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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Financing nature reserves

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Academic literature on the topic 'Financing nature reserves'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Financing nature reserves"

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Melnychenko, Svitlana Volodymyrivna, and Tereza Dmytrivna Mykytsei. "TOURISM IN RESTORATION OF NATURE RESERVES OF UKRAINE." Acta Academiae Beregsasiensis: Geographica et Recreatio, no. 4 (December 13, 2024): 46–61. https://doi.org/10.32782/2786-5843/2024-4-5.

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Abstract. The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine and the temporary occupation of part of its territory since 2014 has caused a significant damage to Ukraine’s nature reserve fund and worsened the environmental situation in the country. One of the directions for attracting internal and external visitors to the nature reserves was ecological tourism. However, the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus infection, and then a military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, led to a reduction of tourist flows, and foreign investments withdrawal out of nature reserve fund and tourism in

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Wang, Zhifeng, Xuening Ge, Yunxia He, and Shuting Li. "Has the Reform of Land Reserve Financing Policy Reduced the Local Governments’ Implicit Debt?" Land 12, no. 11 (2023): 2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12112057.

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Confronted with the expansion of local governments’ implicit debt and the associated risks induced by the practice of “land-based financing”, substantial alterations occurred in China’s land reserve financing policy during 2016–2017. These modifications led to an entire cessation of land reserve loans and the initiation of specialized bonds designated solely for land reserves. Empirical evidence, gathered through the approximate application of the difference-in-differences method, reveals that the reform of the land reserve financing policy can markedly reduce local governments’ implicit debt

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Li, Yanbo, Wenjun Li, Chengcheng Zhang, and Mingming Fan. "Current status and recent trends in financing China’s nature reserves." Biological Conservation 158 (February 2013): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.10.005.

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Yakymchuk, Alina, Taras Mykytyn, and Andriy Valyukh. "Management of the nature conservation areas of Ukraine’s Polissya region based on the international experience." Problems and Perspectives in Management 15, no. 1 (2017): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.15(1-1).2017.05.

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In ensuring sustainable development an important role belongs to natural preservation areas with different functions and modes of preservation, where an important place is occupied by natural conservation territories and natural conservation objects that form the natural reserve fund. A system of management of natural reserve fund of Ukraine is associated with many problems and shortcomings. The authors have studied the experience of efficient management of similar institutions in other countries, such as the national natural and regional landscape parks. They have outlined prospects for the d

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Mitrici (Militaru), Roxana. "ROMANIA'S NATIONAL AND NATURAL PARKS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL AND ECOTURISTIC IMPORTANCE." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 11, no. 21 (2022): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2022.v11i21.024.

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Ecotourism is essential to protect and preserve the natural and cultural heritage, to develop local communities socially and economically and to increase the environmental education. To conserve the biological diversity, Romania has established many protected natural areas (over 7% of the country's area or about 18% if Natura 2000 sites considered). Romania has 32 protected natural areas of national interest: the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, 13 national parks and 18 natural parks. Besides these major protected areas, there are 941 scientific reserves, nature monuments and nature reserves na

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Kupriyanchyk, Iryna, and Іllia Babiuk. "Justification of scientific approaches to the management of the territories of national natural parks in modern conditions." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology 8, no. 1 (2023): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2023-1-58.

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Creating nature reserves and objects is an effective way of preserving rare and endangered species of plants and animals and natural complexes that can serve as benchmarks of natural ecosystems for science and practice. Objects of the natural reserve fund, such as national natural parks and nature reserves, are essential elements of the ecological framework of the country, and the issue of effective management of such territories is relevant, especially given the ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. The article aims to substantiate the optimal strat

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Śliwińska, Agnieszka, Agnieszka Mandziuk, and Marcin Studnicki. "Recreation in nature reserves – preferences and satisfaction of tourists visiting the Polesie National Park." Forest Research Papers 81, no. 4 (2020): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2020-0018.

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Abstract The aim of this work was to determine preferences and satisfaction of tourists visiting the Polesie National Park (PPN). Preferences were defined in terms of the motives for visiting, ways of spending leisure time, the length and frequency of visits, knowledge of tourist attractions and awareness of the Park’s financing. A survey was conducted in July–August 2019 gathering responses from 125 adults visiting the PPN tourist and bicycle paths. 100 correctly completed questionnaires were analysed using the CART method to determine the respondents’satisfaction with spending leisure time i

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Agnieszka, Śliwińska, Mandziuk Agnieszka, and Studnicki Marcin. "Recreation in nature reserves – preferences and satisfaction of tourists visiting the Polesie National Park." Lesne Prace Badawcze / Forest Research Papers 81, no. 4 (2020): 153–60. https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2020-0018.

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The aim of this work was to determine preferences and satisfaction of tourists visiting the Polesie National Park (PPN). Preferences were defined in terms of the motives for visiting, ways of spending leisure time, the length and frequency of visits, knowledge of tourist attractions and awareness of the Park’s financing. A survey was conducted in July–August 2019 gathering responses from 125 adults visiting the PPN tourist and bicycle paths. 100 correctly completed questionnaires were analysed using the CART method to determine the respondents’satisfaction with spending leisu

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Krivoshlykov, Vladimir S. "MOTIVATION OF PERFORMANCE ACTIVITIES IN THE ORGANIZATION’S MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 10/10, no. 151 (2024): 27–36. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.10.10.003.

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In a period of increasing competition both at the macroeconomic and national levels, human capital is of particular importance as a factor in increasing the competitiveness of a modern organization. It is the human potential that makes it possible to increase labor productivity indicators, which is reflected in integrated financial indicators. In the conditions of the crisis nature of economic relations, only the staff of the organization is able to intensify activities and achieve an increase in production and financial and economic results. In order to achieve higher labor productivity indic

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BORTNIKOV, Gennadiy. "Ukrainian banks under the conditions of martial law." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2022, no. 2 (2022): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2022.02.043.

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In the conditions of martial law, Ukrainian banks have reduced their credit activity, which is largely due not to the deterioration of the resource base, but to the increase in credit risks. State-owned banks were the most vulnerable to the shock caused by the war. There is too large a share of bank income in total interest income from securities transactions, for some banks it is so large that it is more in line with the investment bank business model. Very large investments in government securities carry the potential risk of recognition of losses and the need to form reserves in amounts tha

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Financing nature reserves"

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Якимчук, А. Ю. "Оптимізація розрахунку фінансування діяльності природоохоронних установ на основі методів математичного моделювання". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11524.

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AVIGNONE, GIUSEPPE. "INTERNATIONAL LIQUIDITY, NEGATIVE INTEREST RATE POLICY AND BANKING SUPERVISION: EVIDENCE FROM A NATURAL EXPERIMENT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1048854.

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Chapter 2: Given the importance Swap lines played during the coronavirus-induced crisis, this paper analyses the impact of temporary U.S. dollar liquidity arrangements (swap lines) on international reserves (IR). Specifically, I investigate the effect that the Federal Reserve (FED) swap lines have had on the accumulation of IR of those countries involved compared to those countries that do not have any type of liquidity arrangements with the FED. By analysing a sample of 47 countries over the period 2002-2018 and a difference-in-differences methodology, I find that, overall, there is no differ

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Books on the topic "Financing nature reserves"

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Schopferer, Sören. Financial analysis of a tropical forestry enterprise: Realized in the Deramakot Reserve, Malaysia, by application of the forest growth model FORMIX3Q. Lang, 2005.

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Office, General Accounting. National forests: Financial ability reviews of prospective timber purchasers need improvement : report to the Chief, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. General Accounting Office, 1989.

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Financial Analysis of a Tropical Forestry Enterprise: Realized in the Deramakot Reserve, Malaysia, by Application of the Forest Growth Model Formix3q. Peter Lang Publishing, 2005.

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Financial Analysis of a Tropical Forestry Enterprise: Realized in the Deramakot Reserve, Malaysia, by Application of the Forest Growth Model Formix3q (Sozialwissenschaftliche ... Schriften Zur Forst- Und Holzwirtsch). Peter Lang Publishing, 2005.

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Shengelia, Revaz. Modern Economics. Universal, Georgia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/rsme012021.

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Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the

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Book chapters on the topic "Financing nature reserves"

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Thomas, Lloyd B. "The Nature of Banking Crises." In The Financial Crisis and Federal Reserve Policy. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137401229_2.

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Thomas, Lloyd B. "The Nature of Banking Crises." In The Financial Crisis and Federal Reserve Policy. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118072_2.

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Márquez, Germán. "The Biosphere Reserve Concept, Seaflower, and Climate Change." In Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6663-5_7.

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AbstractBased on UNESCO’s biosphere reserve concept and on the paper originally proposing an archipelago biosphere reserve, this chapter supports going deeper into implementing the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve as a social, economic, and environmental sustainability model. To this, it proposes some actions, from reconsidering its regulatory status to its integration with national development plans, including payment schemes for ecosystem services (PES), as Seaflower ecosystems provide society with many goods and services, estimated to be huge, but not reflected in their management and financing.

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Cesa, Marco, and Sonia Lucarelli. "Introduzione. Umberto Gori e le Relazioni Internazionali in Italia." In Studi e saggi. Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-595-0.01.

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Umberto Gori has held the first chair of International Relations in Italy and has been the first scholar to address a series of central topics in the analysis of foreign policy and international politics. Those who browse, even if only rapidly, his rich bibliography cannot but be struck by the great variety of the topics examined: from the first works of a predominantly legal nature, we move on to studies centered on methodological and epistemological issues, relations between states, analysis of foreign policy in general and Italian foreign policy in particular, Peace Research, strategic affa

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Santeramo, F. G., T. Balezentis, and M. Tappi. "Weather and Yield Index-Based Insurance Schemes in the EU Agriculture: A Focus on the Agri-CAT Fund." In Springer Actuarial. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80574-5_3.

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Abstract Agriculture is the most vulnerable sector to climate change, e.g., temperatures or rainfall may significantly affect the crop yields, also leading the proliferation of pathogens and hence pests and diseases [1]. The total economic losses from weather- and climate-related have caused damages reaching nearly 487 billion of euros in EEA member countries since 1980, and just 3% of all events are responsible for 60% of economic losses [2]. Extreme weather events such as heavy precipitation, flood, drought, frost, heat, and strong wind are more and more frequent, intense, long-lasting, and

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Tisdell, Clem. "Financing Nature Reserves in China: The Case of Xishuangbanna State Nature Reserve." In Biodiversity, Conservation and Sustainable Development. Edward Elgar Publishing, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781035303670.00024.

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Iojă, Cristian, Mihai Răzvan Niţă, and Ileana Georgeta Stupariu. "Resource Conservation." In E-Innovation for Sustainable Development of Rural Resources During Global Economic Crisis. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4550-9.ch008.

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Rural areas represent key spaces at European level from the perspective of the society’s sustainability. They represent spaces for the re-equilibration of strongly human modified societies and need to be prioritised by future political programs. Rural areas have an essential role in maintaining the integrity of natural and semi-natural ecosystems, in the preservation of key natural resources, the conservation of genetic resources, supplying a reserve of healthy areas, maintaining traditions and habits, assuring the demographical equilibrium or the alimentary security of Europe. The detailed kn

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Bernardino, Angelo F., Erik E. Cordes, and Thomas A. Schlacher. "The natural capital of offshore oil, gas, and methane hydrates in the World Ocean." In Natural Capital and Exploitation of the Deep Ocean. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841654.003.0006.

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Over half of the global energy consumption is based on fossil fuels that are now mainly extracted from ocean depths below 150 m. These hydrocarbon reserves are thus a significant natural capital from deep oceans that support human well-being. Technological advances have guided the offshore deep-sea explorations to virtually all major ocean basins with thousands of wells being drilled on the deep seafloor to reach reserves that now support a significant part of the global markets. However, the environmental footprint of the oil and gas industry is significant and arises from regional impacts of

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Goodhart, Charles, and Gerhard Illing. "Introduction." In Financial Crises, Contagion, and the Lender of Last Resort. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199247202.003.0001.

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Abstract During the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century, fmancial crises were a common phenomenon in many countries. Frequently, bank runs and currency crises occurred at the same time, forming twin crises. Under the gold standard, bank runs caused a drain on the gold reserves of central banks. What at first sight might have seemed to be a natural response, the contraction of credit, would just make the crisis worse. Only since central banks learnt that they should do exactly the opposite—to be ready to supply credit to stop a panic—did banking panics become a rare event.

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Morales, Juan Antonio, and Paul Reding. "Monetary Policy Instruments." In Monetary Policy in Low Financial Development Countries. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854715.003.0003.

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This chapter presents and discusses the instruments of monetary policy that are used by LFDCs’ central banks. The trend towards market-based monetary policies has been followed by LFDCs’ central banks, which have increasingly resorted to indirect instruments, though direct instruments that are, like exchange controls, of a more administrative nature are still common. The chapter surveys the particular features of reserve requirements, refinancing facilities, open market operations and foreign exchange interventions of LFDCs’ central banks. Each instrument is discussed in detail: its specific p

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Conference papers on the topic "Financing nature reserves"

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Kushnir, Nina. "UKRAINIAN ENTERPRISES' EQUITY CAPITAL FINANCIAL MONITORING AND ANALYSIS OF ITS IMPACT ON PROFITABILITY INDICATORS." In Innovative Solutions for Managing the Economy in an International Crisis Scenario. Oikos Institute – Research Center, Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61432/cpne0101001k.

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One of the prerequisites for the enterprise's successful operation is the effective capital structure and assets construction. The financial stability of Ukrainian enterprises was significantly affected during the pandemic and during the period of martial law. Financing of economic sectors in Ukraine is currently rather limited, since it is especially relevant for enterprises of various scales to maintain an optimal equity structure to ensure a sufficient financial independence level. Therefore, the article presents the research results into the financial monitoring aspects of the enterprises'

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Andrukhova, Olga Vitalievna, and Maxim Alekseevich Ivanov. "BRIEF REVIEW OF CURRENT TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GAS PRODUCTION IN RUSSIA." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign international scientific conference «Joint innovation - joint development». Part 1. Ьу НNRI «National development» in cooperation with PS ofUA. June 2023. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230629.2023.91.36.005.

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In this article, the authors touch upon methods for improving the efficiency of development, which is associated with the gradual depletion of easily recoverable gas reserves and the deterioration of the structure of reserves of such a valuable type of raw material from an environmental and economic point of view - natural gas. Methods for intensifying the production of raw materials are briefly considered, key contractors are identified in the direction of intensifying the inflow of hydrocarbon raw materials according to the main financial results.

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Alleyne, N. A., and V. Stoute. "Options for Monetising Deep Water Gas in Trinidad and Tobago." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169926-ms.

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Abstract Notwithstanding the global thrust to develop renewable sources of energy, fossil fuels, coal, crude oil and natural gas are expected to play a significant role in meeting the world's energy needs for decades to come. Natural gas with the highest hydrogen concentration among the fossil fuels is the preferred fossil fuel from an environmental impact standpoint. Trinidad and Tobago, like the rest of the world, is taking its petroleum exploration activities into deep water, its onshore and continental shelf provinces being fully explored. The development of petroleum reservoirs in deep wa

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Ojukwu, Kelechi. "What Strategic Policies can Save Nigeria in the Energy Transition?" In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207090-ms.

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Abstract The world is fast changing and so is the energy mix. A global clarion call by scientists inspires an immediate action to circumvent the visible effects of climate change or face the damning consequences in the coming few years. Scientists and environmental lobbyist are campaigning against the consumption of fossil-based fuel and mounting more and more pressure on the international financial bodies including calling on government around the world to refrain from further financing of fossil fuel projects. This is surprisingly gathering momentum on regular basis, thereby posing existenti

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Bulut, Cihan, Elchin Suleymanov, and Fakhri Hasanov. "Problems Encountered during the Transition to Market Economy in Azerbaijan and Solution Attempts." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00681.

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After re-gaining its independence on 18 October 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan started to transform to the market-based economy and to integrate into the world economy. The country’s oil and natural gas reserves have been considered the main source for financing range of government programs for reforms. On the one hand, these reserves had to be used effectively; on the other hand, there was a huge demand for foreign investment for extraction. To this end, Azerbaijan has signed “Contract of the Century” in 1994. Although Azerbaijan has wide oil and natural gas reserves, it has faced a number

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Calvin, David, and Sheila Spence. "Owner–Construction Contractor Risk Sharing for Major Oil and Gas Projects in Emerging Economies." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10584.

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The increasing global demand for energy will continue to necessitate the construction of large oil and gas infrastructure. With the exploitation of economic reserves in OECD countries largely in decline, the opportunities available for multinational oil companies and construction contractors are increasingly presenting themselves in non-OECD nations where the nature of non-technical risk is less predictable and less well understood. This paper attempts to outline areas of non-technical risk which should be considered in the formulation of the contracting strategy for large development and infr

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Ugolo, J. U., M. C. Iwegbu, and A. Onwuchei. "Comparative Study for the Successful Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Solution in Developed and Developing Countries." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/221725-ms.

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Abstract Nigeria in the recent past has faced dual-fuel (petrol and diesel) shortages. The non-functional or sub-functional refineries have made the availability of these products even more scarce and expensive for the average Nigerian. The key source for the petroleum commodities identified has been importation, which has further depleted the much-desired forex required by the nation. Inversely, Nigeria has abundant Natural Gas Reserves estimated at 209 trillion cubic feet (NUPRC, 2023). A large chunk of her natural gas reserves is produced and exported leaving the domestic market with a meag

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Luby, P., and M. R. Susta. "Power Generation Technological Determinants for Fuel Scenario Outlook." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-221.

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Concentration of power market revolutionary changes within the relatively narrow time frame of the last decade will continue for at least another decade. Too many dynamic factors have been seen in the research & development of new power generation technology as well as commercial realisation. Too many impulses have been also seen in the independent power market arena. New legislation framework, new financing tools, deregulation, privatisation and liberalisation trends have become typical with many emerging-economy countries but also with countries having highly developed infrastructure sup

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Malami, Mohammed, A. S. Nwosi-Anele, and O. Iledare. "Petroleum Industry Act 2021 and Natural Gas Development in Nigeria: Matters Arising." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/221708-ms.

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Abstract Until recent times, gas utilization in Nigeria has been low-key. The need for transiting to a cleaner source of energy has made natural gas a desired source of energy because it burns cleaner than fossil fuel. To fulfill the need for energy transition in Nigeria, National leaders and policymakers have joined the global accord towards finding cleaner energy sources to address the imminent dangers of climate change and ensuring environmental sustainability. Natural gas is considered a cleaner energy source than the rest of the fossil fuels and has the potential to occupy a major share i

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Akçacı, Taner, and Aydan Karaata. "The Paradoxical Effect of International Funds in Turkey: Dutch Disease." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00906.

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International funds flow freely across the countries both quantitatively and legally as a result of financial liberalization carried out by globalization process and huge amount of money flows into the countries in liberal system. Particularly for developing countries, these fund flows refer as hot money are mentioned frequently with respect of positive and negative signs. High export performance of the Netherlands as a result of discovering large natural gas reserve leads to increase rapidly its own currency. In 1959 when economic indicators getting worse, the reason of crisis appears as decr

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Reports on the topic "Financing nature reserves"

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Freeman, Paul, Leslie A. Martin, Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, Reinhard Mechler, Georg Pflug, and Koko Warner. Disaster Risk Management: National Systems for the Comprehensive Management of Disaster Risk and Financial Strategies for Natural Disaster Reconstruction. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010539.

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This report was commissioned by the Natural Disasters Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue. This report constitutes Phase 2 of this project. While the first phase of the study discusses the components of a national system, the second focuses on instruments for financing reconstruction after a disaster. The research compares centralized, government-directed management systems with those that are localized and decentralized, and also analyzes the factors affecting the financial and political stability of alternative approaches. As natural disasters may result in major resource gaps for govern

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Soares, Tatiana Fontes, Alexis Smith-Juvelis, Cheryl Gray, and Alejandro Soriano. IDB-9: Financial and Risk Management. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010520.

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This paper analyzes whether the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB, or Bank) has fully and effectively implemented the IDB-9 requirements related to risk and financial management. IDB-9 included four requirements in this area: (i) adopt a rule-based Income Management Model (IMM); (ii) implement the recently introduced risk-based Capital Adequacy Policy; (iii) execute a set of agreed actions to enhance the short-term sustainability of the Fund for Special Operations (FSO); and (iv) continue strengthening the Banks Risk Management Framework. The Bank has fully implemented the IDB-9 financial a

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Tissot, Roger. Latin America's Energy Future. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006946.

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This discussion paper presents a survey of the changes in Latin America's energy consumption over the last 30 years, before considering the trends that will affect the region in the coming decades. It highlights several important issues, including the growing demand for oil, which has prompted a resurgence of resource nationalism and the revitalization of national oil companies in the region. Regional oil policy has also been boosted by the growth of China, which is now a major player in the Latin American energy sector, as both consumer and financier. Natural gas consumption has also grown in

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Monetary Policy Report - January 2022. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2022.

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Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor t

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