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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fine spatial scale'

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1

Aidoo, Eric. "Geostatistical modelling of recreational fishing data: A fine-scale spatial analysis." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1813.

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The sustainability of recreational fisheries resources rely on effective management of the fishery which includes monitoring of any changes in the fishery. In order to facilitate the ongoing management of the recreational fishery, an understanding of the spatial dynamics of catch per unit effort (catch rate), fishing effort and species diversity is important for fishery managers to make area-specific decisions and to develop strategies for ecosystem based fisheries management. These indices are critical components of information used to inform on recreational fishing activities and evaluate th
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Madsen, Matthew David. "Measurement of Fine Spatial Scale Ecohydrologic Gradients in a Pinyon-Juniper Ecosystem." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/24.

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With the dramatic expansion of pinyon-juniper woodlands over the last century, improved understanding of how these woodlands modify infiltration properties is needed, in order for land managers to make informed decisions on how to best manage their specific resources. However, current methods for measuring soil infiltration are often limited by low sample sizes and high experimental error, due to constraints associated with remote, non agricultural settings. This thesis first presents a scheme for automating and calibrating two commercially available infiltrometers, which allows collection of
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Scholtz, Olivia Ingrid. "Inter-continental patterns in the fine-scale spatial ecology of rain forest termites." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/293.

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In this thesis I describe fine-scale spatial patterns in rain forest termites, from the colony to the assemblage level, sampled from one hectare plots in Central African and South East Asian lowland rain forest. By so doing the ecological interactions that structure this functionally important and abundant soil community were identified. The African termite assemblage, dominated by soil-feeding termites, saturated the upper soil profile (collected from 90% of soil pits). In contrast termites were collected from <50% of soil pits in Asia, with this difference reflecting the lower species den
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Burrell, Jennifer L. "The Development and Utilization of Fine-scale Methods to Track Neighborhood ChangesCase Study of Youngstown, Ohio." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1562369777781882.

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5

Mackay, Jane Louise. "The extraction of urban land cover information from fine spatial scale earth observation data." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410960.

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6

Squires, Robert Berry. "A Longitudinal Comparison of Fine Scale Environmental Risk Factors and Waterborne Bacterial Presence in Haiti." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1529494397372641.

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7

Cobbold, Stephanie M. "The Role of Fine-Scale Habitat Associations in Structuring Spider Assemblages: Determinants of Spatial Patterns In Community Compostion." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1206.

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Elucidating the ecological determinants of community structure and how they vary spatially has a long history in ecology, but there still is no consensus on the mechanisms behind diversity patterns. The primary objective of this dissertation was to focus on spider assemblages to investigate how the fine-scale habitat associations of organisms may drive their community composition at larger scales. Research was conducted in the Bear River Mountains, Utah, in an attempt to elucidate the potential role of species-microhabitat associations in driving three well-known patterns of community composit
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Sullivan, Timothy J. Jr. "A Fine-scale Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Population Genetic Patterns in the Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens)." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1364396992.

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Orlando, Cristian Gabriel. "The links between information, patch use and decision-making by foraging mammalian herbivores at small spatial and temporal scales." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25936.

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Since animals spend large amounts of time and energy searching for food, foraging is one of the most relevant ecological processes at the individual level. It involves moving throughout a landscape of different quality food ("finding a patch" phase) while assessing the potential threats and benefits of making particular choices ("diet selection" phase and "quitting a patch" phase). Central to the study of foraging behaviour, the optimal foraging theory considers all decisions are made to maximise the animal net rate of energy gain. Based on this theory, most of the works in foraging decision-m
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GOBBI, STEFANO. "Fine spatial scale modelling of Trentino past forest landscape and future change scenarios to study ecosystem services through the years." Doctoral thesis, country:IT, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10449/71234.

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Landscape in Europe has dramatically changed in the last decades. This has been especially true for Alpine regions, where the progressive urbanization of the valleys has been accom- panied by the abandonment of smaller villages and areas at higher elevation. This trend has been clearly observable in the Provincia Autonoma di Trento (PAT) region in the Italian Alps. The impact has been substantial for many rural areas, with the progressive shrinking of meadows and pastures due to the forest natural recolonization. These modifications of the landscape affect biodiversity, social and cultur
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Gobbi, Stefano. "Fine spatial scale modelling of Trentino past forest landscape and future change scenarios to study ecosystem services through the years." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/324420.

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Over recent decades, forest land cover is dramatically changing in European mountains and in the Alps in particular. Since the 1950s the progressive urbanization of the valleys and the abandonment of mountain and rural dwellers has intensified. More than 60% of the Trentino land, is covered by forest and mainly by high forest. This human migration have brought to a progressive shrinking of meadows and pastures due to the natural forest expansion causing a dramatic change in the landscape, the consequences of which affect biodiversity, social and cultural dynamics and landscape perception as we
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Brown, Jason K. "Spatial Distribution of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) in Ohio Brush Creek Watershed, Southern Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1289590778.

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13

Corrales, Duque Carolina. "Population Genetic Structure of Black Grouse (Tetrao tetrix) : From a Large to a Fine Scale Perspective." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för ekologi och genetik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150117.

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Black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) is a bird species with a lek mating system found in the Palearctic boreal taiga. It is assumed that it has a continuous distribution along Scandinavia and Siberia, whereas in Central Europe it has declined during the last decades. The primary objective of this thesis was to obtain a deeper understanding of the history, systematic classification and the genetic structure of black grouse on different geographical scales using microsatellites and control region mtDNA sequences (CR). I determined how much the mating system, habitat fragmentation and historical populati
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Benard, Rebecca Balogh. "Causes and consequences of spatial aggregation for seedling establishment of a long-lived desert perennial shrub (Chrysothamnus nauseosus: Asteraceae) : interaction between intrinsic properties of individuals and fine-scale environmental heterogeneity /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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15

Skalak, Katherine Joanne. "Fine-grained channel margin deposits in a typical gravel bed river spatial and temporal controls on the distribution, quantity, and residence time and implications for centennial-scale sediment and mercury cycling /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 437 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885693201&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Heban, Thomas Edward. "Representations of Scale and Time: Reinterpreting Cinematic Conventions in Digital Animation to Create a Purposeful Visual Language." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1430399136.

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17

Lopez-Gallego, Cristina. "Effects of habitat degradation on the evolutionary dynamics of populations in a rainforest cycad (Gymnospermae)." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/555.

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In addition to habitat loss and fragmentation, habitat degradation can have important consequences for biodiversity and population persistence, including effects on ecological and genetic processes beyond decreased demographic viability and the loss of genetic variation. Particularly interesting is the potential for evolutionary changes and adaptation to degraded habitats, that can affect population viability even in the short-term. Here, I explore how environmental changes after habitat degradation affect the evolutionary dynamics of populations of the rainforest cycad Zamia fairchildiana, sp
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Miller, Aileen Kilpatrick. "Site Selection by Migratory Shorebirds in Oregon Estuaries Over Broad and Fine Spatial Scales." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/443.

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Many migratory shorebirds rely on estuaries as stop-over sites to refuel during migration, and the loss of stop-over sites is a primary threat to shorebird populations on the West Coast of the United States (e.g. Calidris alpina pacifica, C. mauri). Conservation and research has focused on the largest of these sites; however, smaller estuaries also host thousands of migratory shorebirds. Furthermore, the reasons for site selection are largely unknown. Estuarine inter-tidal microhabitats are non-uniform and both abiotic and biotic factors may serve as predictors of whether an abundance of shore
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Allen, Jennifer C. "Species-Habitat Relationships for the Breeding Birds of a Longleaf Pine Ecosystem." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31670.

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At the Fort Bragg Military Installation, an army base in North Carolina, the habitat associations for the breeding bird species and the effects of the current prescribed fire program on the avifauna are virtually unknown. Fort Bragg encompasses one of the largest, fire-dependent longleaf pine systems existing today and is a mosaic of forested habitats. I used bird count data collected during 1994-1997 at 50-m fixed radius point count stations to examine bird species-habitat relationships in relation to fire treatment (i.e., fire intense longleaf pine woodlands versus fire suppressed mixed pi
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Shehu, Bora [Verfasser]. "Improving the rainfall nowcast for fine temporal and spatial scales suitable for urban hydrology / Bora Shehu." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229615024/34.

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Polles, Fiorella Lucia. "Properties of the interstellar medium of the star-forming galaxy, IC10, at various spatial scales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS276/document.

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Les propriétés du milieu interstellaire (MIS) influencent fortement l’environnement et les processus menant à la formation d’étoiles qui, à son tour, dicte l’évolution d’une galaxie. Les galaxies naines du Groupe Local sont de parfaits laboratoires pour comprendre comment le contenu en métaux (ou métallicité) du MIS affecte l’interaction entre le gaz, la poussière et les étoiles. Mon travail de thèse porte sur les propriétés physiques des régions HII et du gaz diffus ionisé de la galaxie naine IC10, de métallicité 1/3 solaire. La proximité de cette galaxie (d=700kpc) permet l’analyse du MIS à
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Keating, Brian Elliott 1968. "Prescribed fire and ecosystem management: Managerial considerations for longer temporal and broader spatial scales." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278497.

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Ecosystem management is positioned as the modern paradigm of resource management. Fire management activities within the natural resource management agencies, under the adoption of an ecosystem management approach, supports an increased focus upon prescribed and manager-ignited fire programs. A review of past national fire policies and the effects they have had upon ecosystem conditions today further supports the role for prescribed fire. Under an ecosystem management approach, resource managers need to consider the effects of fire management activities over longer temporal and broader spatial
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Hacioglu, Cigdem. "Spatial Requirements Of Fire Stations In Urban Areas: A Case Study Of Ankara." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612761/index.pdf.

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Fires, with their sudden appearance and destructive character, cause property losses beside much more death and injury especially in cities. Providing fire safety is a multi-faceted context that is related with staff, vehicle, equipment, function, organization, technology, education and consciousness. These are related, indirectly, with spatial organization that is the other side of the issue: they affect space or they are affected from space. In research context, the fire stations are evaluated as a unit of emergency and land use element of urban space. By associating the concepts related to
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24

Butler-Cowdry, Sophia. "Investigating the influence of fine-scale physical processes on the spatio-temporal distribution of marine megavertebrates off southwest UK." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/384566/.

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The primary aim of this PhD research is to describe environmental controls on distribution patterns of free-ranging marine top predators in tidally-dominated coastal waters off southwest UK, at a spatial resolution of metres to hundreds of metres, and a temporal resolution of hours to months. As human impacts increase in the nearshore zone (e.g. wet renewables), the need to better understand such fine-scale controls on distribution is critical, particularly as highly mobile marine megavertebrates in southwest coastal waters are amongst some of the region’s most threatened species (e.g. basking
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Wagenbrenner, Joseph William. "Post-fire stream channel processes| Changes in runoff rates, sediment delivery across spatial scales, and mitigation effectiveness." Thesis, Washington State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3598132.

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<p> Wildfires dramatically affect hydrologic processes including runoff and erosion, which in turn can impact society. Disturbance by fire creates ecosystem heterogeneity, prompting many species to adapt to fire cycles. Human impacts have altered fire frequency and affected natural systems to the point that additional landscape-scale disturbances may cause a disruption in ecosystem form and function. The altered ecosystems and increased development in forests may exacerbate post-fire impacts, affecting more of the population in fire-prone regions. </p><p> The following three studies will im
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Rai, kurlethimar Yashas. "Visual attention for quality prediction at fine spatio-temporal scales : from perceptual weighting towards visual disruption modeling." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4027/document.

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Cette thèse revisite les relations entre les processus attentionnels visuels et la perception de qualité. Nous nous intéressons à la perception de dégradation dans des séquences d’images et leur impact sur la perception de qualité. Plutôt qu’un approcha globale, nous travaillons à une échelle spatio temporelle fine, plus adaptée aux décisions des encodeurs vidéo. Deux approches liant attention visuelle et qualité perçue sont explorées. La première, suit une approche classique, de type pondération des distorsions. Ceci est mis en relation avec des scénarios d’usage comme le streaming interactif
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Paull, David James Physical Environmental &amp Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Habitat fragmentation and the southern brown bandicoot Isoodon obesulus at multiple spatial scales." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38698.

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This thesis investigates the process of habitat fragmentation and the spatial and temporal scales at which it occurs. Fragmentation has become an important topic in biogeography and conservation biology because of the impacts it has upon species??? distributions and biodiversity. Various definitions of fragmentation are available but in this research it is considered to be the disruption of continuity, either natural or human-induced in its origins and operative at multiple spatial scales. Using the distribution of the southern brown bandicoot Isoodon obesulus as a case study, three spatial sc
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Robin, Vincent. "Reconstruction of fire and forest history on several investigation sites in Germany, based on long and short-term investigations - Multiproxy approaches contributing to naturalness assessment on a local scale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30057.

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Sur la base de constats globaux concernant l’importance d’appliquer des modes de gestion durable des zones forestières et le manque d’investigation concernant l’histoire passée des feux en Europe centrale, il a été entrepris de reconstruire l’histoire des événements de feux et de la dynamique forestière pour des sites d’étude en Allemagne. L’ensemble des données obtenues et analysées ont été utilisées pour l’évaluation du niveau de naturalité des sites étudiés, cette notion étant essentielle pour la mise en place d’une gestion durable, et/ou pour des projets de conservation et / ou de restaura
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Desbiolles, Fabien. "Impact des fines échelles spatio-temporelles de l'atmosphère sur le couplage entre océan hauturier et plateau continental dans un système d'upwelling de bord Est." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0121/document.

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Cette thèse s'intéresse à la dynamique océanique induite par les échelles spatiales et temporelles de l'atmosphère, et du vent en particulier, dans les régions d'upwelling du Benguela et des Canaries. Ces régions sont sous l'influence d'un vent local ou régional, soufflant parallèlement à la côte. "Moteur" principal de la résurgence d'eau froide, ce vent est modulé par des processus physiques à des échelles spatio-temporelles variées. La nature des interactions avec l'atmosphère, l'océan et le continent environnants diffère selon les processus. Depuis deux décennies, des efforts remarquables p
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Hulet, April. "An Object-Based Image Analysis of Treated and Untreated Pinyon and Juniper Woodlands Across the Great Basin." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3406.

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Land managers need to rapidly assess vegetation composition and bare ground to effectively evaluate, manage, and restore shrub steppe communities that have been encroached by pinyon and juniper (P-J) trees. A major part of this process is assessing where to apply mechanical and prescribed fire treatments to reduce fuel loads and maintain or restore sagebrush steppe rangelands. Geospatial technologies, particularly remote sensing, offers an efficient option to assess rangelands across multiple spatial scales while reducing the need for ground-based sampling measurements. High-spatial resolution
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Catano, Christopher. "Species and habitat interactions of the gopher tortoise: A keystone species?" Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5153.

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Species-species and species-habitat interactions have been demonstrated to be important in influencing diversity across a variety of ecosystems. Despite generalities in the importance of these interactions, appropriate mechanisms to explain them are absent in many systems. In sandhill systems of the southeast U.S., gopher tortoises have been hypothesized to be a crucial species in the maintenance of diversity and function. However, the mechanisms and magnitude in which they influence their communities and habitats have rarely been empirically quantified. I examined how habitat structure influe
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King, Stephanie. "Fine-scale temporal and spatial variability in the coastal waters of Clayoquot Sound." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3043.

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An oceanographic buoy with 10 atmospheric and oceanographic instruments was deployed in Clayoquot Sound on the west coast of Canada in 2007. The high-resolution time series was used to monitor the fine-scale variability in the coastal ocean. Over 700 CTD profiles measuring temperature, salinity and chlorophyll fluorescence made in the region of the buoy were used to relate the buoy data to spatial patterns. Analysis showed that large-scale upwelling in combination with the localized winds and tidal currents affect water properties at time scales of hours to days. At low tide the buoy represe
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Chattopadhyay, Bodhisattwa. "Fine-Scale Structure Of The Diurnal Cycle Of Global Tropical Rainfall." Thesis, 2012. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/2591.

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The fine-scale structure of global (30N-30S) tropical rainfall is characterised using 13 years (1998-2010) of 3-hourly and daily, 0.25-degree Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall product. At the outset, the dominant timescales present in rainfall are identified. Specifically, the Fourier spectrum (in time) is estimated in two ways (a) spectrum of spatially averaged (SoSA) rainfall; and (b) spatial average of the spectrum (SAoS) of rainfall at each grid point. This procedure is applied on rainfall at the 3-hourly and daily temporal resolutions. Both estimates of the spectrum
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Chattopadhyay, Bodhisattwa. "Fine-Scale Structure Of The Diurnal Cycle Of Global Tropical Rainfall." Thesis, 2012. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2591.

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The fine-scale structure of global (30N-30S) tropical rainfall is characterised using 13 years (1998-2010) of 3-hourly and daily, 0.25-degree Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall product. At the outset, the dominant timescales present in rainfall are identified. Specifically, the Fourier spectrum (in time) is estimated in two ways (a) spectrum of spatially averaged (SoSA) rainfall; and (b) spatial average of the spectrum (SAoS) of rainfall at each grid point. This procedure is applied on rainfall at the 3-hourly and daily temporal resolutions. Both estimates of the spectrum
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Frazer, Gordon Wilson. "Fine-scale, multidimensional spatial patterns of forest canopy structure derived from remotely sensed and simulated datasets." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2496.

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Forests are not simply storehouses of timber or wood fibre for human consumption and economic development. They represent structurally and ecologically rich habitat for an estimated 40 percent of the earth's extant species, and form the functional interface between the biosphere and atmosphere for some 27 percent of the earth's terrestrial surface. Forests, therefore, play a vital role in the maintenance of biodiversity and the regulation of local to global scale ecosystem processes and functions. Present strategies for conserving biodiversity in managed forests are based on the notion that ma
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LaBrecque, Erin. "Spatial Relationships among Hydroacoustic, Hydrographic and Top Predator Patterns: Cetacean Distributions in the Mid-Atlantic Bight." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/12277.

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<p>Effective conservation and management of top predators requires a comprehensive understanding of their distributions and of the underlying biological and physical processes that affect these distributions. The Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf break system is a dynamic and productive region where at least 32 species of cetaceans have been recorded through various systematic and opportunistic marine mammal surveys from the 1970s through 2012. My dissertation characterizes the spatial distribution and habitat of cetaceans in the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf break system by utilizing marine mammal line-tra
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Warman, Leanna Dawn. "Identifying priority conservation areas using systematic reserve selection and GIS at a fine spatial scale : a test case using threatened vertebrate species in the Okanagan, British Columbia." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12317.

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Biologists and wildlife managers recognise the need for systematic reserve selection techniques to conserve habitat for species. Geographic information systems (GIS) provide a tool that helps identify conservation areas using geographically referenced data. Mapping continuous geographical phenomena with discreet boundaries affects the spatial organisation of data. However, most published studies of systematic reserve selection techniques have been completed at only one level of data organisation and usually for large regions at coarse scales. In this thesis, I examined the effects of dat
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Yang, Hsueh-Chan, and 楊學展. "Spatial Configuration and Sign systems and Their Combined Influence on Way-finding Behavior in Large Scale Exhibition Spaces- A case study on National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96190888673966321973.

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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>建築所<br>95<br>The foundations of the Museum are education, research, exhibition, and collection. And how to improve the service quality of museum by considering both of the sign system and spatial axial line is the important issue for this research. Therefore the mistake of the sign systems, site plan, and the spatial axial line in the construction of National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts may causes way-finding behavior of visitors. Because of the administrators may ignore the sign systems, so that the complexity of circulation in exhibition space may cause way finding behavior of v
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STRAKOVÁ, Jitka. "Applicability of the EURURALIS Scenarios at the Fine Spatial Scales." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85485.

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Růžičková, Anna. "Studium druhové bohatosti a složení společenstev mechorostů na velmi malé prostorové škále v souvislosti s in situ měřeným mikroklimatem." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445969.

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The life of bryophytes is closely connected with their surrounding environment. Changes in atmospheric conditions on the microscale directly affect the physiological functions of bryophytes, which in turn determine their distribution. The current development of technologies allows us to measure the microclimate affecting bryophytes directly in the field. Nevertheless, there have not been many studies published examining the response of bryophytes to in situ measured microclimate. This diploma thesis is one of the first in Europe to provide data from continuous field microclimatic measurement p
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Faurés, Jean-Marc. "Sensitivity of runoff to small scale spatial variability of observed rainfall in a distributed model." 1990. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1990_669_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Whitaker, Martha Patricia Lee. "Small-scale spatial variability of soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity in a semi-arid rangeland soil in Arizona." 1993. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1993_576_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Wu, Yi-sui, and 吳宜穗. "A fine-scaled population spatial genetic structure analysis of Sassafras randaiense (Hay.) Rehder at Chi-lan Shan, Northeastern Taiwan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08473418890294964451.

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