Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Financial soundness'

Purpose – The financial systems in many emerging countries are still impacted by the devastating effect of the 2008 financial crisis which created a massive disaster in the global economy. The banking sector needs appropriate quantitative techniques to assess its financial soundness, strengths and weaknesses. This research aims to explore, empirically assess and analyze the financial soundness of the banking sector in Kazakhstan. It also examines the prediction of financial unsoundness at an individual bank level using PCA, cluster, MDA, logit and probit analyses. Design/Methodology/Approach – A cluster analysis, in combination with principal component analysis (PCA), was utilized as a classification technique. It groups sound and unsound banks in Kazakhstan's banking sector by examining various financial ratios. Cluster analysis was run on a sample of 34 commercial banks on 1st January, 2008 and 37 commercial banks on 1st January, 2014 to test the ability of this technique to detect unsound banks before they fail. Then, Altman Z” and EM Score models were tested and re-estimated and the MDA, logit and probit models were constructed on a sample of 12 Kazakhstan banks during the period between 1st January, 2008 and 1st January, 2014. The sample consists of 6 sound and 6 unsound banks and accounts for 81.3% of the total assets of the Kazakhstan banking sector in 2014. These statistical methods used various financial variables to represent capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings and liquidity. Last but not least, the MDA, logit and probit models were systematically combined together to construct an integrated model to predict bank financial unsoundness. Findings – First of all, results from Chapter 3 indicate that cluster analysis is able to identify the structure of the Kazakh banking sector by the degree of financial soundness. Secondly, based on the findings in the second empirical chapter, the tested and re-estimated Altman models show a modest ability to predict bank financial unsoundness in Kazakhstan. Thirdly, the MDA, logit and probit models show high predictive accuracy in excess of 80%. Finally, the model that integrated the MDA, logit and probit types presents superior predictability with lower Type I errors. Practical Implications – The results of this research are of interest to supervisory and regulatory bodies. The models can be used as a reliable and effective tool, particularly the cluster based methodology for assessing the degree of financial soundness in the banking sector and the integrated model for predicting the financial unsoundness of banks. Originality/Value – This study is the first to employ a cluster-based methodology to assess financial soundness in the Kazakh banking sector. In addition, the integrated model can be used as a promising technique for evaluating the financial unsoundness of banks in terms of predictive accuracy and robustness. Importance – Assessing the financial soundness of the Kazakh banking system is of particular importance as the World Bank has ranked Kazakhstan as leading the world for the volume of non-performing credits in the total number of loans granted in 2012. It is one of the first academic studies carried out on Kazakhstan banks which comprehensively evaluate the financial soundness of banks. It is anticipated that the findings of the current study will provide useful lessons for developing and transition countries during periods of financial turmoil.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2008.
A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Business, School of Economics and Finance, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographical references.

Discriminant models for determining the financial soundness for Ukraine and Israel are discussed. These models determine the level of a financial soundness of deposit takers. In this paper The discriminant model based on twenty-four financial soundness indicators for deposit takers over the period from 2008 till 2018 is developed. Though Ukraine and Israel are unitary states, Ukraine, being an industrial and agricultural country with a predominant production of raw materials, is a dynamic industrializing country, while Israel is an industrial country that is dynamically developing, that is why, they are comparable. According to Doing Business-2018, Israel ranked the 54th in the annual rating ease of doing business, while Ukraine did the 76th. Ukraine also ranked the 77th in the ranking of Best Countries for Business (Forbes), and Israel ranked the 74th. Ukraine’s GDP was 112.2 billion USD in 2017, and Israel’s GDP was 350.9 billion USD. This fact reflects national development, progress and living standards of both states, as well as differences between them. The period from 2008 to 2018 was chosen for analysis, because it covers crisis and postcrisis periods of the world economy.

Le système financier joue un rôle crucial dans la société moderne, devenant indispensable dans le développement économique d’une nation. Un système financier optimal et un secteur bancaire performant sont considères comme les conditions les plus importantes pour un développement économique durable. Témoignant de l’importance du secteur bancaire, en particulier au cours du dernier siècle, cette thèse discute les plus important indicateurs, désignes méthodologiques et déterminants de la performance et solidité des secteurs bancaires. La thèse explore en détail l’impact des facteurs spécifique à la banque, à l’industrie et ceux macroéconomique sur l’évolution de la performance et solidité bancaires européennes pendant la crise financière internationale. En outre, la thèse souligne les efforts importants déployés par les décideurs politiques pendant les dernières années pour efficacement stimuler les secteurs économiques et pour assurer un bon fonctionnement des systèmes financiers
The financial system plays a crucial role in the modern society, becoming indispensable in the economic development of a nation. It was stated that an optimal financial system and well-functioning banking sector are commonly considered to be among the most important conditions for a sustainable economic development. Witnessing the importance of the banking sector, particularly in the last century, this thesis discusses the most important indicators, methodological designs and determinants of bank performance and soundness, exploring in detail the impact of bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic factors on the evolution of European bank performance and soundness during the international financial crisis. Moreover, it emphasizes the important efforts made by policy-makers in recent years to provide effectively a sufficient stimulus to the economic sectors and to ensure a sound functioning of financial systems

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Asian financial crisis in mid-1997 highlighted the important role a sound, well regulated and supervised banking industry plays in the economy of a country or region. Although many analysts believe that the Asian crisis arose mainly as a result of factors external to the countries in question, this paper clearly highlights the role fragile banking industries within these countries played in the crisis. The Asian financial crisis was not the first of its kind, with similar crises erupting in Argentina, Mexico and other Latin American countries in the early 1990s. There is a belief that banking crises occur only in emerging and developing countries. Whilst the incidence of crises in emerging markets is higher as a result of higher risk profiles, poor regulation and supervision and government and political interference, the United States Savings and Loan Crisis of the early 1980s is evidence that banking crises are not limited to emerging economies. This study is divided into three parts, namely a theoretical literature study on the soundness of banking systems, an analysis of the Asian financial crisis and an analysis of the South African banking industry, with particular reference to the "Big Four" South African banks. The first part of this study deals with the theory relating to bank soundness, banking in emerging markets and a brief overview of the various risks faced by banks. A theoretical study is also undertaken of the causes of and reasons for individual bank failure, as in the banking industry a crisis of confidence often spills over from an individual bank in distress to other solvent and well operated banks within the industry. This is known as the contagion effect. The second part of the study deals with an in-depth analysis of the causes of the Asian financial crisis, with specific emphasis on the role banks played in fuelling the crisis. Recommended solutions are put forward in an attempt to avoid future possible crises of this magnitude. South Africa is classified as an emerging or developing country by international economists and therefore is often perceived to pose greater risks to foreign investors. The third part of this study deals with an in-depth analysis of the soundness of the South African banking industry concentrating on the financial performance of the "Big Four" - Amalgamated Banks of South Africa Limited, The First Rand Group, Nedcor Limited and Standard Bank Investment Corporation Limited. The "Big Four" make up close to 80% of the total market share of the South African banking industry. One could imply that if the "Big Four" are financially sound, then the South African banking industry could be classified as sound. Past experience has revealed that the failure of a small bank does not have any significant impact on the local banking industry (i.e. no contagion effect). This study will show that there is no single mathematical model available to analyse the probability of bank failure or bank system soundness. Rather a wide range of possible causes, both micro and macro-economic, can influence the soundness of a bank or banking system. The study will reflect that although South Africa may be classified as an emerging economy in view of the characteristics of its economic make-up, the banking industry is by no means "emerging". South Africa has one of the most highly regulated and supervised banking industries in the world. Furthermore, whilst maybe not efficient in terms of utilisation of capital and returns on equity, coupled with fairly high cost structures, the industry is profitable, with adequate margins, substantial reserves and well structured loan risk profiles complemented by sound and conservative management policies, overseen by a highly competent regulatory authority. One could therefore conclude that given the soundness of the "Big Four", the South African banking system may be classified as sound.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Asiatiese finansiële krisis van 1997 het die belangrike rol van 'n gesonde en gereguleerde bankstelsel in die ekonomie van 'n land of streek beklemtoon. Alhoewel baie navorsers glo dat die Asiatiese krisis 'n gevolg was van eksterne faktore buite die beheer van die betrokke nasies, sal hierdie werkstuk klem lê op die rol van wankelrige bankstelsels in hierdie krisis. Die Oosterse finansiële krisis was nie enig in soort nie en is soortgelyk aan krisisse in Agentinië, Mexico en ander Suid-Amerikaanse ekonomië in die vroeë negentigerjare. Daar is 'n verdere opvatting dat finansiële krisisse beperk is tot ontwikkelende nasies as gevolg van hierdie lande se hoër risikoprofiel, onvoldoende wetgewing en toesighouding en politieke inmenging. Tot 'n groot mate is dit wel die geval, maar die 'United States Savings and Loans' krisis in die tagtigerjare het hierdie wanopvatting bevraagteken. Hierdie werkstuk is in drie afdelings verdeel - 'n teoretiese navorsingsprojek oor die stabiliteit van bankstelsels, 'n ontleding van die Asiatiese finansiële krisis en 'n ontleding van die stabiliteit van die Suid-Afrikaanse bankstelsel met verwysing na die "Groot Vier" banke. Die eerste deel van hierdie werkstuk handel oor die teorie van bankstabiliteit, die bankwese in ontwikkelende ekonomië en 'n kort samevatting van die risiko's waaraan banke blootgestel is. Teoretiese navorsing word ook gedoen oor die redes en oorsake van individuele bankmislukkings. Die rede hiervoor is dat 'n vertrouenskrisis in 'n individuele bank dikwels oorvloei na die gesonde banke binne dieselfde industrie. Die term hiervoor is die aansteking -effek. Die tweede deel van hierdie werkstuk dek 'n in-diepte ontleding van die Asiatiese finansiële krisis, met spesifieke verwysing na die rol van banke in die krisis. Aanbevelings word verder gemaak in 'n poging om soortgelyke, toekomstige krisisse te voorkom. Volgens internasionale ekonome is Suid-Afrika 'n ontwikkelende nasie en hou as sulks groter risiko's in vir beleggers. Die derde afdeling van hierdie werkstuk dek 'n in-diepte ontleding oor die stabiliteit van die Suid-Afrikaanse "Groot Vier" banke: Amalgamated Banks of South Africa Beperk, Die First Rand Groep, Nedcor Groep en Standard Bank Investment Corporation Beperk. Die "Groot Vier" beslaan 80% van die totale mark van die Suid-Afrikaanse bankwese. Hiervan kan afgelei word dat sou die "Groot Vier" finansiële stabiliteit ondervind, dan kan die Suid-Afrikaanse bankwese met reg as gesond beskou word. Ondervinding in Suid-Afrika het gewys dat die mislukking van 'n klein bank nie 'n groot invloed op die plaaslike bankwese het nie (die aansteking - effek). Hierdie werkstuk sal aantoon dat daar geen wiskundige of ekonomiese model beskikbaar is om 'n bankmislukking vroegtydig en korrek te voorspel nie - ook nie om die stabiliteit van 'n bankstelsel te waarborg nie. 'n Wye reeks moontlike oorsake, beide mikro- en makro-ekonomies van aard, kan die stabiliteit van 'n bank of die bankwese beïnvloed. Hierdie werkstuk sal deurlopend uitwys dat nieteenstaande Suid-Afrika se status as "ontwikkelende" nasie, die bankwese allermins "ontwikkelend" is. Suid-Afrika het een van die mees gereguleerde bankstelsels in die wêreld. Terwyl die aanwending van kapitaal en die opbrengs daarop nie altyd bevredigend is nie, is die opbrengs vir beleggers redelik hoog en die industrie winsgewend. Winsmarges is groot, diepte in reserves is duidelik teenwoordig en die korrekte, gestruktureerde risiko profiel van leners weerspieël stabiele en konserwatiewe bestuurspraktyke. Samevattend kan gesê word dat danksy die "Groot Vier", die Suid-Afrikaanse bankwese kerngesond is.

While the 2008 financial crisis has come and gone, its effects on the global financial sector still show. Globalisation has since changed the way that banks do business, and increased competitiveness and with it the level of risk within the international banking community. Therefore, because of these prolonged effects of the financial crisis and the rise in the level of risk in banking, regulators deemed it fit to make the global financial sector safer and sounder. As a result, the BASEL III Capital Accord was introduced with tighter capital adequacy and liquidity ratio requirements; as well as also introducing the leverage ratio. In this paper, through the study of the rules and regulations on banks in South Africa, Brazil and China, it was discovered that all three countries have since begun the implementation of the new Accord as from January 2013. While preparatory measures may be different, there is a general sense of regulatory alignment among the three countries. By analysing the capital adequacy, liquidity and leverage ratios of the three countries, it was also established that these ratios are interconnected, with the capital adequacy ratio being the most important one. The study concludes that, with proper implementation of these ratios and effective management, countries implementing the BASEL III regulations would be in a stronger position to achieve soundness in their banking systems.
Gutu, Taurai Fortunate

This diploma thesis comprises a theoretical, descriptive, comparative and econometric analysis of financial markets regulation in international context. In the first chapter I describe and analyse characteristics of modern financial markets, reasons for their regulation and institutional models of financial regulation and supervision. The second chapter offers an overview of the historical development of financial regulation and evaluates the role of regulatory factor in the outburst of the world financial crisis of 2008. In the third chapter I carry out a comparison of regulatory response to financial crisis in the USA and the EU. Forth chapter deals with regression analysis of the relation between Financial Soundness Indicators of three selected countries. The conclusions driven from this diploma thesis demonstrate that regulation is generally effective as a remedy for market failures, but in other aspects its effects are ambiguous. Intensity of regulation is a secondary impact factor in the formation of financial crises, in fact it is more reasonable to state that crises occur because of the failure of supervision rather than regulation. Due to the international attempts to harmonise the process of remediation of the consequences of the financial crisis, the regulatory response in the USA and the EU was very similar. Statistical analysis did not confirm the common idea that regulation represents a significant barrier for increasing the profitability of credit institutions.

У дисертації обґрунтовано теоретико-методологічні засади забезпечення фінансової стійкості страхових компаній, які здійснюють ризикове страхування, шляхом розвитку методології її оцінки та механізмів забезпечення. Обґрунтовано концепцію забезпечення фінансової стійкості страхових компаній, що базується на застосуванні методології системного дослідження об’єкта (страхової компанії), функції (здійснення статутної діяльності), процесу (забезпечення фінансової стійкості) в поєднанні з ризиками, що дозволяє побудувати конструктивну модель для розуміння цілого, в нашому випадку підходу до оцінки й забезпечення фінансової стійкості страхових компаній. Розкрито типологію ризиків, які властиві діяльності страховиків, систе-матизовано ризикоутворюючі фактори та запропоновано ідентифікацію якісних характеристик ризику недотримання фінансової стійкості страхових компаній. Запропоновано індикатори фінансової стійкості, які дозволяють кількісно оцінити ступінь ризикованості діяльності страховиків та визначено складові системи ризик-орієнтованого пруденційного регулювання їх діяльності з огляду на реальну оцінку ризиків. Визначено основні механізми забезпечення фінансової стійкості в умовах кризи; сформульовано комплексний механізм управління фінансовою стійкістю страхових компаній завдяки застосуванню концепції контролінгу; розроблено підходи до підвищення ролі перестрахування в забезпеченні фінансової стійкості страховиків; побудовано математичну та імітаційну моделі діяльності страхової компанії та на їх основі проведено стрес-тестування ризику недотримання фінансової стійкості страхової компанії.
В диссертации обоснованно теоретико-методологические основы обеспечения финансовой устойчивости страховых компаний, осуществляющих рисковое страхование, за счет развития методологии ее оценки и механизмов обеспечения. Обоснована концепция обеспечения финансовой устойчивости страховых компаний, базирующаяся на применении методологии системного исследования объекта (страховой компании), функции (осуществление уставной деятельности), процесса (обеспечение финансовой устойчивости) в сочетании с рисками, что позволяет построить конструктивную модель для понимания целого, в нашем случае подхода к оценке и обеспечению финансовой устойчивости страховых компаний. Выяснена экономическая природа и уточнена сущность понятия “финансовая устойчивость страховых компаний”. Определена типология рисков, свойственных деятельности страховщиков, систематизированы рискообразующие факторы, предложена идентификация качественных характеристик риска несоблюдения финансовой устойчивости страховыми компаниями с помощью фасетной классификации. Предложен перечень и сформулирована характеристика составляющих элементов, с помощью которых достигается финансовая устойчивость стра-ховщиков. Введены в научный терминологический оборот и даны определения по-нятий: “финансовая устойчивость страховой системы” – как ее состояние, ха-рактеризирующееся способностью на должном уровне сохранять количественные и качественные характеристики, обеспечивающиеся сбалансированностью распределенных во времени входящих и исходящих денежных потоков, эффективным и устойчивым функционированием страховщиков и их способностью динамично развиваться под влиянием макроэкономических, политических, правовых и других факторов, не разрушая совокупности взаимосвязей, существующих между элементами страховой системы, при условии наличия определенного уровня единства и координации действий страховщиков, единого механизма контроля и надзора за их функционированием; “финансовая стабильность страховой системы” – как ее способность в течение длительного времени равномерно и предсказуемо развиваться, на основе интеграции и применения передового опыта, сохраняя при этом способности к восстановлению, а также к прогрессивному развитию и качественному совершенствованию под действием налаженного обращения денежных потоков между элементами страховой системы и при условии устойчивого развития этих элементов, способности страховой системы успешно противодействовать и адаптироваться к негативным влияниям внешних и внутренних факторов, успешно выполняя при этом свои основные функции, в том числе, и в стрессовых ситуациях и в периоды структурных изменений. Предложены индикаторы финансовой устойчивости, позволяющие количественно оценить степень рискованности деятельности страховщиков и определены составляющие элементы системы риск-ориентированого пруденциального регулирования их деятельности с учетом реальной оценки рисков. Определены основные механизмы обеспечения финансовой устойчивости в условиях кризиса; сформулирован комплексный механизм управления финансовой устойчивостью страховых компаний на основе концепции контроллинга; разработаны подходы к повышению роли перестрахования в обеспечении финансовой устойчивости страховщиков; построены математическая и имитационная модели деятельности страховой компании и на их основе проведено стресс-тестирование риска несоблюдения финансовой устойчивости страховой компанией.
The dissertation studies the theoretical and methodical foundations for the provision of financial soundness of insurance companies, which insure risks by developing its assessment methods and provision mechanisms. It substantiates the conception for the provision of financial soundness of insurance companies, which is based on the methodology of the systematic research of an object (insurance company), function (insurance services), process (provision of financial soundness) combined with the risks, which makes it possible to build up a constructive model for the understanding of approaches to the assessment and provision of insurance companies’ financial soundness. The dissertation discloses the typology of risks peculiar to the insurers’ activity, classifies the risk-forming factors and offers the identification of qualitative characteristics of the risk of ignoring the financial soundness of insurance companies. It also offers the indicators of financial soundness, which make possible the qualitative assessment of the risk levels of insurers’ activity and determines the components of the system of risk-based prudential regulation of their activity considering the real assessment of risks. It defines the main mechanisms for the provision of financial soundness in crisis conditions; it forms a complex mechanism for the management of insurance companies’ financial soundness through the use of the controlling conception; it develops approaches to increasing the role of reinsurance in providing the financial soundness of insurers; it gives the mathematical and imitating models of the insurance companies’ activity and, on their basis, the stress tests for the risk of ignoring the financial soundness of insurance companies.

Дисертаційна робота присвячена вирішенню наукової проблеми розвитку теоретико-методологічних і методичних засад розбудови фінансового нагляду в України. У дисертації уточнено понятійно-категоріальний апарат дослідження фінансового нагляду, обґрунтовано концептуальні відмінності фінансового нагляду від інших функцій держави у фінансовому секторі, запропоновано класифікацію фінансового нагляду, визначено умови досягнення фінансової стійкості як мети фінансового нагляду, обґрунтовано концептуальні засади стратегічного розвитку фінансового нагляду, розроблено науково-методичний підхід щодо визначення відповідності нагляду міжнародним принципам, запропоновано науково-методичний підхід щодо оцінювання незалежності наглядових органів, розроблено періодизацію розвитку фінансового нагляду в Україні, розроблено методичне підґрунтя комплексного оцінювання і порівняння дотримання вимог банківської діяльності, досліджено особливості нагляду за діяльністю небанківських фінансових посередників в Україні, розроблено моделі прогнозування фінансового стану фінансових посередників та науково-методичні підходи до визначення максимально граничного значення нормативу достатності регулятивного капіталу банків, оцінювання системної важливості фінансових посередників, визначення системного ризику фінансового сектору та аналізу взаємозв’язку між стійкістю фінансового сектора та розвитком фінансового сектора й соціально-економічним розвитком країн.
Диссертационная работа посвящена решению научной проблемы развития теоретико-методологических и методических основ совершенствования финансового надзора в Украине. В диссертации углублен понятийно-категориальный аппарат исследования финансового надзора, обоснованы концептуальные различия финансового надзора от других функций государства в финансовом секторе, предложена классификация финансового надзора, определены условия достижения финансовой устойчивости как цели финансового надзора, обоснована концепция стратегического развития финансового надзора, разработан научно-методический подход к определению соответствия надзора международным принципам, предложен научно-методический подход к оценке независимости надзорных органов, разработана периодизация развития финансового надзора в Украине, предложен методический подход к комплексной оценке соблюдения требований банковской деятельности, исследованы особенности надзора за деятельностью небанковских финансовых посредников в Украине, разработаны модели прогнозирования финансового состояния финансовых посредников и научно-методические подходы к определению максимально предельного значения норматива достаточности регулятивного капитала банков, оцениванию системной важности финансовых посредников, определению системного риска финансового сектора и анализу взаимосвязей между устойчивостью финансового сектора и развитием финансового сектора и социально-экономическим развитием стран.
The thesis is devoted to developing theoretical, methodological and methodical foundations and practical tools for financial supervision in Ukraine and working out practical recommendations aimed at its improvement. According to the results of the structural-decomposition analysis, the categorical apparatus of financial supervision was specified in the dissertation. It was proposed to understand financial supervision from the point of view of managerial and organizational approaches. The conceptual differences between financial supervision and other state functions in the financial sector in particular financial regulation, financial control, and financial monitoring were defined, which made it possible to determine their common and distinctive features regarding the purpose, object, subjects and employing methods. The essence of financial soundness and conditions for its achievement as a goal of financial supervision were determined by incorporation of criteria of reliability, transparency, and efficiency in the work of financial intermediaries, financial market and supervisory bodies. The study of strategic and fundamental documents related to the economic system, the financial sector, and financial supervision revealed a superficial and fragmentary approach to defining the current situation, key issues in financial supervision, and directions for their solution. To solve this problem, the concept of strategic development of financial supervision was developed, based on a combination of such approaches: institutional, functional, structural and resultant. The paper determined the quantitative assessments of the compliance of financial supervision with international principles in general and in its directions in accordance with the structure of the financial sector by means of a grade and score of the implementation of each of the principles and the use of the arithmetic mean and geometric meanwhile. It gave a comprehensive assessment of the compliance of national supervisory systems with international standards and best world practices. According to the results of the evaluation, it was established that, among all international financial supervision principles, the practical implementation of the principles related to ensuring an adequate level of institutional, operational and financial independence and accountability of supervisory bodies remained the most problematic. The institutional structure of financial supervision in Ukraine was identified as sectoral: financial supervisors have been established for the banking sector, non-bank financial intermediaries and the securities market. The assessment of the independence of financial supervision was carried out by calculating diffuse indices in accordance with the rating assessments of the criteria of institutional, operational and financial independence. It allowed creating the basis for the proper performance of the function of financial supervision by the state. Based on indicators of banks, insurance companies, credit unions, pawnshops, financial companies, pension funds, and securities market applied a hierarchical method of cluster analysis the stages of the financial sector development were defined, which became the basis for identifying key changes in the financial regulation and supervision. In order to assess the level of compliance with banking requirements, an integral indicator was determined, its dynamics and regularities were analysed. Financial requirements of insurance companies, credit unions, asset management companies and entities which manage assets of private pension funds, professional securities market participants engaged in securities trading, institutional asset management, depository activities of clearing activities, organization of trade on the stock market, as well as institutional investors were investigated in areas of capital adequacy, liquidity, solvency, management of significant risks, assets diversification. In the context of the bankruptcy of a large number of financial intermediaries in recent years, it was advisable to forecast their financial situation. The formalization of forecasting the state of financial intermediaries was carried out using a linear, logit-and probit-regression. The predictors for regression were chosen employing F-test for dispersions, Farrar – Globe algorithm, and correlation coefficients. Methodical approach to the determination of the maximum value of the adequacy ratio of regulatory capital of banks with a view to ensuring the minimum level of compliance of banking supervision was formed under the component ‘adequacy of regulatory capital – credit risks’ and ‘liquidity – investment’. It served as an empirical basis for the establishment and adjusting banking requirements. The financial crisis revealed the financial sector’s excessive dependence on systemically important financial intermediaries so that the scientific approach for determining their systemic importance was developed in the work. It involved market share, equity-to-asset ratio, return on assets ratio and interconnection with other financial intermediaries and identification of the different types of financial intermediaries, which allowed reducing the risk of regulatory arbitrage. An example of systemically important banks and non-life insurance companies demonstrated the relationship between the activities of systemically important financial intermediaries and financial and economic macroeconomic indicators. In order to assess the systemic financial risk, indicators of the functioning of the sector of financial corporations and institutional sectors that affect the financial sector (non-financial corporations, households, government, ‘other world’) and macroeconomic factors were used. Their ranges of values were defined according to international data financial statistics, recommendations and standards of international financial organizations. Based on the binary characteristics and weight coefficients found employing the principal components method, quantitative and qualitative levels of the financial systemic risk in Ukraine were determined. A summary assessment of financial soundness was based on the IMF’s financial soundness indicators. Taking into account the importance of not only financial soundness but also the financial development, a comparative evaluation of these characteristics of the financial sector for developed and developing countries was carried out using the matrix method, which became the basis for grouping countries and determining the patterns of their movement in clusters. Employing nonparametric methods, the impact of financial soundness on the socio-economic development of the countries was demonstrated, which allowed denying the negative and significantly restraining influence of increasing financial soundness, which requires strengthening the supervision requirements for financial intermediaries, economic growth and socio-economic development of developed countries, as well as developing countries.

Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
O debruçar sobre a análise financeira das empresas do Sector Empresarial do Estado assume na actual conjuntura grande importância. O equilíbrio entre as incumbências de um Estado prestador de serviços e a sustentabilidade dos mesmos é importante em qualquer contexto, mas configura-se agora com uma premência sem precedentes; pela desfaçatez com que os ditames financeiros negam aparentemente o conceito de serviço público tal como o conhecemos, é importante apurar o estado económico-financeiro destas empresas. Este trabalho de projecto é expressão de uma análise de carácter multidisciplinar aos mapas financeiros e informação pública das empresas não financeiras detidas pelo Estado em mais de 1% nos sectores da Cultura, Comunicação, Transportes e Serviços (Carteira Principal Participações do Estado em 31-03-2012), entre 2009 e 2011. A análise cuidada dos dados recolhidos, feita sob a metodologia da Análise Financeira e orientada sobretudo para responder ao problema prático da sustentabilidade das empresas do SEE, aponta maioritariamente para uma desordem financeira a que nem o esforço financeiro público, nos vários tipos de apoio que presta a estas entidades, responde de forma eficaz, embora casos pontuais contrariem a tendência e se afirmem no panorama como casos de gestão económico-financeira eficiente e reiterada.
The financial analysis of the State-Owned Firms is a very important matter nowaday. The balance between the responsibilities of a State services and their sustainability is important in any context, however it sets up now with unprecedented urgency; for the obviously way that the financial rules deny apparently the concept of the public service such as we know it, it's important to investigate the financial performance of these firms. This study is based on a multidisciplinary analysis of financial reports and other public information from the non-financial State-Owned Firms in more than 1% in the sector of Culture, Communication, Transports and Services (primary portfolio holdings of the State in 31-03-2012) between 2009 and 2011. The main goal of the study is to investigate whether the State-Owned Firms are self-sustainable or not. The results suggest mainly a financial disorder that neither the public financial effort, in the several types of support that provides these enterprises, is enough, despite individual cases that oppose the trend and state for themselves as cases of financial and economic management efficient and consistent.

Диссертационная работа посвящена разработке теоретико-методологических основ обоснования экономической природы формирования дисбалансов в финансовом секторе экономики (ДФСЭ), углублению методического инструментария их анализа, развитию методологии и практических механизмов их регулирования в Украине. Dissertation is devoted to development theoretical and methodological foundations of economic nature of formation the imbalances in financial sector (IFS), deepening of methodological tools of analysis, development of methodologies and practical mechanisms of IFS regulation in Ukraine. In dissertation we substantiated the mechanism of self-organization of the financial sector (FS) from the positions of adaptation to exogenous and endogenous shocks, grouped by scientific theories the views on the economic nature of the financial instability, substantiated the essence of imbalance IFS; the nature of IFS of their formation in Ukraine on the basis of the developed descriptive model of cyclic FSE on the basis of developed descriptive model of cyclical development of FS; developed an integrated indicator of threats of loss of financial soundness in FS, diffusion index of financial shocks, tools of IFS estimating by on the elements and integral levels; estimated changes in synchronicity of FS indicators and the economy as a whole; deepened the tools of predictions of credit crunches after the credit booms; the tools of evaluating of potential destabilization in the real (non-financial) sector; developed the concept of the complex interaction between monetary and macroprudential policies for regulating DFSE; the implicit (monetary) targeting rule and rule of formation and releasing of countercyclical capital buffers for Ukraine's economy.

Дипломна робота складається з чотирьох розділів. Об’єкт дослідження – ТОВ "Будівельний двір". В роботі розглянуто економічно-правові засади розрахунків з покупцями та замовниками на підприємстві; система аналізу, обліку та аудиту розрахунків з покупцями та замовниками на ТОВ "Будівельний двір". Проведено аналіз основних господарських показників ТОВ "Будівельний двір". Актуальність теми полягає у необхідності удосконалення обліку, контролю і аналізу розрахунків з покупцями та замовниками, адже належна організація обліку сприяє ефективному управлінню її розмірами і термінами на підприємстві та посиленню контролю за своєчасним здійсненням розрахунків, особливо це актуально в сучасних умовах в період кризи неплатежів. Ці питанні ніколи не втрачали своєї актуальності та завжди залишалися дискусійними.
Дипломная работа состоит из четырех глав. Объект исследования – ООО "Строительный двор". В работе рассмотрены экономические правовые основы расчетов с покупателями и заказчиками на предприятии; система анализа, учета и аудита расчетов с покупателями и заказчиками на ООО "Строительный двор". Проведен анализ основных хозяйственных показателей ООО "Строительный двор". Актуальность темы заключается в необходимости усовершенствования учета, контроля и анализа расчетов с покупателями и заказчиками, ведь надлежащая организация учета способствует эффективному управлению ее размерами и сроками на предприятии и усилению контроля за своевременным осуществлением расчетов, особенно это актуально в современных условиях в период кризиса неплатежей. Эти вопросы никогда не теряли своей актуальности и оставались дискуссионными.
The diploma of the robot is stored from chotiroh razdiliv. Ob'ykt doslidzhennya – TOV "Budivelny Dvir". In robots, it is economical and legal to ambush rozrakhuniv with buyers and deputies at enterprises; a system for analysis, analysis and audit of projects with buyers and substitutes at TOV "Budivelny Dvir". The analysis of the main state indicators of TOV "Budivelny Dvir" has been carried out. The relevance of those who need to improve the situation, control and analysis of costs with buyers and deputies, it is also necessary to organize the area with regard to effective management of the distribution and terms in the process of control and management of their The food nicholas did not lose their relevance, and they seemed to become controversial.

Mestrado em Economia Monetária e Financeira
Um sistema bancário sólido é de importância fundamental para o bom funcionamento de uma economia, pois estabelece uma ponte entre credores e devedores. A estabilidade financeira, particularmente a estabilidade bancária, tem vindo a ganhar maior foco tanto por parte de autoridades de supervisão como académicos devido à sua relação com a economia real. Esta dissertação pretende utilizar uma ferramenta, o índice de estabilidade bancária agregada (ABSI), para avaliar a estabilidade bancária e seus determinantes em Portugal. Para tal, em primeiro lugar, é construído um índice que reflicta a estabilidade bancária durante o período 2010-2019. Em segundo lugar, com recurso a técnicas de séries temporais, é feita uma análise do impacto dos indicadores macroprudenciais para o sistema bancário português. Os resultados sugerem uma melhoria da estabilidade desde 2017 e, em consonância com a literatura empírica, apontam importantes indicadores macroeconômicos como o taxa de crescimento do índice de preços ao consumidor (% ΔCPI) e indicadores financeiros, como a taxa do multiplicador do segundo dinheiro (M2) em relação ao indicador de produto do produto interno bruto (PIB).
A solid banking system is of key importance for the well-functioning of an economy, as it establishes a bridge between lenders and borrowers. Financial stability, particularly, banking stability,has been gaining a greater focus from supervisory authorities and academics due to its interconnectedness with the real economy. This dissertation aims to use a tool, the aggregate banking stability index (ABSI), to assess banking stability and its determinants in Portugal. In order to do so, firstly, an index reflecting banking stability during the 2010-2019 period is constructed. Secondly, with recourse to time series techniques,an analysis is made on the impact of macroprudential indicators, for the Portuguese banking system.Findingssuggest for an improvement of the stability since 2017 and, in line with the empirical literature,point significant macroeconomic such as the growth rate of the consumer price index (%916;CPI)and financial such as theratio of the secondmoney multiplier (M2) to gross domestic product (GDP) early warning indicators.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

碩士
國立中興大學
企業管理學系研究所
93
ABSTRACT From 1986 to nowadays, the movements of international financial environments had been changing by each nation’s economic development around the world. Because bankruptcy and financial crisis shocked the financial sectors, the Basel committee on banking supervision has declared “the Basel Capital Accord, Basel I” and “the new Basel Capital Accord, Basel II” by sequence, which were constituted in order to improve safety and soundness of the financial system for every country. Each nation also examined and adjusted its mechanism of financial supervision to reach the goal of financial stability and pursue persistent economic growth. This research investigates the relationships on structure of financial supervision, central bank acting as a supervisor and the safety and soundness of financial system. The results show the existence of supervisory arbitrage by adopting multiple supervision in a country. Banks have incentives to seek lower equity/capital ratio, less non-interest revenue, more loans and cause the returns on average equity going down. Further, if the central bank acts as a supervisor, it can prevent banks from taking over-risky activities and becoming insolvent, which can compensate the weakness of adopting multiple supervision. Central bank’s acting as a supervisor would augment banks’ equity/capital ratio, non-interest revenue, security investment rate and decrease outstanding loans, then increase banks’ returns on average assets and returns on average equity. We also find that nations adopting partial consolidated supervision seem to contribute on banks’ performance. By coordinating to central bank’s supervision, their financial systems would be much stable. We conclude that adopting consolidated supervision would be a better choice to improve financial stability when universal banks, financial holding companies and even financial conglomerates boost. Key words: Structure of financial supervision, Central bank acting as a supervisor, Safety and soundness of financial system

碩士
中原大學
國際貿易研究所
99
The financial crises caused by the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the internet bubble in 2001 and the subprime mortgage crisis in 2007 verified that the robustness of macroeconomic development is the foundation of having a sound financial system. Since a financial system is composed of relevant financial institutions, whether the macroeconomic variables have crucial impacts on financial institutions is worthy of concern. In the financial system the financial holding companies play the most important role; therefore, the factors influencing the soundness and profitability of financial holding companies deserves attention. This paper uses macroeconomic variables as independent variables to explore the relationship between macroeconomic variables and the sound and the pprofitability of the financial holding companies. We use capital adequacy ratio and return on assets to represent the soundness and profitability of banks, respectively. Sample objects are the 13 listed financial holding companies. Sample period spans from 2005 1 Q to 2010 3Q. The empirical method is panel data estimation models, including the fixed effects model and random effects model; therefore, there are 299observations. Empirical results are shown as follows: 1. Except for price fluctuations having negative effect, the rest of macroeconomic variables, including business cycle, real effective exchange rate and real interest rates, have insignificant effect on capital adequacy ratio. 2. Except for the business cycle having negative effect, the rest of macroeconomic variables, including price fluctuations, exchange rate and deposit and loan spreads, have insignificant effect on return on assets. 3. The financial holding companies are weakly affected by macroeconomic variables; however, their own financial indicators, including banking costs, capital structure and competitiveness, have evidently impacts on return on assets.

iv Abstract The current state of the prolonged low interest rate environment may pose a great threat to the soundness of the financial system both in the eurozone countries as well as in the neighboring regions, such as in countries of Central Europe due to high interconnectedness of markets. Some of the recently identified risks of the low interest rate environment are a notable pickup in mortgage lending and house prices, and deterioration of profitability among banks. We study these channels for the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, investigating the impact of the imported ECB monetary policy on local (hos countries) during 2004Q4-2019Q4. Our findings suggest that house prices are further driven by low interest rates, and the effect is lagged by two quarters as looser monetary conditions need time to impact our dependant variables. Furthermore, a decrease in the mortgage rate increases mortgage lending in these countries. Lastly, in our study of 27 banks during 2004-2015, we find that ROAA declines by approximately by 17.8 %, given a one percent increase in the 3-month EURIBOR. Keywords low interest rates, EURIBOR, financial soundness, GMM, residential property, mortgages Author's e-mail 71263908@fsv.cuni.cz Supervisor's e-mail Adam.gersl@gmail.com

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Statistics and Information Management, specialization in Risk Analysis and Management
Com o final da guerra civil, Angola experimentou um crescimento económico acelerado, sendo o papel bancário ao nível da captação de recursos para tecido económico de especial importância, torna-se crucial a existência de um sistema financeiro robusto, resiliente e transparente capaz de cumprir o papel de intermediário, originando ganhos para a economia em geral. O presente trabalho de investigação resultou de um diagnóstico sobre impacto da variação do preço petróleo no risco de crédito e consequente risco contagio nos FSI´s da banca angolana, os resultados do estudo demonstraram que devido a falta de diversificação da economia e dependência do preço do petróleo, a economia angolana apresenta vulnerabilidades as variações do preço do petróleo, a descida do preço desta commodity tem impacto no aumento da inflação, da taxa de referencia, da taxa de câmbio, da Dívida publica nos balanços dos bancos, deterioração dos indicadores de qualidade dos activos, diminuição do crédito ao sector privado e diminuição da intermediação financeira. Entretanto, as variações do preço do petróleo e o risco de crédito não têm efeitos imediatos na inflação, taxa de câmbio, taxa de referencia, adequação de capital, rentabilidade, liquidez e sensibilidade ao risco de mercado.
With the end of the civil war, Angola experienced accelerated economic growth, with its role of fundraising for the economic fabric of particular importance, so a robust, resilient and transparent financial system capable of fulfilling the role of intermediary, resulting in gains for the economy in general. The present research work resulted from a diagnosis about the impact of oil price variation on credit risk and consequent contagion risk on Angolan banks' ISPs, the results of the study showed that due to the lack of economy diversification and price dependence on oil. oil, the Angolan economy has profitability due to changes in the price of oil, the drop in the price of this commodity has an impact on rising inflation, the reference rate, the exchange rate, the public debt in bank balance sheets, deterioration of quality indicators. reduction of credit to the private sector and decrease of financial intermediation. However, oil price changes and credit risk have no immediate effect on inflation, exchange rate, reference rate, capital adequacy, profitability, liquidity and sensitivity to market risk.