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1
Jantunen, Tommi. "Ellipsis in Finnish Sign Language." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 36, no. 3 (October 25, 2013): 303–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586513000292.
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This paper deals with syntactic ellipsis in clauses in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL). The point of departure for the paper is the observation, confirmed by several studies, that clauses in FinSL are often syntactically incomplete. Building on this, the paper first describes how all core-internal clausal material may be elided in FinSL: core arguments in clauses with a verbal nucleus, core-internal NPs in clauses with a nominal nucleus, and even nuclei themselves. The paper then discusses several grammatical contexts which especially favor ellipsis in FinSL. These are question–answer pairs, two-clause coordinated structures, topic–comment structures, blend structures, and structures containing gesturally indicating Type 2 verbals. Finally, the paper argues that FinSL conforms to the main characteristics of a discourse-oriented language, and that FinSL clauses are not highly governed units syntactically.
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Sommer, Łukasz. "“Sanskrit has guided me to the Finnish language”." Historiographia Linguistica 43, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2016): 145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.05som.
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Summary Herman Kellgren (1822–1856) was a Finnish Orientalist and national activist. He lived and worked at a time when the cultural and intellectual life of Finland was still dominated by Swedish, while Finnish, the majority language, was just beginning to make its way into the sphere of high culture and education. At an early stage of his career, Kellgren published several works on the Finnish language, in which national engagement meets fascination with Sanskrit. His accounts of Finnish are clearly evaluative; they seek to raise interest in Finnish and promote its prestige, both at home and abroad. One of the more significant inspirations discernible in his works on Finnish was the language philosophy of Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). One of the challenges of the endeavor to describe Finnish in Humboldtian terms was determining the status of Finnish within Humboldtian hierarchies of language perfection – hierarchies which clearly favored inflection (as exemplified by Sanskrit) as a grammatical procedure and disfavored agglutination which is characteristic for Finnish. In his efforts to remain true to the spirit of Humboldt, and to present Finnish in a positive light, Kellgren insisted on labeling it as inflected rather than agglutinative.
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Irmen, Lisa, and Jochen Knoll. "On the use of the grammatical gender of anaphoric pronouns in German. A comparison between Finns and Germans." Sprache & Kognition 18, no. 3/4 (December 1999): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//0253-4533.18.34.123.
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Summary: The paper investigates the processing of grammatical gender in German. Finnish subjects regularly show problems in using pronominal gender in English or German second-language speech production. This may be due to the fact that there is no grammatical gender in Finnish. Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that Finns are in general unable to use the information contained in the grammatical gender of personal pronouns. The results show that Germans use both semantic and syntactic information in the processing of personal pronouns while Finns apparently only use semantic gender information. This simplified processing of gender leads to a greater tendency to make mistakes when using German as a foreign language.
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Mosina, Natalya M., Nina V. Kazaeva, and Svetlana V. Batina. "Features of acquiring a foreign language (Finnish, Hungarian) by bilinguals." Finno-Ugric World 12, no. 3 (October 26, 2020): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.012.2020.03.250-258.
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Introduction. The article examines the problems arising in the acquisition of Finnish and Hungarian as a foreign language among students who are native speakers of the Mordovian (Moksha or Erzya) and Russian languages, i.e. bilinguals. The work examines the types of bilingualism, identifies the criteria underlying them. The purpose of the article is to identify the nature and causes of the appearance of linguistic features, cases of the manifestation of interference at the level of morphology which further indicate the methods and ways of resolving the emerging difficulties of mastering a foreign language. Materials and Methods. The factual material was obtained as a result of many years of educational and pedagogical activity in the classroom in the Hungarian and Finnish languages with students of the Philological Faculty of National Research Mordovian State University majoring in “Philology”, track “Foreign philology: Hungarian / Finnish, English languages and literature”. The main research methods are theoretical (the study of scientific and methodological literature on the problem under study), comparative (in the analysis of the morphological system of the Hungarian / Finnish and Mordovian languages), as well as the methods of generalization and observation, widely used for this kind of research. Results and Discussion. In the article, as a result of the study, the types of bilingualism are presented, the criteria for identifying the types of bilingualism, based on the existing classifications, are determined, the type of Mordovian-Russian bilingualism of the students of the studied group is determined. In the course of the analysis, it was found that when studying the morphological system of the Finnish and Hungarian languages in the written and oral speech of bilingual students, the influence of both the native (Erzyan / Mokshan) and Russian languages (when mastering some local cases, conditional, etc.) is observed. The presented examples are proof of the manifestation of interference, which appears at different linguistic levels. Conclusion. In the course of the study it was revealed that basically all bilinguals we studied exhibit a contact type of bilingualism, when communication is constantly maintained with speakers of both their native (Moksha or Erzya) and the Russian languages. The recorded phenomena of interference indicate the influence of grammatical systems of non-native (Russian) and native (Erzyan / Mokshan) languages in mastering some morphological structures of Hungarian and Finnish languages by bilingual students. In conclusion, it is concluded that it is impossible to avoid the phenomena of interference in the process of teaching a foreign language at the first stages of learning. The revealed mistakes made by the students make it possible to determine the methods and develop a set of tasks aimed at the perception of a specific foreign language material without using the native language.
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Nelson, Diane. "Case Competition in Finnish." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 21, no. 2 (December 1998): 145–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500004248.
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In this article, the traditional analysis of grammatical case in Finnish - in which the form of the object depends on the presence of an overt subject — is reworked within a formal syntactic framework. Within the Case competition model adopted here, the role of argument structure in case assignment, captured by Burzio's Generalization, plays a vital role in the underlying mechanisms of the case system: only when a verb governs two arguments, one of them Caseless, may it also license accusative case. This dependency is subsumed under universal syntactic relations, including government, binding and the ECP. It is also argued that Finnish incorporates active case subsystems within a main nominative-accusative system. These facts receive a natural account within the adopted framework.
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Strömqvist, Sven, Hrafnhildur Ragnarsdóttir, Olle Engstrand, Helga Jonsdóttir, Elizabeth Lanza, Matti Leiwo, Åsa Nordqvist, et al. "The Inter-Nordic Study of Language Acquisition." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 18, no. 1 (June 1995): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500003085.
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The typological variation between the Nordic languages offers a “natural laboratory” for the cross-linguistic study of first language acquisition. Based on an on-going inter-Nordic project, the present article discusses research designs for the exploration of this laboratory together with pilot analyses of acquisition data across Danish, Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish. On the basis of evidence from longitudinal case studies, from narrative tasks, and from morphological and phonetic experiments, the project aims at producing an integrated picture of the development of grammatical morphology and its interaction with (a) the semantic domains of spatial and temporal relations and (b) the prosodic domains of tonal word accents and duration. In the present article the focus is on spatial relations and prosody. Comparisons of developmental data between languages that show considerable typological differences (Finnish vs Icelandic vs the Mainland Scandinavian languages) allow us to establish broad cross-linguistic commonalities in acquisition structure. It is shown that, across all five languages, very similar relational concepts are encoded by the first grammatical morphemes emerging in the field of spatial relations. The impact of linguistic details on acquisition structure can be explored with greater precision through comparisons between languages that show minimal typological differences (the internal differences between the Mainland Scandinavian languages: Danish vs Norwegian vs Swedish). Here, the early development of the Verb + particle construction in two Danish and two Swedish children is analysed. Language-specific effects on acquisition structure of syntactical and prosodic traits are demonstrated. Further, language-specific effects on the development of verb argument structure in spatial descriptions are discussed.
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Nenonen, Marja, and Esa Penttilä. "Constructional continuity." Mental Lexicon 9, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 316–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.9.2.07nen.
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This paper sketches a continuum between lexicon and syntax, with concrete examples from two typologically different languages, Finnish and English. While Finnish is a morphologically rich and relatively transparent synthetic language, full of inflectional and derivational morphology and compounding, English is clearly more analytical making use of particles, prepositions, and other free grammatical morphemes. The contrastive idiom analyses of these two languages offer us a glimpse into the multiplicity involved in idiomaticity and into the cooperation of the lexical and syntactic principles of language that takes place in the production of fixed, conventional, multiword utterances and through their ubiquity also in some phenomena that are involved in grammaticalization. On the basis of the discussion presented in this paper, it can be concluded that rather than forming a single continuum, the rich spectrum of lexical and syntactic constructions of these two languages can be thought of as forming a continuum of continua, where idioms reside at a culmination point, since they can be regarded as both lexical units and syntactic constructions at the same time.
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Karlsson, Fred. "Multiple final embedding of clauses." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15, no. 1 (March 22, 2010): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.1.04kar.
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There are no grammatical limits on multiple final embedding of clauses. But converging corpus data from English, Finnish, German and Swedish show that multiple final embedding is avoided at levels deeper than three levels from the main clause in syntactically simple varieties, and at levels deeper than five levels in complex varieties. The frequency of every successive level of final embedding decreases by a factor of seven down to levels 4–5. Only relative clauses allow free self-embedding, within the limits just mentioned. These restrictions are regularities of language use, stylistic preferences related to the properties of various types of discourse. Ultimately they are explained by cognitive and other properties of the language processing mechanisms. The frequencies of final embedding depths in modern languages such as English and Finnish is not accidental. Ancient Greek had reached this profile by 300 BC, suggesting cross-linguistic generality of the preferences.
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Vainio, Seppo, Anneli Pajunen, and Jukka Hyönä. "Processing modifier–head agreement in L1 and L2 Finnish: An eye-tracking study." Second Language Research 32, no. 1 (July 5, 2015): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315592201.
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This study investigated the effect of first language (L1) on the reading of modifier–head case agreement in second language (L2) Finnish by native Russian and Chinese speakers. Russian is similar to Finnish in that both languages use case endings to mark grammatical roles, whereas such markings are absent in Chinese. The critical nouns were embedded in sentences, where the head noun was either preceded by an agreeing modifier or the modifier was absent. Readers’ eye fixation patterns were used as indices of online processing. Both natives and non-natives showed a facilitatory effect of agreement; reading head nouns was easier when they were preceded by an agreeing modifier. Typological distance in terms of the structural complexity of words between L1 and L2 did not influence the processing.
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Hamunen, Markus Veli Juhani. "On the grammaticalization of Finnish colorative construction." Constructions and Frames 9, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 101–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.9.1.04ham.
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Abstract This paper concentrates on the diachronic development of the so-called Colorative Construction (CoC) in Finnish, a two-verb expression consisting of an A-infinitive and an ideophonically based descriptive (or ‘colorative’) finite verb, e.g. susi juos-ta jolkottele-e [wolf run-inf col-prs.3sg] ‘wolf runs trotting’. The paper combines variationist dialectal data, grammaticalization theory, and Construction Grammar formalization. The detailed diachronic description demonstrates that the development from proto-CoC to modern CoC is the epitome of constructionalization, i.e., a gradual process of grammatical changes whereby both the form and the function of an existing construction are altered, creating a new expression type. Major changes in the Balto-Finnic case system were the primary force behind this process. Constructionalization of the CoC itself included the first syntagmatic changes through reanalysis. This gradually created a new paradigmatic expression type, followed by paradigmatic extension through analogy, which widened the frame semantics of the newly coined type.
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Brattico, Pauli, and Taija Saikkonen. "Sandwich EPP hypothesis: Evidence from child Finnish." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 1 (April 7, 2010): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586510000077.
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It is well-known that grammatical movement is somehow linked to functional heads. There is less agreement on the excact nature of this correlation. According to one view, phrases are moved to the specifier positions of functional heads because functional heads attract them. According to another view, movement is not triggered by functional heads alone, but depends on the larger grammatical context. For instance, one such proposal says that T (tense) becomes attractive only when selected by finite C (complementizer), while V becomes attractive when selected by v* (transitivizer). What attracts phrases are therefore the C–T system and the v*–V system as a whole, not the individual functional heads; moved phrases are then sandwitched between the two heads. In this article, we present evidence in favor of this view by looking at first language acquisition. The data shows that in child Finnish, subject determiner phrases (DPs) move into the position of grammatical subject if and only if the full complementizer system has matured. Movement to the (Spec, TP) subject position therefore depends on the presence of C.
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Djahukian, Gevorg. "Notes On Some Lexical Correspondences Between Armenian and the Kartvelian Languages." Iran and the Caucasus 7, no. 1 (2003): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338403x00097.
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AbstractArmenian loanwords in Kartvelian probably are of as much importance for the history of the Armenian language as were Finnish borrowings for the Germanic languages. Respectively, Kartvelian borrowings in Armenian are not less important for the history of Kartvelian languages. Except for Iranian and, in a lesser extent, Greek, Georgian has been a language with the longest contact with Armenian. Unfortunately, there are no studies revealing phonetic, grammatical and lexical criteria for the identification of the periods of interrelations between these languages. This paper is an attempt of establishing the chronology of several Armenian loanwords in Kartvelian, and also tracing the history of the initial Kartvelian γ- in the Armenian borrowings.
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Välimaa-Blum, Riitta. "The English bare plural and the Finnish partitive." Languages in Contrast 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.3.2.03val.
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To understand the use of a grammatical form in one language, it is sometimes helpful to look at another language. In this paper, I propose that the English bare plural expresses nonbounded quantity in a mental space, just as the Finnish bare partitive does. The different formal means used by English and Finnish thus converge in the cognitive unity of the grammatical structuring of the lexical content. The bare plural is not the plural counterpart of the indefinite singular, that is, it does not express the discourse status of its referent, but rather, it belongs to the quantity domain. One of the basic tenets of cognitive grammar is that grammar is motivated. I propose that the nonbounded semantics of the bare plural is based on a formal-semantic analogy with mass nouns. This same motivation operates on bare singulars as well, for they too can be used to create a cognitive image similar to that of mass nouns.
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LEONARD, LAURENCE B., SARI KUNNARI, TUULA SAVINAINEN-MAKKONEN, ANNA-KAISA TOLONEN, LEENA MÄKINEN, MIRJA LUOTONEN, and EEVA LEINONEN. "Noun case suffix use by children with specific language impairment: An examination of Finnish." Applied Psycholinguistics 35, no. 4 (December 10, 2012): 833–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000598.
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ABSTRACTA group of Finnish-speaking children with specific language impairment (N = 15, M age = 5 years, 2 months [5;2]), a group of same-age typically developing peers (N = 15, M age = 5;2), and a group of younger typically developing children (N = 15, M age = 3;8) were compared in their use of accusative, partitive, and genitive case noun suffixes. The children with specific language impairment were less accurate than both groups of typically developing children in case marking, suggesting that their difficulties with agreement extend to grammatical case. However, these children were also less accurate in making the phonological changes in the stem needed for suffixation. This second type of error suggests that problems in morphophonology may constitute a separate problem in Finnish specific language impairment.
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Halmari, Helena. "On Accessibility and Coreference." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 17, no. 1 (June 1994): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500000044.
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Anaphors and the grammatical roles of their antecedents are examined in Finnish language data in order to establish a correlation between two universal hierarchies: the Keenan & Comrie (1977) NP Accessibility Hierarchy and the hierarchy of accessibility of referential expressions (Accessibility Marking Scale) (Ariel 1985, 1988, 1990). A more or less clear correlation pattern between the type of anaphoric NPs and the grammatical roles of their antecedents arises in Finnish intuition data (Section 2), and this pattern is corroborated by the data from prose text counts (Section 3). Even though a one-to-one mapping between the two hierarchies remains an idealization, it is clear that grammatical relations do bear on the type of anaphoric expression employed.
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Norvik, Miina. "The expression of change-of-state in the Finnic languages." Open Linguistics 6, no. 1 (June 7, 2020): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0013.
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AbstractThe present article studies verbs that are used to convey change-of-state in the Finnic languages: “to come”, “to go”, “to remain/stay”, “to get”, “will be”, “to make/do”, and “to be born/give birth”. These are polysemous core verbs, which can be expected to be integrated in constructions with (new) generalized grammatical meaning. As will be shown, in order to convey change-of-state typically they occur in constructions that either mark the goal and the source or leave both unmarked. In addition, change can be associated with experiential, existential, and possessive constructions, which also enable to shed more light on the development of the above-mentioned verbs, including the possible development change-of-state → future. The article demonstrates that each Finnic language uses several verbs from the list presented above, but there are differences in what are the most commonly used ones and in what kind of constructions they occur. In some languages, there is a general change-of-state verb, which also appears as a future copula if there is no competing future copula. In the case of Estonian, Finnish, and Livonian, the results of previous studies on change-of-state predicates were used; for the other Finnic languages, a separate data set was compiled using various collections of texts.
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Viimaranta, Johanna, and Anastasia Maslova. "Multilingual Practices in Internet Discourse on the Social Network “Facebook” (An Analysis of Written Language of Russophone Women Living in Finland)." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 18, no. 4 (2020): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2020-18-4-32-44.
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Russian speakers make up the biggest group of foreign-language speakers in Finland. Their use of Finnish words in Russian discourse can be interpreted as an example of multilingual practices, such as code-switching. It can also be viewed as an example of how loanwords are assimilated. While speakers of Russian in Finland are part of a worldwide internet community, they also represent a local community that can have a language form of its own. This article presents an analysis of about 500 cases of Finnish lexical items and word combinations usage in written Russian (260 different lemmas). The material for the research was selected from written internet discourse of a Russophone community on Facebook, a social media platform. Members of this community are Russian women who have been living in Finland for some time. The Finnish words were studied in the context of posts and replies to them. The 475 Finnish words found amounted to 4 % of the total 12,022 words used in the source. The analysis of the material took into account semantic and grammatical features of the items. Semantic features included the categories of proper nouns, terms and other words related to life in Finland. The grammatical analysis began by studying the choice of writing system, i.e. whether the units retained their original spelling which is either in Latin or in Cyrillic. After that, the Finnish words that had been transliterated were studied for the presence or lack of declension as compared to the Russian norm in similar uses. It was suggested that the tendency not to decline Finnish words written both in Cyrillic and Latin in the discourse also affected the syntactic positions in which they were used, making positions that did not require declension overrepresented. The number of examples subjected to the assimilation rules for loanwords in Russian (transliteration and using declension) was small. Therefore, most of the examples represent code-switching, a natural consequence of those living in Finland, and provide evidence for the existence of a local version of Russian.
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Dolbey, Andrew. "Constructional Inheritance and Case Assignment In Finnish Numeral Expressions." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 21, no. 1 (June 1998): 17–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500004133.
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The grammar of Finnish licenses two different types of complex numeral expressions.While the two occur in the same range of external syntactic and semantic contexts, theynevertheless exhibit striking differences in internal case-marking properties. Utilizing a sign-based, Construction Grammar approach, an analysis of the two types of numeral expressions is provided in terms of a set of closely related constructions. It is argued that the range and properties of numeral expressions as well as the interactions among them reveal a tight system of organization across constructions, expressed here in terms of a carefully formulated inheritance hierarchy. It is also argued that a close examination of the grammar of Finnish numeral expressions provides important insights into more general grammatical phenomena, including compounding, morphosyntactic feature distribution, inflectional realization, and the semantics of quantification
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Lilja, Niina, Riku Laakkonen, Laura Sariola, and Terhi Tapaninen. "Kokemuksen keholliset esitykset." AFinLA-e: Soveltavan kielitieteen tutkimuksia, no. 12 (April 16, 2020): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30660/afinla.84314.
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The term social circus refers to pedagogical circus activities that are used to foster collaboration and interaction between the participants. This paper is based on a research project that aimed to analyze how the embodied nature of social circus activities is related to second language use and learning. The participants are adult second language speakers of Finnish with emerging literacy, and the data has been gathered with the methods of video-ethnography and analyzed using multimodal conversation analysis (Mondada 2014). The focus of analysis on the participants’ turns that combine the grammatical resources of Finnish with embodied means. These turns occur as part of a reflective activity during which the participants share their thoughts on the circus activities. The analysis shows how the collaborative nature of the circus activities is reflected in language use and highlights the embodied nature of language use and learning.
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Varjo, Mikael, and Karita Suomalainen. "From zero to ‘you’ and back: A mixed methods study comparing the use of two open personal constructions in Finnish." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 3 (November 13, 2018): 333–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586518000215.
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This article focuses on two Finnish personal constructions which can be used to create indexically open reference, i.e. they can be used to refer to generalized or shared human experiences. These two constructions are the zero-person construction and the open 2nd person singular construction. Using Finnish everyday conversational data, we (i) statistically analyze the distributional semantico-grammatical differences in the use of the zero-person and open 2nd person singular constructions, and (ii) examine these differences on a clausal and sequential level in interactional contexts. In our analysis, we integrate quantitative and qualitative methods. Our aim is to show that by mixing methods it is possible to both reveal the recurring semantico-grammatical patterns of the constructions across a large corpus and analyze how these patterns are shaped by the ongoing interaction.
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Kuznetsov, Maxim Yuryevich. "FUTURUM-EXACTUM: A VERB FORM OF WRITTEN VEPSIAN THAT IS NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ITS DESCRIPTIONS." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 15, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2021-15-2-250-261.
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The article discusses the use of an analytical verb form of the linneb tehtud type in written Vepsian, that consists the 3 person singular form of the verb linneb ‘will’ and the passive past participle on -tud/-dud (in most cases) and is a calque from a similar Russian construction будет сделан (-a, -o). The relevance of the research is determined by the need to bring the information in the grammatical descriptions of the written Vepsian language in line with the real picture of the functioning of the Vepsian written norm, and to more accurately codify this idiom as written. The material is the texts in different styles originally written in Vepsian (journalistic) or translated into it (legal, artistic). The research confirms the hypothesis of the existence of an analytical verb form in the written Vepsian language that is not taken into account by grammatical descriptions, analyzes the detected examples of its use, and reveals the features of its structure and functioning against the background of closely related Finnic languages (Finnish, Votic, Ingrian). The article also discusses the place of this analytical form of written Vepsian among similar verb forms of Vepsian grammar and substantiates the non-identity of futurum-exactum to passive forms of the future tense ending in -škatas in the Vepsian language. It justifies the need for information about this verb form in future grammatical descriptions of the written Vepsian language.
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Teeri-Niknammoghadam, Krista. "When Important Is ‘Ahead’: the Use of Motion-Implying front Grams in Spatial Metaphors of Importance in Finnish." Cognitive Semantics 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00501004.
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Human beings often discuss their priorities in terms of spatial language (I put my needs ahead of yours). When describing order of importance, the Finnish language predominantly uses motion-implying front grams, that is, grammatical words that code spatial relations on front-region, and indicate in-tandem motion of Figure and Ground. In such scenarios, the mover ‘ahead’ on the so-called path of importance is regarded as more important than the mover ‘behind’. In this corpus-based cognitive-semantic study, I explore the ways Finnish uses motion-implying front grams and gram constructions in spatial metaphors of importance by conducting a grammatico-semantic analysis on my data. As a result, I present four grammatically and semantically distinctive but related spatial metaphors of importance: important moves ahead, important is placed ahead, unimportant is moved away from ahead of important and important leads movement; these all use the notion of ‘ahead’ to define the importance of an entity.
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STOLT, SUVI, LEENA HAATAJA, HELENA LAPINLEIMU, and LIISA LEHTONEN. "Associations between lexicon and grammar at the end of the second year in Finnish children." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 4 (November 12, 2008): 779–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908009161.
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ABSTRACTThe emergence of grammar in relation to lexical growth was analyzed in a sample of Finnish children (N=181) at 2 ; 0. The Finnish version of the Communicative Development Inventory was used to gather information on both language domains. The onset of grammar occurred in close association with vocabulary growth. The acquisition of the nominal and verbal inflections of Finnish differed when analyzed in relation to the lexicon in which they are used: the strongest growth in the acquisition of case form types occurred when the nominal lexicon size was roughly between 50 and 250 words, whereas verb inflectional types were acquired actively from the beginning of the verb lexicon acquisition. The findings extend the previous findings of the close association between lexicon and grammar (e.g. Bates & Goodman, 1999). The results suggest that different grammatical structures display different degrees and types of lexical dependency.
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Niemi, Jussi. "Production of Grammatical Number in Specific Language Impairment: An Elicitation Experiment on Finnish." Brain and Language 68, no. 1-2 (June 1999): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1999.2100.
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Puupponen, Anna, Tuija Wainio, Birgitta Burger, and Tommi Jantunen. "Head movements in Finnish Sign Language on the basis of Motion Capture data." Sign Language and Linguistics 18, no. 1 (October 19, 2015): 41–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.18.1.02puu.
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This paper reports a study of the forms and functions of head movements produced in the dimension of depth in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL). Specifically, the paper describes and analyzes the phonetic forms and prosodic, grammatical, communicative, and textual functions of nods, head thrusts, nodding, and head pulls occurring in FinSL data consisting of a continuous dialogue recorded with motion capture technology. The analysis yields a novel classification of the kinematic characteristics and functional properties of the four types of head movement. However, it also reveals that there is no perfect correspondence between form and function in the head movements investigated.
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Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa. "Searching for motivations for grammatical patternings." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 453–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.3.02hel.
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In this article I analyze subject expression in conversational Finnish, identifying the home environments for zero and pronominal subjects in the 1st and 2nd person singular. Based on a syntactically coded database, I show that there is a clear preference, in both 1st and 2nd person, for pronominal subjects over zeros; in other words, double-marking is preferred over single-marking. This clearly contravenes the general preference for minimization or economy in person reference in conversation, as suggested by Sacks and Schegloff (1979) and Levinson (2007; see also Hacohen and Schegloff 2006). The home environments for zero and pronominal subjects are analyzed in terms of the micro-level social actions performed by participants, in order to find motivations for the choice of the form of subject. The analysis of the Finnish data shows that the choice between zero vs. pronominal subject is sensitive to features in the sequential context. It affects turn projection. The article shows that a systematic analysis of the data can provide important insights regarding global patterns. The deeper motivations that lie behind these patternings, however, cannot be understood without close microanalysis of the local contexts of subject expression.
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Seppänen, Eeva-Leena, and Ritva Laury. "Complement clauses as turn continuations." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17.4.06sep.
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This paper examines the use of että-clauses in Finnish everyday conversation for extending a speaker’s turn after a possible point of turn completion for the purpose of pursuing uptake from a turn recipient. Although että-clauses are considered complements in most grammatical descriptions of Finnish, the paper questions their status as subordinate clauses. We show that they nevertheless could be considered to function as increments, as either Extensions (Glue-ons, in terms of Couper-Kuhlen & Ono, this volume) or Free Constituents. This is interesting in view of Ford, Fox & Thompson’s (2002) definition of increments as “nonmain-clause continuations after a possible point of turn completion.” We also show that what makes että-clauses ideal for the pursuit of uptake is that both as a conjunction and particle, että functions to open up the participation framework and import new voices to the conversation.
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Nyqvist, Eeva-Lisa. "The role of inter- and intralingual factors and compendiums in acquisition of Swedish as a foreign language: the case of Finns learning definiteness and the use of articles." Research in Language 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 297–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2016-0016.
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This study explores the acquisition of definiteness and article use in written Swedish by Finnish-speaking teenagers (n=67) during the three years in secondary school. The studied grammatical phenomena are problematic for all L2 learners of Swedish and are especially difficult for learners, such as Finns, whose L1 lacks expressive definiteness morphologically. The informants produce complex NPs already in their first narratives. The form of NPs poses significantly more problems than the choice of a correct form of definiteness. Hence, it is possible that previous knowledge in English helps informants in the choice of definiteness. The common nominator for problematic expressions is simplification, in both formal aspects and in the relation between form and meaning. Previous research in Sweden has made similar findings. The most central types of NPs build an acquisition explainable by a complexity hierarchy between the different types of NPs. The informants master best NPs without definiteness markers. Definite singulars containing an ending are significantly easier than indefinite singulars, the indefinite article of which is notoriously difficult for Finns learning Swedish as an L2. This acquisition order, however, profoundly differs from the traditional order of instruction of their compendiums.
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Brattico, Pauli. "On some problems of rule ordering in Finnish grammar." Acta Linguistica Academica 67, no. 2 (June 2020): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2062.2020.00013.
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AbstractFinnish wh-movement exhibits internal roll-up movement with pied-piping and is therefore overtly successive-cyclic. On the other hand, its morphosyntax is nonlocal, suggesting countercyclic behavior. The existence of overtly cyclic computations and nonlocal agreement penetrating nearly every cyclic domain constitutes a near contradiction in this language. A solution is proposed which partially resurrects the notion of d-structure: grammatical operations are cyclic and operate in small phases (as indicated by Finnish successive cyclic wh-movement), but some operations, Agree in particular, access leftover copies of elements in situ and are not restricted by the phase impenetrability condition (PIC). PIC restricts operator/A-bar movement, not morphosyntax.
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Zaytseva, N. G. "Yeast and leaven – craftsmen, blacksmiths? (names of notions in the Vepsian ethnolinguistic space)." Bulletin of Ugric studies 10, no. 4 (2020): 642–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2020-10-4-642-651.
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Introduction: the article analyzes the Vepsian terms for yeast and leaven. This vocabulary is interesting from the point of view of motifs of nomination, preservation of the Baltic-Finnish etymological heritage, innovative moments and the results of contact phenomena observed both in the direct borrowing of the necessary lexemes into the Vepsian language, and in the semantic and grammatical influence on the group of this vocabulary. Objective: to study a group of vocabulary associated with the names of yeast and leaven, to identify the motifs of nomination, their originality and innovativeness in the Baltic-Finnish etymological space, and to determine the results of contact and universal phenomena. Research materials: Vepsian names of yeast and leaven collected in the fields, from archival and published sources. Results and novelty of the research: the article defines the motifs of Vepsian terms – the names of yeast and leaven. Their bases are verbal lexemes that can reflect the process of work of yeast and leaven during dough preparation (noustatada ‘to raise’ → noustatez ‘rise (of dough)’; hapata ‘to sour; to ferment’ → hapatez, hapišt ‘oxidation; fermentation’; muigota ‘to sour; to ferment’→ muigotez ‘oxidation; fermentation’). Special attention is paid to attracting some language metaphors to the nomination [rand ‘yeast’ (lit. ‘the edge of the leavened dough’); sep ‘yeast’ (lit. ‘blacksmith; craftsman’)]. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the determination of the motifs of nomination of terms and their etimologization – Baltic-Finnish (noustatez, hapatez), innovative Vepsisms (muigotez) and the reasons of their emergence, as well as obscure terms, which are offered the interpretation by the author (rand, sep). Special attention is drawn to the semantic universal realities in the studied group of terms caused by the invasion of metaphors into the nomination, which in this case turned out to be characteristic for related and neighboring unrelated languages [Vepsian sep ‘yeast’ (lit. ‘blacksmith’), Tver Karelian seppä ~ šeppä ‘yeast’, Estonian dialectal meistari, töök, töömees ‘yeast’ (lit. ‘master; working man’) and Russian master ‘leaven’].
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Etelämäki, Marja, and Laura Visapää. "Why blend conversation analysis with cognitive grammar?" Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 477–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.3.03ete.
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This article proposes that combining Conversation Analysis (CA) with Cognitive Grammar (CG) provides a fruitful framework for studying language as a socio-cognitive phenomenon. The authors first discuss two indexical phenomena, the Finnish demonstratives and the Finnish free-standing infinitives; these are first analyzed using the methods of CA, then rediscussed in the framework of CG. The description of both phenomena relies on the CG notion of grounding elements, i.e., the elements that conceptualize some facet of the ground (speech situation) as part of their meaning. The authors argue that such meaning associated with grammar includes knowledge about the schematic organization of the ground, and that the grammatical means for conceptualizing the ground make dynamic co-construction of the speech situation possible. Whereas the authors rely on the terminology of CG when describing the con-strual of the ground, they strongly underline the fact that the ways in which the ground is construed can only be found out using the methods of CA. In this way, combining CA with CG can offer us an approach where language is analyzed as the interface of the human mind and the social world.
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Klein, Wolf Peter. "Die linguistische Erfassung des Hebräischen, Chinesischen und Finnischen am Beginn der Neuzeit: Eine vergleichende Studie zur frühen Rezeption nicht-indogermanischer Sprachen in der traditionellen Grammatik." Historiographia Linguistica International Journal for the History of the Language Sciences 28, no. 1-2 (2001): 39–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.28.1-2.05kle.
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SUMMARY The paper examines the problem how non Indo-European languages were described in 16th and 17th century linguistics by investigating in some detail early descriptions of Hebrew, Chinese and Finnish. Special attention is paid to the question of how the typological characteristics of these languages were understood and described within the framework of traditional grammar. It is shown that traditional grammar, along with the associated manner of grammatical thinking, influenced the description of foreign languages in various ways. At the same time it becomes clear how the observation of such ‘exotic’ languages contributed to our knowledge of language as such, and to the enrichment of traditional grammatical terminology, in as much as terms had to be found for linguistic phenomena which had previously remained undescribed.RÉSUMÉ L’ article traite de la question du traitement, par la linguistique du XVIe et XVIIe siècle, des langues non-indo-européens. L’auteur examine en particulier les descriptions linguistiques de l’Hébreu, du Chinois et du Finnois. Ce qui est particulièrement intéressant, c’est de répondre à la question de savoir si, oui ou non, les specificités de ces langues ont été comprises et décrites dans le cadre de la tradition grammaticale. On peut ainsi constater que la grammaire traditionelle et par conséquent la pensée traditionelle ont influencé de manières différentes le recensement et la description des langues étrangères. Ce qui devient également clair, c’est que la perception des langues étrangères a contribué à l’augmentation du savoir linguistique et à l’enrichissement de la terminologie grammaticale traditionelle, parce qu’on a dû trouver des mots pour décrire des traits langagiers pour lesquels on ne disposait pas encore de termes techniques à l’époque.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Aufsatz setzt sich mit der Problematik auseinander, wie in der früh-neuzeitlichen Sprachwissenschaft nicht-indoeuropäische Sprachen erfasst wurden. Im einzelnen werden die frühen linguistischen Darstellungen des Hebräischen, Chinesischen und Finnischen untersucht. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Klärung der Frage, ob und, wenn ja, auf welche Art und Weise die jeweiligen typologischen Spezifika dieser Sprachen im Rahmen der grammatischen Überlieferung begriffen und dargestellt wurden. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die traditionelle Grammatik und das damit verbundene Denken die Erfassung und Deskription der fremden Sprachen in unterschiedlichen Formen beeinflusst haben. Ebenso wird deutlich, wie die Wahrnehmung der fremden Sprachen zum Zuwachs des linguistischen Wissens beigetragen hat und zum Ausbau der traditionellen grammatischen Terminologie führte, da sprachliche Eigenschaften in Worte gefasst werden mussten, für die bis dato keine Fachwörter existierten.
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Huumo, Tuomas, and Jaakko Leino. "Discontinuous constituents or independent constructions?" Constructions and Frames 4, no. 1 (September 3, 2012): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.4.1.03huu.
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In many formal theories of grammar, pairs of expressions such as the active and the passive are treated as variants of each other — the passive typically being a secondary construction derived from the active by operations that change the syntactic structure. Recent accounts based on Cognitive Grammar and Construction Grammar have questioned the validity of such an analysis, arguing that these “variants” are actually independent constructions with their own usage conditions and meaning. An important piece of evidence comes from so-called split constituents, discussed by Croft (2001: 191), who argues that expressions like A guy who I hadn’t seen since high school came in vs. A guy came in who I hadn’t seen since high school differ in their grammatical structure and usage. In this paper we discuss the Finnish split genitive construction where the assumed genitive modifier is separated from its head by intervening material, typically the finite verb. In many respects, the split genitive resembles constructions of external possession, but its range of usage is relatively limited, and in the grammatical system of Finnish it can be seen in an intermediate position between adnominal genitive constructions, on the one hand, and productive external possessor constructions based on local cases, on the other hand. Traditionally, the split genitive has been taken to be a discontinuous variant of a contiguous NP where the genitive is positioned next to its head. However, this study shows that the two constructions differ in pragmatic, semantic and grammatical terms. The split genitive construction is more limited in its usage, and it serves more specific semantic functions such as the topicalization of the genitive-marked element that carries the role of an experiencer. As in many external possessor constructions cross-linguistically, these constraints restrict the types of genitive modifiers that are available in the split genitive construction.
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Peltola, Rea. "Being perceptible: Animacy, existentiality and intersubjectivity in constructions with the Finnish verbkuulua‘to be perceptible (through hearing)’." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 1 (March 16, 2018): 39–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586518000033.
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This paper deals with the grammatical differences and overlaps between the uses of the Finnishkuuluaas a verb of auditory perceptibility (‘to be audible’) and as a verb of appearance, when employed in negative clauses (‘to be imperceptible (through unspecified sensory input)’). Both meanings entail perceptibility, existentiality and motion from the experienced towards the experiencer. However, they differ significantly in regard to the nature of the motion as well as the degree of animacy of the subject referent. As a verb of auditory perceptibility,kuuluaaccepts mainly inanimate subjects referring to a perceivable sound. As a verb of appearance,kuuluais mostly used with animate subjects. The semantic difference between the two constructions is accounted for in terms of objective and intersubjective meaning construal. The potential movement of a sound towards the experiencer concerns the relationship between the world and the subject of conceptualization, whereas the non-appearance of an animate being is viewed on the level of intersubjective cognitive coordination, with regard to interactional expectations. The results of this study shed light on the complex semantics of perceptibility. The analysis is based on 1,528 occurrences ofkuuluain dialectal and literary data.
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STOLT, SUVI, ANU KLIPPI, KAISA LAUNONEN, PETRIINA MUNCK, LIISA LEHTONEN, HELENA LAPINLEIMU, and LEENA HAATAJA. "Size and composition of the lexicon in prematurely born very-low-birth-weight and full-term Finnish children at two years of age." Journal of Child Language 34, no. 2 (April 2, 2007): 283–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000906007902.
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This paper focuses on the aspects of the lexicon in 66 prematurely born very-low-birth-weight and 87 full-term Finnish children at 2;0, studied using the Finnish version of the MacArthur Communicative Developmental Inventory. The groups did not differ in vocabulary size. Furthermore, the female advantage in vocabulary size was not seen in preterm children. The overall shapes of the trajectories for the main lexical categories as a function of vocabulary size were highly similar in both groups and followed those described in the literature. However, there were significant differences in the percentage of nouns and grammatical function words between the two groups. The results suggest that prematurity ‘cuts off’ the female advantage in vocabulary development. Furthermore, it also seems that there are differences between prematurely born and full-term children in the composition of the lexicon at 2;0. The findings support the universal sequence in the development of lexical categories.
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KARLSSON, FRED. "Constraints on multiple center-embedding of clauses." Journal of Linguistics 43, no. 2 (June 18, 2007): 365–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226707004616.
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A common view in theoretical syntax and computational linguistics holds that there are no grammatical restrictions on multiple center-embedding of clauses. Syntax would thus be characterized by unbounded recursion. An analysis of 119 genuine multiple clausal center-embeddings from seven ‘Standard Average European’ languages (English, Finnish, French, German, Latin, Swedish, Danish) uncovers usage-based regularities, constraints, that run counter to these and several other widely held views, such as that any type of multiple self-embedding (of the same clause type) would be possible, or that self-embedding would be more complex than multiple center-embedding of different clause types. The maximal degree of center-embedding in written language is three. In spoken language, multiple center-embedding is practically absent. Typical center-embeddings of any degree involve relative clauses specifying the referent of the subject NP of the superordinate clause. Only postmodifying clauses, especially relative clauses and that-clauses acting as noun complements, allow central self-embedding. Double relativization of objects (The rat the cat the dog chased killed ate the malt) does not occur. These corpus-based ‘soft constraints’ suggest that full-blown recursion creating multiple clausal center-embedding is not a central design feature of language in use. Multiple center-embedding emerged with the advent of written language, with Aristotle, Cicero, and Livy in the Greek and Latin stylistic tradition of ‘periodic’ sentence composition.
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Khojasteh, Laleh, and Nasrin Shokrpour. "Corpus Linguistics and English Language Teaching Materials: A Review of Recent Research." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 17, no. 3 (October 2014): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2014.17.3.5.
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Motivation for using corpus linguistics in English language teaching is partly related to the inconsistencies found between the use of lexical items and grammatical structures in the corpora and those in traditional language textbooks that are often largely based on the personal judgments of the materials writers. This lack of fit between the language in the textbook and authentic language use has been reported in many studies; yet, an overview of this aspect has not been carried out. The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to discuss the importance of corpus linguistics for the development of English language teaching materials, and 2) to present a survey of studies carried out in the last ten years, with particular reference to the mismatches found between the language in various corpora such as Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (LSWE) and British National Corpus (BNC) and that used in Finnish EFL textbooks, Malaysian ESL textbooks and Hong Kong secondary textbooks to name a few. The implication of this study is to provide L2 teachers with useful information about pedagogical corpus and the ways in which they can make optimal use of a textbook’s strong points, recognizing the shortcomings of certain exercises, tasks, or entire texts and to show how they can improve the textbook and adapt their teaching materials accordingly.
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BRATTICO, PAULI. "One-part and two-part models of nominal Case: Evidence from case distribution." Journal of Linguistics 46, no. 1 (September 30, 2009): 47–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226709990193.
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In some languages, nominal case is distributed over several adnominal elements, such as demonstrative pronouns, adjectives, participles, numerals and the nominal head itself. In this article, two hypotheses concerning case distribution are compared. According to the two-part model, case assignment to DPs as a whole (determiner phrases or maximal nominal projections) in syntax is based on a different grammatical mechanism than case distribution within those DPs. According to the one-part model, case distribution within DPs and syntactic case assignment to DPs are based on the same case assignment mechanism. Relying upon case distribution data from Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Russian and Serbo-Croatian, this article argues in favor of the one-part model. Furthermore, it is suggested that the one-part case distribution mechanism interacts with two independent morphological principles, one which regulates the overt morphological realization of elements which function as case assigners and another which states that the grammar is subject to a particular type of case hierarchy.
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Määttä, Simo K. "Translating child protection assessments for ELF users: Accommodation, accessibility, and accuracy." Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 9, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 287–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2020-2042.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes the translation of five child protection assessments and decisions from Finnish into English. Translators of such text have to make difficult decisions in relation to the linguistic resources of the end users, namely the child’s parents or custodians, because it is impossible for the translator to assess their linguistic resources. Therefore, it is difficult to strike a balance between an accurate translation and a pragmatically felicitous translation. Besides, these texts are typically translated by community interpreters who have no formal training in translation. A total of 18 examples of translation problems related to terminology, nominalization, passive constructions, and speech representation were analyzed by mobilizing different linguistic theories related to each category. The results show that the target texts present several accommodation strategies aimed at rendering the translations more accessible. Thus, terms are explained or glossed, and terms, grammatical constructions, and complex forms of reported speech are simplified. More awareness-raising among different stakeholders is needed in order to produce translations that really empower migrant communities.
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Shtyrov, Yury, Friedemann Pulvermüller, Risto Näätänen, and Risto J. Ilmoniemi. "Grammar Processing Outside the Focus of Attention: an MEG Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 1195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903322598148.
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To address the cerebral processing of grammar, we used whole-head high-density magnetoencephalography to record the brain's magnetic fields elicited by grammatically correct and incorrect auditory stimuli in the absence of directed attention to the stimulation. The stimuli were minimal short phrases of the Finnish language differing only in one single phoneme (word-final inflectional affix), which rendered them as either grammatical or ungrammatical. Acoustic and lexical differences were controlled for by using an orthogonal design in which the phoneme's effect on grammaticality was inverted. We found that occasional syntactically incorrect stimuli elicited larger mismatch negativity (MMN) responses than correct phrases. The MMN was earlier proposed as an index of preattentive automatic speech processing. Therefore, its modulation by grammaticality under nonattend conditions suggests that early syntax processing in the human brain may take place outside the focus of attention. Source analysis (single—dipole models and minimum-norm current estimates) indicated grammaticality dependent differential activation of the left superior temporal cortex suggesting that this brain structure may play an important role in such automatic grammar processing.
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Bratchikova, Nadezda S. "Old Finnish language and written Finnish literature in 1560–1640." Finno-Ugric World 10, no. 4 (December 24, 2018): 14–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.010.2018.04.014-033.
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The genesis of the old Finnish language (1560-1640) is unique due to two historical reasons: first, the literature of this period was religious; secondly, religious and literary languages represented a single entity. The material of the study was the texts of the period of Catholicism and early Lutheranism (1560-1640). The author employed the analysis of semantic models, rhetorical devices, language structures (helped to identify the peculiarities of the formation of the old Finnish language and the reasons for the growth of its influence on the audience), content analysis of texts (allowed to trace the stages of transition in the church service from Latin and German to Finnish) were used. Comparison of folk texts with the translated ones revealed their common features (repetitions at the level of phrase and alliteration). The development of Old Finnish language was decelerated by the excessive use of the Latin language. However, by the middle of the 16th century, the external and internal political situations in Finland were in favour of using the Finnish language as an instrument of religious authority and a means of cultural influence on society. The written literature of Finland in the studied period was of a translatable state. The translated literature was pivotal in the formation and development of verbal art. Educated people (Justen, Finno, Hemminki from Mask, Sorolainen and L. Petri) made a vast contribution to the written language. Due to them, it was enriched with various forms of dialects and a greater lexicon.
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Libert, Alan Reed. "New Finnish Grammar." Australian Journal of Linguistics 34, no. 2 (April 2014): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2014.883666.
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Taivalkoski-Shilov, Kristiina. "Friday in Finnish." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 27, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.27.1.03tai.
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This article is based on a case study of intra- and extratextual voices in six different Finnish retranslations of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. Voice is understood here as the set of textual cues characterizing a subjective or collective identity in a text. The author focuses on what is special about voice in retranslation and how intratextual (a character’s voice) and extratextual voices (translators’ and publishers’ voices) might be related in retranslation. The analysis indicates that a character’s voice as a whole can reflect the retranslator’s voice and the purpose of his/her translation. In addition, translators’ voices can recirculate in retranslation, but they do not necessarily do so if the purpose of the translation, the translator’s choice of source texts, or translation ethics prevents this.
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Austin, Paul M. "Soviet Karelian: The Language That Failed." Slavic Review 51, no. 1 (1992): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500259.
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On January 1, 1938 virtually every trace of anything Finnish, including the language, disappeared in the Karelian ASSR, where until the day before Finnish had been one of the two official languages (with Russian) and the language of instruction in schools and of a wide variety of published materials—newspapers, literary journals and almanacs, J educational texts, translated belles lettres (both Russian and foreign) and official documents.The history of Finnish in the Karelian ASSR dates from the Peace of Tartu (1920) which established the Finnish-Soviet border. It also stipulated that the "language of administration, legislation and public education" in the newly formed Karelian Workers Commune should be the "local popular language and designated Finnish that language. This might seem strange, since in 1923 there were in Soviet Karelia only 1,051 Finns, half of whom lived in the capital, Petrozavodsk.
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Jantunen, Tommi. "Clausal coordination in Finnish Sign Language." Studies in Language 40, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 204–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.40.1.07jan.
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This paper deals with the coordination of clauses in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL). Building on conversational data, the paper first shows that linking in conjunctive coordination in FinSL is primarily asyndetic, whereas in adversative and disjunctive coordination FinSL prefers syndetic linking. Secondly, the paper investigates the nonmanual prosody of coordination: nonmanual activity is shown both to mark the juncture of the coordinand clauses and to draw their contours. Finally, the paper addresses certain forms of clausal coordination in FinSL that are sign language-specific. It is suggested that the sign language-specific properties of coordination are caused both by the fact that signers can use two manual articulators in the production of sentences and by the pervasive iconicity of sign language structure.
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LYYTINEN, PAULA. "Cognitive skills and Finnish language inflection." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 28, no. 4 (December 1987): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00767.x.
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Armoskaite, Solveiga, and Päivi Koskinen. "Serial nouns in Finnish." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 62, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 280–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2017.10.
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AbstractWe argue for the existence of nominal serialization based on our analysis of a Finnish construction consisting of a syntactically fixed sequence in which a prosaic noun is followed by an ideophonic noun. A database compiled from a range of diverse sources provides material for the analysis. Muysken and Veenstra's (2006) criteria for the serialization of verbs are adapted and applied to our analysis of these ideophonic constructions as involving the serialization of nouns. We provide evidence that the noun–noun sequence is nested within a possessive structure that behaves as a syntactic atom, exhibits idiosyncratic phonology, and encodes speaker perspective.
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Kukkonen, Pirkko. "On Paragrammatism in Finnish." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 16, no. 2 (December 1993): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500002778.
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Previous studies on the nature of paragrammatism in Finnish have established a continuum of syntactic complexity with normal speech at one end and Broca's aphasics at the other, while Wernicke's aphasics fall between these two groups. In the present analysis, two paragrammatic aphasics are described whose utterances are longer than normal and of a more complex syntactic structure than the utterances in the comparison data. The paragrammatic subjects also make plenty of morphological and syntactic errors. The comparison of the present results with earlier studies on paragrammatism in Finnish shows that paragrammatism is subject to considerable variation
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Brattico, Pauli. "Is Finnish topic prominent?" Acta Linguistica Hungarica 63, no. 3 (September 2016): 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/064.2016.63.3.2.
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Ventola, Eija. "Finnish writers' academic English." Functions of Language 1, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 261–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.1.2.05ven.
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The paper illustrates how many Finnish writers tend to have difficulties coding references to text participants appropriately in their English texts. When organising their texts thematically, Finnish writers also appear to apply thematic patterns which are not typical of English texts. In addition, Finnish writers do not seem to utilise the possibilities of the interplay between the REFERENCE and THEME systems at their textual optimum. The insights into the textual analysis of FL-scientific writing presented here may prove useful when applied linguists are facing the challenge of designing courses for academic writing in a foreign language, courses which will develop learners' consciousness and linguistic skills in organising information in texts in a way which is referentially and thematically cohesive.