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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Financial Inclusion'
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1
Abrahams, Rayghana. "Financial inclusion in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13579.
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The research for this study was guided by the question on whether the financial inclusion improvement strategies of the South African government adequately address the financial inclusion targets, as set out in the National Development Plan. This descriptive non-empirical study was conducted by means of a literature review. The secondary data used for the study were collected from a number of sources, namely: (i) the 2015 Brookings Financial and Digital Inclusion Project report; (ii) the 2014 Global Findex survey; (iii) the InterMedia surveys; (iv) Financial Access surveys; (v) various national FinScope surveys; and (iv) a number of working papers of the World Bank related to financial inclusion. The data revealed that South Africa, with its sophisticated financial sector, was early to adopt policies and initiatives to advance financial inclusion and the country has experienced a noticeable increase in financial inclusion from 61% in 2004 to 87% in 2015. South Africa is 3% away from its National Development Plan goal of 90% financial inclusion by 2030. This indicates that overall, the financial inclusion initiatives adopted by the South African government were successful.
2
Collier, Benjamin L. "Financial Inclusion and Natural Disasters." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/14.
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This dissertation explores the implications of natural disaster risk for access to financial services, especially credit. Its results show that disasters can dramatically undermine the ability of financial intermediaries (FIs) to lend after an event, increasing the cost of the disaster and delaying recovery. Moreover, the risk of natural disasters discourages investment in vulnerable regions and economic sectors and so slows economic development. Financial risk transfer mechanisms such as insurance can help maintain lending following an event. While many international development projects have targeted disaster insurance markets to households, managing disaster-related credit risk may be done more effectively through insurance products for FIs. Additionally, prudential supervision and the credit risk rating methods of investors in developing and emerging economies are dominated by developed country standards that overlook natural disaster risks. Public and private interests align in the need to tailor such standards and so enhance the effectiveness with which vulnerable FIs manage disaster risk.
3
Yorulmaz, Recep. "Essays on global financial inclusion." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13014/.
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This thesis consists of three main essays on the global dimension of financial inclusion. These empirical analyses are different, yet related to each other. The main focus of the thesis is on constructing a broader multidimensional measure of financial inclusion as a composite index that can be used to assess the ease of and use of the access to financial markets. Additionally, as one of the main contributions of this study, access to other financial institutions such as microfinance institutions, post offices and cooperatives, has been added to the analysis to explore its impact on poverty and Islamic finance. The International Monetary Fund’s International Financial Statistics and Financial Access Survey databases, the World Bank’s Global Financial Development and Global Findex databases, and the survey data by Beck et al. (2006a) are used to collect the indicators of the indices. Using the broader multidimensional financial inclusion indices as a proxy of financial access, the study aims to assess the impact of financial inclusion on poverty reduction in the third chapter. In the next chapter, using the constructed financial inclusion indices as a proxy of financial exclusion, it aims to explore the impact of Islamic finance on financial exclusion to examine why our constructed financial inclusion indices are better measurements of financial access. Using the constructed indices in two different analyses, this thesis tests the arguments in studies that have made original contributions in the literature, to explore the predictability and comparability of these indices as the proxy of financial inclusion.
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Kelly, Sonja E. "Why financial inclusion policy and regulation?" Thesis, American University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10103328.
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This dissertation examines the reasons why low- and middle-income countries adopt financial inclusion policy and regulation. It does so starting with a quantitative model and ending with a comparative case study of the India and Mexico contexts. The quantitative model finds evidence that financial inclusion policy and regulation follows a state’s capacity and a state’s engagement with international organizations and peer states. The case of Mexico complicates these findings, challenging the causal direction of engagement with international organizations—Mexico uses international organizations both to emphasize the importance of financial inclusion policy and regulation within the country and to champion its position in the international community. The outlier case of India shows the prioritization of social inclusion at its extreme, displaying the role a social inclusion framework played even decades ago in creating a more inclusive banking sector. The dissertation concludes by articulating a road map for future scholarship, building on practitioner and international organization enthusiasm for the topic.
5
Abu, Seman J. "Financial inclusion : the role of financial system and other determinants." Thesis, University of Salford, 2016. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/42264/.
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The promotion of access to finance is considered as a top priority agenda in many countries. Finding the related and strong factors to enhance financial inclusion is therefore becoming crucial. Despite many studies on the factors associated with financial inclusion, the role of financial system has not been well explored. Leyshon & Thrift (1995) shed new lights on this issue by stating that “Although the criteria for exclusion may vary over time, the financial system has an inherent tendency to discriminate against poor and disadvantaged groups”. This thesis, therefore investigates the role of financial system and other determinants in shaping financial inclusion, based on institutional theory. The design of the study takes account two lacunae in our current understanding of this topic. Firstly, despite the fact that the financial inclusion literature is voluminous, it is perhaps surprising that relatively little research has been carried out on the effect of Islamic finance on financial inclusion, given its possible significant role as one of the contributing factors that creating and shaping financial inclusion. Empirically testing for the effect of Islamic financial sector (as proxied by Islamic banking presence) is challenging because the data on Islamic banking are imperfect since there is no single accepted definition of an Islamic bank nor is there a single and comprehensive database on it. To this juncture, our understanding in this field remains incomplete. Secondly, besides the role of financial system, empirical evidence on the other financial inclusion determinants is relatively lacking and far from conclusive. Notably, a direct or indirect relationships and significance levels are commonly observed. Under the notion of institutional theory, the institutional settings are heterogeneous, and therefore affect the institutional differences and in turn increased structure of the financial inclusion level. In response to these two major issues, this study employs empirical research methods, namely cross-sectional pooled regression, panel data regression, and quantile regression to analyze a set of samples consisting of 80 countries, drawn from the Financial Access Survey (FAS, 2011) over the years 2007 through 2011. The financial inclusion levels are estimated using the cumulative index of financial inclusion (CIFI) which is constructed based on Sarma (2008, 2010) method while the Islamic banking presence variables (i.e., the number, size and profitability of Islamic banks) are used to proxy for the countries’ type of financial system. Although not largely prevalent, using the Islamic banking presence as the proxy for Islamic financial sector has found some empirical support on its relationship with the incidence of financial inclusion. To a certain extent, this thesis presents fresh empirical evidence and renewed interpretation of the role of institutional settings in shaping financial inclusion. As far as the institutional theory is concerned, the use of quantile regression method in the present study represents a novel approach in further investigating the effects of the institutional settings on the levels of financial inclusion. The results reveal that the determinants of financial inclusion, particularly the institutional settings, are heterogeneous across the whole distribution of countries, consistent with the notion of heterogeneity as purported by Zucker (1987) and further extend the view that heterogeneity only evidenced within the organizational level. The findings demonstrate twofold; firstly, institutional settings are shaped and designed to be consistent with financial inclusion enhancement for both at lower and higher level of financial inclusion. Secondly, the quantile regression does not only further supports financial inclusion is institutionally-driven, but more importantly offers renewed insights on the heterogeneity aspect of the institutional theory.
6
ABOKYI, ERIC. "Remittances, financial inclusion, household consumption and welfare." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/291109.
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Questo studio è sostanzialmente suddiviso in due documenti di ricerca completamente sviluppati. Il primo capitolo ha esaminato l'impatto delle rimesse sulla disuguaglianza nell'accesso ai servizi finanziari nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Il set di dati per lo studio è stato costruito da diverse fonti, tra cui Global Findex, World Development Indicators, World Bank, FMI, The Worldwide Governance Indicators e il dataset delle Nazioni Unite sulla migrazione bilaterale. Pertanto, lo studio ha combinato fonti di dati di livello micro con informazioni di livello macro nell'analisi. Sulla base della disponibilità dei dati, lo studio ha coperto 102 paesi in via di sviluppo per tre anni, vale a dire 2011, 2014 e 2017. Lo studio ha utilizzato tecniche a effetti fissi con e senza variabili strumentali e, a scopo di robustezza, sono state utilizzate nell'analisi diverse definizioni di rimesse. Uno dei risultati chiave è che, sebbene non vi siano prove che le rimesse riducano la variazione complessiva nell'inclusione finanziaria nei paesi in via di sviluppo, riducono significativamente il divario di genere nell'inclusione finanziaria. Sulla base di tali risultati, lo studio ha formulato raccomandazioni politiche appropriate.
Il secondo capitolo è uno studio specifico per paese incentrato sul Ghana. Il capitolo ha esaminato l'impatto dell'inclusione finanziaria sul benessere delle famiglie in Ghana, concentrandosi in particolare su come l'inclusione finanziaria influenzi il comportamento di spesa delle famiglie. Lo studio ha utilizzato il set di dati più recente del Ghana Living Standard Survey (ovvero GLSS 7), che è stato raccolto nel 2016/2017. L'analisi è suddivisa in due parti: in primo luogo, è stato studiato l'impatto dell'inclusione finanziaria sul livello di spesa delle famiglie utilizzando la tecnica del propensity score matching (PSM). In secondo luogo, è stato esaminato anche l'impatto dell'inclusione finanziaria sulle quote di bilancio della spesa delle famiglie impiegando un approccio variabile strumentale e PSM per la robustezza. Ognuna di queste due analisi è stata ulteriormente condotta suddividendo il campione complessivo in sottocampioni, in cui è stato esaminato l'effetto dell'inclusione finanziaria sulle famiglie con capofamiglia femminile e sui loro omologhi maschili, e anche l'effetto sulle famiglie rurali e sulle loro controparti urbane. Alcuni dei principali risultati dello studio includono: (1) sia le quote di budget che le analisi del livello di spesa mostrano una relazione inversa tra l'inclusione finanziaria e il consumo alimentare delle famiglie (2) i due risultati mostrano anche che l'effetto dell'inclusione finanziaria è più forte effetti positivi sugli investimenti nell'istruzione per le famiglie con capofamiglia maschile rispetto alle controparti femminili, mentre anche le controparti femminili spendono di più per investimenti in abitazioni e beni di consumo durevoli; (3) È stato anche riscontrato che le famiglie rurali incluse finanziariamente deviano risorse dal consumo di cibo, beni di tentazione e altre categorie di beni agli investimenti in istruzione, alloggio e beni di consumo durevoli in base al risultato delle quote di bilancio. Sulla base dei risultati emersi sono state fornite adeguate raccomandazioni politiche.This study is broadly divided into two fully developed research papers. The first chapter examined the impact of remittances on inequality in access to financial services in developing countries. The dataset for the study was built from several sources, including Global Findex, World Development Indicators, World Bank, IMF, The Worldwide Governance Indicators and United Nations dataset on bilateral migration. Thus, the study combined micro-level data sources with macro-level information in the analysis. Based on data availability, the study covered 102 developing countries for three years, namely 2011, 2014 and 2017. The study employed fixed effects techniques with and without instrumental variables, and for robustness purpose different definitions of remittances were used in the analysis. One of the key findings is that while there is no evidence that remittances reduce overall variation in financial inclusion in developing countries, they significantly reduce the gender gap in financial inclusion. Based on such findings, the study made appropriate policy recommendations. The second chapter is a country specific study focused on Ghana. The chapter examined the impact of financial inclusion on household welfare in Ghana, by specifically focusing on how financial inclusion affects household expenditure behavior. The study used the most recent Ghana Living Standard Survey dataset (i.e. GLSS 7), which was collected in 2016/2017. The analysis is divided into two parts: first, the impact of financial inclusion on the level of household expenditure was investigated using propensity score matching (PSM) technique. Second, the impact of financial inclusion on household expenditure budget shares was also examined by employing an instrumental variable approach and PSM for robustness. Each of these two analyses were further performed by dividing the overall sample into subsamples, where the effect of financial inclusion on female-headed households and their male-counterparts was examined, and the effect on rural households and their urban counterparts was also investigated. Some of the major findings from the study include: (1) both the budget shares and the level of expenditure analyses show an inverse relationship between financial inclusion and household food consumption (2) the two results also show that the effect of financial inclusion yields stronger positive effects on investment in education for male-headed households compared to their female counterparts, while their female counterparts also spend more on investment in housing and consumer durables; (3) financially included rural households were also found to divert resources away from food consumption, temptation goods and the other goods category to investment in education, housing and consumer durables according to the budget shares result. Appropriate policy recommendations were provided based on the findings that emerged.
7
Kemal, Atika A. "Mobile banking for financial inclusion in Pakistan." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2016. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/701000/.
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Whilst the digitisation of government-to-person (G2P) payments, or government social cash, is becoming increasingly significant for governments to advance financial inclusion in developing countries, the role of mobile banking (m-banking) to promote this agenda remains under researched. The extant literature available on m-banking was delimited to person-to-person (P2P) payments that examined m-banking through an economic or technological lens from providers’ perspectives. Hence, in this study, I have used the Duality of Technology (DoT) as a socio-technical lens to analyse m-banking innovation from both providers’ and users’ perspectives. The methodology used was a case study of the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) in Pakistan that disbursed G2P payments to poor women only. The study aimed to investigate the influence of the external and internal institutional forces on the social construction of m-banking, how m-banking enabled and/or constrained programme managers and women beneficiaries, and the effects of m-banking on the institutional properties of poor households for structural transformation, or financial inclusion in BISP households in Pakistan. Primary data was collected from key participants located in the m-banking pilot sites of Islamabad and Rawalpindi in Pakistan. In total, 33 semi-structured interviews were conducted with BISP managers, women beneficiaries, bankers, mobile operator and international agency staff, and 2 focus groups were organised with women beneficiaries. Additionally, secondary data was drawn from company reports, official documents and formal and informal media sources. The qualitative data was thematically analysed, and the data collated from multiple sources and methods established the validity, credibility, trustworthiness and reliability of the conceptual outcomes in the case study. The findings, interpreted through DoT, disclosed that m-banking was socially constructed to meet managerial objectives, and being socially-embedded in the BISP context, it was transformative in enabling managers to achieve transparency, visibility, security and efficiency in delivering G2P payments. From women beneficiaries’ perspectives, m-banking provided flexibility and convenience to receive full payments, but embedded certain socio-economic, technological and human constraints that restricted their access to and usage of financially inclusive services that limited financial inclusion. However, owing to women’s empowerment and social change, social inclusion was perceived to be progressively transformative. Although the findings informed the DoT framework, we conclude that the Information Communications and Technology for Development (ICT4D) discourse was deterministic for beneficiaries, unless combined with the Capabilities vision. As contribution to the study, we shed light on how m-banking may be redesigned to embed resources to expand women beneficiaries’ capabilities and skills, in addition to, providing access to financial resources for steering micro-entrepreneurial activities. Also, financial and digital training should be imparted to beneficiaries to advance the inclusion agenda in Pakistan.
8
Kemal, Atika A. "Mobile banking for financial inclusion in Pakistan." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2016. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/701000/1/Kemal_2016.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Whilst the digitisation of government-to-person (G2P) payments, or government social cash, is becoming increasingly significant for governments to advance financial inclusion in developing countries, the role of mobile banking (m-banking) to promote this agenda remains under researched. The extant literature available on m-banking was delimited to person-to-person (P2P) payments that examined m-banking through an economic or technological lens from providers’ perspectives. Hence, in this study, I have used the Duality of Technology (DoT) as a socio-technical lens to analyse m-banking innovation from both providers’ and users’ perspectives. The methodology used was a case study of the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) in Pakistan that disbursed G2P payments to poor women only. The study aimed to investigate the influence of the external and internal institutional forces on the social construction of m-banking, how m-banking enabled and/or constrained programme managers and women beneficiaries, and the effects of m-banking on the institutional properties of poor households for structural transformation, or financial inclusion in BISP households in Pakistan.
Primary data was collected from key participants located in the m-banking pilot sites of Islamabad and Rawalpindi in Pakistan. In total, 33 semi-structured interviews were conducted with BISP managers, women beneficiaries, bankers, mobile operator and international agency staff, and 2 focus groups were organised with women beneficiaries. Additionally, secondary data was drawn from company reports, official documents and formal and informal media sources. The qualitative data was thematically analysed, and the data collated from multiple sources and methods established the validity, credibility, trustworthiness and reliability of the conceptual outcomes in the case study.
The findings, interpreted through DoT, disclosed that m-banking was socially constructed to meet managerial objectives, and being socially-embedded in the BISP context, it was transformative in enabling managers to achieve transparency, visibility, security and efficiency in delivering G2P payments. From women beneficiaries’ perspectives, m-banking provided flexibility and convenience to receive full payments, but embedded certain socio-economic, technological and human constraints that restricted their access to and usage of financially inclusive services that limited financial inclusion. However, owing to women’s empowerment and social change, social inclusion was perceived to be progressively transformative. Although the findings informed the DoT framework, we conclude that the Information Communications and Technology for Development (ICT4D) discourse was deterministic for beneficiaries, unless combined with the Capabilities vision. As contribution to the study, we shed light on how m-banking may be redesigned to embed resources to expand women beneficiaries’ capabilities and skills, in addition to, providing access to financial resources for steering micro-entrepreneurial activities. Also, financial and digital training should be imparted to beneficiaries to advance the inclusion agenda in Pakistan.
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Mahalika, Ratema David. "Investigating the relationship between financial inclusion and poverty in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7990.
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Masters of CommerceThe literature on financial inclusion and poverty connections has received considerable attention recently. There exist a scarcity of local studies examining the relationship between financial inclusion (FI) and poverty. Precisely, there is a lack of local studies who previously used FinScope data to investigate the mentioned relationship in South Africa. This study is motivated to fill the gap. To achieve the aims, the study will source data from FinScope (a secondary data) for the periods of 2011 and 2016. The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke indices were used to measure the level of poverty, while the lower-bound poverty (LBPL) line was used to differentiate the poor from the non-poor. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was also applied to derive the financial inclusion index (FII). Probit regressions were run to measure the likelihood of being poor and being financially excluded. Ordinary Least Squares were run to identify the nature of the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. Lastly, bivariate regression was also run to test the relationship between poverty and financial exclusion. The empirical findings indicated that the South African financial system is inclusive. Unemployment and financial language restricted financial service access. The frequently used financial services were borrowing and funeral cover. Black African female with low education residing in rural areas and unemployed were poorer. The rich elderly white man from the urban areas of the Western Cape and Gauteng who are highly educated, were more likely to be financially included. The regression analysis showed that the female was more likely to be financially included yet poor. It is also found that Gauteng residents were less likely to be poor. Also, individuals from a bigger household were less likely to be excluded. The other results showed that individuals with higher real per capita income enjoyed much lower probability of being financially excluded, and they are mainly white individuals living in urban areas.
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Tverezovskaа, O., Олексій Олександрович Захаркін, Алексей Александрович Захаркин, Oleksii Oleksandrovych Zakharkin, Лариса Степанівна Отрощенко, Лариса Степановна Отрощенко, and Larysa Stepanivna Otroshchenko. "Financial inclusion as a driver for the financial security provision in Ukraine." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2019. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77664.
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According to the practice of developed countries, one of the main drivers of
financial security is the implementation of the principles of financial inclusion, which
is an extension of access of ordinary citizens and other participants of business
process to financial products and services, regardless of income, age, place of
residence or type of activity.
This approach greatly expands the long-established economic growth patterns
and focuses on the equality, importance, uniqueness and value of each economic
entity for society, as well as introducing opportunities to further delectations of their
own needs.
11
Moyo, Onesimo Mazai. "The nexus between financial inclusion and financial development in Zimbabwe (2009-2015)." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29075.
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The study aims to establish the nexus between financial inclusion and financial development in Zimbabwe covering the period from 2009 to 2015. Using descriptive statistics including correlation analysis, t-tests, and graphical analysis, the study revealed that there is a positive relationship between financial inclusion and financial development. The study however established that the relationship is relatively weak. The positive relationship is being driven by expansion of the banking sector into previously marginalised and unbanked markets, riding on the increase in financial and mobile technology based banking products. The weak relationship is explained by the current high levels of financial exclusion and the increasing levels of financial dis-intermediation occurring in Zimbabwe. This is further explained by high levels of informalisation of the economy and the deterioration in the microeconomic environment which then resulted in cash shortages and creation of quasi-currencies with the potential to further dent market confidence. People then preferred to transact outside the formal financial system. The study further established that financial inclusion, through mobile and financial technology has great potential to support financial development in Zimbabwe. This is premised on the established high mobile penetration rate and the impact that mobile and financial technology has had on financial inclusion in the short period since 2012. It is also established that the negative governance factors, (as ranked by the World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI)), such as political stability, rule of law, regulatory quality and government effectiveness had largely a strong and significant relationship with financial inclusion and financial development. These negative governance factors need to be addressed by policy makers because they have the potential to inhibit local and international trust and market confidence in Zimbabwe's financial system. The loss of trust and market confidence impacts negatively on effective execution of both financial inclusion and financial development goals. It is imperative that interventions to leverage financial development through financial inclusion must embrace developments in the financial technology and mobile technology sectors due to the high mobile penetration rate and potential to lower transaction costs and foster financial inclusion. Policy makers must devise regulatory policies that foster infrastructure sharing, interoperability and interconnectivity of MNOs mobile and financial technology platforms to increase levels of financial inclusion and financial development. The established nexus makes it imperative that a national financial inclusion strategy must be complemented by a supportive financial development strategy for optimum results.
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Dragoş, Alin S. "Impact of Blockchain technology on US financial inclusion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111462.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 58-59).
This paper describes how blockchain technology alters the dynamic within financial services and focuses on the impact on US financial inclusion. First, I provide an overview of the financial services industry and the issues associated with financial inclusion. Second, I provide a framework for reviewing blockchains. Lastly, I take an in-depth look at the economics of offering checking accounts, and identify approaches for how blockchains will redefine the value chain in financial services. Blockchain technology brings new avenues for companies within the payments value chain to work more closely together to reduce costs for all parties involved. Banks are leading the way in exploring how blockchains will make them more efficient. By partnering with merchants, banks stand to make the most out of the lower costs to network securely promised by blockchains. In this process, banks set themselves up to offer no-fee checking accounts to all consumers, without taking a loss on each account, as they do today. Banks' ability to profitably offer no-fee checking to unbanked and underbanked customers is the key to increasing financial inclusion in the US, and ultimately across the globe.
by Alin S. Dragos.
S.M.
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Hasheela, Elisa Tulipohamba. "Access to finance and financial inclusion in Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97405.
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study seeks to analyse the financial sector’s (commercial banks and the Bank of Namibia) policy interventions towards creating an inclusive financial system. To achieve this the objective of this study is in three folds, firstly to examine the level and extent of financial inclusiveness in Namibia, secondly to evaluate financial sector (commercial banks and the Bank of Namibia) policies to ascertain their effectiveness in promoting access to finance in Namibia, and thirdly to review international experiences to provide key learning lessons for Namibia’s financial system improvement.
It is important that the problems associated with the high level of financial exclusion are understood. Through an analysis of the theoretical information and empirical results it is possible to establish how to improve financial inclusion which is critical for development and economic growth.
Financial Inclusion (FI) has become a key pillar of development policy in a number of countries around the world on account of the fact that exclusive development is not sustainable. The paper explored the role of Mobile Money Services (MMS) in enhancing financial inclusion. The study was motivated by the proliferation of mobile phones amongst low income earners, the prepaid billing system sensitive to users’ incomes, adoption of ICT by government and the private sector that has enhanced e-commerce readiness of Uganda, as well as the launch of three Mobile Money Services in the country. A qualitative analysis of the web content of the three MMS providers was undertaken and focused on issues related to services provided; transaction charges; number of registered customers; number and volume of transactions; stakeholders; user interfaces and security; institutional relationships; policy and regulation; as well as appropriateness of the current business model(s). The findings indicate that while the MMS have enormous potential to enhance FI, it would require an open business model that involves all stakeholders to establish a truly national solution. Furthermore, the initial contribution of MMS to FI is in improving money transfer by lowering the transaction costs for small volumes. As a way forward, the regulatory authorities need to establish a legal framework that does not stifle innovation but ensures safety for customers’ savings.
From the literature it becomes clear that there are various advantages associated with inclusive financial system. Various studies have demonstrated the positive correlation between financial inclusion and economic growth and poverty alleviation.
Most of the data used in the study were collected by means of desk review for secondary data. Various articles and annual reports of commercial banks and regulators were analysed to provide an overview of the current state of financial inclusion in Namibia. However, primary data were also used to analyse the current initiatives of the commercial banks.
The study finds that there are policy interventions that are in place and are being pursued by various players aimed at improving the public access to financial services. Results of the recently published FinMark2011 Survey report also indicate that 51 percent of adults are now included in the financial system compared to 31 percent recorded during the 2007 survey.
Finally the study’s recommendations highlight various initiatives and activities which different stakeholders should undertake to improve the level of financial inclusion in the economy.
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Thatho, Teboho. "Mobile Money and Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Lesotho." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33050.
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This study seeks to examine the relationship between mobile money and financial inclusion in Lesotho in order to assess the viability of mobile money as a tool for advancing Lesotho's financial inclusion agenda. The study uses a number of deposit bank accounts as a proxy for financial inclusion (FI) and a dependent variable in three vector autoregression (VAR) bivariate models. Each of the three mobile money variables; number of mobile money registered accounts (MMC), number of agents (MMA) and volumes of mobile money transactions (MMT) are regressed against financial inclusion to investigate the relationship with each. The results indicate that among the three proxies of mobile money, only two have a relationship with financial inclusion: MMC and MMT. MMA does not show any relationship with financial inclusion. The relationship between FI and MMT is one-way from FI to MMT, which is not important for the purpose of this study. The MMC relationship with FI is the opposite of that of MMT and FI. There is a positive causal relationship from MMC to FI, indicating the positive influence of mobile money accounts of financial inclusion. The paper recommends that the government of Lesotho creates an enabling regulatory environment that supports the adoption and growth of mobile money in order to improve financial inclusion.
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Mosongo, Fiona. "Factoring as tool of financial inclusion in Kenya." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7916.
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Magister Legum - LLMA popular difficulty that all SMEs have had to face is limited access to finance. The fact that banks are not prepared to finance small businesses, has exacerbated the existing 'financing gap' in the small and medium-sized business which is already present in the SME industry. In an analysis of small and medium business are faced with a myriad of difficulties often as a result of restrictions in current collateral systems that do not offer a viable degree of risk mitigation due to ineffectual legislation, insufficient enforcement procedures, or an existing legal structure.1 All of these have therefore made factoring a great choice as far as SMEs go in all African countries that want to have access to financial services. Factoring is the service that, in order to provide the underlying credit sales of goods or services (known as a factor), is provided by a third-party.
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Yengeni, Sandisiwe. "Myth or magic: the impact of financial technology on financial inclusion in Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33067.
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With the worldwide focus on financial inclusion to decrease poverty levels by banking the unbanked, understanding how to facilitate the banking of the previously unbanked in developing countries has become a globally topical issue. To contribute to this discussion from the perspective of Africa, the following paper endeavours to compute financial inclusion indices (FII) for 36 African countries. The paper leverages a model developed by Cámara and Tuesta (2014), using a two-stage Principal Component Analysis with definitions for financial inclusion variables from Sarma (2008). Upon computing the indices, we then endeavour to study the relationship between financial technology (fintech) and financial inclusion by running a regression analysis between fintech variables and the financial inclusion indices. As expected, we find that the highest financial inclusion levels are in the Southern and East African regions, with the lowest in Central Africa. The introduction of mobile money has had a significant impact on financial inclusion levels, particularly in East Africa. Our analysis also finds that the usage variable is critical in understanding the depth of financial inclusion. While this is so, there is still a great need for improvements across financial access, usage and availability in Africa. The regression analysis confirms this assessment, showing that overall, the use of mobile accounts has a positive and significant relationship with financial inclusion. At the same time, the use of digital payments for existing accounts also improves financial inclusion but to a lesser extent. The distinction between the impact of mobile banking and digital payments is an important one given that ownership of mobile banking increases the number of people with access to financial services while using digital payments merely deepens and enhances the usage of existing account holders. Macroeconomic factors of economic growth and banking sector development also are significant for financial inclusion, though to a lesser degree. This paper recommends the study of what impacts the sub-indices both positively and negatively, and how countries can maximise each sub-index, as it is an important focus area for policymakers who are looking to improve financial inclusion levels for their respective countries. We further recommend the development of a unified taxonomy on financial inclusion and its measurements. The role of policymakers would be to propel forward the formulation of this taxonomy, working with all the relevant stakeholders.
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Arora, Rashmi. "Digital financial services, gendered digital divide and financial inclusion: Evidence from South Asia." Routledge, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18320.
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Di, Castri Simone <1980>. "Policy and regulatory solutions for financial inclusion: from microfinance to financial consumer protection." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3028/1/Simone-di_Castri-Policy_and_Regulatory_Solutions_for_Financial_Inclusion.pdf.
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Di, Castri Simone <1980>. "Policy and regulatory solutions for financial inclusion: from microfinance to financial consumer protection." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3028/.
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Brooks, Laura. "Financial inclusion in South Africa: a quasi-experimental approach." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12186.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
A regressive discontinuity was implemented on the National Income Dynamics Study data in order to assess the impact of an exogenous increase in income, simulated by pension eligibility on the composition of low-income individuals' financial portfolio composition. This was done to facilitate an investigation into the determinants of demand for various formal and informal financial instruments. It was confirmed that this substantial increase in income has a significant effect on the composition of poor individuals' financial portfolios. In addition, several trends emerged: most notable, a stark difference between the response of males and females to this increase in income. It was concluded that the approach of this study provides an effective way to heighten our understanding of the financial lives of the poor, and so to enhance our efforts to alleviate poverty and inequality in South Africa.
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Kiptorus, Joan Jesang. "Digital financial inclusion: determinants of M-Shwari in Kenya." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32330.
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Kenya has experienced unprecedented levels of growth in terms of mobile phone penetration and technological advancement, which is boosting financial sector development and subsequently spurring on economic growth. A report published by the Communications Authority of Kenya reported mobile phone penetration at 90.4%, with 41 million mobile phone subscribers as at December 2017. On the back of this, Kenya has made great strides in financial inclusion and with an overall score of 86%, received the top award for inclusive financial services from the Brookings Institution's 2017 Financial and Digital Inclusion Project. This was further reinforced by Financial Sector Deepening Kenya's findings that between 2006 and 2016, the number of fully excluded adults fell from 40% of the population to 17% of the population. One of the technological advancements that is helping bridge the financial inclusion gap is M-Shwari, a mobile banking product launched in Kenya in November 2012, through a collaborative effort between Safaricom and Commercial Bank of Africa. M-Shwari is available to M-Pesa customers and allows users to save and borrow from their mobile phones while earning interest on money saved. This study examined the determinants of M-Shwari usage for deposits and accessing loans. The study was conducted in the Kibera slum in Nairobi County in Kenya and used structured questionnaires to collect data over a six-month period (June 2017–December 2017). The target population was 250 000 persons, with an ultimate sample of 146 individuals. The study employed the Ordinary Least Squares regression technique to examine the drivers of financial inclusion, defined as the number of loans and deposits taken over the past six months on the M-Shwari platform, given respondents' gender, age, education, income, employment and number of dependants. Linear regressions were used to analyse the data. The logistic model was also employed to examine the likelihood of depositing with M-Shwari. The analysis reveals that women have a greater likelihood of using the M-Shwari service, which may indicate that mobile-based interventions could help bridge the gender gap in financial inclusion. While it was found that those who are employed have an increased likelihood of utilisation of the deposit M-Shwari feature, the assessment of determinants of M-Shwari deposits indicate that those who are employed are less likely to deposit money in M-Shwari. This may be due to the plethora of options at their disposal that offer superior benefits over and above those offered by M-Shwari. Education was also a significant determinant and the study found that those with higher levels of education were more likely to use the deposit feature of M-Shwari, but less likely to use the loan feature. The implication of this could be that those who were better educated were in a better position to weigh the pros and cons of loans from M-Shwari versus other sources. While an increase in income increased overall use of the M-Shwari service, a number of dependants linked to pressures on income meant that individuals with a higher number of dependants were less likely to deposit money with the M-Shwari service but more likely to borrow from the service to supplement their income.
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Arthur-Iweze, Ifeanyi Jane. "The Impact of Financial Inclusion on the Nigerian Economy." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33672.
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Financial inclusion remains a critical issue for developing economies such as Nigeria, where the focus of the government is to bring all economic units into the pool of the country's financial system. The rate of financial inclusion is an economic yardstick that cannot be discounted and one which remains a clear focal point of different inter-governmental efforts and policy. On one hand, there is the realisation that a low rate of financial inclusion means that a huge percentage of the population rarely has access to the kind of financial services that can take them out of poverty. As a contemporary discourse, this research seeks to assess the impact of financial inclusion on the development of the economy; arguing on the premise that proxy indicators in existing research have failed to provide a clear picture on the impact of financial inclusion on the economy, thereby failing to provide stakeholders with a strong motivation to pursue financial inclusiveness in the country. The focus of the study is to assess the effect of financial inclusion on income inequality and economic growth. To achieve this objective the study leverages on data spanning a period of 34 years (1981 to 2016), based on data generated from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and the World Bank Development Indicators. Using the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM),Unit Root Analysis and the Co-Integration analytical framework, the findings indicated that the short and longrun relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth in Nigeria show that the current values of the variables were not significant. Regarding the relationship between financial inclusion and income inequality in Nigeria, the short-run result revealed that only the past values of loans to rural areas and number of commercial bank branches appears to be significant, while at the long-run, the lagged value of gross domestic product per capital, commercial bank deposits and loans to rural areas were found to be statistically significant. The study further notes that financial inclusiveness was a precursor for economic growth in Nigeria. It is on this basis that the study recommends among others that; there is the need to increase loans to the rural areas by at least 50% this can be done through moral suasion to boost the economic activities in the rural areas, improve their aggregate demand, and ultimately their standard of living. There is also the need to engage more workforce in the rural areas to close the inequality gap prevalent in the country.
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López, Urresta Tania Lorena [Verfasser]. "Microfinance institutions and financial inclusion / Tania Lorena López Urresta." Frankfurt am Main : Frankfurt School of Finance & Management gGmbH, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202722784/34.
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Danho, Sargon, and Yonathan Habte. "Blockchain for Financial Inclusion and Mobile Financial Services : A study in sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264126.
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Financial services have historically been offered by central entities which has put financial systems in the control of a number of central parties. Some argue that this centralization has contributed to a more unequal distribution of wealth. However, during more recent time with the emergence of blockchain, traditional perspectives on transparency and democratization have shifted. Increasing financial inclusion has been highlighted as a crucial step in decreasing poverty levels and blockchain has been discussed as a technology with a potential to make a difference in this ambition. This study will focus on sub-Saharan Africa where 550 million individuals lack access to financial services despite having access to mobile phones. As a consequence of this, mobile financial services boomed in sub-Saharan Africa, starting in Kenya. This study will therefore focus on mobile financial services and more precisely on the perceived usefulness of blockchain technology for the mobile financial services. Furthermore, the study aims to explore what role blockchain can play in further increasing financial inclusion in the region. This was done by conducting several interviews with people representing start-ups, government agencies, telco companies during a research trip to South Africa and by participation in the Blockchain Africa Conference 2019 in Cape town. The findings from the research show that blockchain is perceived as useful for mobile financial services, mainly because of its ability to reduce costs by removing intermediaries, to automate processes and to create decentralized trust. However, it was also found that the usefulness is negatively affected today due to the lack of common protocols and definitions, which makes it difficult for blockchain to yet make a real difference in increasing financial inclusion.Finansiella tjänster har historiskt sätt tillhandahållits med hjälp av centraliserad datalagring genom pålitliga intermediärer såsom banker och försäkringsbolag. Detta har satt det finansiella systemet i kontroll av några få centrala aktörer vilket somliga menar har ökat den ekonomisk ojämlikheten. På senare tid, i samband med blockkedjeteknologins framväxt, har synen på demokrati och transparens skiftat. Ökad finansiell inkludering har lyfts fram som avgörande för att minska fattigdomen. Blockkedjeteknologin har framhävts att ha potential att göra skillnad i detta arbete. Denna studie fokuserar på Subsahariska Afrika där 550 miljoner individer saknar tillgång till finansiella tjänster trots att de har tillgång till mobiltelefoner. Att erbjuda mobila finansiella tjänster är viktigt för att möjliggöra finansiell inkludering. Studien ämnar därför att undersöka upplevd användbarhet av blockkedjeteknologi för mobila finansiella tjänster och hur tekniken kan utöka finansiell inkludering i kontinenten. Detta har delvis gjorts genom en forskningsresa till Sydafrika där flertalet intervjuer utfördes med personer som representerar startupbolag, regeringen, telekombranschen och den akademiska världen. Resultaten från studien visar att blockkedjeteknologin upplevs vara användbar för mobila finansiella tjänster, främst på grund av dess förmåga att sänka kostnaderna genom att ta bort mellanhänder, automatisera processer samt skapa säkra decentraliserade system. Däremot måste standardiserade protokoll och definitioner måste utvecklas innan detta kan realiseras. Fram till dess kommer det att vara svårt för blockkedjeteknolgi att göra en verklig skillnad i ökad finansiell inkludering.
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Heenkenda, Shirantha. "Inequalities in the Financial Inclusion in Sri Lanka: An Assessment of the Functional Financial Literacy." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19506.
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Kamanga, Tayina. "The role of financial literacy in financial inclusion in emerging markets: evidence from South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29086.
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Despite all the efforts and initiatives put in place by governments and development finance institutions to improve financial inclusion, two billion people in the world remain unbanked. The majority of the unbanked population is in the developing countries and mostly in the Sub-Saharan region. This is of huge concern to many governments and their international development partners because it hinders inclusive economic growth. It is argued that consumers can only use products and /or services if they have enough knowledge about these. According to the 2014 World Bank Global Findex database, only 33% of the adults worldwide are financially literate and this average even goes down to 13% in developing countries. It is, therefore, imperative to improve financial literacy of the consumers to increase meaningful participation in the financial sector especially in developing countries. As such it is necessary to understand the relationship between financial literacy and financial inclusion within the Sub–Saharan region. Most of the previous researches in the area of study have been conducted in developed countries and most of them have focused on either the relationship between financial literacy and the demographic factors, or the relationship between financial inclusion and demographic factors. Very few studies have investigated the direct link between financial literacy aspects and financial inclusion indicators. This study accordingly investigates the link between financial literacy and financial inclusion. The study also investigates how socio-demographic and economic characteristics affect financial literacy levels of individuals. Due to the availability of reliable data in South Africa the study uses evidence from South Africa using data collected by the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). The main results of the study indicate that use /ownership of financial products is positively and significantly related to financial literacy. The results also indicate that geographical location, age and education attainment have an influence on an individual being financially literate and financially included, but there is no evidence to suggest that living standard measure has an impact on either financial literacy or financial inclusion. The implications of the results of this study are important because they highlight the focus areas for policy makers to achieve optimal results in financial literacy and financial inclusion. In addition, the study adds to the body of knowledge an analysis of a direct link between financial literacy and financial inclusion in an emerging market using widely accepted indicators and a more diverse and nationally representative sample. The study concludes that increasing financial literacy levels would increase the uptake of financial products/services. Based on the results of the study, this research presents conclusions, policy recommendations and recommendations for further research studies that are necessary to improve aspects of financial literacy and financial inclusion.
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Muthu, B. Chinna [Verfasser], and S. John [Verfasser] Gabriel. "Empowering Rural People through financial Inclusion and financial Counselling / B. Chinna Muthu, S. John Gabriel." München : GRIN Verlag, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219144479/34.
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Sha'ban, Mais. "Three essays on bank capital structure, performance, and financial inclusion." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23592/.
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This thesis consists of three empirical essays on contemporary issues related to the banking and financial sector, particularly banks’ capital, performance, and financial inclusion. The first essay investigates the determinants of bank capital structure taking into account the impact of the crisis, banks’ systemic size and risks. Using a sample of the European Economic Area’s listed banks over 2005-2014, we find that equity capital is negatively associated with size and positively with profits, market-to-book ratio, dividends, and market return volatility risk; while credit risk does not seem to significantly affect banks’ capital structure decisions. Moreover, we find a positive relationship between equity capital and banks’ reputational risk related to Environmental Social Governance issues. The second essay explores the relationship between financial inclusion and bank performance proxied by a CAMEL-based performance index constructed using principal component analysis. We use alternative measures of financial inclusion, and distinguish between high and low income countries for 131 countries over 2005-2014. Our evidence shows that bank performance is negatively associated with credit deepening and positively with the number of ATMs. However, we find a positive association between different indicators of financial inclusion and bank performance in low income countries. The third essay develops a multidimensional financial inclusion index using principal component analysis for a sample of 95 countries over the period 2004-2015. The financial inclusion index shows an overall progress over the sample period, most markedly in the accessibility and usage dimensions. Examining country-specific factors that explain differences in the level of financial inclusion, we find that higher banking system competition, financial freedom, and capital stringency are associated with higher financial inclusion. Additionally, the level of human development, gender inequality, and education matters greatly in explaining the variation in financial inclusion across countries.
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Mndolwa, Florence D. "Determinants of gender disparities in financial inclusion: insights from Tanzania." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27332.
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This study uses a nationally representative sample of individuals from Finscope survey 2013 to empirically investigate the determinants of gender disparities in financial inclusion in Tanzania. Using logit regression, the study tests whether an individual's gender affects financial inclusion. Subsequently the study evaluates the relationship between individual's characteristics and the uptake of financial services and products by gender. The results provide evidence to suggest that gender disparities in financial inclusion are only prevalent in the uptake to formal savings and formal credit but not access to formal financial accounts and mobile money accounts. Being a woman decreases the likelihood of saving while increasing the likelihood of borrowing at a formal financial institution by 17% and 2% respectively. Gender disparities in financial inclusion in Tanzania are caused by women being poorer, less educated, less employed, and more dependent than men. More women than men have no formal education hence decreasing their likelihood of accessing formal financial accounts by 58.4%. Employment is the strongest determinant increasing women's financial inclusion by 25% however fewer women are formally employed. While women have a higher propensity to save than men, they lack independence to make financial decisions, have lower financial and digital literacy and have lower mobile phone ownership to access mobile money accounts. The study recommends the Tanzania National Council for Financial Inclusion (TNCFI) to; incorporate gender targets in the financial sector and encourage gender mainstreaming in other sectors; and through engagement with other stakeholders, scale up informal financial services by integrating them with digital platforms to increase access to formal accounts. Finally, it is recommended that TNCFI boosts implementation of the National Financial Education Framework in efforts to increase women's financial capabilities and empower them to take up formal financial services.
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Choudhury, Mohammad Sadiqunnabi. "Financial inclusion and livelihood dynamics : evidence from northeast rural Bangladesh." Thesis, University of East London, 2015. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/4626/.
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The study focuses on rural livelihoods in the northeast region of Bangladesh highlighting two important aspects: household strategies and financial intervention. It uses participatory methods and quantitative evidence to understand the livelihood dynamics and the extent of financial inclusion in livelihood securities. In the broader context of vulnerability, the study focuses particularly on vulnerability to risk related shocks and the strategic uses of livelihood assets in combating such risks. The livelihood strategies include income-generating activities, risk coping strategies and the role of institutions in confronting vulnerability. Households develop coping and adaptation strategies to manage risks using various resources available. Strengthening the capacity often needs resilience building with self-efforts and external interventions in order to nullify the impacts of shocks and hazards. Given the vulnerability context, the study investigates how rural people deal with risks to achieve livelihood securities. Findings show that rural people handle minor risks by self-insurance mechanism including cash on hand and household savings. They manage intermediate risks through community or market-based arrangements including borrowing from moneylender or MFIs. For major risks such as flood and cyclone, they often urge for government or donor support. Household’s coping capacity depends on the appropriateness of risk management tools and strength of the households (resilient, weak or fragile). Adaptation and resilience to risks largely depend on household’s resource base and external interventions. Financial inclusion is one of the major external interventions in rural livelihoods. Rural people consider financial intermediation as avital instrument among available livelihood interventions. However, actual role of financial instruments is underutilized, as financial inclusion is incomplete in rural areas. This research identifies some financial inclusion gaps in the northeast rural Bangladesh. To minimise inclusion gaps, the study recommends raising the scale and outreach of banking and financial services through cost-effective means such as agent banking or mobile financial services (MFS). There are potential barriers to those technology-led financial services. For sustainable livelihood security, rural people need these obstacles eliminated.
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Mazumder, S. (Srabonty). "The impact of financial inclusion on economic growth:a literature review." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201911223157.
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Abstract. Financial inclusion is a process of ensuring the ease access of accessible, available and affordable formal financial service for all adult people of an economy. It is one of the most important prerequisites to economic development. The importance of financial inclusion is now recognized by international as well as national bodies. This thesis is concentrated on explaining how it impacts on economic growth base of previous empirical research work. This thesis work reviews a total of 12 studies that are done by different researchers and the study aims to review that papers on how financial inclusion serves as a mean of inclusive growth.
The first part of the thesis is containing the theoretical aspect of financial inclusion, the importance of it, barriers, relationship with growth and how to measure it. The next part gives an overview of financial inclusion. The final part, research findings is the main part of this thesis. In this part, within three-section, numerous studies have been reviewed. 1st section has reviewed the positive impact of four-panel and cross-sectional’s studies. 2nd section also has reviewed the positive impact of different time series and individual country level literature. The last have section reviews negative results between financial inclusion and economic growth.
Most of the researchers recommended that policy play a vital role to increase the network branches, dissemination of financial services and eliminate all barriers to access financial service to ensure economically sustainable derived from financial inclusion. Other hands, lack of transparency, frail stock market, weak financial system, lack of transparency, and lack of financial system are responsible for negative impact on growth.
All of the studies found a relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth. Some studies found positive and some got a negative result. So, it is could be concluded that financial inclusion has an impact on economic growth.
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Malekano, Shamiso. "Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Call for Financial Inclusion." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32536.
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This dissertation proposes an Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) for Sub-Saharan Africa and then uses the developed index to investigate the significance of the relationship between financial inclusion and economic development and growth. This is important because there is no consensus in the literature on how to measure financial inclusion or on the direction of the causal relationship between financial inclusion and economic development or growth. This dissertation aims to contribute to these two debates whilst focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa, where development (potentially encouraged by financial inclusion) is desperately needed. The IFI for Sub-Saharan Africa is arrived at by first determining those dimensions of financial inclusion that are important for the countries in the region. This was done through a text analysis of National Financial Inclusion Strategies (NFISs) of 13 Sub- Saharan African countries overlaid on a detailed literature review. Access, Usage and Quality are the key dimensions for measuring levels of financial inclusion in the region. Thereafter, appropriate variables for the measurement of those dimensions were identified and combined using different methodologies: the simple geometric mean method, the inverse Euclidean distance method and, lastly, the factor analysis method. The relationship between the developed index and economic development and growth is tested using correlations and regression analyses. It was demonstrated that the IFI fits the NFISs of Sub-Saharan African countries and is practically executable. This implies that the IFI is perhaps more appropriate to be used in the region than the global measures previously proposed. Weak correlations between the IFI and economic development or growth were found. These last tests were hampered by small sample sizes and thus the causation debate, mentioned in the motivation paragraph, could not be resolved. However, the proposed IFI for Sub- Saharan Africa shows potential.
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Cobos, Ortiz Darwin, and Leonardo Richard Antonio Kill. "El paradigma de la inclusión financiera de las MIPYMES peruanas." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626343.
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En este trabajo se analiza el porqué del incipiente crecimiento de las Mipymes peruanas a pesar de las iniciativas del gobierno para dar lugar a la inclusión financiera como herramienta principal para generar el desarrollo de las microempresas, pequeñas y medianas empresas. En efecto, el financiamiento adecuado es una de las principales barreras del crecimiento empresarial entre otros factores como los costos e impuestos a los que se someten. Por lo tanto, resulta prioritario canalizar los fondos que ya se han logrado captar con el propósito de impulsar el crecimiento de las Mipymes para lograr una economía fortalecida. Actualmente, a pesar de que el gobierno cuenta con estos fondos disponibles y ha creado una metodología para asignarlos, se ha demostrado, a través de los resultados económicos, que los ratios como la PEA, los valores de exportación, la recolección de impuestos, entre otros, no son los esperados para responder a los planes estratégicos. El estudio nos ha permitido identificar debilidades y fortalezas en la estructuración de la llamada inclusión financiera, no sólo en el Perú sino a nivel de América Latina. Tomando en cuenta los resultados, se puede decir que existen deficiencias en la estructura de las instituciones gubernamentales que tienen la misión de impulsar la inclusión financiera, denotándose la poca experiencia en la creación de centros de desarrollo empresarial, los que deberían congregar instituciones con recursos humanos especializados para gestionarlos y aprovechar las redes para generar beneficios mutuos con una cobertura eficiente de cara al desarrollo económico del país.This paper analyzes the reason for the incipient growth of the Peruvian MSMEs, despite the government's initiatives to create financial inclusion as the main program to generate the development of micro, small and medium enterprises. Indeed, adequate financing is one of the main barriers to business growth, among other factors such as the costs and taxes. Therefore, it is a priority to manage the funds that have already been gained in order to promote the growth of MSMEs to achieve a strengthened economy. Currently, although the government has these available funds and has created a methodology to allocate them, it has been revealed, through economic results, that the ratios such as the economically active population, the export values, the collection of taxes, among others are not responding to strategic plans. The study has allowed us to identify weaknesses and strengths in the structuring of the so-called financial inclusion programs, not only in Peru but also in Latin America. Taking into account the results, it can be affirmed that there are deficiencies in the structure of the governmental institutions that, originally have the mission of facilitating financial inclusion, denoting the little experience to generate business development centers, which should gather institutions with specialized human resources to manage them and take advantage of the networks to generate mutual benefits with an efficient level of coverage for the economic development of the country.
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Bodlani, Lelethu Lithakazi. "The impact of spatial inequality on financial inclusion in South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8381.
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Magister Commercii - MComInequality in South Africa has long been recognised as one of the most salient features of our society. Despite many efforts by the government to reduce inequality since our democratic transition in 1994, progress has been limited. The historic patterns of accumulation and economic concentration have continued to feed into South Africa’s patterns of uneven and combined development. Moreover, financial markets in many countries are undeniably incomplete, segmented, and inefficient. This is largely attributed by high transaction costs for both institutions and clients as well as biases against certain parts of the market. Therefore, people will continue to transact outside the formal financial system if they lack easy access and use of formal financial institutions. Private resources are often used in formal areas that provide better access and higher return on investment for private institutions. As a result, the development of the poorest areas remains relatively neglected.
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Williams, Sherry Lee. "Closing the Financial Inclusion Gap by Understanding What Factors Drive Consumer Selection of Financial Service Providers." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/588911.
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Business Administration/Strategic ManagementD.B.A.
This research seeks to determine what factors and combinations of banking features drive the choice of a financial service provider. Two studies have been devised to explore the research question. The initial study, uses factor analysis and logistic regression to examine the importance of perceived cost, convenience, and relational trust in the choice of a financial services provider. An additional study uses choice-based conjoint analysis to conduct an exploratory study to identify combinations of banking features that potential customers perceive as most attractive. The study simulates real-world buying situations that ask research participants to trade one financial services attribute for another. Results from the first study suggest that a consumer’s choice of banks, prepaid cards, online lending, and the US Postal Service for financial services is associated with a preference for convenience while relational trust and perceived cost drives the choice of “street” AFS providers. In the second study, results from the choice-based conjoint analysis suggest that fees are significantly more important than convenience and level of customer contact across all categorical variables (age, gender, race/ethnicity, employment, income, and education). Additionally, in-person customer service contact is considered more important than convenience. Understanding these factors, optimal combinations and proportions, and trade-offs through the eyes of the consumer, may be of value to both policy makers and industry officials alike when grappling with options to strengthen financial inclusion.
Temple University--Theses
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Cribillero, Hernani José Ignacio, Chacón Fernando Paniagua, Abazalo Miguel Ángel Huertas, Herrera Boris Zevallos, and Del Castillo Julio César Robles. "Plan de negocio para la implementación de una plataforma de financiamiento participativo financiero a través de préstamos en Lima Metropolitana, 2020." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/627805.
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El presente documento tiene como objetivo desarrollar un plan de negocio para la implementación de una plataforma de financiamiento participativo financiero (crowdlending), que conectará a los peruanos que requieran de financiamiento (acreditados) para cumplir sus sueños a corto plazo con el apoyo de otros peruanos que disponen de fondos (prestamistas) a cambio de rentabilidad en su inversión. Conectamos a cada prestamista con varios acreditados, a través de nuestra plataforma digital (website y app móvil) que será intuitiva, simple y segura, que permita el seguimiento tanto de sus préstamos personales, como de sus inversiones.
En el plan de negocio se determinaron los siguientes segmentos de clientes: los acreditados, como peruanos mayores de edad que residen en Lima Metropolitana y con necesidades de financiamiento de menor cuantía y en corto plazo, generalmente dirigidas a cubrir consolidación de deudas, viajes, estudios y compras; los prestamistas, como peruanos mayores de edad que residen en Lima Metropolitana que disponen de fondos excedentes y están en permanente búsqueda de mayores rentabilidades.
Luego del análisis estratégico, se observaron condiciones favorables para la implementación de este plan de negocio pues actualmente el mercado de las fintech (empresas que brindan servicios financieros haciendo uso de tecnología) está facilitando el acceso de los peruanos al sistema financiero que antes no lo tenían. Existen varias alternativas en el rubro de préstamos personales, sin embargo, la fintech ekeko que se encuentra en el sector fintech crowdlending, con su ventaja y los objetivos estratégicos planteados, se enfocará en la diferenciación por mejores tasas para los acreditados y para los prestamistas mejor servicio agregando un seguimiento al sistema de cobranzas de los préstamos colocados de los acreditados.
Se dispone de una estructura organizativa acorde a una sociedad anónima cerrada, desarrollándose los estados financieros para medir la viabilidad financiera y económica, con los cuales se obtuvo una utilidad positiva en el estado de resultados, mientras que el flujo de caja permitió evidenciar un VPN de S/ 1,567,725 y una TIR de 70%, positivos, por lo cual el proyecto es viable y se recomienda su implementación.The purpose of this document is to develop a business plan for the implementation of a participatory financial financing platform (crowdlending), which will connect Peruvians who require financing (accredited) to accomplished their dreams in the short term with the support of other Peruvians which has funds (lenders) in exchange of return on your investment. We connect each lender with several accredited, through our digital platform (website and mobile application) that will be intuitive, simple and secure, which will allow following of both their personal loans and their investments. The customer segments were determined in the business plan: accredited, such as those of legal age residing in Metropolitan Lima and with minor and short-term financing needs, lead to covering the consolidation of debts, travel, studies and shopping. Lenders, such as Peruvians of legal age who reside in Metropolitan Lima who have surplus funds and are constantly seeking greater returns. After the strategic analysis, favorable conditions were observed for the implementation of this business plan, because currently fintech market (companies that provide financial services using technology) is facilitating the access of Peruvians to the financial system that previously did not. There are several alternatives in the field of personal loans, however, the fintech ekeko that is in the fintech crowdlending sector, with its advantage and the strategic objectives set, focused on the differentiation for the best rates for the accredited and the best service for the lenders adding a follow-up to the collection system of the loans placed by the borrowers. An organizational structure is available according to a closed corporation, developing the financial statements to measure the financial and economic viability, with which a positive profit was obtained in the income statement, while the cash flow is evidenced in NPV S/ 1,567,725 and IRR 70%, positive, so the project is viable and its implementation is recommended.
Trabajo de investigación
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Fuller, Duncan. "Financial exclusion and inclusion : credit union development in Kingston upon Hull." Thesis, University of Hull, 2000. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:7026.
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Within the flourishing area of new economic geography, increased attention is currently being paid to a variety of 'alternative' sources of credit and finance. As one of these forms, British credit unions are currently particularly 'sexy'. One reason for this status relates to increasing interest (both within the academy and outside) in the role(s) credit unions can play in relieving the effects of financial exclusion and poverty throughout Britain. In the context of the growing concerns of 'New Labour' about these issues, credit unions are progressively being posited as one route to a more inclusive society, both in social and economic terms. However, through an analysis that positions credit unions as 'civil', embodied, institutions in the specific context of their development in Kingston upon Hull, this thesis proposes that the achievement of such a goal is not a straightforward issue. This work questions the extent to which British credit unions have historically contributed towards financial inclusion, finding that such evidence remains partial and somewhat underlain by a 'faith' in the merits of the credit union model. As a consequence, it emphasises that in taking the route to a more financially included society through increased usage of credit unions, a number of barriers to their development and growth will have to be surmounted. These barriers are highlighted within this work through an exploration of a prevailing credit union discourse, which draws attention to the linkages between the structural features of the British credit union environment, and the manifestations of these features within localities such as Hull. In so doing, it concludes by outlining a number of challenges and changes facing the British movement that are reflective of a growing awareness of these barriers and their effects. It is argued that these features will broadly affect (and effect) the contribution made by credit unions within a more (financially) inclusive society in the years to come.
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Wolf, Matthew Christopher. "Money talks: investigating the relationship between linguistic diversity and financial inclusion." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33981.
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Differences in languages spoken within a population can be thought of as transaction costs that make economic activities more difficult. This perspective has motivated a host of academic literature analyzing the linguistic profile of countries in relation to different socio-economic variables. Among these studies, financial inclusion is rarely one of the variables of interest. Language and financial inclusion are sometimes analyzed together in more granular studies of a single country, or even of individuals, but never in a cross-sectional, country-level analysis. However economic growth, which is generally considered to be positively related to financial inclusion, has frequently been studied, with mixed results. Earlier researchers of the question identified negative relationships between economic growth and linguistic diversity, in what became known as the “Fishman-Pool Hypothesis”. Later researchers determined that such a relationship did not exist, or that, in certain contexts, linguistic diversity and economic growth could even be positively related. This study departs from the intuition that financial inclusion's relationship to linguistic diversity may parallel that of economic growth – a relationship that seems intuitively negative but is more ambiguous after analysis. To overcome the broad interpretability of the concepts of interest, this study constructed two dependent variables representing financial inclusion, and four independent variables representing linguistic diversity with cross-sectional data for a sample of 61 countries. The models were estimated by accounting for multicollinearity of the regressors, as well as heteroskedasticity and non-normality in the error terms using the Seemingly Unrelated Regressions models and ordinary least squares estimation techniques. The results indicate that linguistic diversity indicators were all nearly zero, and highly insignificant, despite the strong specification of the models. This suggests that linguistic diversity has no significant relationship – positive or negative – to financial inclusion at a country level. This result was consistent across all the possible combinations of the operationalized variables for both concepts.
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Cipriano, Pirgo Manuel. "Legal Aspects of Electronic Money: Financial Inclusion Instrument. The Peruvian Model." Derecho & Sociedad, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119096.
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In the first part, the background of electronic money is explained, then it provides a detailed account of how it has evolved in Africa, where there has been a huge success, given the advantages and applications it has, and how it has been working. Elsewhere, other models of electronic money that are emerging in the world, such as Google Wallet, Apple Pay, and experiences in Peru as Wanda and Your Mobile Money.In the third part, some aspects of the recent regulation of electronic money in Peru are required by Act No. 29985, which regulates the basic characteristics of electronic money. Finally, it details the recent proposal that ASBANC has been working on through the Model Peru, as well as technological and regulatory risks that still must be faced.En una primera parte se explica los antecedentes del dinero electrónico, luego se pasa a exponer detalladamente de cómo éste se ha desarrollado en África, donde ha tenido un enorme éxito dadas las ventajas y aplicaciones que tiene, y la manera como viene funcionando. En otra parte se señalan otros modelos de dinero electrónico que vienen surgiendo en el mundo, tales como Google Wallet, Apple Pay, y experiencias en Perú como el de Wanda y Tu Dinero Móvil.En la tercera parte se precisan algunos aspectos de la reciente regulación del dinero electrónico en el Perú, mediante la Ley Nº 29985, que regula las características básicas del Dinero Electrónico. Finalmente se detalla la reciente propuesta que viene trabajando ASBANC, a través del Modelo Perú, así como los riesgos tecnológicos y regulatorios que aún se debe afrontar.
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Munyengeterwa, Karyn. "Financial inclusion technologies and bank performance: insights from Zimbabwe's banking sector." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32849.
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The study examined the effect of financial inclusion technologies on the financial performance of Zimbabwean banks. The study employs ATM, mobile banking (MB), internet banking (IB) and point of sale (POS) transactions on the financial performance of banks as measured by return on assets. The study adopted the explanatory design and the target population of the study consisted of all the 13 commercial banks in Zimbabwe, with the study period being six years, from 2013 to 2018. The panel data was estimated using fixed and random effects. The findings of the research indicated that all the commercial banks in Zimbabwe at the time of doing this study were using POS, ATM, Mobile banking and Internet banking as they adopted digital forms of banking. In terms of financial performance, banks have been able to increase their return on assets between the years 2013 and 2018. In terms of regression analysis, the findings indicate that for every 1% increase in Mobile banking, ATM and Internet banking there will be an accompanying 0.6%, 0.9%, and 0.5% increase in financial performance respectively while for every 1% increase in POS, there will be a 0.7% decrease in financial performance. Therefore, the research recommended banks to go a step ahead in being innovative through designing new products which will only be accessible to clients who access banking through digital banking methods. Also, the research recommends the government of Zimbabwe to put in place sound macro-economic policies for the whole economy to recover so that the commercial banks in Zimbabwe can fully utilize the benefits associated with digital banking.
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Fareed, Fozan. "Financial inclusion, entrepreneurship and gender : an empirical assessment using microeconomic data." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC0008.
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L'inclusion financière dans le cadre du processus de développement a attiré une attention considérable de la part des décideurs du monde entier. Les chiffres restent assez frappants avec 1,7 milliard de personnes dans le monde n'ayant toujours pas accès aux services financiers de base. Cette thèse de doctorat vise à démêler empiriquement certaines des nombreuses interrelations entre l'inclusion financière, l'entrepreneuriat et le genre. Ma recherche se compose de quatre chapitres et repose sur l'utilisation de données longitudinales au niveau individuel. Le premier chapitre étudie l'effet de l'accès géographique à la microfinance sur l'entrepreneuriat et examine si cet accès permet aux individus de gravir les échelons économiques au Pakistan. Le deuxième chapitre examine si l'inclusion financière favorise l'autonomie des femmes en promouvant l'entrepreneuriat féminin. Ce chapitre construit également un indice complet d'inclusion financière pour mesurer l'état de l'inclusion financière au Mexique après avoir pris en compte l'accès ainsi que l'utilisation de différents produits financiers. Le troisième chapitre explore les principaux moteurs de l'exclusion financière au Pakistan après avoir pris en compte la nécessité du crédit et de l'exclusion financière volontaire. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre propose une nouvelle approche méthodologique pour mesurer la vulnérabilité financière des ménages en s'appuyant sur des algorithmes d'apprentissage automatique non supervisés dans le cas des États-Unis. Tous ces chapitres utilisent des données d'enquête représentatives au niveau national et s'appuient sur plusieurs méthodologies pour résoudre les problèmes d'endogénéité et de biais de sélection. Les résultats indiquent que l'inclusion financière,l'entrepreneuriat et le genre sont intimement liés les uns aux autres. La microfinance semble jouer un rôle efficace dans la promotion de l'entrepreneuriat et permettre aux individus de gravir les échelons économiques, tandis que l'inclusion financière semble également encourager l'autonomie des femmes en favorisant l'entrepreneuriat féminin. Les résultats empiriques révèlent également les principaux moteurs de l'exclusion financière involontaire: l'analphabétisme financier, la pauvreté et le genre. De plus, cette thèse considère de nouvelles approches méthodologiques pour analyser la vulnérabilité financière des ménages et l'exclusion financière involontaire comme une alternative à la ligne de recherche standard sur ces sujetsFinancial inclusion as part of the development process has gained considerable attention from policymakers worldwide. The numbers remain quite stark as 1.7 billion people worldwide remain without access to basic financial services. This PhD thesis aims to empirically disentangle some of the many interrelationships between financial inclusion, entrepreneurship and gender. It consists of four chapters and relies on the use of longitudinal data at the individual level. The first chapter studies the effect of geographical access to microfinance on entrepreneurship and examines if having this access enables individuals to move up the economic ladder in Pakistan. The second chapter examines if financial inclusion promotes women autonomy by generating women entrepreneurship. This chapter also constructs a comprehensive financial inclusion index to measure the state of financial inclusion in Mexico after taking into account access as well as the usage of different financial products. The third chapter explores the main drivers of financial exclusion in Pakistan after taking into consideration the need for credit and voluntary financial exclusion. Finally, the fourth chapter proposes a novel methodological approach of measuring household financial vulnerability by relying on unsupervised machine learning algorithms in the case of U.S. All these chapters use nationally representative survey data and rely on several methodologies to tackle endogeneity issues and concerns pertaining to selection bias. The results indicate that financial inclusion, entrepreneurship and gender are intimately related with each other. Microfinance seems to play an effective role in promoting entrepreneurship and enabling individuals to move up the economic ladder, whereas financial inclusion also seems to encourage women autonomy by fostering women entrepreneurship. The empirical results also uncover the main drivers of involuntary financial exclusion: financial illiteracy, poverty, and gender. Moreover, this thesis considers new methodological approaches to analyze household financial vulnerability and involuntary financial exclusion as an alternative to the standard line of research on these topics
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Kalliala, Oskari. "Credit union correspondents and financial inclusion in Brazil: an exploratory study." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16392.
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The Brazilian banking correspondent network has been a topic of study for already a decade, due to its well-documented success in improving access to financial services in remote areas. The marginal but growing role of credit unions in the usage of correspondents has not received much attention from academics, despite the appraised importance of credit unions in finance of proximity. This thesis takes a multi-method approach to perform an exploratory research of credit union correspondents in Brazil. The research objective is two-fold, aiming, from one side, at understanding the incentives of credit unions for contracting correspondents and, from the other, at evaluating whether credit union correspondents improve financial inclusion. The research consists of a case study and quantitative analysis of correspondent registration data and credit union financials. The results indicate that generally the largest and most profitable credit unions use banking correspondents in order to improve efficiency and decrease waiting lines, while promoting financial inclusion only in one restricted dimension – bill payment. Nevertheless, in 2014, credit union correspondents had an important role in providing access to payments in 690 municipalities, of which 200 had low financial depth. Despite the scope limitation of credit union correspondents, the results give reasons to believe that these actors could increase their importance in the promotion of financial inclusion in the future.
A rede de correspondentes bancários do Brasil tem sido estudada há mais de uma década, em particular por causa da sua importância no aumento do alcance de serviços financeiros para regiões distantes dos maiores centros urbanos. O uso de correspondentes por cooperativas de crédito não tem recebido destaque, apesar do papel importante das cooperativas na inclusão financeira. Esta dissertação adota uma abordagem 'multimétodo' para efetuar uma pesquisa exploratória dos correspondentes de cooperativas de crédito no Brasil. A pesquisa visa, por um lado, alargar a compreensão dos incentivos que levam cooperativas a usarem correspondentes, e por outro, avaliar se esses correspondentes merlhoram a inclusão financeira. A pesquisa é formada por um estudo de caso assim como por análise de dados relativos ao registro de correspondentes bancários e de dados financeiros das cooperativas. Os resultados apontam que o uso de correspondentes bancários por cooperativas está relacionado à busca de maior eficiência e redução de filas nas agências. A melhoria da inclusão financeira por esses correspondentes limita-se a um serviço único – o recebimento de pagamentos. Não obstante, em 2014, cooperativas de correspondentes de crédito tinham um papel importante no fornecimento de serviços de recebimento de contas em 690 municípios brasileiros, dos quais 200 tinham baixos níveis de inclusão financeira. Apesar da escassa disponibilidade de serviços dos correspondentes das cooperativas, os resultados sugerem que esses atores poderiam adquirir uma importância maior na promoção de inclusão financeira no futuro.
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Jaiswal, Pintu Prasad. "Financial inclusion through business correspondents in North Bengal : An empirical study." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4756.
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Leopold-George, Evelyn. "The response of the big 4 commercial banks to the financial inclusion imperative." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97166.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.South Africa’s Financial Sector Charter of 2003 to 2008 contributed in many ways to financial inclusion of the excluded masses, resulting in a decrease in proportion of excluded excluded from over 50% in 2003 to 23.5% in 2010. Commercial banks around the world have been known to bank the unbanked or downscale using various models. The report investigates the motivation for commercial bank downscaling in South Africa, leading to the various models of downscaling chosen by the Big 4. The reports finds that commercial banks in South Africa are moving away from fragmented methods of engagement of the bottom of the pyramid due to the large market which exists at that segment. This market accounts for on average 50% of the banks’ clients which indicates that banks have been dealing with this market for some time. The recent rise of a Microfinance bank has been credited as the stimulus for the more aggressive approach that banks have taken in recent years. Bank employees believe they have the resources and support to explore models of serving the market profitably while external stakeholder to the bank believe the banks are not geared for the market due to their cost structures and mentality and are therefore not fully exploring the potential in the market.
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Klühs, Theres [Verfasser]. "Beyond access to finance : essays on financial inclusion and development / Theres Klühs." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1195136978/34.
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Wu, Wei. "Fintech and financial inclusion in Guangdong, China : resources, embeddedness, fraud and routine." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7484/.
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The emergence of FinTech has important implications for regulation and risk management both for FinTech providers and regulators. FinTech denotes the development of innovative financial services or products that are delivered via information communication technologies (ICT) and technological/computerised platforms. In recent years, the emergence of FinTech services and firms have reshaped the financial services and developed new processes and routines in a range of financial services, such as payment, banking, insurance and deposit, by using latest information communication technologies. Particularly in Guangdong province of China, FinTech firms have become an alternative funding source to the mainstream financial service providers. The demand of local SMEs drove the FinTech sector growing, not only nationwide but globally, and overtook developed regions such as the California or London. In order to understand the reason, mechanism, process and evolution of FinTech firms in Guangdong, this thesis was carried out and developed a conceptual framework from analysing 98 grounded interview data. This thesis aims to explore access and use of external sources of loan finance by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with a focus on understanding alternative forms of debt and loan finance provision by FinTech lenders using new business models and related routines. The focus on debt and loan finance is designed to generate understanding of the exclusion of many Chinese SMEs from mainstream finance but inclusion into FinTech platforms. This thesis will identify and analyse the different business routines, processes, products and embeddedness that have been developed by FinTech firms in Guangdong.
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Hossain, Shadiya T. "Financial Crisis, Inclusion and Economic Development in the US and OIC Countries." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2274.
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The following dissertation contains two distinct empirical essays which contribute to the overall field of Financial Economics. Chapter 1, entitled “Financial Inclusion and Economic Development in OIC Member Countries,” examines whether the presence of Islamic finance promotes development and alleviates poverty. To do so, we estimate the influence of financial inclusion variables on development and poverty variables for OIC countries. Using data from the World Bank, we use dynamic panel analysis using methodology similar to Beck et al (2000) to study the effects of financial inclusion on economic development and use simple cross-sectional analysis similar to Beck et al (2004) to study the effects on poverty alleviation. We find that the countries with Islamic finance tend to outperform the rest of the world. We believe that the ability of financial institutions offering Shari’a compliant services to bring otherwise excluded people under the financial system plays a major role in increased development and reduced poverty in those countries. The results support our view that financial inclusion is causing development. Chapter 2 entitled, “Asymmetric Market Reactions to the 2007-08 Financial Crisis: From Wall Street to Main Street,” examines the impact of significant news events during the 2007 – 2008 financial crisis on the abnormal stock returns for portfolios of financial and real sector firms. We recognize 17 significant news events from 2007 and 2008 and create equity portfolios using daily CRSP data from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2009. We estimate event announcement interval abnormal returns in the context of an asset pricing model similar to Fama and French (1993) and Carhart (1997). We document significant negative abnormal returns for the portfolio of non-financial firms, and the smallest firms exhibit the largest negative abnormal returns, an indication of a significant spillover of financial market news to real sector stock returns. Smaller financial firms also exhibit negative abnormal event returns, and these results are driven by broker-dealer, depository, holding-investment, and real estate firms. The results provide new evidence regarding the incorporation of news events into asset prices during financial crises.
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Monye, Ogochukwu Fidelia. "Rethinking the legal and institutional framework for digital financial inclusion in Nigeria." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33857.
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About 1.7 billion people globally and 36.8 per cent of Nigerians have no access to financial services due to reasons such as distance, financial illiteracy, irregular income, unemployment and account ineligibility. Justifications for the research include the scale of financial exclusion, the proven capacity of financial inclusion to lift people out of poverty, the need for tailored regulatory policies and the opportunity to harness the value and ubiquity of digital financial services (DFS) for the financially excluded. This research examines the broad question: how suitable are the enabling laws and institutions for digital financial services in Nigeria for addressing the needs of the financially excluded? In considering this broad question, the reasons as to why many Nigerians remain financially excluded, in spite of the abundance of regulatory initiatives, are addressed. Using a combination of doctrinal and empirical methods, the burden of accessing financial services is highlighted, strategies for financial inclusion are considered and options for suitable legal and institutional frameworks are explored. In summary, financial inclusion is broadly discussed in chapter one, while a law and development theoretical and analytical framework is constructed in chapter two. Chapter three examines the legal and institutional framework for financial inclusion in Nigeria while the barriers to financial access are discussed in chapter four. The empirical component of the research is analysed in chapter five, and chapter six considers the impact and prospects of eight new and emerging technologies on financial inclusion. The thesis concludes with recommendations and conclusions in chapter seven. Research results indicate that the path to financial inclusion in Nigeria is characterised by a myriad of laws, slow DFS adoption rates, a bank-centred regulatory model and a wide disparity in the pattern of inclusion across gender and geographical locations. Transaction costs remain high and cash is still king. Recommendations such as adopting a more consumer-centred approach to regulation, permitting alternative providers for on-boarding and adapting laws and regulatory policies tailored to the needs of the excluded are made. Additionally, it is recommended that increased financial literacy and transactional capacity are needed to harness digital financial services. It is expected that the findings of this research will inform regulatory changes that will enable a methodical migration of more of the financially excluded class into the formal finance sector.
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Lilienthal, Julian Friedrich. "Peer to peer lending and financial inclusion in Brazil: a case study." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16234.
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Submitted by Julian Lilienthal (julian.driest@gmail.com) on 2016-04-03T12:59:49Z
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Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Julian, The title of the thesis shouldn't appear in the ficha catalográfica, only the box should appear. The Resumo and the abstract should be in different s pages, abstract in one and the resumo in another Best. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-04-04T14:22:19Z (GMT)
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Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Julian, I just notice now that the key words (palavra chave) is missing should be below the abstract and the resumo. Abstract - key words Resumo - palavras chave I'm sorry for not noticing before. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-04-04T16:09:48Z (GMT)
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Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-04-05T12:07:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PEER TO PEER LENDING AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN BRAZIL, A CASE STUDY FINAL 04042016.pdf: 1001786 bytes, checksum: ea34836da8fa02a0d5ff2acdf361ea26 (MD5)
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While pursuing the objective to investigate the potential for the P2P innovation to enhance financial inclusion in Brazil, the P2P industry and the current market environment were analyzed in order to highlight the factors that can facilitate this desired enhancement. There seems to be no doubt that there is substantial potential for the P2P industry worldwide and in Brazil but, beyond this, a considerable part of this industry could be providing financially inclusive products. The P2P industry in Brazil needs to recognize the potential for growing, not only the industry itself, but also the market for financially inclusive P2P products. The first section of this thesis focuses on financial inclusion briefly in order to establish the frame of what is being addressed. Subsequently the P2P industry is analyzed globally, locally in Brazil and with regard to financial inclusion. The study is conducted through an interview with the founder of a P2P platform in Brazil and its data collection is used to build a case study which allowed for an analysis of the potential for financial inclusion of the P2P industry and the development of key success factors with regard to converting this potential into results.
Ao perseguir o objetivo de investigar o potencial da inovação P2P para melhorar a inclusão financeira no Brasil, a indústria de P2P e atual ambiente de mercado foram analisados a fim de destacar os fatores que podem facilitar este desenvolvimento desejado. Parece não haver dúvida de que existe um potencial significativo para a indústria de P2P no mundo e no Brasil, mas, além disso, uma parte considerável desta indústria poderia ser o fornecimento de produtos financeiramente inclusivos. A indústria de P2P no Brasil precisa reconhecer o potencial de crescimento, não só a própria indústria, mas também o mercado de produtos P2P financeiramente inclusivo. A primeira parte desta tese centra-se na inclusão financeira brevemente a fim de estabelecer o marco do que está sendo investigado. Posteriormente a indústria de P2P é analisado globalmente, localmente, no Brasil e com respeito à inclusão financeira. O estudo é realizado através duma entrevista com o fundador de uma plataforma de P2P no Brasil e a coleta de dados é usada para construir um estudo de caso que permitiu uma análise do potencial para a inclusão financeira da indústria de P2P e a identificação de fatores importantes para converter esse potencial em resultados.
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Bornaz, Vizcarra John Raymond. "Efecto del dinero electrónico sobre los niveles de inclusión financiera en el periodo 2013-2017 (Comparativa Perú-Colombia)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626283.
Full textAbstract:
La siguiente investigación pretende analizar la relevancia del dinero electrónico y cómo este afecta a los niveles de inclusión financiera en el Perú y en Colombia para un periodo de tiempo del 2013 al 2017. En el caso peruano, se comprobó una relación positiva de ambas variables, esto fue comprobado por medio de una regresión de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios. Para el caso colombiano, se pudo observar una relación también positiva, pero mucho más fuerte entre estas variables. En este caso, se utilizó el modelo de Mínimos Cuadrados Generalizados con la Matriz Newey-West.The following research aims to analyze the relevance of electronic money and how it affects financial inclusion in Peru and Colombia, between the period from 2013 to 2017. In the case of Peru, a positive relationship of both variables was verified, by means of a regression of Ordinary Minimum Squares. In the case of Colombia, a positive relationship was also observed, but much stronger among these variables. In this case, the Generalized Minimum Square model with the Newey-West Matrix was used.
Trabajo de investigación