Relevant bibliographies by topics / Finland – Economic conditions – History

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Finland – Economic conditions – History'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Finland – Economic conditions – History"

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Kurbet, Oleksandra. "Winning the war for independence, building a developed economy and a welfare state: positive experience of Finland for Ukraine." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2022, no. 55 (2022): 142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2022.55.142.

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This paper aims to identify the features of Finland’s postwar development, which ensured the successful reconstruction and creation of a welfare state and to formulate recommendations for Ukraine’s postwar recovery on this basis. In order to realize the goal, the author consistently revealed the relevance and importance of the selected research issues and emphasized the importance of reviewing the historical and economic development of the Nordic countries in order to identify the mechanisms and tools of postwar reconstruction. Analyzing the Finnish experience is particularly important given:
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Furu, Adél. "Recognition of Finland’s independence: a time of contemplation." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 10, no. 1 (2018): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v10i1_4.

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The article deals with the measures Finland has had to take in order to determine Russia and other states to recognize Finland as an independent republic. Independence Day in Finland is not a time of festivity but a time of contemplation. We analyze the attitude problems of other countries in recognition of Finland’s independence: Nordic and Western countries but especially Russia. It is also important to investigate in what ways the Finnish government handled relations with Russia and the nature of their relation around 1917. This study also outlines how the Finnish government has acted to ob
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Skripka, Ivan, and Oiuna Erdynieva. "EURO-ATLANTIC INTEGRATION OF FINLAND AND NORWAY: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 31, no. 1 (2023): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran12023103113.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the Euro-Atlantic integration carried out by Finland and Norway. The differences and similarities of the integration paths of the two countryes, the historical reasons for their choice, the pros and cons, as well as the immediate prospects for the integration policy in these states are considered. The article touches upon the issues of economic integration, military integration and their impact on relations with the Russian Federation. Finland and Norway are at different stages of integration processes due to historical conditions, as well as gove
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Fadjukoff, Päivi, Katja Kokko, and Lea Pulkkinen. "Changing Economic Conditions and Identity Formation in Adulthood." European Psychologist 15, no. 4 (2010): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000061.

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Identity formation in political and occupational domains was examined from young to middle adulthood based on an ongoing longitudinal study. In addition to the participants’ identity status (diffused, moratorium, foreclosed, achieved), we assessed their perceived importance of politics, future orientation, and career stability four times in adulthood, at ages 27, 36, 42, and 50. The number of participants varied between analyses, from 168 to 291. Changes in the economic situation in Finland from 1986 to 2009 provided a context for the study. Data collections at ages 36 (in 1995) and 50 (in 200
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Voutilainen, Miikka, Riina Turunen, and Jari Ojala. "Multi-currency regime and markets in early nineteenth-century Finland." Financial History Review 27, no. 1 (2019): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565019000210.

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Pre-industrial money supply typically consisted of multiple, often foreign currencies. Standard economic theory implies that this entails welfare loss due to transaction costs imposed by currency exchange. Through a study of novel data on Finnish nineteenth-century parish-level currency conditions, we show that individual currencies had principal areas of circulation, with extensive co-circulation restricted to the boundary regions in between. We show that trade networks, defined here through the regional co-movement of grain prices, proved crucial in determining the currency used. Market inst
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Häkkinen, Antti. "The Great Famine of the 1860s in Finland: An Important Turning Point or Setback?" Journal of Finnish Studies 21, no. 1-2 (2018): 156–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.21.1.2.07.

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Abstract In this article, the Finnish Great Famine of the 1860s will be discussed from a number of perspectives. First, using the famine classification developed by Howe and Devereux (2007), it is analyzed at four levels: mortality rate, food supply, coping strategies, and social breakdown. The main finding is that, although the criteria of severe famine conditions were fulfilled in certain parts of the country, at the local level authorities showed competence and the local government organized help in the desperate conditions. Second, the reasons behind the famine will be considered from the
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Ilyukha, Olga P., and Alexandra V. Chebakovskaya. "Illegal Crossings of the Soviet-Finnish Border by Children and Youngsters in the 1920s." Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 4 (2023): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i4.513.

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The study of behavioral practices of children in borderlands intersects two pivotal historical-anthropological research domains: childhood history and border studies. This article delves into unattended border crossings by children in the Karelian region of the Russian-Finnish borderlands during the 1920s. We present the results from an analysis of the two source sets housed in the Republic of Karelia National Archives. These sources comprise formal documents: questionnaire forms completed by teenagers upon their return from Finland and records from interrogations conducted by children’s socia
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Cavalli, Alessandro, and Roberto Moscati. "Academic Systems and Professional Conditions in Five European Countries." European Review 18, S1 (2010): S35—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798709990305.

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Despite the tendency to create a European Higher Education and Research area, academic systems are still quite different across Europe. We selected five countries (Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway and the UK) to investigate how the differences have an impact on a number of aspects of the working conditions of academic staff. One crucial aspect is the growing diversification of professional activity: reduction of tenured and tenure tracked position, the growing number of fixed-term contracts for both teaching and research, including the growing recruitment of academic staff from external profess
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Potapov, Igor A. "TOURISM DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF KOUVOLA (FINLAND)." Географический вестник = Geographical bulletin, no. 4(55) (2020): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2020-4-181-189.

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The successful development of a territory as a tourist destination is not always associated with a variety of recreational resources. In the modern conditions of informatization, of great importance is a favorable image of the territory, which helps to promote the created recreational center. Our study aims to identify the factors that have contributed to the recreational development of the Finnish city of Kouvola, which, in the absence of significant recreational facilities, is one of the most important tourist destinations in southeastern Finland. We have analyzed the features of the economi
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Solaz, Anne, Marika Jalovaara, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Silvia Meggiolaro, Dimitri Mortelmans, and Inge Pasteels. "Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries." Journal of Family Research 32, no. 1 (2020): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-368.

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Since the 1970s, several European countries have experienced high union dissolution risk as well as high unemployment rates. The extent to which adverse economic conditions are associated with union instability is still unknown. This study explores the relationship between both individual and aggregate unemployment and union dissolution risk in five European countries before the recent economic crisis. Using rich longitudinal data from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, and Italy, the empirical analysis, based on discrete-time event history models, shows that male unemployment consistently inc
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Finland – Economic conditions – History"

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Hyry, Martti. "Industrial growth and development in Northern Finland : the case of Oulu 1970-2002." Thesis, Coventry University, 2004. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/b3620f51-5b98-2b18-5c28-000644451ac4/1.

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This thesis explores the reason why the region of Northern Ostrobothnia and in particular the city of Oulu became known as the High Tech capital of the Nordic countries during the 1980s and 1990s. After World War II, the region’s economy was dependent upon its traditional industries of forestry, wood processing, pulp and paper manufacturing and to a lesser degree on iron and steel manufacture. In common with other parts of Northern Finland, Northern Ostrobothnia suffered from high unemployment, low educational standards, outwards migration and below average standards of living and life expecta
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Nickel, Carsten. "Rhineland revisited : subsidiarity and the historical origins of coordination : comparing Germany with the Netherlands and France (800-1914)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9b3f50c9-cddf-43a2-bf5b-c6ab5689a4a3.

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What explains the historical emergence of coordinated economic institutions for human capital formation and welfare provision? Surveying roughly one millennium of political and economic development in Germany, the Netherlands and France up until 1914, this thesis argues that da-ting back to the Middle Ages, the earliest forerunners of modern economic coordination could develop only in institutional complementarity with a specific form of political decentralisation, connected via their jointly enabling effect on collective action. This mutually re-enforcing com-plementarity gave rise to societi
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Martin, Marina. "An economic history of Hundi, 1858-1978." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/315/.

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A centuries-old artery of credit for Indian merchant networks, the indigenous credit system hundi has received no systematic attention in histories of the Indian subcontinent. Poorly understood and ill-defined, hundi was a highly negotiable instrument, and source of liquid capital. Hundi knitted together the properties of goods, capital, credit, information and agency, all of which served as the backbone of the Indian merchant network. Drawing on government proceedings, reports, and legal cases, this study provides an insight into the legal encounter between Indian indigenous institutions and
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Baiardi, Anna. "Essays in development economics and economic history." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/90133/.

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The first chapter provides an overview of the topics covered in this thesis. The second chapter explores the effect of historic gender division of labour during slavery on African American women’s performance in the labour market. Using census data from 1870 to 2010, I show that African American women living in areas with lower levels of gender division of labour were more likely to participate in the labour market and have higher occupation income scores after emancipation. The effects are persistent for at least 70 years after the end of slavery. I analyse the mechanisms driving the results,
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Yamasaki, Junichi. "Essays on development economics and Japanese economic history." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3676/.

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This thesis consists of three independent chapters on development economics and Japanese economic history. The first chapter analyzes the effect of railroad construction in the Meiji period (1868–1912) on technology adoption and modern economic development. By digitizing a novel data set that measures the use of steam engines at the factory level and determining the cost-minimizing path between destinations as an identification strategy, I find that railroad access led to the increased adoption of steam power by factories, which in turn induced structural change and urbanization. My results su
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Svanlund, Jonatan. "Svensk och finsk upphinnartillväxt : Faktorpris- och produktivitetsutjämning mellan Finland och Sverige 1950-2000." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Ekonomisk historia, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-30633.

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The aim of this thesis is to gain improved understanding of the income convergence between Finland and Sweden 1950-2000 with a focus on catch-up growth, wage formation, productivity growth, migration and structural change in a setting of structural and institutional differences on the factor markets. Earlier studies of Finnish and Swedish convergence has overlooked the international perspective and therefore missed the general European – US convergence during the period. The results shows that Sweden converged to 80 percent of the US productivity level in the early 1970s and is following US pr
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Blouin, Arthur. "Essays on culture and economic relationships." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66436/.

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Chapter two investigates whether insular cultures are less likely to adopt new technologies. Combining GIS crop production data with unique language data, I show that societies that are isolated on the language tree produce less of the crops that required adoption, but not of the crops not requiring adoption. Endogeneity of cultural isolation is addressed by exploiting ancestral migration route direction. Cultural isolation persists due to the endogeneity of land settlement. Land selection caused increased polarization and decreased fractionalization, a pattern that is argued to limit the ince
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Sugiyarto, Guntur. "The economic effects and distributional implications of economic reform policies on the Indonesian economy : a CGE approach." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11054/.

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Having discussed issues of economic reform and its applications on the Indonesian economy followed by Indonesian SAMs and CGE applications, three CGE models representative to the economy were developed by using SAMs of 1985, 1990 and 1993 for analysing the effects of economic reform. Production is specified as a two-level nesting of CES functions and total production is allocated to domestic demand and exports. Producers are assumed to be indifferent between selling domestically and exporting, while for imports the `small country' assumption is adopted. Total demands are derived from composite
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Mirza, Rinchan Ali. "Essays in the economic history of South Asia, 1891 to 2009." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:31ac00fe-f728-4e22-bcf1-62447a4e367c.

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This thesis presents research that subscribes to the broader theme of the Economic History of South Asia from 1891 to 2009. First, Chapter 2 shows that the Partition induced expulsion of religious minorities reduced school provision in Pakistan. The effect of minorities is explained by their education, occupational structure and their contribution towards local social capital. Then, Chapter 3 examines how areas affected by the Partition fare in terms of long-run agricultural development in India. It finds that areas that received more displaced migrants after Partition perform better in terms
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Faber, Benjamin. "Three essays on globalization and economic development." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/602/.

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How do falling barriers to flows of trade and information both within and across countries affect economic livelihoods in developing countries? The three chapters presented in this PhD thesis aim to contribute to our understanding of this question.
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Books on the topic "Finland – Economic conditions – History"

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Jari, Ojala, Eloranta Jari, and Jalava Jukka, eds. The Road to prosperity: An economic history of Finland. Suomaleisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2006.

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Haavisto, Tarmo. Money and economic activity in Finland, 1866-1985. Distributed by University of Lund, Department of Economics, 1992.

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Yrjö, Kaukiainen, and Finland Kauppa ja teollisuusministeriö, eds. Sotakorvauksista vapaakauppaan: Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriön satavuotisjuhlakirja. Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriö, 1988.

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Häggström, Nils. När finländarna kom: Migrationen Finland, Sverige efter andra världskriget. Statens institut för byggnadsforskning, 1990.

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United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division relating to general, political, economic and military conditions in Scandinavia and Finland, 1918-1941. National Archives and Records Administration, 1987.

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Shli︠a︡min, V. A. Finli︠a︡ndii︠a︡: Novye vyzovy i vozmozhnosti dli︠a︡ ėkonomicheskogo sotrudnichestva s Rossieĭ = Finland new challenges and prortunities for economic cooperation with Russia. Izdatelʹsko-poligraficheskai︠a︡ assot︠s︡iat︠s︡ii︠a︡ universitetov Rossii, 2015.

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Maren, Jonasson, and Hyttinen Pertti, eds. Anticipating the Wealth of nations: The selected works of Anders Chydenius, 1729-1803. Routledge, 2011.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. OECD territorial reviews: Finland. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2005.

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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD economic surveys: Finland. OECD, 1996.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Finland. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Finland – Economic conditions – History"

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Weber, Max. "The Conditions for Capitalist Development." In General Economic History. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003411857-34.

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Roy, Tirthankar. "Conditions of business." In An Economic History of India 1707–1857, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003173540-5.

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Jespersen, Knud J. V. "Economic Conditions: The Old Denmark, 1500–1800." In A History of Denmark. Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34417-4_6.

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Jespersen, Knud J. V. "Economic Conditions: The New Denmark since 1800." In A History of Denmark. Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34417-4_7.

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Taylor, David. "Social and Economic Conditions in Britain 1793–1822." In Mastering Economic and Social History. Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19377-6_15.

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Torr, Christopher. "The conditions under which Adam Smith's invisible hand operates." In Economic Methodology, History and Pluralism. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003142324-13.

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O’Hegarty, P. S. "Economic Conditions—Land and Life, 1801-1848." In A History of Ireland Under the Union. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003354345-27.

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Ojala, Jari. "Technological Change, Institutions and Maritime Labour: International Reforms and Their Reception in Sweden and Finland, c.1850–1939." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27212-7_3.

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Löhnig, Martin. "Handelsfrauen: On the Legal Conditions of Women’s Commercial Activity in the Long Nineteenth Century in Central Europe." In Frontiers in Economic History. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56411-6_6.

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Osinsky, Pavel, and Jari Eloranta. "Historicizing Divergence: A Comparative Analysis of the Revolutionary Crises in Russia and Finland." In Economic History of Warfare and State Formation. Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1605-9_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Finland – Economic conditions – History"

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Galbraith, Joe M., and Kit L. Coleman. "Monitoring Corrosion and Evaluating Its Effects with Automated Radioscopic and Ultrasonic Testing Systems." In CORROSION 1993. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93088.

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Abstract Corrosion monitoring is an important activity in any situation where valuable assets handle corrosive or potentially corrosive substances. This is especially true in cases where failure of these assets has severe economic, environmental or dangerous consequences. Typically, on-line corrosion monitoring has been accomplished with coupons, electric resistance probes and other intrusive devices. These techniques provide information helpful in establishing corrosive trends, yet the results can not generally be used directly to determine the amount of damage suffered by the corroded equipm
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Feasey, N. D., M. M. Jordan, M. Budge, and M. Robb. "Development and Deployment of Improved Performance “Green” Combined Scale/Corrosion Inhibitor for Subsea and Topside Application, North Sea Basin." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06481.

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Abstract Effective scale and corrosion control in production of hydrocarbon deposits is in many fields essential to the economic and safe production of these fluids. This paper presents laboratory and field results and lessons learned from a North Sea field where a combined scale and corrosion inhibitor has been applied using a single formulation to control both the deposition of scale and associated corrosion. The use of a single product has facilitated a reduction in the number of umbilical lines to be used to provide flow assurance on the subsea flow lines and process of this facility. As p
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Colesnicova, Vlada, and Valeriu Doga. "The digital quality of life in the world: the assessment and comparative analysis." In Conference title: Economic growth in the conditions of globalization: International Scientific-Practical Conference, XVIth edition. National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iv.2022.16.23.

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The article compared different countries in the world on the fundamental pillars that define the digital quality of life. The Digital Quality of Life (DQL) index is analyzing the impact of five basic pillars: internet accessibility, connection quality, e-infrastructure, digital security, and e-government. In 2022 the top of the DQL index is Israel followed by Denmark, Germany, France, Sweden, Netherlands, Finland, Japan, UK, South Korea. The global Digital Quality of Life index 2022 calculated for 117 countries in the world and covering 92% of the world's population, shows an increase in digit
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Mehta, Manish, Yatharth Mathur, and Raul Vibo. "A Finnish Case Study of U-Trough Underpasses in High Water Table Conditions for Gravity vs Anchored Structural System." In IABSE Symposium, Manchester 2024: Construction’s Role for a World in Emergency. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/manchester.2024.1225.

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<p>This paper presents a case study of underpass situated on Säterinpuistontie Street as part of the ESKA railway widening project in Finland which facilitates a cycleway, road, and tram tracks passing under the railway. Due to the proximity of the water table to the ground level in this area, specific design considerations are necessary to prevent structure uplift. The primary objective of the case study is to conduct a comprehensive comparison of the material, cost and carbon emissions between two distinct design approaches for watertight U-shaped reinforced concrete trough structures
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Kozhobekov, Muratbek. "Economic Structure of Early Medieval Kyrgyz." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01799.

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The level of the command economy is primarily determined by how it is adapted to the environment and then using only spectacular food-producing economy to nasushnoy needs of the population. The close relationship between the natural and geographical conditions and economic activities shows the ethno-political determenirovannost nomadic society. Despite the huge reservoir of the study and the availability of general works on the history of the Kyrgyz period under consideration, remain controversial questions of economic structure, species composition of herds, the existence of ancillary hozyaya
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Кристюков, Артем Алексеевич, Валерия Владимировна Лобанова, and Давид Cтаниславович Лещиловский. "RUSSIAN-CHINESE COOPERATION: FROM HISTORY TO PROSPECTS." In Современные научные разработки. Инновационный аспект: сборник статей международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Декабрь 2023). Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58351/231205.2023.20.80.002.

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В первой четверти ХХI века сотрудничество между Россией и КНР получило дополнительный импульс в виду сложившейся конфронтации между этими странами с одной стороны и Северо атлантическим альянсом с другой. Авторы дают анализ российско - китайских отношений в контексте современных экономических и политических условий, а так же делают ряд предложений по вопросам расширения сотрудничества. In the first quarter of the XXI century, cooperation between Russia and China received an additional impetus in view of the current confrontation between these countries on the one hand and the North Atlantic Al
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Galić, Borislav. "THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRINCIPLES OF AUTHORITY IN SERBIA IN THE 20TH CENTURY FOR LIBERTY OF ECONOMIC TREATMENT IN CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 2. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko2.685g.

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In the 20th century, Serbia had a very interesting and diverse constitutional development and constitutional solutions, changing the principles of the organization of government, the form of social organization, the diversity of state communities. In this period of time, Serbia passed a large number of constitutions, and some of them were revoked and again, with minor changes, adopted. In any case, such a rich constitutional history has contributed to the fact that Serbia has great constitutional experience, which will be necessary when adopting new constitutional changes that will inevitably
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Shaherov, Vadim. "The Rise and Fall of Commercial Banks in the Irkutsk Region in the 1990 — Early 2000." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2021. Baikal State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3040-3.12.

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The article presents the material about the formation of the commercial banking sector of the Irkutsk region in the conditions of perestroika and transition to market relations. The main attention is paid to the history of the creation of commercial banks in the region. Their growth is associated with the tasks of destroying the monopoly of the state credit system and the development of private competition. On the example of the Irkutsk province, the features of the formation of the commercial banking system, the growth and liquidation of most banks are revealed, and the characteristics of the
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Cimpoies, Liliana, and Maria Grubleac. "Implicațiile schimbărilor climatice asupra dezvoltării fitotehniei în Republica Moldova." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.ii.2023.17.13.

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The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to its direct dependence on temperature and precipitation. In the Republic of Moldova in recent years, agriculture, especially crop production, has been affected by climate change, especially droughts (once every 3-10 years). According to the State Hydrometeorological Service, the 2007 drought was one of the most severe in the country's history, affecting more than 80 percent of the area, with losses of more than $1 billion. And the drought of 2020 caused a 27.1 percent drop in global agricultural output an
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Dascaliuc, Daniela. "Investiții, inovare, calitate – trinomul succesului întreprinderilor de panificație sau riscul pentru sănătatea generațiilor viitoare." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iii.2023.17.18.

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Investments in bakery enterprises represent a pressing necessity, especially those in the small and medium categories. It leads to the provision of basic food products for the country's population, including the socially vulnerable, as well as ensuring the entity's economic viability. On the other hand, the investments directly involve the innovations associated with production of machinery and equipment, the innovations in the technological process and the recipe of the bakery products. It must ensure in the end the quality of the products and the safety of the population's health. Innovation
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Reports on the topic "Finland – Economic conditions – History"

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Erkamo, Sanna, Karoliina Pilli-Sihvola, Atte Harjanne, and Heikki Tuomenvirta. Climate Security and Finland – A Review on Security Implications of Climate Change from the Finnish Perspective. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361362.

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This report describes the effects of climate change for Finland from the view of comprehensive security. The report examines both direct and indirect climate security risks as well as transition risks related to climate change mitigation. The report is based on previous research and expert interviews. Direct security risks refer to the immediate risks caused by the changing nature of natural hazards. These include the risks to critical infrastructure and energy systems, the logistics system, health and food security. Indirect security risks relate to the potential economic, political and geopo
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Fagerheim White, Ellen-Louisa, Mervi Honkatukia, Jaana Peippo, and Maria Kjetså. Equines in the Nordics – History, Status and Genetics. The Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53780/flkb7985.

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With roots as far as the Bronze age, equines have played an invaluable role in history, both with regards to agriculture and forestry, warfare, transportation and leisure, and therefore hold important cultural significance in the Nordics. The link between horses and the welfare benefits of their caregivers makes the species an important part of society as well. Since the agricultural and industrial revolution, the equine sector has been influenced by a range of challenges due to the dramatic change in the role of horses in society, especially for the Nordic native breeds. However, as society a
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Idris, Iffat. Pre-existing Conditions Leading to Violence and Instability During Political Transitions. Institute of Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2025.027.

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This review looks at pre-existing conditions that can lead to instability and violence during political transitions. A broad range of factors can be influential. Economic factors, such as low GDP and economic inequality; population diversity and a history of recent conflict; the nature of the pre-transition regime, strength of governance institutions, level of democracy and influence of elite actors; the role and capacity of the military; and external influences, notably being in a volatile neighbourhood and having active diasporas. However, it is important to stress that the relevance of thes
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Demeuov, Аrman, Ordenbek Mazbayev, Gulbanu Aukenova, Ihor Kholoshyn, and Iryna Varfolomyeyeva. Pedagogical possibilities of tourist and local history activities. EDP Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4620.

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In the new socio-economic conditions in the education system, forms of organization of tourist and local history activities are developing, which are based on traditions, experience of extracurricular and extracurricular work, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the country. Life requires that the tasks facing educational institutions are resolved quickly and have not just any solution, but one that optimizes the pedagogical process. At the same time, these requirements come into conflict with the state of the education system, the limited ability of most parents to create co
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Harris, Bernard. Anthropometric history and the measurement of wellbeing. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.rev02.

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It has often been recognised that the average height of a population is influencedby the economic, social and environmental conditions in which it finds itself, andthis insight has inspired a generation of historians to use anthropometric data toinvestigate the health and wellbeing of past populations. This paper reviews someof the main developments in the field, and assesses the extent to which heightremains a viable measure of historical wellbeing. It explores a number of differentissues, including the nature of human growth; the impact of variations in diet andexposure to disease; the role
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Salonen, Hilma, and Lumi Tomrén. Can local value creation induce a sense of justice during green transitions? A study of six rural areas in Denmark, Finland, and Norway. Nordregio, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r:2023:91403-2503.

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The accelerating impacts of climate change, the need to adapt to changing economic and political realities, and the recent energy crisis have made the green transition something that most Nordic citizens acknowledge. However, especially rural areas and their communities are at risk of being reduced to passive instruments of national green transition measures featuring heavy land-use. These conditions make it very difficult to create a sense of justness in green transitions, leading to growing sense of alienation and resentment and putting the national climate goals in danger. From this startin
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Maldonado, Leonardo, and Víctor Olivo. Is Venezuela Still an Upper-Middle-Income Country? Estimating the GNI per Capita for 2015–2021. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004612.

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In the 2022 World Bank (WB) country classifications by income level, Venezuela is classified as an upper-middle-income country. Due to the lack of reliable official economic information from the Venezuelan regime, the WB ranked the country using its gross national income (GNI) of 2013. However, after 2013 Venezuela started to experience one of the largest economic collapses observed in Latin American history. We use three different approaches (the Atlas method, extrapolation, and an adjusted deflator) to obtain consistent and robust estimates of the GNI per capita for Venezuela up to 2021. Our
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Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.

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Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises c
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Bohuslavskyj, Oleh. UKRAINIAN-CANADIAN NEWSPAPER “NEW PATHWAY”: WINNIPEG PERIOD (1941-1977). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11391.

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The subject of the study is the ideological, financial, economic and socio-social conditions of the publishing house and the editorial board of the magazine “New Pathway” Winnipeg period 1941-1977. The main objectives is to determine the peculiarities of the conditions of publishing a Ukrainian magazine in exile, which provides for the systematization and introduction into scientific circulation of factual material on creative and material activities of the “New Pathway” and socio-political environment that influenced the information and ideological and business policy of the publication. The
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Faizunnissa, Azeema. The poverty trap: Leveling the playing field for young people. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1007.

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Family plays a critical role in young people’s lives and is key in determining the conditions under which young people make important transitions to adulthood. This brief examines the impact of family-level poverty on the educational attainment, economic activity, and marriage patterns of Pakistani youth, and shows how strongly socioeconomic status shapes the lives of future generations. More young people aged 15–24 live in Pakistan now than at any other time in its history—an estimated 36 million in 2004. Recognizing the dearth of information on the situation of this large group of young peop
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