their evaluation.
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Odero, Dennis Calvin. "Interference of Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionum), lanceleaf sage (Salvia reflexa), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus), and redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium) in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1663059521&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Papež, Milan. "Optimální odhad stavu modelu navigačního systému." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220149.

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This thesis presents an investigation of the possibility of using the fixed-point arithmetic in the inertial navigation systems, which use the local level navigation frame mechanization equations. Two square root filtering methods, the Potter's square root Kalman filter and UD factorized Kalman filter, are compared with respect to the conventional Kalman filter and its Joseph's stabilized form. The effect of rounding errors to the Kalman filter optimality and the covariance matrix or its factors conditioning is evaluated for a various lengths of the fractional part of the fixed-point computational word. Main contribution of this research lies in an evaluation of the minimal fixed-point arithmetic word length for the Phi-angle error model with noise statistics which correspond to the tactical grade inertial measurements units.
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Roucou, Romuald. "Analyse expérimentale et numérique des défaillances mécaniques locales induites dans les interconnexions par les tests paramétriques et les assemblages : optimisation des procédés et des architectures des plots de connexion." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00669635.

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La diminution des dimensions critiques dans l'industrie du semi-conducteur requiert l'utilisation de nouveaux matériaux fragiles qui dégradent la résistance mécanique des puces. On s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux étapes précédant la mise en boîtier, à savoir les tests paramétriques qui permettent de vérifier la fonctionnalité électrique de la puce, et les assemblages tels la connexion filaire qui ont pour but d'établir les connexions avec le boîtier. Durant ces opérations, des défaillances mécaniques sont observées dans les interconnexions situées sous le pad. Des techniques expérimentales (par ex : FIB/MEB) sont mises en œuvre une fois les tests ou les assemblages avec des fils d'or et de cuivre réalisés afin de mieux comprendre les raisons d'apparition de ces défaillances ainsi que leur localisation. Des plans d'expériences sont mis en place pour évaluer l'influence des divers paramètres de tests et d'assemblage et également celle des architectures de pad. En parallèle, une nouvelle méthode d'analyse basée sur la nanoindentation est utilisée pour comparer la robustesse mécanique de divers plots de connexion. D'autre part, plusieurs modèles éléments finis complexes, prenant en compte la gestion du contact entre la pointe de test et le pad ainsi que les effets inertiels associés, sont développés dans le but de reproduire les conditions de chargement sur les pads. Finalement, un ensemble d'outils adaptés à l'étude et l'optimisation des architectures de pad, dans une optique industrielle, est présenté de même que des règles de dessin permettant d'accompagner le développement technologique.
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Chvátal, Michal. "Řízení dodávky vody v rodinném domě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442453.

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The diploma thesis deals with the design and implementation of the system that will control the water supply for the family house and its garden. The system aslo allows you to store a history that can be viewed via the web interface. The web interface also allows you to set system parameters and monitor the current status.
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35

Valle, Orero Jessica. "Dynamics and thermal behaviour of films of oriented DNA fibres investigated using neutron scattering and calorimetry techniques." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734670.

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The majority of structural studies on DNA have been carried out using fibre diffraction, while studies of its dynamics and thermal behaviour have been mainly performed in solution. When the DNA double helix is heated, it exhibits local separation of the two strands that grow in size with temperature and lead to their complete separation. This work has investigated various aspects of this phenomenon. The experiments reported in this thesis were carried out on films of oriented fibres of DNA prepared with the Wet Spinning Apparatus. Thus, sample preparation and characterisation are essential parts of the research. The structures of two forms of DNA, A and B, have been explored as a function of relative humidity at fixed ionic conditions. A method to eliminate traces of ever-present B-form contamination in A-form samples was established. The high orientation of the DNA molecules within the samples allowed us to investigate dynamical fluctuations and the melting transition of DNA using neutron scattering, which can provide the spatial information crucial to understand a phase transition, probing the static correlation length along the molecule as a function of temperature. The transition has been investigated for A and B-forms in order to understand its dependence on molecular configuration.Furthermore, after the first melting, denatured DNA films show typical glass behaviour. Their thermal relaxation has been explored using calorimetry.Neutron and X-ray inelastic scattering (INS and IXS) were used in the past to measure longitudinal phonons in fibre DNA, and the results shown disagreement. Recent INS measurements supported with phonon simulations have been crucial to understand the different dispersion curves reported to date. Experiments using INS and IXS have been carried out to continue with this investigation. Attempts to observe the transverse fluctuations associated to the thermal denaturing of DNA, never experimentally investigated before, have been made.
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Chien, Yu-Hsing, and 簡佑興. "Performance Comparison between Applying the PHD Filter and Kalman Filter to WSN." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56040362117423839670.

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碩士<br>大葉大學<br>工學院碩士在職專班<br>98<br>In this thesis, the PHD (probability hypothesis density) filter and the Kalman filter are adopted as the two algorithms for tracking the maneuvering objects that deployed in the WSNs (wireless sensor networks) environments. The tracked performance with the RMSE (root mean square error) are compared each other and they are simulated by the computer programs. The superior performance can be obtained by the PHD filter is algorithm, however, the simple implementation of Kalman filter is outperform than PHD filter. For the purpose of gaining better performance to track maneuvering objects, the results from this thesis are good reference for the designing in deployment of the mobile sensors within WSNs.
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Pier, Jerome William. "Optimizing water and nitrogen inputs for trickle irrigated melons (PHD)." 1992. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1992_576_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Li, Chih-Wei, and 李志偉. "On the Miniaturized Narrow Bandpass filter for the PHS Communication System." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92089034200532685588.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電子工程系<br>92<br>Abstract In this thesis, we use the quasi-elliptic filter synthesis method which produces a pair of zeros at finite frequencies to design highly selective bandpass filters. In addition, we derive the design equation for the miniaturized hairpin resonators. Then we take advantage of the cross coupling property of appropriately arranged resonators to produce a pair of finite frequency zeros. The coupling coefficients for resonators and the quality factors for resonators are then discussed with respect to the specifications. Then, two possible signal-feeding structures are discussed as well. Finally, we implement the miniaturized narrow bandpass filter with the bandwidth of 30MHz at 1.9GHz, and investigate the method to decrease the influence on the center frequency by the harmonic frequencies. In addition, we use the full-wave EM simulator(IE3D) in simulation. By implementing and simulating the full-wave EM simulator, we show that the theoretical and experimental performance are consistent.
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"Nonlinear dynamics of the adaptive LMS filter." Tulane University, 1991.

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This dissertation presents research concerning the nonlinear dynamics of the adaptive Least Mean Square (LMS) filter. The goal of this research has been to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of this filter. Previous investigations of this filter have predominately dealt with stochastic signals which, as shown in this document, conceal much of the interesting dynamics of the filter. Also, probabilistic analyses often require many simplifying assumptions about the nature of the system's signals. It has been the goal of this research effort to avoid the use of probabilistic analyses and to attempt to form a cohesive theory about the dynamics of the filter The principal approach taken here has been to apply the tools that have been made available from the study of chaotic dynamics. These tools have proven to be very successful in furthering the understanding of the dynamics of numerous nonlinear systems. This approach has provided a new way to examine the dynamics of the adaptive LMS filter, and has proven very fruitful. Bilinear systems theory, and an algebraic approach, has also been applied in the analysis of the filter's dynamics This research has revealed dynamic behavior of the adaptive LMS filter that has not been previously reported in the literature. Discovery of some of these new dynamics has been a direct result of the insight provided by the analysis of the filter. Significant progress has been made towards producing new analytic models which can identify and predict the filter's dynamic behavior. These models afford a new manner of viewing filter convergence, and new stability criteria have been established based on these models. Furthermore, the results of this approach are often valid for a large class of input signals, and for filters with an arbitrary number of taps. The author feels that the approach herein has provided a much clearer understanding of the dynamics of the adaptive LMS filter<br>acase@tulane.edu
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40

Chiu, I.-Hsuan, and 邱益軒. "Computationally Efficient and Robust Synthesis for Finite-Precision IIR Digital Filter Implementations:Using PHP Programming Language." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8745nk.

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碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>光電與通訊學系<br>102<br>This thesis uses an filter synthesis method based on normal-form transformation to implement a high robustness and computationally efficient digital filter structure. On one hand, this thesis utilizes power of 2 parameters and sparse normal-form filter realization to achieve the goal of computational efficiency. On the other hand, the computationally efficient filter realization can simultaneously keep the property of normal-form realization, and thus the robustness can be preserved. The main contribution of this thesis is the PHP programs are coded to implement the practical ECG denoising problem. Various types of filter realizations are compared. Through the results, we may conclude that the sparse normal-form is the most suitable filter realization for ECG noise removal.
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41

(7042646), Rohith Reddy Sanaga. "MULTI-TARGET TRACKING WITH UNCERTAINTY IN THE PROBABILITY OF DETECTION." Thesis, 2019.

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<div>The space around the Earth is becoming increasingly populated with a growth in number of launches and proliferation of debris. Currently, there are around 44,000 objects (with a minimum size of 10cm) orbiting the Earth as per the data made publicly available by the US strategy command (USSTRATCOM). These objects include active satellites and debris. The number of these objects are expected to increase rapidly in future from launches by companies in the private sector. For example, SpaceX is expected to deploy around 12000 new satellites in the LEO region to develop a space-based internet communication system. Hence in order to protect active space assets, tracking of all the objects is necessary. Probabilistic tracking methods have become increasingly popular for solving the multi-target tracking problem in Space Situational Awareness (SSA). This thesis studies one such technique known as the GM-PHD filter, which is an algorithm which estimates the number of objects and its states when non-perfect measurements (noisy measurements, false alarms) are available. For Earth orbiting objects, especially those in Geostationary orbits, ground based optical sensors are a cost-efficient way to gain information.In this case, the likelihood of gaining target-generated measurements depend on the probability of detection (p<sub>D</sub>) of the target.An accurate modeling of this quantity is essential for an efficient performance of the filter. p<sub>D</sub> significantly depends on the amount of light reflected by the target towards the observer. The reflected light depends on the relative position of the target with respect to the Sun and the observer, the shape, size and reflectivity of the object and the relative orientation of the object towards Sun and the observer. The estimation of the area and reflective properties of the object is in general, a difficult process. Uncontrolled objects, for example, start tumbling and no information regarding the attitude motion can be obtained. In addition, the shape can change because of disintegration and erosion of the materials. For the case of controlled objects, given that the object is stable, some information on the attitude can be obtained. But materials age in space which changes the reflective properties of the materials. Also, exact shape models for these objects are rare. Moreover,, area can never be estimated with optical measurements or any other measurements, as it is always albedo-area i.e., reflectivity times area that can be measured.</div><div> The purpose of this work is to design a variation of the GM-PHD filter which accounts for the uncertainty in p<sub>D</sub> as the original GM-PHD filter designed by Vo and Ma assumes p<sub>D</sub> as a constant. It is validated that the proposed method improves the filter performance when there is an uncertainty in area(hence uncertainty in p<sub>D</sub>) of the targets. In the tested cases, the uncertainty in p<sub>D</sub> was modeled as an uncertainty in area while assuming that the targets are spherical and that the reflectivity of the targets is constant. It is seen that a model mismatch in p<sub>D</sub> affects the filter performance significantly and the proposed method improves the performance of the filter in all cases.</div>
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42

Guo, Ya-Fen, and 郭雅芬. "Development of High Thermal Conductivity Thermal Pad by Using Aluminum Nitride as The Filler." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86726955255211062141.

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43

"Three-dimensional motion parameter estimation for rigid bodies using an iterated extended Kalman filter." Tulane University, 1992.

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A method based on the Kalman filter is described for estimating the three dimensional motion parameters, i.e. position, translational velocity, translational acceleration, orientation and rotational velocity, of an opaque, three dimensional rigid object under certain types of motion. This method has applications in industrial robotics, surveillance and smart highways that are currently under investigation in Europe. For this method, it is assumed that the image plane locations of a set of features are available over a large sequence of images and that the three dimensional location of these features with respect to an object centered coordinate system is known. Furthermore, it is assumed that the object motion is described as rotation about an axis that passes through the origin of the object centered coordinate system and translation of the object centered coordinate system Because both the plant and the measurement models are nonlinear, an Extended Kalman filter and the Iterated Kalman filter are used. The state vector is composed of the three dimensional location, translational velocity, translational acceleration, the three dimensional rotational velocity and quaternions describing the orientation of the axis of rotation. The measurements are the image plane coordinates of a set of known features. The perspective projection is used in deriving the measurement model. To account for modelling inaccuracies, zero mean white Gaussian noise is added to the plant model Since the object is assumed to be non-transparent, only the visible features from the set of feature points are used, thus eliminating the need to assume that all elements of the feature set are always visible. Occlusion of features due to parts of the object itself or any other passing object is thus addressed in the framework of the Extended and the Iterated Extended Kalman filter scheme. An extension to the model demonstrates the use of this approach to estimating motion parameters of multiple moving objects All experiments performed to test for validity, performance and robustness of this approach are done using simulations. Using simulation as a tool it is shown that this approach performs admirably well for pure translation, pure rotation and for objects undergoing both translation and rotation in all three dimensions even when all the features of the object are not visible in every image frame of the image sequence. Using the same tools it is shown that this approach performs adequately in cases where the object motion deviates from the plant model, in estimating motion parameters of more than one object in the field of view<br>acase@tulane.edu
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44

George, Jemin. "A Kalman filter approach to model-error control synthesis." 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1320956611&sid=15&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2007.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Nov. 09, 2007) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Crassidis, John L. Includes bibliographical references.
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Sarkar, Indranil. "Computationally efficient mismatched filter design for pulse compression codes." 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1515415281&sid=15&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2007.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 13, 2009) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Fam, Adly T. Includes bibliographical references.
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Cordero-Morales, Julio F. "Molecular determinants of gating at the potassium channel selectivity filter." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1801444121&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=3507&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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(8052491), Do hyeung Kim. "MULTI-TARGET TRACKING ALGORITHMS FOR CLUTTERED ENVIRONMENTS." Thesis, 2019.

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<div>Multi-target tracking (MTT) is the problem to simultaneously estimate the number of targets and their states or trajectories. Numerous techniques have been developed for over 50 years, with a multitude of applications in many fields of study; however, there are two most widely used approaches to MTT: i) data association-based traditional algorithms; and ii) finite set statistics (FISST)-based data association free Bayesian multi-target filtering algorithms. Most data association-based traditional filters mainly use a statistical or simple model of the feature without explicitly considering the correlation between the target behavior</div><div>and feature characteristics. The inaccurate model of the feature can lead to divergence of the estimation error or the loss of a target in heavily cluttered and/or low signal-to-noise ratio environments. Furthermore, the FISST-based data association free Bayesian multi-target filters can lose estimates of targets frequently in harsh environments mainly</div><div>attributed to insufficient consideration of uncertainties not only measurement origin but also target's maneuvers.</div><div>To address these problems, three main approaches are proposed in this research work: i) new feature models (e.g., target dimensions) dependent on the target behavior</div><div>(i.e., distance between the sensor and the target, and aspect-angle between the longitudinal axis of the target and the axis of sensor line of sight); ii) new Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density (GM-PHD) filter which explicitly considers the uncertainty in the measurement origin; and iii) new GM-PHD filter and tracker with jump Markov system models. The effectiveness of the analytical findings is demonstrated and validated with illustrative target tracking examples and real data collected from the surveillance radar.</div>
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Kumar, Anjani. "Design of colored-noise extended Kalman filter for vision-based navigation applications." 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251873331&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2007.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 05, 2007) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Crassidis, John L. Includes bibliographical references.
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Centinello, Frank J. "Analysis of the NED and ECEF covariance propagation for the navigational extended Kalman filter." 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1320956601&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2007.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Nov. 08, 2007) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Crassidis, John L. Includes bibliographical references.
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Vézina, Daniel. "Évaluation in vivo de filtres respiratoires anesthésiques pour leur efficacité de filtration bactérienne et mycobactérienne /." 1999. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=732051991&sid=31&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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