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Journal articles on the topic 'Financing Railroad'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Aydin, Yunus Emre. "The projects of railway construction in Crimea and government policy in the late 1850s-1860s." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.2.35641.

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This article examines the projects of railway construction of the southern railroad, which was intended to connect the central European governorates with the Black Sea ports. After the Crimean War, the government faced a pressing need for modernizing the country; and the primary role in this process was assigned to railway construction. Inconsistency in implementation of the plan for the construction of railway network, frequent adjustments in directions, changes in construction schedule were due to the shortage of financing and well-established strategy for organization of railway constructio

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Baev, O. V. "EXTERNAL BORROWINGS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF RAILWAYS IN SIBERIA." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (November 26, 2016): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-4-7-11.

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This article analyzes the role of external borrowings of the Russian Empire in the financing of railway construction in the Siberian region. In the context of the elimination of the State Railway Foundation, the Russian government at the initial stage of this process directed at the construction of the railroad Yekaterinburg-Tyumen a part of the proceeds of the VIIth Consolidated Railway Loan, which was placed not only on the Russian stock market, but also inGermanyand theNetherlands. The loan was implemented quite successfully, but the contemporary Russian Minister of Finance N. H. Bunge was

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3

Keefer, Philip. "Protection Against a Capricious State: French Investment and Spanish Railroads, 1845–1875." Journal of Economic History 56, no. 1 (1996): 170–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700016065.

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Infrastructure construction is often associated with excessive, even corrupt, profits. This article argues that construction profits earned in Spanish railroads in the mid-nineteenth century were a response to the lack of credibility of the Spanish state. It also makes the first attempt to document excess construction profits in Spanish railroads by demonstrating, for example, financial links between railroad stockholders and the providers of construction goods and services and by directly estimating construction profits. The estimated excess construction profits only provided railroad entrepr

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O’Rourke, Laurence. "Impact of Differential Pricing on Barge Freight Transportation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1820, no. 1 (2003): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1820-02.

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Through the Staggers Rail Act (1980) and the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act (1976), Congress deregulated railroad pricing to improve the financial health of the industry. Deregulation legalized differential pricing—the policy of charging customers different prices according to their willingness to pay. While the railroads have returned to profitability, shippers have been angered by railroad pricing strategies that are seen as abusive. Railroads have refused to quote rates to competing transportation facilities or have set prices to divert traffic onto the rail network. An e

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Heckman, Charles A. "Establishing the Basis for Local Financing of American Railroad Construction in the Nineteenth Century: From City of Bridgeport v. The Housatonic Railroad Company to Gelpcke v. City of Dubuque." American Journal of Legal History 32, no. 3 (1988): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845381.

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Thompson, Joel E. "RAILROAD INVESTING AND THE IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN 1880s AMERICA." Accounting Historians Journal 40, no. 2 (2013): 55–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.40.2.55.

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This study has a two-fold purpose. First, it seeks to determine the importance of financial accounting information to railroad investors (and speculators) in 1880s America. Second, a further goal is to ascertain what financial accounting information was readily available for use by these investors. Based on a comprehensive search of books of the era, the 1880s were a time of expanding advice for railroad securities holders that required the use of financial accounting information. Furthermore, new information sources arose to help service investors' needs. Statistics by Goodsell and The Wall S

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Kammer, Sean M. "Railroad Land Grants in an Incongruous Legal System: Corporate Subsidies, Bureaucratic Governance, and Legal Conflict in the United States, 1850–1903." Law and History Review 35, no. 2 (2017): 391–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000049.

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Near the end of the nineteenth century, English scholar James Bryce criticized Western railroad land grants as “often improvident” and as giving “rise to endless lobbying and intrigue, first to secure them, then to keep them from being declared forfeited in respect of some breach of the conditions imposed by Congress on the company.” Bryce also observed the extent to which grants of land to railroads allowed the beneficiary companies to exercise great power not only through their role as carriers of people and commerce, but also through their role as large landowners. This, he noted, brought t

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Feeney, Kevin. "RAILROAD AUDITS: SOME ARRIVED AHEAD OF SCHEDULE." Accounting Historians Journal 40, no. 1 (2013): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.40.1.1.

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ABSTRACT Through 1975, the shareholder annual reports of publicly-owned U.S. railroads were exempt from the Securities and Exchange Commission's accounting regulations, audit and disclosure rules because railroads were common carriers subject to the rules and regulations of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). Publicly-owned Class railroads voluntary began to away from ICC-type towards GAAP-type accounting and disclosures in their shareholder reports just after World War II.1 This paper reviews early industry practices with respect to internal and external audits. Using a sample of major

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9

Guetschow, Gregg. "The Creation of Conrail and its Impact on Railroad Regulation." Policy Perspectives 8, no. 1 (2000): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v8i1.4220.

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This article examines the process through which public policy was developed following the bankruptcy of the Penn Central railroad in 1970 to provide for the continuation of rail services in the Northeast and to remedy conditions resulting from federal regulation of the rail industry. The history of rail regulation is described from the perspective of its impact on the operation of the railroads and their financial performance. Four acts—the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, the Railroad Revitalization Act of 1976, the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, and the Northeast Rail Service Act of 198

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Tang, John P. "Railroad Expansion and Industrialization: Evidence from Meiji Japan." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 3 (2014): 863–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400062x.

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Railroads in late nineteenth-century Japan are credited with facilitating factor mobility as well as access to human and financial capital, but their impact on firms has been unclear. Using a prefecture-level panel data set and a difference-in-differences model that exploits the temporal and spatial variation of railroad expansion, I investigate the relationship between railways and increased firm activity. Rail access led to higher average firm capitalization, particularly in manufacturing, and more populated and less accessible areas gained disproportionately more firms. By widening markets

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Morser, Eric John. "Hinterland Dreams and Midwestern Rails: Public Power and Railroading in Nineteenth-Century La Crosse, Wisconsin." Enterprise & Society 10, no. 2 (2009): 376–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700008041.

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Historians of the nineteenth-century American Middle West typically pay scant attention to the financial and regulatory role that smaller cities played in forging a regional railroad network. This article, however, explores railroading in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to demonstrate that politicians and boosters in such cities often took advantage of municipal power to shape the course of railroads in unexpected ways. In 1853, 1864, and 1876, for example, local boosters convinced city aldermen to fund railways and help forge commercial links to Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Chicago, and other markets in the

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Tufano, Peter. "Business Failure, Judicial Intervention, and Financial Innovation: Restructuring U.S. Railroads in the Nineteenth Century." Business History Review 71, no. 1 (1997): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116328.

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This article describes the problems faced by reorganizers of distressed railroads in the late nineteenth century and how they were addressed by a combination of judicial intervention and financial innovations. In particular, the judicial innovations of supersenior financing, the equity receivership process, and the setting of upset values permitted firms to raise funds. The private financial innovations of deferred coupon debt, contingent charge securities, and voting trusts made subsequent default less likely. The private innovations can be interpreted as responses to both the distress of the

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Archambault, Jeffrey J., and Marie E. Archambault. "EARNINGS MANAGEMENT AMONG FIRMS DURING THE PRE-SEC ERA: A BENFORD'S LAW ANALYSIS." Accounting Historians Journal 38, no. 2 (2011): 145–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.38.2.145.

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ABSTRACT This paper examines the existence of financial statement manipulation in the U.S. during a time period when many of the current motivations did not exist. The study looks for types of manipulations that would be motivated by the pre-SEC operating environment. To examine this issue, a sample of U.S. firms from the 1915 Moody's Analyses of Investments is divided into industrial firms, railroads, and utilities. The railroad and utility companies faced rate regulation during this time period, providing incentives to manipulate the financial reports so as to maximize the rate received. Ind

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Vahdatmanesh, Mohammad, and Afshin Firouzi. "Price risk management in BOT railroad construction projects using financial derivatives." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 23, no. 3 (2018): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-04-2018-0021.

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Purpose Railroad transit infrastructures are amongst major capital-intensive projects worldwide, which impose significant risks to the contractors of build-operate-transfer projects because of the fluctuations in steel price fluctuation. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a methodology for hedging steel price risk using financial derivatives. Design/methodology/approach Cox–Ross valuation lattice has been used as an option valuation model for determining option’s price for the construction companies involved in fixed-price railroad projects. A sensitivity analysis has been conducted usi

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Flesher, Dale L., Gary J. Previts, and William D. Samson. "EARLY AMERICAN CORPORATE REPORTING AND EUROPEAN CAPITAL MARKETS: THE CASE OF THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, 1851–1861." Accounting Historians Journal 33, no. 1 (2006): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.33.1.3.

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This study of the annual reports of the Illinois Central Railroad (IC) from the 1850s supports a conclusion that the statements, as to form and content, were developed to serve the needs of two classes of investors and to inform the general community of the activities of the company. The need to report to the public as to the success of the company's role in its “social contract” to develop the state required details of a demographic nature, which were provided by the land commissioner. Operating results provided evidence of the ability to service the debts held by European investors and to in

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Enggartiasto, Deo, Setiowati Setiowati, and Rochmat Martanto. "Problematika Dan Solusi Pada Pengadaan Tanah Jalur Kereta Api Bandara Yogyakarta Internasional Airport." Tunas Agraria 4, no. 1 (2021): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jta.v4i1.134.

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The Yogyakarta International Airport Railway Project provides easier access for the public. The implementation of land acquisition for the YIA Airport Railroad has experienced obstacles, namely the length of time providing compensation to people who are entitled to LMAN financing. In addition, there is a problem with the proof of the right to compensation for the land parcels of the 2019 PTSL participants whose certificates were issued after the IPL. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, data comes from several parties who are considered important and are directly i

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Dick, C. Tyler, Darkhan Mussanov, Leonel E. Evans, Geordie S. Roscoe, and Tzu-Yu Chang. "Relative Capacity and Performance of Fixed- and Moving-Block Control Systems on North American Freight Railway Lines and Shared Passenger Corridors." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 5 (2019): 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119841852.

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North American railroads are facing increasing demand for safe, efficient, and reliable freight and passenger transportation. The high cost of constructing additional track infrastructure to increase capacity and improve reliability provides railroads with a strong financial motivation to increase the productivity of their existing mainlines by reducing the headway between trains. The objective of this research is to assess potential for advanced Positive Train Control (PTC) systems with virtual and moving blocks to improve the capacity and performance of Class 1 railroad mainline corridors. R

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Aldrich, Mark. "Another Wreck on the New Haven: Accidents, Risk Perception, and the Stigmatization of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 1911–1914." Social Science History 39, no. 4 (2015): 613–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.73.

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Modern research demonstrates that there may be wide differences between scientific and popular risk assessments. Popular risk perception is multidimensional; some risks that seem uncontrollable or dreadful are especially abhorrent. Risks are also socially constructed and they may be augmented or attenuated by opinion leaders, advocacy groups, and media treatments. In extreme cases “information cascades” can lead to a self -reinforcing process that amplifies perceived risks resulting in the stigmatization of a technology or a company. We apply these insights to an historical case study of the N

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Bowden, Bradley. "An exploration into the relationship between management and market forces." Journal of Management History 23, no. 3 (2017): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-12-2016-0062.

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Purpose Are business outcomes due primarily to entrepreneurial and managerial ability or are they mainly the result of business content? The purpose of this study is to explore this question by comparing the railroads of Victoria and Queensland (Australia) and the South-West and Northern Plains of America between 1881 and 1900. Given the commonalities of the four railway systems in terms of their economic orientation towards rural custom, and their marked difference in terms of ownership, one would expect similarities in their financial circumstances if outcomes were primarily determined by fl

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Wilson, Berry K. "On the information content of ratings: an analysis of the origin of Moody's stock and bond ratings." Financial History Review 18, no. 2 (2011): 155–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565011000072.

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John Moody published his first railroad security analysis and ratings manual in April 1909. This study analyzes several current issues by looking back at Moody's original intentions for constructing a ratings system. The study analyzes whether Moody intended his ratings to reflect his private information, or rather, to serve some alternative role, as with monitoring conflicts of interests or realizing informational economies of scale. The study uses an ordinal regression approach to evaluate a set of explanatory variables, constructed from both the manual itself and the panic months of 1907, t

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Schultz, Sally M., and Joan Hollister. "THE DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL COMPANY: FORMING, FINANCING, AND REPORTING ON AN EARLY 19TH CENTURY CORPORATION." Accounting Historians Journal 41, no. 2 (2014): 111–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.41.2.111.

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This paper examines the case of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, chartered in 1823, to gain perspective on how a 19th century corporation obtained financing, communicated with shareholders, and sparked technological innovations in the years before the ascendance of railroads in America. Helping to expand the accounting history literature on canals, we examine the annual reports issued during the firm's first decade of existence. Despite early problems, management continually cast an optimistic view of the company's future in these reports. And, after initially increasing the amount of fi

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Balog, Michal, Žofia Šimeková, and Pavol Semančo. "Smart Vehicle Railroad." Applied Mechanics and Materials 708 (December 2014): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.708.148.

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology introduces the way of automated data collection, and processing to improve accuracy of processed data. In the present time possibilities in development and application of RFID technologies are almost limitless. Increasing expansion of RFID technology in almost any industry, where the RFID tag can be put on any product or material or component is an evidence of the previous assertion. Apart from technical aspects, i.e. security, the financial effect of the RFID technology implementation is also relevant in rail freight transport. Using this techn

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SKIRIUS, JOHN. "Railroad, Oil and Other Foreign Interests in the Mexican Revolution, 1911–1914." Journal of Latin American Studies 35, no. 1 (2003): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x02006648.

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A polarisation of foreign railroad, oil and other business interests in Mexico occurred during the early years of the Mexican Revolution. Some of the American interests resented Porfirio Díaz's favouritism towards Europe and supported Francisco Madero for a change, and later, Venustiano Carranza. There is evidence of limited logistical support by the US government in May 1911 for the Madero revolution, and of financial support by US railroad and oil magnate Henry Clay Pierce. The overthrow of President Madero at the instigation of General Victoriano Huerta and General Félix Díaz, with the taci

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Bryant, Chad. "Into an Uncertain Future: Railroads and Vormärz Liberalism in Brno, Vienna, and Prague." Austrian History Yearbook 40 (April 2009): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809000150.

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Onthe morning of 7July1839, three trains operated by the Habsburg monarchy's first steam railroad company, the Kaiser Ferdinands-Nordbahn, arrived at Brno/Brünn, the largest city in Moravia. As one local newspaper correspondent wrote, throngs of onlookers first “caught sight of the smoking locomotive with its line of carriages in quick flight.” In little time the first of three trains from Vienna pulled into the station. “With speed like the wind,” it had covered the roughly 130 kilometers from the imperial capital to Brno in just four and a half hours. The other two trains arrived shortly the

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Thompson, Joel E. "THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING IN INVESTING IN 1870s AMERICA." Accounting Historians Journal 38, no. 1 (2011): 81–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.38.1.81.

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The objectives of this study are to understand better the development of investment practices and the information that was available for those practices during the turbulent decade of the 1870s. This was a time of panic, depression, and manipulations by insiders. Nevertheless, outsiders chose to speculate and invest in corporate securities in Wall Street. Consequently, authors began to provide more specific investment advice, some of which required the use of earnings and other financial-accounting information. This study describes the availability of that information in the books and periodic

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Cullinan, Charles P. "Railroad Regulatory Accounting In An Era Of Rail Deregulation." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 7, no. 2 (2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v7i2.6236.

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The environment in which railroads operate has changed significantly over the past century. As the regulation of railroads changed in response to the environment, the requirements of rail regulatory accounting changed as well. This paper discusses these various changes and indicates how rail regulatory accounting has moved in the direction of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for financial reporting purposes. In addition, significant changes which have taken place in the cost accounting area are addressed. These changes have been made in both the data used and the systems used to

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Cheng, Min-Yuan, Cheng-Wei Su, Ming-Hsiu Tsai, and Kuo-Shian Lin. "DATA PREPROCESSING FOR ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPLICATIONS IN PRIORITIZING RAILROAD PROJECTS – A PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE IN TAIWAN." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18, no. 4 (2012): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.699914.

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Financial constraints necessitate the tradeoff among proposed railroad projects, so that the project priorities for implementation and budget allocation need to be determined by the ranking mechanisms in the government. At present, the Taiwan central government prioritizes funding allocations primarily using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a methodology that permits the synthesizing of subjective judgments systematically and logically into objective consensus. However, due to the coopetition and heterogeneity of railway projects, the proper priorities of railroad projects could not be al

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Chen, Tien-Chien, Yu-Cheng Lin, and Lung-Chuang Wang. "THE ANALYSIS OF BOT STRATEGIES BASED ON GAME THEORY – CASE STUDY ON TAIWAN'S HIGH SPEED RAILWAY PROJECT." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18, no. 5 (2012): 662–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.723329.

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Uncertainty in a contract for some BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) projects may allow an opportunistic developer to take advantage of information asymmetrical factors, long-term external changes, and agency dilemma to request renegotiation and to alter the contact after it has been awarded. Such requests often entrap the government in hold-up problems and result in improper payments to the developers and may even create general public dissatisfaction with a project. In this paper, the Game Theory model is used to analyze the Taiwan High Speed Railroad project to examine how developers implement d

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Samson, William D., Dale L. Flesher, and Gary John Previts. "Quality of Earnings: The Case of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad in the 19th Century." Issues in Accounting Education 18, no. 4 (2003): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2003.18.4.335.

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The antebellum expansion of the corporate form of business to support the development of a railroad transportation network in the United States is a precursor to the types of reporting problems identified in the principal-agent literature of recent years. The case of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, a major interstate carrier of the mid-19th century, demonstrates financial accounting and reporting issues that management and capital providers faced in evaluating company performance, especially in times of complex political and economic change, rapid technological advancement, and the hostilities o

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Thompson, Joel E. "EARLY BOOKS ON INVESTING AT THE DAWN OF MODERN BUSINESS IN AMERICA." Accounting Historians Journal 35, no. 1 (2008): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.35.1.83.

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The purpose of this study is to enhance understanding of early investment practices and the role financial and other information played in those practices. The primary method employed is to examine early books on investing published in the U.S. Early authors described stock market operations including manipulations of security prices by the bulls and the bears. Their solution to this manipulation was to educate investors and provide company information, mostly through directories and manuals. This study shows that financial and other information was thought by the authors to be critically impo

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Burkholder, Anna, and Yvonne Addassi. "Geographic Response Plans: Preparing for Inland Oil Spills in California Waterways." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017419. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000419.

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California emergency regulations governing the development of oil spill contingency plans and financial responsibility for inland facilities, pipelines, refineries and railroads became effective in 2015, with final regulation adoption scheduled for the fall of 2016. With the California Department of Fish and Wildlife's (CDFW) Office of Spill Prevention and Response's (OSPR) authority for oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response being extended to inland waters of the State, the need to develop Geographic Response Plans (GRP) for sensitive watersheds having relatively high oil spill risk

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Leśniak, Agnieszka, and Filip Janowiec. "Analysis of tender procedure phases parameters for railroad construction works." Open Engineering 10, no. 1 (2020): 846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0095.

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AbstractThe beginning of each construction investment is preceded by proper preparation. In the case of public procurement, this usually involves conducting a tender procedure to select a contractor for the works.Railway construction works require this rigor. This article will provide an overview of railway construction investments planned to be implemented in the current EU financial perspective. The key elements of the tender process related to individual stages of the tender will be analyzed.

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Suh, Sunduck, Wonho Suh, and Jung In Kim. "Risk analysis model for regional railroad investment." Engineering Computations 34, no. 1 (2017): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-10-2015-0323.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to model risks in financial analysis. These risks associated with uncertainties in the projects should be properly addressed to ensure proper decision regarding the projects. Performance indicators should be developed and assessing risks has high priority. All these activities comprise appraisal, and based on these, a proper course of action should be recommended. Design/methodology/approach To analyze the attractiveness of a project for foreign regional railroad investment or participation, the project should be analyzed in a systematic way. First, the pro

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Frydman, Carola, and Eric Hilt. "Investment Banks as Corporate Monitors in the Early Twentieth Century United States." American Economic Review 107, no. 7 (2017): 1938–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150143.

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We study the effect of financial relationships on firms' investment decisions and access to external finance. In the early twentieth century, securities underwriters commonly held directorships with American corporations. Section 10 of the Clayton Antitrust Act prohibited bankers from serving on the boards of railroads for which they underwrote securities. We find that following the implementation of Section 10, railroads with strong preexisting relationships with underwriters saw declines in their investment rates, valuations, and leverage, and increases in their costs of external funds. Reas

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Santos, Beatriz, Esther Fidalgo, and Mónica Santos. "The origins of the spanish railroad accounting model: a qualitative study of the MZA'S operating account (1856-1874)." De Computis - Revista Española de Historia de la Contabilidad 11, no. 21 (2014): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26784/issn.1886-1881.v11i21.39.

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The lack of external regulation about the form and substance of the financial statements that railroad companies had to report during the implementation phase of the Spanish railway, meant that each company developed its own accounting model. In this study we have described, analysed and interpreted the more relevant changes in the accounting information in relation to the business result. Using the analysis of an historical case, we developed an ad-hoc research tool, for recording all the changes of the operating account. The results of the study prove that MZA’s operating account reflected t

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Lass, William E., Saul Engelbourg, and Leonard Bushkoff. "The Man Who Found the Money: John Stewart Kennedy and the Financing of the Western Railroads." Western Historical Quarterly 28, no. 2 (1997): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970918.

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Katz, Irving, Saul Engelbourg, and Leonard Bushkoff. "The Man Who Found the Money: John Stewart Kennedy and the Financing of the Western Railroads." Journal of American History 84, no. 2 (1997): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2952647.

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Arai, Koki, and Shuya Hayashi. "Business diversification and multifaceted markets." International Journal of Economic Policy Studies 15, no. 2 (2021): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42495-021-00058-1.

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AbstractIn this paper, we examine multiple segments, conventionally analyzed from the perspective of business diversification, from multiple perspectives in a multifaceted market. Specifically, based on segmental financial data, we conduct an empirical analysis of whether increased sales in the transportation business increase the profit margin of the real estate business of a railroad company. The results show that there are two types of sidedness among many businesses. The effects of both positive and negative indirect network effects were found to exist. In addition, verification of the dif

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Chen, Wanjing (Kelly). "Railroaded: The Financial Politics and the Labour Puzzle of Global China." Made in China Journal 6, no. 1 (2021): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/mic.06.01.2021.17.

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Hsu, Madeline Y. "Migration and Native Place: Qiaokan and the Imagined Community of Taishan County, Guangdong, 1893–1993." Journal of Asian Studies 59, no. 2 (2000): 307–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2658658.

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An the spring of 1984, officials of Taishan County, Guangdong, erected a statue in the central square of the county seat to commemorate the man whose life represented the highest attainment of ambition, idealism, and patriotism in recent local history. The man so honored was neither a conquering general nor a communist zealot. Taishan's chosen hero was a master of commerce and industry, who overcame the early disadvantages of birth to an impoverished family to become a wealthy and successful businessman, a powerful labor contractor, a railroad engineer, and the owner of a thriving import-expor

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Fomin, D. A., and G. I. Khanin. "Alternative evaluation of the cost of the capital stock and financial position of the Russian railroad industry." Studies on Russian Economic Development 23, no. 3 (2012): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075700712030033.

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Flesher, Dale L., William D. Samson, and Gary J. Previts. "Accounting, economic development and financial reporting: the case of three pre-Civil War US railroads." Accounting History 8, no. 2 (2003): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103237320300800204.

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Stevenson-Clarke, Peta, and Bradley Bowden. "Difference of purpose: The usage of railway accounts in Victoria and Queensland (1880–1900), a comparative study." Accounting History 23, no. 1-2 (2017): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373217708799.

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In both the New and Old Worlds, the railways were invariably the largest business enterprises of the nineteenth century in terms of both employment and capitalisation. This article explores whether Australia’s railroads were also seminal institutions for the employment of accountants and the advance of their discipline, through a consideration of the effects of commonalities and differences with the American experience. Commonalities exist in the similar roles played by American and Australian railways in the global economy, while differences principally relate to ownership structure – the for

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KURNIAWAN, PAULUS, KEMBAR SRI BUDHI, SUYANA UTAMA, and MAHAENDRA YASA. "Impacts of Coal Railroad Transportation Project on GDP Promotion and Unemployment Reduction in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 216 (April 1, 2013): 02–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2013.216.07.

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massive, advanced and integrated railroad system for coal transportation (referred to hereafter as ?Project?) from Muara Enim, Sumatra Selatan Province to the new coal port at Pulau Baai, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia is developed by a private investor together with the local government (PEMDA) of Bengkulu Province to make the best use of abundant coal resources in the region. This paper analyzes the impact of this Project on the Bengkulu economy, which is currently considered low. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is adopted as the economic indicator. The study combines the theories of export b

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Antonelli, Valerio, Raffaele D’Alessio, Emanuela Mattia Cafaro, and Michele Bigoni. "The Pope and the Train: Financial Reporting Practices in the Railroad Companies of the Papal States (1846-1870)." CONTABILITÀ E CULTURA AZIENDALE, no. 2 (January 2020): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/cca2019-002002.

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Archambault, Jeffrey J., and Marie Archambault. "THE EFFECT OF REGULATION ON STATEMENT DISCLOSURES IN THE 1915 MOODY'S MANUALS." Accounting Historians Journal 32, no. 1 (2005): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.32.1.1.

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United States firms in the early 20th century were subject to public and private regulation. Forms of regulation included rate regulation and stock exchange listing requirements. These regulations created incentives to report income statement information. This study utilizes the 1915 Moody's Analyses of Investments to test whether regulated firms in the United States reported more income statement information than unregulated firms. Rate regulation influenced utilities to report income statements more frequently than industrial companies. Stock market listing requirements also influenced the r

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Boiko, Volodymyr, Vitalii Molchanov, Volodymyr Tverdomed, and Olena Oliinyk. "Analysis of Vertical Irregularities and Dynamic Forces on the Switch Frogs of the Underground Railway." MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823001001.

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This article presents the analysis of vertical irregularities and dynamic forces on the switch frogs in operating conditions on the main tracks of Kiev underground railway. For main railways the deterioration problem of tongues, framed rails, switch frogs and as a consequence formation of the character in interaction on the railroad switches is quite widely studied by different scientists, but for conditions of railway underground such researches are practically absent. However, in order to use metal elements of switches rationally and efficiently, the forecast of their service operation and r

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Shang, Yue, Martine van den Boomen, Amy de Man, and ARM (Rogier) Wolfert. "Reliability-based life cycle costing analysis for embedded rails in level crossings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 8 (2019): 821–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719866359.

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Reliability-based life cycle costing analysis (LCCA) supports optimized decisions on capital and operational expenditures for engineering asset management. In addition, it allows investigation of the impact of maintenance decisions on designing the service life of assets. The application of reliability-based LCCA in railway practice is challenging, as there is limited research with regard to integrating maintenance strategies, reliability and costs especially for embedded rail systems. Therefore, in this research, an LCCA model for these embedded rail system assets has been developed, which sh

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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "Looking for Work, Searching for Workers: U.S. Labor Markets after the Civil War." Social Science History 18, no. 3 (1994): 377–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017077.

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Between the Civil War and World War I the American economy was reshaped by the forces of industrialization. In 1870 the United States was still a predominantly rural and agricultural society concentrated in the area east of the Mississippi River. By the early twentieth century it had become a largely urban and industrial society of continental proportions. The growth of railroads, cities, mines, and factories, along with shifts in the sectoral and geographic patterns of economic activity, required the mobilization of vast quantities of capital and labor (Perloff et al. 1965: chap. 14). The for

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Collier, Deirdre M., and Paul J. Miranti. "The Enlightenment’s connections to two US accounting-based regulatory models." Accounting History 24, no. 2 (2018): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373218787296.

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Enlightenment ideals relating to individual and group autonomy versus state power have long shaped socioeconomic ordering in the Western world. This article explores how competing Enlightenment ideologies influenced the development of two different accounting-based regulatory models in the United States, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Both commissions experimented with both models with different outcomes. The ICC, formed in 1887, ultimately followed a Hamiltonian approach involving direct intervention of the federal government to regu

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