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1
ODELL, KERRY A., and MARC D. WEIDENMIER. "Real Shock, Monetary Aftershock: The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and the Panic of 1907." Journal of Economic History 64, no. 4 (December 2004): 1002–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050704043062.
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In April 1906 the San Francisco earthquake and fire caused damage equal to more than 1 percent of GNP. Although the real effect of this shock was localized, it had an international financial impact: large amounts of gold flowed into the country in autumn 1906 as foreign insurers paid claims on their San Francisco policies out of home funds. This outflow prompted the Bank of England to discriminate against American finance bills and, along with other European central banks, to raise interest rates. These policies pushed the United States into recession and set the stage for the Panic of 1907.San Francisco's $200,000,000 “ash heap” involves complications which will be felt on all financial markets for many months to come [and] the payment of losses sustained … represents a financial undertaking of far-reaching magnitude….The Financial Times [London], 6 July 1906
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Van Breda, P. "Vrymanne, ereburgerskap en die vryheid van toegang tot dorpe en stede." New Contree 18 (July 9, 2024): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v18i0.753.
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The contemporary custom in South Africa of conferring the honorary citizenship of a municipality on an individual originated in England and not, as at times argued, with the Romans. During the Middle Ages the so-called freemen were the only persons in England who enjoyed the full privileges of local management areas (boroughs). The word "freeman" did, however, as a result of legislation passed in the 19th century, lose its original meaning and much of its prestige value. Consequently a new title was created in 1885 to give to prominent people, namely "honorary freeman" (in Afrikaans known as "ereburgerskap"). In South Africa honorary freeman is an honour which has been granted since the second half of the 20th century by the council of a municipality to persons who in their opinion are worthy of it. There are no financial benefits attached to it for the recipient. In the Cape and Natal honorary citizenships are granted by ordinances in which honorary citizenship is specifically described. There are no ordinances of this kind in the Free State and Transvaal; there it is done in accordance with the authority vested in municipal councils. The tradition of granting freedom of entry into towns and cities to military units originated in London, England. It is a symbolic gesture by the civilian population to indicate their faith in a specific military unit.
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Dobrescu, Paul, and Mălina Ciocea. "Book review of Capital in the Twenty-First Century, by Thomas Piketty. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard Press, 2014, 605 pages." Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2015.1.154.
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<em><em></em></em><p>“Every now and then, the field of economics produces an important book; this is one of them” (Cowen, 2014). These are the opening words of Tyler Cowen’s presentation of Thomas Piketty’s work, “Capital in the Twenty-First Century” (Piketty, 2014), in Foreign Affairs. This is a book that is visibly placed in all important bookstores around the world, widely debated, acclaimed, sold (over 1 million copies have been sold so far). It has been favorably reviewed or quoted in all major journals. The assessment of “Capital in the Twenty-First Century” by Paul Krugman, Nobel Economics Prize Laureate as a “magnificent, sweeping meditation on inequality”, is highly relevant: “This is a book that will change both the way we think about society and the way we do economics” (Krugman, 2014). Finally, Piketty’s book is included in the list of the year’s best books by prestigious journals, such as The Economist, Financial Times, The Washington Post, Observer, The Independent, Daily Telegraph; Financial Times and McKinsey have hailed it as the best book of 2014.</p>
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Thornton, Dora, and Michael Cowell. "The ‘Armada Service’: a Set of Late Tudor Dining Silver." Antiquaries Journal 76 (March 1996): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500047454.
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Discovered in a potato barn in a small Devonshire village in 1827 (fig. I), the ‘Armada Service’ is one of the most important groups of English silver to have been found in England. It consists of a set of twenty-six parcel-gilt dishes, engraved with the arms of Sir Christopher Harris of Radford, Devon (c. 1553–1625), and those of his wife, Mary Sydenham (fig. 2). The dishes form part of the dining silver accumulated by Sir Christopher between 1581 and 1602, whenever cash or metal was available to be converted by London goldsmiths into this recognized, tangible evidence of wealth and social status. The ‘Armada Service’ is the unique survival of a type of utilitarian plate which is listed in the inventories of the gentry and aristocracy of the late Tudor and early Stuart periods. Undecorated plate of this sort would have been particularly vulnerable in times of financial need, since its bullion value far outweighed its decorative appeal.
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Kaddour, Sarah, Sebastian Slater, Robel Feleke, Gwen Doran, Louis Halpin, Anandagopal Srinivasan, and Huda Yusuf. "Secondary analysis of child hospital admission data for dental caries in London, UK: what the data tells us about oral health inequalities." BMJ Open 13, no. 10 (October 2023): e072171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072171.
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ObjectivesDental caries is the most common reason for hospital admissions for children aged 6–10 years in England. The prevalence in the experience of hospital admission is not uniform across all populations. This paper reports on the analysis of secondary data on dental hospital episodes for children residing in London, and its association with oral health inequalities.Design, setting and participantsRetrospective, non-identifiable patient data sourced from the Hospital Episode Statistics dataset was analysed. Finished consultant episodes (FCEs) were extracted for children aged 1–19 years, residing in London and admitted with a primary diagnosis of caries between 2015/2016 and 2020/2021.Outcome measuresThe number and rates of FCEs with a primary diagnosis of dental caries for children aged 1–19 years old was analysed for six consecutive financial years (2015/2016 to 2020/2021). To assess oral health inequalities in children experiencing hospital admission due to dental caries, several demographic variables were analysed: deprivation, age, and sex.ResultsBetween the financial years of 2015–2016 and 2020–2021, there were a total of 57 055 hospital admissions for dental caries for children aged 1–19 years (average rate of admission was 465.1 per 100 000 of children). A year-on-year decline was noted between 2015–2016 and 2020–2021. Regression analysis demonstrated clear social gradients with significant oral health inequalities; those from the most deprived areas experienced over two times the number of hospital admissions (58%). Children aged 4–9 years accounted for 68.9% (39 325) for the total dental hospital episodes from 2015–2016 to 2020–2021.ConclusionLondon’s year-on-year reduction in hospital admission for dental caries is due to various factors including effective prevention interventions and an effective paediatric clinical care pathway. Sociodemographic factors remain to act as key predictors for hospital admission for child with dental caries. While health service level changes may reduce the number of hospital admissions, persistent child oral health inequalities continue to exist.
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Fulop, Naomi J., Angus IG Ramsay, Rachael M. Hunter, Christopher McKevitt, Catherine Perry, Simon J. Turner, Ruth Boaden, et al. "Evaluation of reconfigurations of acute stroke services in different regions of England and lessons for implementation: a mixed-methods study." Health Services and Delivery Research 7, no. 7 (February 2019): 1–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr07070.
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Background Centralising acute stroke services is an example of major system change (MSC). ‘Hub and spoke’ systems, consisting of a reduced number of services providing acute stroke care over the first 72 hours following a stroke (hubs), with a larger number of services providing care beyond this phase (spokes), have been proposed to improve care and outcomes. Objective To use formative evaluation methods to analyse reconfigurations of acute stroke services in different regions of England and to identify lessons that will help to guide future reconfigurations, by studying the following contrasting cases: (1) London (implemented 2010) – all patients eligible for Hyperacute Stroke Units (HASUs); patients admitted 24 hours a day, 7 days a week; (2) Greater Manchester A (GMA) (2010) – only patients presenting within 4 hours are eligible for HASU treatment; one HASU operated 24/7, two operated from 07.00 to 19.00, Monday to Friday; (3) Greater Manchester B (GMB) (2015) – all patients eligible for HASU treatment (as in London); one HASU operated 24/7, two operated with admission extended to the hours of 07.00–23.00, Monday to Sunday; and (4) Midlands and East of England – planned 2012/13, but not implemented. Design Impact was studied through a controlled before-and-after design, analysing clinical outcomes, clinical interventions and cost-effectiveness. The development, implementation and sustainability of changes were studied through qualitative case studies, documentation analysis (n = 1091), stakeholder interviews (n = 325) and non-participant observations (n = 92; ≈210 hours). Theory-based framework was used to link qualitative findings on process of change with quantitative outcomes. Results Impact – the London centralisation performed significantly better than the rest of England (RoE) in terms of mortality [–1.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) –2.1% to –0.1%], resulting in an estimated additional 96 lives saved per year beyond reductions observed in the RoE, length of stay (LOS) (–1.4 days, 95% –2.3 to –0.5 days) and delivering effective clinical interventions [e.g. arrival at a Stroke Unit (SU) within 4 hours of ‘clock start’ (when clock start refers to arrival at hospital for strokes occurring outside hospital or the appearance of symptoms for patients who are already in-patients at the time of stroke): London = 66.3% (95% CI 65.6% to 67.1%); comparator = 54.4% (95% CI 53.6% to 55.1%)]. Performance was sustained over 6 years. GMA performed significantly better than the RoE on LOS (–2.0 days, 95% CI –2.8 to –1.2 days) only. GMB (where 86% of patients were treated in HASU) performed significantly better than the RoE on LOS (–1.5 days, 95% CI –2.5 to –0.4 days) and clinical interventions [e.g. SU within 4 hours: GMB = 79.1% (95% CI 77.9% to 80.4%); comparator = 53.4% (95% CI 53.0% to 53.7%)] but not on mortality (–1.3%, 95% CI –2.7% to 0.01%; p = 0.05, accounting for reductions observed in RoE); however, there was a significant effect when examining GMB HASUs only (–1.8%, 95% CI –3.4% to –0.2%), resulting in an estimated additional 68 lives saved per year. All centralisations except GMB were cost-effective at 10 years, with a higher net monetary benefit than the RoE at a willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of £20,000–30,000. Per 1000 patients at 10 years, London resulted in an additional 58 QALYs, GMA resulted in an additional 18 QALYs and GMB resulted in an additional 6 QALYs at costs of £1,014,363, –£470,848 and £719,948, respectively. GMB was cost-effective at 90 days. Despite concerns about the potential impact of increased travel times, patients and carers reported good experiences of centralised services; this relied on clear information at every stage. Planning change – combining top-down authority and bottom-up clinical leadership was important in co-ordinating multiple stakeholders to agree service models and overcome resistance. Implementation – minimising phases of change, use of data, service standards linked to financial incentives and active facilitation of changes by stroke networks was important. The 2013 reforms of the English NHS removed sources of top-down authority and facilitative capacity, preventing centralisation (Midlands and East of England) and delaying implementation (GMB). Greater Manchester’s Operational Delivery Network, developed to provide alternative network facilitation, and London’s continued use of standards suggested important facilitators of centralisation in a post-reform context. Limitations The main limitation of our quantitative analysis was that we were unable to control for stroke severity. In addition, findings may not apply to non-urban settings. Data on patients’ quality of life were unavailable nationally, clinical interventions measured changed over time and national participation in audits varied. Some qualitative analyses were retrospective, potentially influencing participant views. Conclusions Centralising acute stroke services can improve clinical outcomes and care provision. Factors related to the service model implemented, how change is implemented and the context in which it is implemented are influential in improvement. We recommend further analysis of how different types of leadership contribute to MSC, patient and carer experience during the implementation of change, the impact of change on further clinical outcomes (disability and QoL) and influence of severity of stroke on clinical outcomes. Finally, our findings should be assessed in relation to MSC implemented in other health-care specialties. Funding The National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Buchinsky, Moshe, and Ben Polak. "The Emergence of a National Capital Market in England, 1710–1880." Journal of Economic History 53, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700012365.
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Was eighteenth-century London's financial market linked to domestic real capital markets? When did English capital markets cease to be regionally segmented? We compare London interest rates with annual registered property transactions in Middlesex and in West Yorkshire. This evidence, though tentative, suggests that London financial markets were weakly linked to local real capital markets in the mid-eighteenth century. By the late eighteenth century those links were strong. Regional markets were still segmented in the mid-eighteenth century but were integrated by the time of the Napoleonic War.
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Chernova, Larisa N. "London and the towns of England in 1350–1370: Socio-economic aspect of their relations." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 22, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2022-22-3-319-328.
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The article examines the directions and forms ofsocio-economic interaction between London and provincial towns of England in 1350– 1370 based on the material of the original sources. It is shown that the main sphere in their relationship was trade, which was implemented in various organizational forms, with extensive use of commodity and monetary credit. Also, the field for interaction was the return of runaway apprentices who left the masters in London and found refuge in different cities of England. Often the mayor of London had to defend the commercial and financial interests of his citizens in the face of opposition from the government of provincial towns. The author concludes that the relations between London and the town “periphery” of England in the XIV century were complicated. But the contradictions that arose were resolved in the existing justice field.
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Durkin, Mark. "Financial Services Marketing20011Tina Harrison. Financial Services Marketing. London: Financial Times Management, ISBN: 0273632973 US$52.50 (hb)." International Journal of Bank Marketing 19, no. 1 (February 2001): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm.2001.19.1.48.1.
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Spraakman, Gary. "THE FIRST EXTERNAL AUDITORS OF THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1866." Accounting Historians Journal 38, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.38.1.57.
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At the request of shareholders, the Hudson's Bay Company had its financial statements audited for the first time in 1866. Two external auditors were hired, one for the shareholders and one for management. Three inter-related forces led to this decision: (1) most importantly, the company's shareholders demanded audited financial statements, (2) there was emerging in London at the time the capacity and willingness among London accountants to provide external audit services, and (3) the British Parliament passed various acts that required financial statements of companies in other industries to be audited. After a few years, only the management's external auditor was retained. He subsequently influenced the company's development of management accounting. In addition, the company's early external auditors were influential in the development of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales.
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James, John A. "Panics, payments disruptions and the Bank of England before 1826." Financial History Review 19, no. 3 (September 17, 2012): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565012000182.
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The structures of the banking systems in early nineteenth-century England and later nineteenth-century America were quite similar. In each the multitude of independent country or interior bankers maintained correspondent accounts with bankers in the metropolis, London and New York respectively, to hold reserves and to clear and settle financial instruments used in intercity financial transactions. In spite of such similarities in structure, the performances of the two systems were, however, rather different. Although panics were frequent and their extent widespread in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England involving numerous bank failures, there was never a nationwide paralysis of the payments system such as had become a regular event in late nineteenth-century America. This was due to the Bank of England's functioning as a de facto lender of last resort even though such a role was not explicitly recognized or acknowledged until decades later.
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Kiselev, Alexander. "Diplomatic Protocol and Anglo-Russian Negotiations in 1662—1663." ISTORIYA 13, no. 7 (117) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022267-2.
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In the early 1660’s the Russian economy was in deep crisis. Needed in silver, the Muscovy government sent to England in 1662 a representative embassy of more than a hundred people, headed by Prince Pyotr Prozorovsky and the nobleman Ivan Zhelyabuzhsky. It is believed that the mission of Prozorovsky and Zhelyabuzhsky in London failed, because the King of England Charles II refused to give the Russian Tsar money in debt. In historiography this embassy is seen as an episodic event in the history of Anglo-Russian relations. The trip of the delegation of Muscovites to London was poorly reflected in Russian sources, whereas it was covered in detail by the English and Italian, which requires a more thorough analysis. The receipt of Prince Prozorovsky, found in the National Archives at Kew (UK), make it clear that the Muscovite delegation left London with money. However, the problem of the influence of Russian and English diplomatic protocol on the 17th century negotiation process and, in particular, on the results of Prozorovsky’s visit to England in 1662—1663 has so far escaped the attention of scholars. Using the actor approach of “new diplomatic history”, the author argues that it was a firm negotiating position that allowed diplomats of Muscovy to turn the course of Anglo-Russian negotiations on the financial issue and successfully conclude the mission to London.
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Davis, William B. "Music Therapy in Victorian England." Journal of British Music Therapy 2, no. 1 (June 1988): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135945758800200103.
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The purpose of this article was to trace the growth and development of the Guild of St. Cecilia. This late nineteenth century organisation was founded by Frederick Kill Harford in London to provide music therapy to hospitalised patients. All information was derived from letters written by Harford and editorials that appeared in British medical and music periodicals. Initially, the Guild enjoyed great success and was endorsed by important people such as Florence Nightingale and Sir Richard Quain, physician to Queen Victoria. The Rev. Harford was astute in his observations that the effects of music must be tested to find the most beneficial ways for it to be used as therapy. He envisaged an association that would provide live and transmitted music via telephone to London's hospitals. Ultimately, due to the lack of support from the press, limited financial resources and Harford's ill health the organisation failed to prosper. Despite this, the Guild of St. Cecilia remains important because it kept alive the idea that music could be used therapeutically to benefit physically and mentally ill people.
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Hannah, Leslie. "Pioneering Modern Corporate Governance: A View from London in 1900." Enterprise & Society 8, no. 3 (September 2007): 642–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700006212.
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Around 1900 Britain was exceptionally suited to pioneering large scale enterprises because of the precocious development of its equity markets and London's experimentation with a more eclectic range of corporate governance techniques than the world's smaller and less cosmopolitan financial centers. Information dissemination, incentives, and reputation—developed by a serendipitous mix of legal compulsions and flexible voluntarism—set the scene for the growth of large, UK-based, national and international corporations in the twentieth century.“The investment business is not with us as well developed or as well understood as it is in England.”W. H. Lyon, Capitalization (Boston, 1913), 207.
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Maw, Peter. "Provincial Merchants in Eighteenth-Century England: The ‘Great Oaks’ of Manchester." English Historical Review 136, no. 580 (June 1, 2021): 568–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceab156.
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Abstract The importance of overseas trade to England’s national wealth and international reputation in the eighteenth century amplified the public discourse on the social value of merchants. Contemporary conduct books described a hierarchical occupational structure, where merchants enjoyed the highest prestige within the business community, with tradesmen and manufacturers performing distinct and progressively less valued professional functions. These conduct books focused on London, England’s premier port and the beating heart of Europe’s commodity and financial markets. Historians have also given much attention to London but have equally demonstrated the importance of merchants in the ‘outports’, whose participation in England’s foreign trade engendered significant wealth, status and political influence. This article considers a different type of eighteenth-century merchant, one based within English manufacturing regions, and one that has been largely overlooked in the historiography, not least because their businesses elided the separation of production and mercantile activities espoused by contemporary didacts. Focusing on Manchester, the article demonstrates that the town’s ‘Great Oaks’ challenged London’s commercial hegemony in a distinctive way, seeking not to replicate outport merchants’ entrepreneurial verve in risky, multilateral trades, but specialising, as both manufacturers and merchants, in exporting to commercially developed markets, where the ability to supply a precise assortment of locally produced textiles was more important than the capacity to sell imports or to provide financial services to overseas clients. Although little studied, provincial merchant communities were a general feature of the more dynamic English manufacturing regions in the years immediately before, and during the onset of, industrialisation.
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Venn, Edward. "London, Royal Opera House: ‘The Tempest’." Tempo 58, no. 229 (July 2004): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298204210245.
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By all (press) accounts, the overture to The Tempest, Thomas Adès's first full-scale opera, was completed at speed – just five days before the 20 February première, at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Comparisons with Rossini naturally followed, but the question remained whether such facility would be married to the necessary substance for a setting of Shakespeare's play Robin Holloway's claim (in the Financial Times) that the opera was ‘make or break’ for Adès may in hindsight come to appear somewhat overstated, but there is no doubt that this was an important milestone in the composer's career.
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Keohane, Emma. "The Harold Ellis Prize 2012: In Austere Financial Times Which Procedures Should be Rationed and Who Should Decide?" Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588413x13625648805280.
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On 23rd November 2012, 14 nervous medical students from schools all over the country congregated at The Royal College of Surgeons of England to participate in the presentation stage of the Harold Ellis Prize. The presentation title given was: In austere financial times, which procedures should be rationed and who should decide?
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Greenfield, Geva, Mitch Blair, Paul P. Aylin, Sonia Saxena, Azeem Majeed, Maurice Hoffman, and Alex Bottle. "Frequent attendances at emergency departments in England." Emergency Medicine Journal 37, no. 10 (April 16, 2020): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2018-208189.
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BackgroundA small proportion of patients referred to as ‘frequent attenders’ account for a large proportion of hospital activity such as ED attendances and admissions. There is a lack of recent, national estimates of the volume of frequent ED attenders. We aimed to estimate the volume and age distribution of frequent ED attenders in English hospitals.MethodWe included all attendances at all major EDs across England in the financial year 2016–2017. Patients who attended three times or more were classified as frequent attenders. We used a logistic regression model to predict the odds of being a frequent attender by age group.Results14 829 519 attendances were made by 10 062 847 patients who attended at least once. 73.5% of ED attenders attended once and accounted for 49.8% of the total ED attendances. 9.5% of ED attenders attended three times or more; they accounted for 27.1% of the ED attendances. While only 1.2% attended six times or more, their contribution was 7.6% of the total attendances. Infants and adults aged over 80 years were significantly more likely to be frequent attenders than adults aged 30–59 years (OR=2.11, 95% CI 2.09 to 2.13, OR=2.22, 95% CI 2.20 to 2.23, respectively). The likelihood of hospital admission rose steeply with the number of attendances a patient had.ConclusionOne in 10 patients attending the ED are frequent attenders and account for over a quarter of attendances. Emergency care systems should consider better ways of reorganising health services to meet the needs of patients who attend EDs frequently.
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TEMIN, PETER, and HANS-JOACHIM VOTH. "Banking as an emerging technology: Hoare's Bank, 1702–1742." Financial History Review 13, no. 2 (October 2006): 149–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565006000229.
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We document the transition from goldsmith to banker in the case of Richard Hoare and his successors and examine the operation of the London loan market during the early eighteenth century. Analysis of the financial revolution in England has focused on changes in public debt management and the interest rates paid by the state. Much less is known about the evolution of the financial system providing credit to individual borrowers. We show how this progress took time because operating a deposit bank was new and different from being a goldsmith. Learning how to use the relatively new technology of deposit banking was crucial for the bank's success and survival.
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Antoine, D., H. Maguire, and A. Story. "Epidemiology and response to the growing problem of tuberculosis in London." Eurosurveillance 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.11.03.00609-en.
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As in other countries with low tuberculosis incidence, tuberculosis in England and Wales tends to be concentrated in some subgroups of the population, and is mainly a problem in large cities. In 2003, almost half of all tuberculosis cases reported in England and Wales were from London, where the incidence was almost five times higher than in the rest of England and Wales. While the highest proportion of cases occur in foreign born patients, evidence from a large outbreak of drug resistant tuberculosis points to ongoing active transmission among marginalised groups including homeless people, hard drug users, and prisoners. Increasing rates of disease and levels of drug resistance, combined with a concentration of disease in hard-to-reach risk groups now present a major challenge to tuberculosis control in the city. To respond to the changing epidemiology observed in recent years, treatment and control services are being reconfigured, surveillance has been improved with the implementation of the London TB register, and the utility of mobile digital x ray screening for at risk populations such as homeless people and prisoners is being evaluated. However, tuberculosis in London is not yet under control and more needs to be done. Services must adapt to the needs of those groups now most affected. This will require continued improvements to surveillance and monitoring, combined with improved access to care, better case detection, rapid diagnosis and active social support for people undergoing treatment.
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James, D. Geraint. "John Coakley Lettsom's American Friends." Journal of Medical Biography 13, no. 1 (February 2005): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200501300105.
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John Coakley Lettsom (1744–1815) regarded his West Indies birthplace and the New England states as integral parts of the colonial Empire, and described himself as Americanus. He had numerous friends in the American medical profession and was generous to them with books, plants and financial support. They travelled to Europe with letters of introduction to him and some of them became corresponding members of the Medical Society of London. This work is a brief profile of some of these academic friends.
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Reutcke, Chelsea. "‘Very Knaves Besides’: Catholic Print and the Enforcers of the 1662 Licensing Act in Restoration England." Studies in Church History 56 (May 15, 2020): 288–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2019.16.
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This article explores the motivations of three enforcers of the Licensing Act of 1662 in regard to their treatment of the illicit Catholic book trade in London during the Restoration. As censors, the Stationers’ Company, the Surveyor of the Press, Roger L'Estrange, and the bishop of London, Henry Compton, were intended to unite the concerns of the book trade, the state and the church. However, each used the Licensing Act to pursue their own interests. Contemporaries and historians have both viewed the act as being unsuccessfully enforced; this article explores whether full enforcement was ever the goal. Using the case of Catholic print, it posits that it was precisely the act's flexibility that encouraged its repeated renewals. Moreover, exploring the print of the Catholic minority in London highlights the differences between the written law and the enforced law. Finally, this article suggests that at times there existed an informal toleration for the printers and booksellers engaged in Catholic book production that enabled books to escape detection and the Catholic book trade to continue despite the Licensing Act.
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Brock, Michael. "The Strange Death of Liberal England." Albion 17, no. 4 (1985): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049431.
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George Dangerfield's book, The Strange Death of Liberal England, would have been an influential, indeed a seminal, piece of historical writing whenever it had appeared: published in 1935 it constituted an immense liberation. In 1935 the writing of modern British political history was dominated for academic people by Lewis Namier, whose two great works—The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III and England in the Age of the American Revolution—had been published in 1928 and 1930. Namier's immense gifts were balanced by a startling defect. He was psychologically incapable of writing historical narrative, that is of dealing on any considerable scale with the development of events. Here, at the very start of the Namierite era, was a young scholar named Dangerfield writing history in the classic manner, writing, that is, as Thucydides and Tacitus had done, with a wide narrative sweep about the fateful and tragic events of yesterday. The result was the book which was so eloquently analysed this afternoon. It has been issued, if I heard this rightly, some nineteen times; and three editions, two American and one British, are in print today, after fifty years.At the end of his life Disraeli, by then Lord Beaconsfield, congratulated Matthew Arnold on having “coined unforgettable phrases.” Mr. Dangerfield may surely be offered the same congratulations. In the week in which I was composing this paper the Spectator of London carried an article under the headline: “The Strange Death of Liberal America”; and I note that a work will be published in London this September entitled “The Strange Rebirth of Liberal England.” Where the phrasing of the title is concerned we may be celebrating tonight, not only a jubilee, but the ghost of a centenary. When Mr. Dangerfield chose his arresting title he echoed, unwittingly as we understand, one devised fifty years earlier; for in 1885 a young British journalist in India named Rudyard Kipling had written a story entitled: “The Strange Ride of Morrowbie Jukes.”
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Bye, Dan J. "Financial Times Historical Archive 1888‐20062010353Financial Times Historical Archive 1888‐2006. London: Gale Cengage Last visited April 2010. Contact publisher for pricing information URL: http://gale.cengage.co.uk/financial‐times‐historical‐archive.aspx." Reference Reviews 24, no. 8 (October 26, 2010): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504121011090926.
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Morse, Ruth. "The Hollow Crown:Shakespeare, the BBC, and the 2012 London Olympics." Linguaculture 2014, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lincu-2015-0015.
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Abstract During the summer of 2012, and to coincide with the Olympics, BBC2 broadcast a series called The Hollow Crown, an adaptation of Shakespeare’s second tetralogy of English history plays. The BBC commission was conceived as part of the Cultural Olympiad which accompanied Britain’s successful hosting of the Games that summer. I discuss the financial, technical, aesthetic, and political choices made by the production team, not only in the context of the Coalition government (and its attacks on the BBC) but also in the light of theatrical and film tradition. I argue that the inclusion or exclusion of two key scenes suggest something more complex and balanced that the usual nationalism of the plays'; rather, the four nations are contextualised to comprehend and acknowledge the regions - apropos not only in the Olympic year, but in 2014's referendum on the Union of the crowns of England/Wales and Scotland.
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Vanderputten, Steven. "Canterbury and Flanders in the late tenth century." Anglo-Saxon England 35 (December 2006): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026367510600010x.
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AbstractThis paper provides an edition, translation and discussion of four letters written by Flemish abbots to the archbishops of Canterbury between the years 980 and 991 and preserved in two manuscripts drawn on the archiepiscopal archives in the early eleventh century (London, British Library, Cotton Tiberius A. xv and Cotton Vespasian A. xiv). The letters document the increasing importance of cross-Channel relations in the late tenth century and provide context for a number of hitherto unexplained indications of cultural, religious and financial exchanges between the county of Flanders and England.
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Meen, Geoffrey, and Christian Nygaard. "Local Housing Supply and the Impact of History and Geography." Urban Studies 48, no. 14 (March 17, 2011): 3107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010394689.
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This paper considers the impact of existing land use patterns on housing supply price elasticities in local areas of England, under existing planning policies. The paper demonstrates that, despite common national planning policies, local supply responses to market pressures vary considerably, because of differences in historical land uses. The study area covers the Thames Gateway and Thames Valley, which lie to the east and west of London respectively. However, whereas the latter is one of the wealthiest areas of England, the former includes some of the highest pockets of deprivation and was a government priority area for increasing housing supply. Due to differences in historical land use and geography, the price elasticity in the least constrained area is approximately six times higher than the most constrained.
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King, Richard G., and Saskia Willaert. "Giovanni Francesco Crosa and the First Italian Comic Operas in London, Brussels and Amsterdam, 1748–50." Journal of the Royal Musical Association 118, no. 2 (1993): 246–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrma/118.2.246.
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In the autumn of 1748 the opera audience in London was introduced to a newly arrived troupe of Italian singers, an eccentric impresario and an operatic genre previously unknown in England. The buffo company, led by ‘Doctor’ Giovanni Francesco Crosa, would entertain the King's Theatre public for the first time with full-length Italian comic operas. In May 1750, after two tumultuous seasons which saw the gradual dissolution of the troupe and financial disaster for the management, Crosa fled the country, never to return. The King's Theatre closed its doors, to reopen only in the autumn of 1753 with a programme devoted exclusively to serious opera. It was not until 1766, when Piccini's La buona figliuola conquered the London opera stage, that Italian comic opera found real success at the King's.
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Muzlera, Carlos, and Jamie Riggs. "Desperate times call for desperate measures." University of Western Ontario Medical Journal 86, no. 1 (August 29, 2017): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v86i1.2183.
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It is 5 pm on New Year’s Eve and you are on service as an emergency physician in training for the London Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS). The London Ambulance Service Control informs you of a stabbing incident in the town of Watford, England. Your helicopter arrives on the scene 10 minutes after the call and 13 minutes after the incident, along with land ambulance and police. After the scene is declared safe, you are directed to the patient, JJ, a 24-year-old male who has suffered a stabbing outside of a local bar. His friend, who made the call to EMS, tells you JJ lost consciousness about 3 minutes after the insult. The patient has no signs of life, with no palpable carotid pulse or measurable blood pressure. He is apneic and his pupils are fixed and dilated. You notice a 2-cm wound in the midclavicular line, just superior to the left nipple, consistent with a penetrating stab wound. Cardiac monitors are attached and show an initial rhythm of asystole. Closed cardiac massage is undertaken immediately with rescue breaths given using bag-valve-mask. Simultaneously, the patient is cannulated in both antecubital fossae and is administered 1 mg adrenaline with 1000 mL 0.9% saline. Emergent decompressive needle thoracotomy is performed on the left chest by placing a 14-gauge, 3.5-inch angiographic catheter into the chest cavity at the midclavicular line in the second interspace. There is no release of air but periodic bubbles and blood appear to come from the left lung. After 2 minutes of unsuccessful CPR, there is still no palpable pulse and you notice the patient’s neck veins are distended, with normal air entry and no dullness to percussion in the left hemithorax. Your helicopter is about 10 minutes away from the nearest major trauma centre.
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Kay, Adrian, Gillian Bristow, Mark McGovern, and David Pickernell. "Fair Division or Fair Dinkum? Australian Lessons for Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in the United Kingdom." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 23, no. 2 (April 2005): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c38m.
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Current arguments in Australia concerning horizontal fiscal equalisation may help inform the debate in the United Kingdom concerning possible changes to the Barnett formula and the establishment of financial relations with any regional governments in England. Although Australia is a long-established federation, with mature institutions for managing the financial aspects of intergovernmental relations, the most populous states are now pushing for a per-capita-based system to replace the existing formula—based on needs and costs—overseen by the independent Commonwealth Grants Commission. This has important implications for the United Kingdom, where the Barnett formula—a per capita system for deciding annual changes in the funding for the devolved administrations—has been increasingly challenged. In particular, the Barnett system has been vulnerable to nontransparent ‘formula-bypass’ agreements. We argue that the status quo in the United Kingdom appears secure as long as England remains a single entity and the UK Treasury sees the financial implications of larger per capita expenditure in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland as relatively small. However, we speculate that regionalisation of government in England would be likely to increase the pressure: to abandon the Barnett system; to look more systematically at need and cost, rather than population, as criteria for allocating funds between governments; and to move towards an Australian-type system. However, the recent experience of Australia also shows that larger states prefer a per-capita-based system allied to more political, less transparent, arrangements to deal with ‘special circumstances’. It may be that a Barnett-type formula would suit the new ‘dominant states’ in a fully federalised United Kingdom which would, ironically, create an alliance of interests between Scotland and London.
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Lojanica, Nemanja. "Gillman M: Advanced modern macroeconomics: Analysis and application, Prentice Hall, Financial Times, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2011." Ekonomski horizonti 17, no. 3 (2015): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonhor1503233l.
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Markovich, Slobodan. "Activities of Father Nikolai Velimirovich in Great Britain during the Great War." Balcanica, no. 48 (2017): 143–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc1748143m.
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Nikolai Velimirovich was one of the most influential bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the twentieth century. His stay in Britain in 1908/9 influenced his theological views and made him a proponent of an Anglican-Orthodox church reunion. As a known proponent of close relations between different Christian churches, he was sent by the Serbian Prime Minister Pasic to the United States (1915) and Britain (1915-1919) to work on promoting Serbia and the cause of Yugoslav unity. His activities in both countries were very successful. In Britain he closely collaborated with the Serbian Relief Fund and ?British friends of Serbia? (R. W. Seton-Watson, Henry Wickham Steed and Sir Arthur Evans). Other Serbian intellectuals in London, particularly the brothers Bogdan and Pavle Popovic, were in occasional collision with the members of the Yugoslav Committee over the nature of the future Yugoslav state. In contrast, Velimirovich remained committed to the cause of Yugoslav unity throughout the war with only rare moments of doubt. Unlike most other Serbs and Yugoslavs in London Father Nikolai never grew unsympathetic to the Serbian Prime Minister Pasic, although he did not share all of his views. In London he befriended the churchmen of the Church of England who propagated ecclesiastical reunion and were active in the Anglican and Eastern Association. These contacts allowed him to preach at St. Margaret?s Church, Westminster and other prominent Anglican churches. He became such a well-known and respected preacher that, in July 1917, he had the honour of being the first Orthodox clergyman to preach at St. Paul?s Cathedral. He was given the same honour in December 1919. By the end of the war he had very close relations with the highest prelates of the Church of England, the Catholic cardinal of Westminster, and with prominent clergymen of the Church of Scotland and other Protestant churches in Britain. Based on Velimirovich?s correspondence preserved in Belgrade and London archives, and on very wide coverage of his activities in The Times, in local British newspapers, and particularly in the Anglican journal The Church Times, this paper describes and analyses his wide-ranging activities in Britain. The Church of England supported him wholeheartedly in most of his activities and made him a celebrity in Britain during the Great War. It was thanks to this Church that some dozen of his pamphlets and booklets were published in London during the Great War. What made his relations with the Church of England so close was his commitment to the question of reunion of Orthodox churches with the Anglican Church. He suggested the reunion for the first time in 1909 and remained committed to it throughout the Great War. Analysing the activities of Father Nikolai, the paper also offers a survey of the very wide-ranging forms of help that the Church of England provided both to the Serbian Orthodox Church and to Serbs in by the end of the Great War he became a symbol of Anglican-Orthodox rapprochement. general during the Great War. Most of these activities were channelled through him. Thus, by the end of the Great War he became a symbol of Anglican-Orthodox rapprochement.
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Halley, Erica. "Today's teachers: who are we? Teachers' perceptions of their profession in complex times." FORUM 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/forum.2024.66.1.02.
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England is experiencing a teacher recruitment and retention crisis which has only worsened since the Covid-19 pandemic. One-third of teachers leave before they have completed five years. This paper discusses the results of a small-scale study completed with six inner-London secondary teachers which focuses on their everyday experiences in these complex times. The study finds that teacher identity for those who have fewer than five years' experience can be considered under the three headings of passion, frustration and hope. While these are in balance, the teacher is likely to stay in the profession. If the frustration component grows too large, the teacher is likely to leave. This paper uses the study to discuss the retention and recruitment crisis.
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Mendes de Leon, Pablo. "Financial Times Conference, London, 25 - 27 August 1986: World Aerospace to the End of the Century." Air and Space Law 11, Issue 6 (December 1, 1986): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila1986035.
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Warlick, Steven R. "Military Use of Nasopharyngeal Irradiation with Radium during World War II." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 115, no. 5 (November 1996): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989611500504.
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Published reports of the military use of nasopharyngeal irradiation during World War II include treatment of U.S. aviators in England, the aerotitis control program of the Army Air Forces, treatment of Navy submarine trainees at New London, Connecticut, and other miscellaneous reports. In England, Army aviators developed hyperplastic lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. Radon applicators were used to treat 220 Army aviators from 1942 to 1944. The radium applicator provided a much more stable applicator and allowed much shorter exposure times, making it suitable for field use. From 1944 to 1945 the Army Air Forces had an aerotitis control program that was developed on the recommendations of an expert panel convened by the air surgeon. Nasopharyngeal radium was used to treat 6881 aviators. Hyperplastic lymphoid tissue was also a problem in submarine escape training at New London. Reports indicate that 732 Navy submariners were treated with nasopharyngeal radium. Other documented military use included 60 Navy aviators by Northington and 277 aviators in the Pacific theater. The total number of U.S. military personnel treated in World War II is 8170. After the war, there were no indications that the Army or Air Force continued to use nasopharyngeal radium, but it was used by the Navy at New London for some time. Precise numbers treated are unknown, and it is unclear when use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation was stopped.
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Hindmoor, Andrew, and Allan McConnell. "Who saw it coming? The UK’s great financial crisis." Journal of Public Policy 35, no. 1 (February 21, 2014): 63–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x1400004x.
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AbstractWho foresaw the UK banking crisis? This paper addresses this issue through detailed empirical work on the content of the Chancellor of the Exchequer’s speeches, Bank of EnglandFinancial Stability Reports, Financial Service Authority reports and speeches by Bank of England officials, editorials in theTimesandFinancial Times, bank annual reports and financial statements, credit rating reports, share price movements, Parliamentary questions, Treasury select committee reports and the output of academic economists. We find that few people inside or outside government recognised the existence of significant financial vulnerabilities in the financial system in the years prior to the collapse of Northern Rock in September 2007. We use the conceptual lenses of individual, institutional and paradigmatic pathologies to provide explanations for this failure to detect looming crisis conditions. We argue ultimately that regulators and commentators were blinded by faith in market forces and the risk-tempering properties of securitisation.
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Mandel, Sarah. "From London to Bombay: Judicial Comparisons between Parsis and Jews, 1702–1865*." English Historical Review 135, no. 572 (February 2020): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez438.
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Abstract As England extended its authority over Bombay, Calcutta and other localities in early imperial India, law served as a medium of transfer between metropole and colony and English judges faced complex questions about the law’s relationship with its non-Christian subjects. While Hindus and Muslims were provided with authorised religious advisors at the English courts in India, Parsis remained officially excluded as a minority religious group. Judicial creativity, when faced with questions of Parsi marriage, divorce, child custody and conversion, was limited by judges’ ‘available conceptual resources’. Cases involving Jews in England from the eighteenth century proved to be uniquely relevant, as they rehearsed the fundamental challenges involved in the interaction of the Anglican establishment with non-Christian subjects. The common legal paradigm of Jews and Parsis was further manifested in the unconscious framing of outsiders in the courtroom using the metaphor of a ‘body of people’. This phrase, which appears only twenty times in the corpus of English Law Reports, reflects the physicalisation or personification of a society of individuals with a shared history, values, and political and legal framework. It expresses a judicial conception of them as distinct and unified, with the corollary negative associations of being threatening and potentially subversive. Despite their strong mercantile ties to the colonisers, Parsis thus served as the ‘Jews’ of India in the sense that they helped define and secure the majority by contradistinction, and their separateness was reinforced both explicitly and implicitly in legal encounters.
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Fel, Stanisław, Jarosław Kozak, and Marek Wódka. "Zostać czy wracać? Metaforycznie o reemigracji Polaków po Brexicie." Polityka i Społeczeństwo 18, no. 3 (2020): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2020.3.6.
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Poles represent one of the largest groups of economic immigrants to the UK. As a result of Brexit, many of them have redefined their migration scenarios, which has affected the economy and some areas of social and cultural life in the UK. This paper presents the results of our original quantitative study conducted in the autumn of 2019 on a sample of 620 Polish respondents living in three locations in England – London, Oxford, and Swindon. The study addresses the question Do Polish migrants intend to return to Poland, and if they do, when? and examines to what extent this decision is influenced by the length of their stay in England, by their financial situation, by their knowledge of English, by their ability to assimilate culturally, by how much they miss their family, by homesickness, and by their craving for Polish culture. The article follows the typology of attitudes adopted by Poles towards Brexit, as identified by Agnieszka Trąbka and Paulina Pustułka.
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Drummond, Lynne M., Naomi A. Fineberg, Isobel Heyman, David Veale, and Edmond Jessop. "Use of specialist services for obsessive–compulsive and body dysmorphic disorders across England." Psychiatrist 37, no. 4 (April 2013): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.112.040667.
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Aims and methodIn April 2007, the National Specialist Commissioning Team of the Department of Health commissioned a group of services to provide treatment to patients with the most severe and profound obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). We decided to examine the usage of these services across England 4–5 years after the start of the new funding arrangements. This survey used data about patients treated in the financial year 2011–2012.ResultsDespite the services offering intensive home-based as well as residential and in-patient services, there was a greater proportion of referrals from London, the South East of England and counties closer to London.Clinical implicationsIt is important that all patients, regardless of where they live, have access to highly specialist services for OCD and BDD. We discuss potential ways of improving this access but we hope this paper will act as a discussion forum whereby we can receive feedback from others.
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Zhu, Jingmin. "EMPLOYMENT AND FINANCIAL STATUS BEFORE AND AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AMONG OLDER PEOPLE IN ENGLAND." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1379.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected society and the economy worldwide. By the end of 2021, most legal COVID-19 restrictions were lifted in England, pushing society into a post-pandemic phase. However, it remains unclear whether the post-pandemic world has convalesced, particularly with regard to socioeconomic circumstances among older people. According to the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), the percentage of employment among older people aged 50 years and above living in England decreased dramatically from 24.9% in 2018/9 to 17.6% in June/July 2020 and 19.8% in November/December 2020. Preliminary results from data collected between October 2021 and November 2022 suggest that post-pandemic the percentage of older people in paid work bounced back to pre-pandemic levels. Nevertheless, the post-pandemic financial status was worse than that before the pandemic. Whereas approximately 22% of respondents were worried about the future financial situation during the pandemic, this prevalence increased to nearly 30% in 2021/2. Moreover, there is an indication that some groups (including those with low education; those in routine and manual occupations; and those living alone) fared worse in the post-pandemic times. Overall, despite some evidence suggesting that the employment of English older people has bounced back to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels, their financial situation seems to have deteriorated, most likely reflecting also the current rising cost of living and financial crisis in the UK.
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Drach, Alexis. "From gentlemanly capitalism to lobbying capitalism: the City and the EEC, 1972–1992." Financial History Review 27, no. 3 (November 10, 2020): 376–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000207.
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The City of London has long attracted much academic and popular attention. However, little research has been done on the relationship between the City and the European Economic Community in the 1970s and 1980s, despite the accession of the United Kingdom in 1973. Based on archival material from central and commercial banks in the UK and France, this article explores the relationship between the City and the EEC, from the accession of the UK to the EEC in 1973 to the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, which was meant to be the year of the completion of the single financial market. The article explores two areas: the influence of the City on EEC financial regulation, and how this influence was exerted. It pays particular attention to two committees chaired by the Bank of England, the City Liaison Committee and the City EEC Liaison Committee, and to British banks. The article argues that if the EEC played a part in the formalisation of British banking regulation, the City also played a key role in shaping EEC plans for financial regulation.
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Doebler, Bettie Anne, and Retha M. Warnicke. "Sex Discrimination after Death: A Seventeenth-Century English Study." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 17, no. 4 (December 1987): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/p7wc-39mt-xf8m-eqf9.
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Funeral sermons published in England during a three-decade period (1601–1630) were examined for possible sex bias. Because London dominated the publishing business, all but four, regardless of where they were preached, were issued in that city. A clear pattern of male preference was found. A lower number of funeral sermons for women was published. Interestingly, the number of times these sermons were reprinted or reissued did not strongly reinforce this pattern of discrimination. In the text of the sermons, laudatory and idealized comments about the deceased reflected and helped to perpetuate the sex differences in society.
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Chaldecott, John A. "Platinum and Palladium in Astronomy and Navigation." Platinum Metals Review 31, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214087x31291100.
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Astronomy and navigation depend to a large extent on the ability to measure angular displacements with a high degree of accuracy, and since early times instrument makers have sought to improve the usefulness of their products by innovation. Shortly after ingots of malleable platinum and palladium became available commercially in England it was realised that these new metals had properties which were superior to those of silver, upon which the scales used for measuring angles were then engraved. The use made of platinum and palladium by one London firm of instrument makers in the first half of the nineteenth century is considered here.
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Gray, Jennie, Lisa Buckner, and Alexis Comber. "Predicting Gentrification in England: A Data Primitive Approach." Urban Science 7, no. 2 (June 13, 2023): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7020064.
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Geodemographic classifications are useful tools for segmenting populations and have many applications but are not suitable for measuring neighbourhood change over time. There is a need for an approach that uses data of a higher spatiotemporal resolution to capture the fundamental dimensions of processes driving local changes. Data primitives are measures that capture the fundamental drivers of neighbourhood processes and therefore offer a suitable route. In this article, three types of gentrification are conceptualised, and four key data primitives are applied to capture them in a case study region in Yorkshire, England. These areas are visually validated according to their temporal properties to confirm the presence of gentrification and are then assigned to a high-level gentrification type. Ensemble modelling is then used to predict the presence, type, and temporal properties of gentrification across the rest of England. The results show an alignment of the spatial extent of gentrification types with previous gentrification studies throughout the country but may have made an overprediction in London. The periodicities of (1) residential, (2) rural, and (3) transport-led gentrification also vary throughout the country, but regardless of type, gentrification in areas within close proximity to one another have differing velocities such that they peak and complete within similar times. These temporal findings offer new, more timely tools for authorities in devising schedules of interventions and for understanding the intricacies of neighbourhood change.
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Bellringer, Christopher, and Ranald Michie. "Big Bang in the City of London: an intentional revolution or an accident?" Financial History Review 21, no. 2 (June 23, 2014): 111–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565014000092.
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In July 1983 an agreement was reached between the British government and the London Stock Exchange that was to transform the London securities market in October 1986. The result was a revolution that extended all the way from the design of the market to those permitted access to the governance of those who traded. Given the speed of change, it was termed ‘Big Bang’ by contemporaries. As the scale of the transformation became known, politicians were quick to claim credit for what had been achieved. Subsequently, Big Bang has been regarded as one of the crowning achievements of the Conservative government led by Mrs Thatcher, providing the foundation for the City of London's re-emergence as the leading international financial centre. However, only now is evidence emerging of the intentions of those involved at the time rather than as expressed in the light of hindsight, which casts doubt on what they were seeking to achieve, whether viewed from the perspective of either the politicians or those in charge of the Stock Exchange. Instead, the longer-term pressure for change in the London securities market, the chain reaction caused by abolition of fixed-commission charges, and the proactive role of the Bank of England appear to be of greater significance. What an examination of the process leading up to Big Bang in 1986 reveals is the complexity of political decision involving the financial sector and the danger of unforeseen consequences. One small change can create a tipping point if the result is to remove an essential element within a complex system.
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Cowling, Marc, Ross Brown, and Neil Lee. "The geography of business angel investments in the UK: Does local bias (still) matter?" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 53, no. 5 (January 20, 2021): 1180–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x20984484.
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Business angels (BAs) - high net worth individuals who provide informal risk capital to firms - are seen as important providers of entrepreneurial finance. Theory and conventional wisdom suggest that the need for face-to-face interaction will ensure angels will have a strong predilection for local investments. We empirically test this assumption using a large representative survey of UK BAs. Our results show local bias is less common than previously thought with only one quarter of total investments made locally. However, we also show pronounced regional disparities, with investment activity dominated by BAs in London and Southern England. In these locations there is a stronger propensity for localised investment patterns mediated by the ‘thick’ nature of the informal risk capital market. Together these trends further reinforce and exacerbate the disparities evident in the UK’s financial system. The findings make an important contribution to the literature and public policy debates on the uneven nature of financial markets for sources of entrepreneurial finance.
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Kosmetatos, Paul. "Last resort lending before Henry Thornton? The Bank of England’s role in containing the 1763 and 1772–1773 British credit crises." European Review of Economic History 23, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 299–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hey013.
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AbstractClaims that the Bank of England began to act as a Lender of Last Resort as early as the mid-eighteenth century date back to Adam Smith and Henry Thornton. This article presents evidence on the Bank’s financial market interventions during the 1763 and 1772–1773 crises, and concludes that although the former was too gradual to be truly representative of last resort lending by 1772 the means of intervention described by Thornton were largely in place. Although direct evidence for the Bank’s decision making process on either occasion is lacking, the universal contemporary conviction of its unique resources and obligations make it unlikely that it was entirely motivated by political considerations or cronyism. Its actions are instead consistent with Thornton’s crisis containment narrative of banknote loans to London bankers, which in turn was the optimal response for containing financial contagion by ensuring the continued health of the bills of exchange network.
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McShane, Angela. "Recruiting Citizens for Soldiers in Seventeenth-Century English Ballads." Journal of Early Modern History 15, no. 1-2 (2011): 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006511x554271.
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AbstractThis article revisits the “heroic and glamorous language” of recruitment and retention in seventeenth century England through an exploration of the market, medium and message of many hundreds of “military” ballads that were disseminated from London across the country, especially in times of war. These show that military volunteerism among the lower sorts was less surprising and more sophisticated than historians have previously imagined, which suggests the need to reconsider the question of military professionalism among ordinary rank and file soldiers. Furthermore, the common use of the love song as a vehicle for military messages, reveals how regular soldiering became a new vocation for the “lower sorts” in this transitional period for army development. This new “profession” not only marked a direct break from the older system of “estates” which put fighters at the top and workers at the bottom of society, it was negotiating its place within the social structures of household formation in early modern England.
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Little, Katherine C. "Christianity in England from Roman Times to the Reformation, Vol. 2: 1066–1384. By Kenneth Hylson-Smith. Christianity in England from Roman Times to the Reformation. London: SCM, 2000. xiv + 338 pp. £ 19.95 paper." Church History 70, no. 2 (June 2001): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3654463.
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Gelber, M. "Economics of Environmental Management By Ans Kolk Financial Times Prentice Hall, Harlow, England, 2000 ISBN 0273642383 205 pages, £24.99." Corporate Environmental Strategy 7, no. 3 (2000): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1066-7938(00)80128-1.
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