Academic literature on the topic 'Finite Natural Resources'
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Journal articles on the topic "Finite Natural Resources"
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U.K.Basavarajappa. "NATURAL RESOURCES, GLOBAL POLLUTION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 6, S2 (2019): 35–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2573041.
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<em>This paper starts out from the optimistic assumption that the basic policies for environmental economic development are known but uncertainties surround the speed of their adoption. In many developing countries the key obstacle is poor governance: consequently, renewable resources continue to be mined, non-renewable resources are depleted irresponsibly, and reductions in pollution intensity lag. Recent research identifies resource abundance as an important cause of policy failure. This is because the primary sector remains large in relation to GDP so that differences in the scale of natural resource rents condition macro policy in important ways. Most developing countries are resource- rich, a condition that engenders predatory political states that deploy resource rents in ways that cumulatively distort the economy so it falls into a staple trap, which undermines economic growth and environmentally sustainable policies. Sound macroeconomic policy is critical to the success of micro economic measures like much of environmental policy, a fact often neglected by environmental reformers. There are two implications of this. First, in the long term, improved governance will enhance environmentally sustainable management of: renewable resources (by taking account of the total economic value of resources); finite resources and the global pollution sinks. Second, until such improvements occur, environmental policies are likely to under perform unless they are adapted to take account of flawed macro policies. Environmental reformers therefore need to support efforts by the international financial institutions to improve macroeconomic management.</em>
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Idigbe, K. I., and A. A. Adeniji. "Modeling Declining Incomes from Non-Renewable Natural Resources." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.457.
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Traditionally, petroleum, accumulated in subsurface containers – reservoirs, is often characterized as a non-renewable natural resource. Thus, the rate of exploitation of its gaseous and/or liquid phases is expected to decline with time. The net incomes from the development of these finite assets play very important roles in determining the profitability and net values of the petroleum assets. We present equations, simple relationships, which can be used to model the development life of a petroleum asset, and thus, the net incomes. These relationships provide very simple and easy to use models, for field development plans (FDPs), a key requirement in petroleum economics. Nomenclature
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Allegretti, Gabriela, Omar Inácio Benedetti Santos, Heinrich Hasenack, et al. "Environmental globalization." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 8, no. 3 (2018): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-02-2017-0022.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an alternative viewpoint to better manage the global natural resources using the case of soybean international market as a baseline and water as the natural resource, although the product and natural resource could be any other.Design/methodology/approachThe case of Brazilian soya production and the international soybean market was used to illustrate the commodities and agricultural use of water, a global and finite natural resource. The water footprint analysis was applied to balance the international water trade associated to soybean exportation.FindingsThe net water balance indicates that Brazil is more efficient in the water use to soybean production considering water origin (types of water) and availability. That implies a benefit for soybean importers from Brazil who does not internalize this natural input in the cost of their products.Research limitations/implicationsThe alternatives proposed and discussed in this essay are far from being complete and definitive. The details of their implications are beyond the scope and purpose of this essay. However, it may be the starting point for a wider academic and political debate.Practical implicationsThere are externalities in the soybean market that are generating environmental and social costs. Those costs could be minimized by a fair international market that internalizes the costs of using finite natural resources. For that, adequate public policies should be designed, implemented and maintained. The monetary funds obtained from internalization of costs in water use could be addressed to research devoted to enlarge the water saving practices.Originality/valueFrom a discussion about the fundamental role of natural resources in the maintenance of mankind life and the implications of its irrational use, a global governance of natural resources is being proposed. As practical actions for global governance, a green soybean, marketed under a water seal, has been discussed.
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Fishman, Joseph. "The Mathematics of Finite Resources The Future Life Span of Natural Gas." School Science and Mathematics 86, no. 8 (1986): 673–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1986.tb11672.x.
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Sirotina, N. A., A. V. Kopoteva, and A. V. Zatonskiy. "Finite-Difference Models Application for Short-Term Forecasting of the Natural Resource Potential of the Perm Region." Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Computer Technologies, Automatic Control & Radioelectronics 21, no. 2 (2021): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ctcr210215.
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The article is about a problem of mathematical modeling of the natural resource potential of the Perm Territory by 1st and 2nd order finite-difference models. Such models can obtain better forecasts of complex socio-economic processes in comparison with the traditionally used linear multiple regression models. A high quality model of the natural resource potential with forecast possibi¬lities is one of the necessary conditions for the effective management of the natural resources of the region in order to ensure its sustainable economic development. Purpose of work. Aim of this work is work construction of finite-difference models of a natural resource potential complex indicators and an assessment of their prognostic properties. Materials and methods. Our research is based on Perm region statistical data for the period from 2001 to 2018. A multiple linear regression model is used as a comparison base. The natural resource potential complex indicator is calculated as a weighted sum of particular criteria characterizing the natural resources of the region. First and second order finite difference models are obtained by adding autoregressive terms of the first and second orders, respectively, to the multiple linear regression model. An estimation of the unknown parameters of the equations is carried out by a modified least squares method, which preserves the signs of the coefficients with the factors the same as in the original linear model. At the same time, the selection of explanatory factors and the assessment of the quality of the models are carried out based on the accuracy of the predicted values of the studied indicator. The results of the study. Components and factors of the natural resource potential is obtained, and a procedure for constructing finite-difference models is performed for three different time intervals: 2001–2018, 2001–2008, and 2008–2018. These intervals are chooseen because changes in the methodology for generating statistical data nearly 2008. Discussion and conclusions. The number of calculated predicted values was 18, and only in 4 out of 18 cases (22,2%) their quality is worse than forecasts obtained by the linear multiple model. So proposed modification of the multiple linear regression model with the addition of autoregressive terms makes it possible to improve the forecasting quality of the complex indicator of the natural resource potential of the region and, therefore, to make more effective decisions when managing its level.
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Jadhav, Capt. A. D. "Green Economy and Sustainable Development." International Journal of Commerce Management and Business Law in International Research 2, no. 1 (2025): 5–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15010325.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong> <em>Green economy is the overall development of the economy, in which the natural resources available in the country are used properly while the economy is developing. That is, the natural resources that we are currently enjoying should also be available to future generations. These natural resources need to be preserved in such a way. Green economy means using resources that will not harm the environment and will protect the environment for production activities, which will not select or exploit natural resources. Green economy reduces the poverty rate in countries, creates employment, and also leads to economic development of the country, but while doing this economic development, it is important to ensure that it does not have a bad impact on natural resources. Although green economy is a modern concept, it is also a concept that provides the rights of available resources to future generations, because natural resources are finite and take a long time to be created. Therefore, it is necessary to use them carefully. The way we are using these resources today is very worrying. Therefore, it is our responsibility to enhance them. So that future generations will also benefit from it. In today's time, due to the increasing population, this natural resource is being put under more pressure. Therefore, it is necessary to create awareness for this, hence the importance of this concept has increased in today's time.</em>
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Kosgoda, D. "Intention-behavior gap in greener consumption among young Sri Lankan consumers." Bolgoda Plains 3, no. 1 (2023): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/bprm.v3(1).2023.15.
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In today’s world, we heavily rely on natural resources for activities, business, and survival. We are consuming resources at an unsustainable rate. However, our planet can only produce a finite number of resources and can only withstand a certain degree of greenhouse gas emissions. With the unbearable increase in natural resource consumption and green gas emissions, we are forced to experience various global challenges including climate change, desertification, lack of resources, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, etc. There is a burgeoning movement to adopt sustainable practices to mitigate these adverse consequences. Some companies have even developed sustainability programs, guidelines and plans to achieve sustainable goals [1]. Specifically, people are moving towards green consumption. As a result, studies on green consumption have emerged as a significant new frontier over the past few years attracting attention from both academics and professionals.
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Schmidt, Felix, Andreas Schäffer, and Markus Lenz. "Renewable Energy from Finite Resources: Example of Emerging Photovoltaics." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 73, no. 11 (2019): 874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2019.874.
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Renewable energies, such as sunlight, wind and geothermal heat, are resources that are replaced rapidly by natural processes. However, wind, hydro and solar installations strictly require raw materials that are, in fact, not renewable. Many raw materials are already facing a supply shortage which cannot be easily overcome. This work reviews the problem of critical raw material (CRM) use in photovoltaics (PV) as an example and explains why supply cannot be easily increased to meet demand. We discuss whether there is indeed a 'struggle for elements' in a Darwinian sense, which ultimately leads to a 'survival of the fittest' race in renewable energy technology. In the case of PV, the perception of the definition of 'fittest' needs to change from that considering energy conversion efficiency alone to that which holistically considers net energy produced per emission under the premise that sufficient environmentally and socially acceptable raw material supply exists for renewable energies and all other sectors.
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A. Stanwick, Peter, and Sarah D. Stanwick. "The Tragedy of the Commons and the Battle For Water in Mexico." International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research 04, no. 06 (2023): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56293/ijmsssr.2022.4542.
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Published in 1968, Garrett Hardin’s article entitled “The Tragedy of the Commons” has been a foundational article in both environmental and corporate social responsibility research. Hardin argues that there are a finite number of natural resources in the world and these resources can only support a finite population. Hardin also argues that individuals will not take a utilitarian approach in the management of resources that are available to all. The tragedy of the commons theory is that if people have access to “free” resources, they will abuse the privilege in using them. Elinor Ostrom responded to the Tragedy of the Commons theory with her seminal work “Governing the Commons” which presents the argument that self-governing institutional arrangements made among critical stakeholders can effectively manage the commons. The article concludes with an example of the challenges in Mexico for managing the commons of water, and the challenges and successes of stakeholders self-governing this vital resource.
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Sawadogo, Relwendé, and Youmanli Ouoba. "Do natural resources rents reduce income inequality? A finite mixture of regressions approach." Resources Policy 91 (April 2024): 104870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104870.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Finite Natural Resources"
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Calantone, Carl S. 1954. "A study of intergenerational equity and the optimal depletion of a finite resource : Canadian natural gas." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75990.
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This thesis is a study of the problem of intergenerational equity and the optimal depletion of finite resources. A review of the economics literature on the subject precedes an interdisciplinary study of equity in static and intertemporal contexts. Reasons for the use of non-market rules for depletion policies are examined. A simulation model of the Canadian natural gas industry, which integrates non-market rules similar to those used for Canadian gas exports for the last thirty years, is developed to assist in the evaluation of these types of rules, focusing on their intergenerational impacts.
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Neme, Alexis. "An arabic language resource for computational morphology based on the semitic model." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2013.
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La morphologie de la langue arabe est riche, complexe, et hautement flexionnelle. Nous avons développé une nouvelle approche pour la morphologie traditionnelle arabe destinés aux traitements automatiques de l’arabe écrit. Cette approche permet de formaliser plus simplement la morphologie sémitique en utilisant Unitex, une suite logicielle fondée sur des ressources lexicales pour l'analyse de corpus. Pour les verbes (Neme, 2011), j’ai proposé une taxonomie flexionnelle qui accroît la lisibilité du lexique et facilite l’encodage, la correction et la mise-à-jour par les locuteurs et linguistes arabes. La grammaire traditionnelle définit les classes verbales par des schèmes et des sous-classes par la nature des lettres de la racine. Dans ma taxonomie, les classes traditionnelles sont réutilisées, et les sous-classes sont redéfinies plus simplement. La couverture lexicale de cette ressource pour les verbes dans un corpus test est de 99 %. Pour les noms et les adjectifs (Neme, 2013) et leurs pluriels brisés, nous sommes allés plus loin dans l’adaptation de la morphologie traditionnelle. Tout d’abord, bien que cette tradition soit basée sur des règles dérivationnelles, nous nous sommes restreints aux règles exclusivement flexionnelles. Ensuite, nous avons gardé les concepts de racine et de schème, essentiels au modèle sémitique. Pourtant, notre innovation réside dans l’inversion du modèle traditionnel de racine-et-schème au modèle schème-et-racine, qui maintient concis et ordonné l’ensemble des classes de modèle et de sous-classes de racine. Ainsi, nous avons élaboré une taxonomie pour le pluriel brisé contenant 160 classes flexionnelles, ce qui simplifie dix fois l’encodage du pluriel brisé. Depuis, j’ai élaboré des ressources complètes pour l’arabe écrit. Ces ressources sont décrites dans Neme et Paumier (2019). Ainsi, nous avons complété ces taxonomies par des classes suffixées pour les pluriels réguliers, adverbes, et d’autres catégories grammaticales afin de couvrir l’ensemble du lexique. En tout, nous obtenons environ 1000 classes de flexion implémentées au moyen de transducteurs concatenatifs et non-concatenatifs. A partir de zéro, j’ai créé 76000 lemmes entièrement voyellisés, et chacun est associé à une classe flexionnelle. Ces lemmes sont fléchis en utilisant ces 1000 FST, produisant un lexique entièrement fléchi de plus 6 millions de formes. J’ai étendu cette ressource entièrement fléchie à l’aide de grammaires d’agglutination pour identifier les mots composés jusqu’à 5 segments, agglutinés autour d’un verbe, d’un nom, d’un adjectif ou d’une particule. Les grammaires d’agglutination étendent la reconnaissance à plus de 500 millions de formes de mots valides, partiellement ou entièrement voyelles. La taille de fichier texte généré est de 340 mégaoctets (UTF-16). Il est compressé en 11 mégaoctets avant d’être chargé en mémoire pour la recherche rapide (fast lookup). La génération, la compression et la minimisation du lexique prennent moins d’une minute sur un MacBook. Le taux de couverture lexical d’un corpus est supérieur à 99 %. La vitesse de tagger est de plus de 200 000 mots/s, si les ressources ont été pré-chargées en mémoire RAM. La précision et la rapidité de nos outils résultent de notre approche linguistique systématique et de l’adoption des meilleurs choix pratiques en matière de méthodes mathématiques et informatiques. La procédure de recherche est rapide parce que nous utilisons l’algorithme de minimisation d’automate déterministique acyclique (Revuz, 1992) pour comprimer le dictionnaire complet, et parce qu’il n’a que des chaînes constantes. La performance du tagger est le résultat des bons choix pratiques dans les technologies automates finis (FSA/FST) car toutes les formes fléchies calculées à l’avance pour une identification précise et pour tirer le meilleur parti de la compression et une recherche des mots déterministes et efficace<br>We developed an original approach to Arabic traditional morphology, involving new concepts in Semitic lexicology, morphology, and grammar for standard written Arabic. This new methodology for handling the rich and complex Semitic languages is based on good practices in Finite-State technologies (FSA/FST) by using Unitex, a lexicon-based corpus processing suite. For verbs (Neme, 2011), I proposed an inflectional taxonomy that increases the lexicon readability and makes it easier for Arabic speakers and linguists to encode, correct, and update it. Traditional grammar defines inflectional verbal classes by using verbal pattern-classes and root-classes. In our taxonomy, traditional pattern-classes are reused, and root-classes are redefined into a simpler system. The lexicon of verbs covered more than 99% of an evaluation corpus. For nouns and adjectives (Neme, 2013), we went one step further in the adaptation of traditional morphology. First, while this tradition is based on derivational rules, we found our description on inflectional ones. Next, we keep the concepts of root and pattern, which is the backbone of the traditional Semitic model. Still, our breakthrough lies in the reversal of the traditional root-and-pattern Semitic model into a pattern-and-root model, which keeps small and orderly the set of pattern classes and root sub-classes. I elaborated a taxonomy for broken plural containing 160 inflectional classes, which simplifies ten times the encoding of broken plural. Since then, I elaborated comprehensive resources for Arabic. These resources are described in Neme and Paumier (2019). To take into account all aspects of the rich morphology of Arabic, I have completed our taxonomy with suffixal inflexional classes for regular plurals, adverbs, and other parts of speech (POS) to cover all the lexicon. In all, I identified around 1000 Semitic and suffixal inflectional classes implemented with concatenative and non-concatenative FST devices.From scratch, I created 76000 fully vowelized lemmas, and each one is associated with an inflectional class. These lemmas are inflected by using these 1000 FSTs, producing a fully inflected lexicon with more than 6 million forms. I extended this fully inflected resource using agglutination grammars to identify words composed of up to 5 segments, agglutinated around a core inflected verb, noun, adjective, or particle. The agglutination grammars extend the recognition to more than 500 million valid delimited word forms, partially or fully vowelized. The flat file size of 6 million forms is 340 megabytes (UTF-16). It is compressed then into 11 Mbytes before loading to memory for fast retrieval. The generation, compression, and minimization of the full-form lexicon take less than one minute on a common Unix laptop. The lexical coverage rate is more than 99%. The tagger speed is 5000 words/second, and more than 200 000 words/s, if the resources are preloaded/resident in the RAM. The accuracy and speed of our tools result from our systematic linguistic approach and from our choice to embrace the best practices in mathematical and computational methods. The lookup procedure is fast because we use Minimal Acyclic Deterministic Finite Automaton (Revuz, 1992) to compress the full-form dictionary, and because it has only constant strings and no embedded rules. The breakthrough of our linguistic approach remains principally on the reversal of the traditional root-and-pattern Semitic model into a pattern-and-root model.Nonetheless, our computational approach is based on good practices in Finite-State technologies (FSA/FST) as all the full-forms were computed in advance for accurate identification and to get the best from the FSA compression for fast and efficient lookups
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Maziz, Ammar. "Analyse des endommagements dans les pipes en matériaux composites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ENTA0019.
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La modélisation de l'endommagement des matériaux composites hybrides a joué un rôle important dans la conception des structures composites. Bien que des modèles numériques pour l'endommagement progressif des pipes en matériaux composites hybrides à enroulement filamentaire, tels que la fissuration matricielle, le délaminage et la rupture des fibres, aient été développés dans la littérature, des améliorations sont encore nécessaires. Cette thèse vise à développer des modèles d'endommagement adaptés à la prédiction du comportement dynamique et l'endommagement intra-laminaire et inter-laminaire dans les tubes en matériaux composites hybrides sous une pression interne, et soumis à un chargement dynamique tel que l'impact d'un objet externe. Les approches de la mécanique de la rupture et de la mécanique de l’endommagement ont été adoptées pour construire le modèle de dommages. Une analyse détaillée a été réalisée pour avoir une vue d'ensemble de tous les mécanismes d'endommagement jusqu'à la rupture finale. Des éléments cohésifs ont été implémentés dans les modèles bidimensionnels et tridimensionnels pour simuler l'initiation et la propagation d’endommagement interlaminaire (délaminage) dans les stratifiés. Une subroutine a été implémentée dans le code de calcul FE (Abaqus/Explicit) via une VUMAT afin de modéliser l’endommagement intralaminaire. Par la suite, des validations basées sur des corrélations essai/calcul sur des sous-systèmes et/ou des pièces réelles ont été effectuées. L'initiation des dommages est prédite sur la base des critères de rupture contrainte-déformation, tandis que la loi d'évolution des dommages est basée sur la dissipation de l'énergie de rupture. Le comportement non linéaire du matériau en cisaillement a également été pris en compte et validé par rapport aux résultats expérimentaux. Les prédictions montrent un excellent accord avec les observations expérimentales<br>Damage modelling of hybrid composite materials has played an important role in the design of composite structures. Although numerical models for the progressive damage of filament wound hybrid composite pipes such, matrix cracking, delamination, and fiber failure have been developed in the literature; there is still a need for improvement. This thesis aims to develop damage models suitable for predicting dynamic behaviour and intra-laminar and inter-laminar damage in hybrid composite tubes under internal pressure subjected to dynamic loading such as the impact of an external object. Fracture mechanics and continuum damage mechanics approaches were adopted to build the damage model. A detailed analysis was performed to have an overview of all the damage mechanisms until the final failure. Cohesive elements were inserted into the two-dimensional and three-dimensional models to simulate the initiation and propagation of matrix cracking and delamination in cross-layered laminates. The damage model was implemented in the FE code (Abaqus/Explicit) by a user-defined material subroutine (VUMAT). Subsequently, validations based on test/calculation correlations on real subsystems and/or parts were performed. Damage initiation was predicted based on the stress-strain failure criteria, while the damage evolution law was based on the dissipation of failure energy. The nonlinear behavior of the material in shear was also taken into account and validated against experimental/numerical results. The predictions show excellent agreement with the experimental observations
Books on the topic "Finite Natural Resources"
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Emma, Ferry Elizabeth, Limbert Mandana E, and School for Advanced Research (Santa Fe, N.M.), eds. Timely assets: The politics of resources and their temporalities. School for Advanced Research, 2008.
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Gittings, Clare. Tudor portraits: An educational resource pack. National Portrait Gallery, 2001.
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Raspini, Federico, Francesca Cigna, Sandro Moretti, and Nicola Casagli, eds. Advanced Terrain Mapping of the Gioia Tauro Plain Calabria Region, Italy. Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-022-8.
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In the framework of the Terrafirma project, Persistent Scatterers Interferometry (PSI) has be used for mapping land subsidence at basin scale in Gioia Tauro plain (Italy). The investigated area is built over unconsolidated fine-grained sediments, where the increasing groundwater demands for irrigation have caused the natural sediment consolidation to progressively accelerate. Both historical (1992-2001; ERS1/2 images) and recent (2002-2006; ENVISAT images) scenarios are analyzed to solve the spatial variability and temporal evolution of ground displacements affecting the plain. The results show deformation rates as high as 10-12 mm/yr in 1992-2007, with highest velocities occurred between 1992 and 2000 within the central part of the basin, in the area of Rizziconi (5 km ESE of Gioia Tauro). The outcomes of this PSI study could support the future improvement of groundwater management and the implementation of best strategies for land use planning and sustainable use of groundwater resources.
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Naam, Ramez. Infinite Resource: The Power of Ideas on a Finite Planet. University Press of New England, 2013.
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Naam, Ramez. Infinite Resource: The Power of Ideas on a Finite Planet. University Press of New England, 2013.
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Henstridge, Mark, and Alan Roe. The Macroeconomic Management of Natural Resources. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0008.
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Managing natural resource wealth requires accommodating very large increases in investment, production, exports, and government revenues within the economy of the host country, and setting appropriate macroeconomic policies—especially fiscal, monetary, and exchange-rate policies—both to prevent resource wealth from destabilizing the economy and to ensure that its potential for economic development is maximized. This chapter focuses on the complexity of decision-making and policy on the unusual characteristics of the macroeconomic flows of the extractives sector: (i) foreign direct investment, production, exports, and revenues are often large; (ii) for each project there is a strong degree of uniformity in the sequence of activity from discovery through development to production; (iii) the non-renewable resource is finite, and so are the revenues; (iv) commodity prices are often volatile, hence public revenues can be also volatile.
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Research Group on Living and Surviving. Inhabiting the earth as a finite world: An examination of the prospects of providing housing in a finite world in which prosperity is fairly shared, ... depleted, and the environment is protected. Springer, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Finite Natural Resources"
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Salandin, P., and V. Fiorotto. "Stochastic Solute Transport in Natural Formations: Finite Element and Spectral Method Solution." In Computational Methods in Water Resources X. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9204-3_70.
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Joly, N., and D. Bernard. "Effects of Faults on Natural Convection in Geological Structures: Computation of The Stability Criteria and of the Critical Flow Patterns Using Finite Elements." In Computational Methods in Water Resources X. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9204-3_58.
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Klein, Naomi. "The End of Endlessness." In Heavy Metal. Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0373.30.
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In 2015, amidst economic turmoil triggered by plummeting oil prices, a diverse group of organizers and theorists gathered in Toronto to confront the urgent need for a renewable energy transition. Frustrated by the lack of political will to address climate change and economic inequality, they launched the Leap Manifesto: a people’s platform offering a vision for a renewables-based economy in Canada, rooted in a duty to care for Earth’s resources and inhabitants. This essay explores the historical roots of Canada’s dependence on natural resources and the consequences of this reliance on both the environment and Indigenous communities. It argues that confronting the truth about past injustices is essential for building a sustainable future and achieving genuine reconciliation. By acknowledging the finite nature of the Earth's resources and embracing narratives of care and regeneration, this essay proposes a path forward toward a more equitable society.
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Henzinger, Thomas A., Nicolas Mazzocchi, and N. Ege Saraç. "Abstract Monitors for Quantitative Specifications." In Runtime Verification. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17196-3_11.
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AbstractQuantitative monitoring can be universal and approximate: For every finite sequence of observations, the specification provides a value and the monitor outputs a best-effort approximation of it. The quality of the approximation may depend on the resources that are available to the monitor. By taking to the limit the sequences of specification values and monitor outputs, we obtain precision-resource trade-offs also for limit monitoring. This paper provides a formal framework for studying such trade-offs using an abstract interpretation for monitors: For each natural number n, the aggregate semantics of a monitor at time n is an equivalence relation over all sequences of at most n observations so that two equivalent sequences are indistinguishable to the monitor and thus mapped to the same output. This abstract interpretation of quantitative monitors allows us to measure the number of equivalence classes (or “resource use”) that is necessary for a certain precision up to a certain time, or at any time. Our framework offers several insights. For example, we identify a family of specifications for which any resource-optimal exact limit monitor is independent of any error permitted over finite traces. Moreover, we present a specification for which any resource-optimal approximate limit monitor does not minimize its resource use at any time.
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Frigione, Mariaenrica, and José Luís Barroso de Aguiar. "Innovative Building Materials Containing Post-Consumer Plastics: A Rewarding Example of Circular Economy in Construction." In Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72955-3_7.
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AbstractCircular Economy, which it is among the priorities of the European Commission, is defined as an economy in which the value of products, materials and resources is maintained for as long as possible and the production of waste is reduced to minimum. Keeping in mind the impact on the environment caused on the one hand by post-consumer plastic waste and on the other hand by production processes of concrete, it is possible to find a solution able, at least partly, to mitigate these two issues. Following the principles of the circular economy, in fact, it is possible to reuse post-consumer plastic waste as fine aggregates in concrete: in this way, post-consumer plastic from waste becomes a resource; at the same time, the use of other natural resources is limited, such as the minerals traditionally used as aggregates in concrete. However, this virtuous solution still presents some problems to study and solve: this work aims to illustrate some of these issues, and provides indications on the aspects to be analyzed and solved.
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Dolamic, Ljiljana. "Conversational Agents." In Large Language Models in Cybersecurity. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54827-7_4.
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AbstractConversational agents (CA) are engaged in interactive conversations with users, providing responses and assistance while combining Natural Language Processing (NLP), Understanding (NLU), and Generating (NLG) techniques. Two tiers of conversational agent derivation from Large Language Models (LLMs) exist. The first tier involves conversational fine-tuning from datasets, representing expected user questions and desired conversational agent responses. The second tier requires manual prompting by human operators and evaluation of model output, which is then used for further fine-tuning. Fine-tuning with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) models perform better but are resource-intensive and specific for each model. Another critical difference in the performance of various CA is their ability to access auxiliary services for task delegation.
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Haslbeck, Maximilian P. L., and Peter Lammich. "For a Few Dollars More." In Programming Languages and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72019-3_11.
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AbstractWe present a framework to verify both, functional correctness and worst-case complexity of practically efficient algorithms. We implemented a stepwise refinement approach, using the novel concept of resource currencies to naturally structure the resource analysis along the refinement chain, and allow a fine-grained analysis of operation counts. Our framework targets the LLVM intermediate representation. We extend its semantics from earlier work with a cost model. As case study, we verify the correctness and $$O(n\log n)$$ O ( n log n ) worst-case complexity of an implementation of the introsort algorithm, whose performance is on par with the state-of-the-art implementation found in the GNU C++ Library.
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Feizollahbeigi, Bahar, Ricardo Mateus, Elena Goicolea Güemez, and Marta Gómez-Gil. "Circularity Criteria and Indicators at the Whole Building Design Level." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73490-8_14.
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AbstractThe built environment accounts for approximately 50% of total raw material extraction and 25% of all waste in the European Union, much of which comprises materials with significant potential for reuse and recycling. Given the finite nature of the planet’s resources, transitioning to a circular economy (CE) approach within the built environment, particularly at the building design level, is essential for sustainability. Indicators serve as vital tools for assessing circularity and guiding the implementation of CE principles in the design, construction and management of buildings and infrastructure. This chapter examines international, European, and national policies and standards, highlighting the most pertinent circularity indicators at the whole building design level. It provides a categorised list of the most widely used indicators for measuring circularity. A bibliographic-analytical approach is employed to evaluate the prevalence and alignment of various sustainability and circularity indicators within international and European policies and standards at the building level. The efforts of European countries, with particular reference to Portugal and Spain, in developing circularity frameworks for the construction sector, are also explored. The identified indicators are classified into seven categories based on their impact areas: Material and Resources, Energy, Water, Waste Management, Ecosystem, Social, and Economic. Each category and its subset indicators are analysed in detail. Finally, the chapter provides recommendations for further research to enhance the integration of CE principles into the design processes of the construction sector, thereby contributing to a more sustainable built environment.
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Hughes, Jack, and Dominic Orchard. "Program Synthesis from Graded Types." In Programming Languages and Systems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57262-3_4.
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AbstractGraded type systems are a class of type system for fine-grained quantitative reasoning about data-flow in programs. Through the use of resource annotations (or grades), a programmer can express various program properties at the type level, reducing the number of typeable programs. These additional constraints on types lend themselves naturally to type-directed program synthesis, where this information can be exploited to constrain the search space of programs. We present a synthesis algorithm for a graded type system, where grades form an arbitrary pre-ordered semiring. Harnessing this grade information in synthesis is non-trivial, and we explore some of the issues involved in designing and implementing a resource-aware program synthesis tool. In our evaluation we show that by harnessing grades in synthesis, the majority of our benchmark programs (many of which involve recursive functions over recursive ADTs) require less exploration of the synthesis search space than a purely type-driven approach and with fewer needed input-output examples. This type-and-graded-directed approach is demonstrated for the research language Granule but we also adapt it for synthesising Haskell programs that use GHC’s linear types extension.
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Maruthupandian, Surya, Napoleana Anna Chaliasou, and Antonios Kanellopoulos. "Recycling Mine Tailings for a Sustainable Future Built Environment." In Springer Proceedings in Energy. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_21.
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AbstractThe future sustainable built environment focuses mainly on environmental conservation and technological innovation and development. However, with infrastructure development, the consumption of raw materials such as cement, gypsum, sand, and stones increases. Therefore, use of industrial waste as raw material in construction shall be proposed as a sustainable and environment friendly alternative. Also, the higher demand for mineral commodities have led to increased mining and hence increased mining waste. The mine tailings being the wastes from rocks and minerals processing, are generally rich in Si, Ca, Al, Mg, and Fe, and also have considerable amounts of heavy metals and metalloids such as Pb, As, Co, Cu, Zn, V, and Cr. When tailings contain sulphide minerals, it may also lead to acid mine drainage. This makes the effective and efficient recycling and reuse of mine waste a major environmental concern. However, the physical, mineralogical and chemical composition of the mine tailings renders it a suitable material for use in civil engineering applications. This paper discusses the use of mine tailings of different origins for different civil engineering applications such as bricks, ceramics, fine aggregates, coarse aggregate and cementitious binders. This approach has a potential to reduce the demand on existing natural resources to face the demands of the exponentially developing infrastructure.
Conference papers on the topic "Finite Natural Resources"
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Sabadash, Vira, Oleh Konovalov, Anna Nowik-Zajac, and Iwona Zawierucha. "Adsorption Properties of Natural and Synthetic Zeolites for Ammonium and Phosphate Removal from Wastewater." In 8th International Congress "Environment Protection. Energy Saving. Sustainable Environmental Management". Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-p0hfsd.
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Water resources are crucial in any region's overall natural resource complex. This research focuses on addressing these pollution issues through water treatment processes. The primary objective of this study was to examine the adsorption of phosphates using both natural and synthetic adsorbents, particularly aluminosilicates. Under static and dynamic conditions, the research assessed the sorption characteristics of natural zeolite, specifically clinoptilolite obtained from the Sokyrnytsia mineral deposits. Results indicated that the adsorption of phosphates is more effective in acidic environments. It was observed that clinoptilolite exhibits a higher adsorption capacity for unsubstituted phosphates, which diminishes when alkali metal ions replace orthophosphoric acid. Additionally, the study highlighted the significant influence of pH levels on the sorption properties of clinoptilolite, especially about P₂O₅. The kinetic coefficients of the adsorption process were determined using experimental data and theoretical frameworks. Furthermore, mathematical modelling was employed to describe the adsorption dynamics of the active components by granular sorbents, effectively capturing the transient nature of diffusive-kinetic processes in complex, multicomponent systems. This research deepens our understanding of phosphate adsorption mechanisms. It provides valuable insights into optimising water treatment strategies using natural adsorbents, which could play a critical role in mitigating the effects of water pollution in the region. Zeolites derived from fly ash produced by the Dobrotvir thermal power plant have been synthesised and modified to enhance their properties. This study focuses on the characteristics of these zeolites, with a particular emphasis on thermogravimetric analysis, to understand their stability and performance under varying conditions. The adsorption capabilities of the natural zeolite were tested against common pollutants found in wastewater from meat-processing plants, specifically targeting ammonium and phosphate contaminants. Experimental data allowed for determining equilibrium adsorption capacities and corresponding isotherms were constructed at a standard temperature of 20°C. The results indicate that zeolite adsorbs phosphates more effectively than ammonia nitrogen. Further analysis revealed that clinoptilolite's adsorption capacity is higher when interacting with single-component systems but decreases when it simultaneously adsorbs two different substances from the solution. This decrease suggests competitive adsorption dynamics when multiple contaminants are present. Given the finite availability of natural zeolite resources, this research highlights the importance of synthesising synthetic zeolites as a sustainable alternative.
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Coppolillo, Erica, Francesco Calimeri, Giuseppe Manco, Simona Perri, and Francesco Ricca. "LLASP: Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Answer Set Programming." In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/78.
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Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased their potential in various natural language processing tasks, including code generation. However, while significant progress has been made in adapting LLMs to generate code for several imperative programming languages and tasks, there remains a notable gap in their application to declarative formalisms, such as Answer Set Programming (ASP). In this paper, we move a step towards exploring the capabilities of LLMs for ASP code generation. First, we perform a systematic evaluation of several state-of-the-art LLMs. Despite their power in terms of number of parameters, training data and computational resources, empirical results demonstrate inadequate performances in generating correct ASP programs. Therefore, we propose LLASP, a fine-tuned lightweight model specifically trained to encode fundamental ASP program patterns. To this aim, we create an ad-hoc dataset covering a wide variety of fundamental problem specifications that can be encoded in ASP. Our experiments demonstrate that the quality of ASP programs generated by LLASP is remarkable. This holds true not only when compared to the non-fine-tuned counterpart but also when compared to the majority of eager LLM candidates, particularly from a semantic perspective. All the code and data used to perform the experiments are publicly available: https://github.com/EricaCoppolillo/LLASP.
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Chen, Zuorong, Robert G. Jeffrey, Xi Zhang, and James Kear. "Finite Element Simulation of a Hydraulic Fracture Interacting with a Natural Fracture." In SPE Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/176970-ms.
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Li, Minghui, Xiaodong Hu, Fujian Zhou, Bo Wang, Shaobo Han, and Guopeng Huang. "Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Interaction of Hydraulic Fracture and Natural Fracture Using the Cohesive Zone Finite Element Method." In Latin America Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2020-1380.
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Kazemi, Mohammad, and Hossein Haj-Hariri. "Comparative Finite Difference and Finite Element Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Load-Beam-Lumped-Mass Unit." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41168.
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The dynamics of a load-beam-lumped-mass unit (LBLMU) in a disk drive is modeled using physically motivated simplifications. Models are developed for sway, bending and torsion modes of vibration assuming mode decoupling. A finite-difference scheme (FDS) is employed to discretize the governing equations for the three modes. The models are verified by comparing the modal results of simplified models with the results of full 3D finite element models (FEMs) for beams with rectangular and U-shaped cross sections. Then, the models are used to predict the natural frequencies of a LBLMU. It is revealed that the simplified models capture well the dynamic characteristics of a LBLMU while requiring much smaller computational resources.
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Silva, Hermon Reis, Tiago Ribeiro, Rosely Imbernon, and Clara Vasconcelos. "GEOETHICS AND SUSTAINABLE SOIL USE: FROM THE CURRICULUM TO THE BRAZILIAN CLASSROOMS IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s27.77.
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In 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN) declared soil a finite natural resource in the face of anthropogenic use, occupation, and exploitation. The importance of soil for maintaining life and other natural resources must be adequately addressed in the curricula for natural sciences and geography teaching. The National Common Curricular Base � BNCC, defined for elementary education in Brazil, and the Paulista Curriculum, specific for the state of Sao Paulo, imply that full training related to sustainability requires the student to have competencies intrinsic to the socio-environmental values development and decision. Resorting to field and laboratory activities on the soil in the classroom, it was possible to approach geoethics when discussing the valorisation of georesources. The educational actions involving the inseparability between human activity and the impacts on abiotic cycles were simultaneously addressed in line with the curricular recommendations (BNCC and Paulista Curriculum). Thus, using the natural resource soil, students participated in activities involving environmental awareness, water consumption/preservation, air pollution, waste reduction, and sustainable consumption, among others. This work addressed the teaching of the soil as an irreplaceable resource for protecting life and environmental balance in elementary school, resorting to geoethics as an approach that allowed the development of non-cognitive competencies related to the environment, such as reflection, awareness, and argumentation. The meaningful impact on students made it worth highlighting this geoethics approach to increase knowledge and develop competencies.
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Chen, H., M. Li, Y. Zhang, C. Liu, and Y. Li. "Productivity Prediction of Coalbed Methane Considering the Permeability Changes in Coal." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169922-ms.
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AbstractThis paper describes a three-dimensional numerical model for predicting the coalbed methane (CBM) production. The model describes single phase gas desorption from coal matrix, diffusion to the fracture and two-phase flow of gas and water in the natural fracture system as well as the permeability changes in coal which result from effective stress changes and matrix shrinkage due to gas desorption. The model was discretized by a finite difference method. The implicit pressure-explicit saturation (IMPES) method was used to solve the two-phase flow equations and gas desorption equation was solved implicitly.The numerical model was validated by the field data from Qinshui basin in China. Based on the model, the impact of various reservoir and Langmuir isothermal adsorption parameters on the gas production was investigated.The results show that the gas production rate of the coalbed methane predicted by this model is in good accordance with the field data. The permeability near the wellbore dramatically decreases as the reservoir pressure drops at the early production period while at the later production period, the permeability near the wellbore increases because of the matrix shrinkage. The permeability changes far away from the wellbore are not so remarkable. In addition, the gas production rate increases with the increased permeability, seam thickness and Langmuir pressure constant while it decreases with the increased porosity and Langmuir volume constant.The numerical model can be used to predict and analyze the production performance of CBM reservoirs and the research results provide theoretical support for CBM production.
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Bardi, Francois C., Huang Tang, Mohan Kulkarni, and Xiaolei Yin. "Structural Analysis of Cryogenic Flexible Hose." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50238.
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Significant gas resources remain to be developed in remote offshore locations. These resources can be produced through the use of a floating liquefied natural gas plant (FLNG) and exported through liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers. Cryogenic flexible hoses provide a structurally compliant solution for the transfer of LNG between the FLNG and LNG carrier in harsh offshore environments. One of several cryogenic flexible hoses currently being developed in the industry is a structure composed of several layers; a corrugated stainless steel pipe in pipe structure reinforced using two layers of armoring wires. Thermal insulation of the inner hose is obtained by creating a vacuum in the annulus of the pipe in pipe. To ensure sound structural performance and integrity of the flexible hose during offloading operations, a Failure Mode and Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA) was performed. 3D finite element models of the fully assembled hose and selective individual components were generated to assess their structural response to different loading scenarios, resulting stress concentrations and layer interactions. A sensitivity study of the corrugation profile of the corrugated pipe was performed to minimize stress concentrations and allowable bending radius.
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Wang, Jinshan, Yiqun Zhang, Chengyu Hui, et al. "Numerical Research of Fracture Initiation in Hydrate Reservoirs Based on XFEM." In 58th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2024-0880.
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ABSTRACT: Natural gas hydrate (NGH) has emerged as a potential clean energy source. The China Geological Survey successfully conducted two trial mining operations in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea in 2017 and 2020. However, the exploitation of clayey silt NGH reservoirs poses significant challenges, including low production. Hydraulic fracturing is considered a potential key technology for increasing the production of NGH reservoirs. Understanding the characteristics of fracture initiation and expansion is crucial in determining the efficiency of production enhancement. To address this, a numerical model of a hydrate reservoir was established using the extended finite element method. The study investigated the impact of reservoir properties and fracturing execution parameters on hydraulic fracturing of NGH reservoirs. The findings revealed that high hydrate saturation, an increase in horizontal stress difference and high fracturing fluid injection rate contribute to longer fracture length and higher fracture initiation pressure. Conversely, lower hydrate saturation and decreased horizontal stress difference facilitate an increase in fracture width. Additionally, the study highlighted the influence of stress interference on the formation of multi-cluster fractures with small spacing, resulting in deviations and steering. The study provides key insights for selecting a suitable multi-cluster fracture initiation scheme for NGH reservoirs. 1. INTRODUCTION Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is a special crystalline compound formed by water molecules and light hydrocarbons (mainly composed of CH4) at low temperature and high pressure (Li et al., 2016).NGH is mainly found in seafloor sediments, permafrost zones and some deep lake sediments (Li et al., 2018). Natural gas hydrate resources are huge, and the global CH4 resources are estimated to be between 1015-1018 m3, which is equivalent to about 40 times of the total conventional natural gas resources, and twice as much as the known commonly used fossil fuels (Boswell & Collett, 2011; Moridis et al., 2011). Therefore, NGH is considered to be a promising alternative to traditional fossil energy sources in the 21st century (Jiang et al., 2012). Due to the low enrichment degree and wide distribution of natural gas hydrate in sea area, it is very difficult to exploit natural gas. In the world, only two countries, China and Japan, have conducted test production of natural gas hydrate in offshore areas. In 2013, the first test production in Japan was terminated due to serious sand production problems in the production wells, and the gas production reached 119,500 m3 (Yamamoto et al., 2019). In 2017, the second test production project (Yu et al., 2019) lasted for 24 days, using two production wells, the first well was stopped due to sand production, and the second well lasted for 24 days with a total gas production of 22.3× 104 STm3 (Zhu et al., 2020). In the same year, China conducted its first test production of gas hydrates in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea, which lasted 60 days and used a single vertical well to produce 5,000 STm3 per day. In 2020, China conducted the second test production of NGH in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea. This test production adopted the depressurization method of horizontal Wellbores for the first time, which was 5.57 times the average daily gas production of the first test production (Wu, 2017). However, there is still an order of magnitude gap between the current production of test production and the threshold of commercial development.
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Nikolić, Neda, Miodrag Zečević, Zoran Nešić, and Gordana Rendulić Davidović. "The Impact of Global Changes on the Transformation of Politics, Economy and Education." In 9th International Scientific Conference Technics and Informatics in Education. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Technical Sciences Čačak, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/tie22.371n.
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Society faces many challenges in transitioning toward sustainable development, and education is key to make this transition happen. Through education we influence on human consciousness, create their needs and changing behavior. One of most important educational programs is environmental education. It brings motivations, skills, values and commitment that people need to efficiently manage their earth’s resources and take responsibility for maintaining environmental quality and understand the problems they face. The limitation of access to certain resources is getting closer and we need to be aware of those limitations and put those in center of our life and work. The most effective way for doing it is throught environmental education started from earliest age. The limitation of access to certain resources is getting closer, and this fundamentally changes our relationship to economics, politics and ecology. This paper discusses the imperative of action within the limits of the finite world. The paper emphasizes the pressure on natural resources, which means that politics and the economy will have to undergo a radical transformation in order to be suitable not only today, but also in the future
Reports on the topic "Finite Natural Resources"
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Pérez Urdiales, María, Analía Gómez Vidal, and Jesse Madden Libra. Pricing Determinants in the Water and Sanitation Sector: A Quick View of Heterogeneity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004796.
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The dual nature of water as a finite resource and as a basic human right creates a tension that presents important implications for water pricing. Water tariffs are a key tool used by policymakers to create incentive structures that promote efficient use; at the same time, they can create barriers to access and ignore waters socio-cultural value if not calibrated properly. This conflict between pricing as to reduce over-consumption and to guarantee accessibility exposes the difficulty of optimizing residential water pricing, and the importance of progressive tariff structures in building more resilient communities.Water policymakers view tariffs as an instrument to balance various objectives, such as efficiency, equity, cost recovery, and environmental preservation. However, these competing objectives mean that effective water tariff structures must be acutely customized to local contexts, a reality that is especially pertinent to Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) due to its geographic and temporal heterogeneity in terms of water availability and demand. Prices can also be influenced by other factors. Four primary factor categories were identified as influential to water prices based on a comprehensive review of the price determination literature: (1) environmental factors, (2) urban factors, (3) political and ideological factors, and (4) management and institutional factors. The present brief examines how these factors theoretically impact pricing and what their status is throughout LAC, with the ultimate goal of providing a framework for future research.
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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.
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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.
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Blais-Stevens, A., A. Castagner, A. Grenier, and K D Brewer. Preliminary results from a subbottom profiling survey of Seton Lake, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332277.
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Seton Lake is a freshwater fiord located in southwestern British Columbia, roughly 4 km west of Lillooet and 250 km north-northeast of Vancouver. Located in the Coast Mountains, it is an alpine lake about 22-km long and roughly 1-1.5 km wide. It is separated from nearby Anderson Lake, located to the west, by a large pre-historic rock avalanche deposit at Seton Portage. The lake stands at about 243 m above sea level and is up to about 150 m deep (BC gov., 1953). Water level is controlled by a hydroelectric dam (i.e., Seton dam) located at the eastern end of the lake. Here, the lake drains east into Seton Canal, a 5 km diversion of the flow of the Seton River, which begins at the Seton dam. The Seton Canal pushes water to the Seton Powerhouse, a hydroelectric generating station at the Fraser River, just south of the community of Sekw'el'was and confluence of the Seton River, which drains into the Fraser River at Lillooet. Seton Portage, Shalatlh, South Shalatlh, Tsal'alh (Shalath), Sekw'el'was (Cayoosh Creek), and T'it'q'et (Lillooet) are communities that surround the lake. Surrounded by mountainous terrain, the lake is flanked at mid-slope by glacial and colluvial sediments deposited during the last glacial and deglacial periods (Clague, 1989; Jakob, 2018). The bedrock consists mainly of mafic to ultramafic volcanic rocks with minor carbonate and argillite from the Carboniferous to Middle Jurassic periods (Journeay and Monger, 1994). As part of the Public Safety Geoscience Program at the Geological Survey of Canada (Natural Resources Canada), our goal is to provide baseline geoscience information to nearby communities, stakeholders and decision-makers. Our objective was to see what kind of sediments were deposited and specifically if we could identify underwater landslide deposits. Thus, we surveyed the lake using a Pinger SBP sub bottom profiler made by Knudsen Engineering Ltd., with dual 3.5 / 200 kHz transducers mounted to a small boat (see photo). This instrument transmits sound energy down through the water column that reflects off the lake bottom surface and underlying sediment layers. At the lake surface, the reflected sound energy is received by the profiler, recorded on a laptop computer, and integrated with GPS data. These data are processed to generate a two-dimensional image (or profile) showing the character of the lake bottom and underlying sediments along the route that the boat passed over. Our survey in 2022 recorded 98 profiles along Seton Lake. The red transect lines show the locations of the 20 profiles displayed on the poster. The types of sediments observed are mostly fine-grained glaciolacustrine sediments that are horizontally bedded with a subtle transition between glaciolacustrine to lacustrine (e.g., profiles A-A'; C-C'; F-F'; S-S'). Profile S-S' displays this transition zone. The glaciolacustrine sediments probably were deposited as the Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated from the local area (~13,000-11,000 years ago; Clague, 2017) and the lacustrine sediments, after the ice receded to present-day conditions. Some of the parallel reflections are interrupted, suggesting abrupt sedimentation by deposits that are not horizontally bedded; these are interpreted as landslide deposits (see pink or blue deposits on profiles). The deposits that show disturbance in the sedimentation found within the horizontal beds are thought to be older landslides (e.g., blue arrows/deposits in profiles C-C'; E-E'; F-F'; G-G'; I-I'; J-J'; K-K'; N-N'; P-P'; Q-Q'; R-R'; T-T'; U-U'), but the ones that are found on top of the horizontally laminated sediments (red arrows/pink deposits), and close to the lake wall, are interpreted to be younger (e.g., profiles B-B'; C-C'; H-H'; K-K'; M-M'; O-O'; P-P'; Q-Q'). At the fan delta just west of Seton dam, where there was no acoustic signal penetration, it is interpreted that the delta failed and brought down coarser deposits at the bottom of the lake (e.g., profiles H-H'; M-M'; and perhaps K-K'). However, these could be glacial deposits, bedrock, or other coarser deposits. Some of the deposits that reflect poor penetration of the acoustic signal, below the glaciolacustrine sediments, could represent glacial deposits, old landslide deposits, or perhaps the presence of gas (orange arrows; e.g, B-B'; D-D'; J-J'; O-O', T-T'). The preliminary results from sub bottom profiling reveal that there are underwater landslides deposits of widely varying ages buried in the bottom of the lake. However, the exact timing of these is not known. Hence our preliminary survey gives an overview of the distribution of landslides where there seems to be a larger number of landslides recorded in the narrower eastern portion of the lake.