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1
Cho, Chul-Ki. "Characteristics of Geography Education in Finnish National Core Curriculum." Journal of The Korean Association of Regional Geographers 25, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26863/jkarg.2019.8.25.3.405.
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Karppinen, Heimo, and Harri Hänninen. "Monitoring Finnish family forestry." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82657-5.
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Non-industrial private forestry is important in many European countries as well as in the United States and eastern provinces of Canada. Private forests are especially important in Finland because the forest industries are highly dependent on private timber supply. In this article, we present the Finnish monitoring system for private forestry. Forest owners receive mailed inquiries regarding demographics, holding characteristics, ownership objectives, areas of silvicultural treatments, and timber sales, as well as connections with extension organizations. Studies based on such data have been useful in planning and implementation of national forestry programs and policies. Key words: non-industrial private forest owners, small-scale forestry, landowner characteristics, ownership objectives, forest management behaviour, timber supply, Finland
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Ternov, Nikolay, and Dmitry Mikhailov. "Nationalism and Siberian archeology of the 19th century." Journal of Eurasian Studies 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/18793665211066318.
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The article provides a comparative characteristic of the nationally motivated ethnocultural concepts of the 19th century, based on the interpretation of Siberian peoples` history. Finnish nationalism was looking for the ancestral home of the Finns in Altai and tried to connect them with the Turkic-Mongol states of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Under the influence of the cultural and historical theories of regional experts, the Siberian national discourse itself began to form, which was especially clearly manifested in the example of the genesis of Altai nationalism. Russian great-power nationalism sought to make Slavic history more ancient and connected it with the prestigious Scythian culture. If we rely on the well-known periodization of the development of the national movement of M. Khrokh, then in the theory of the Finns` Altai origin, we can distinguish features characteristic of phase “B,” when the cultural capital of nationalism gradually turns into political. In turn, the historical research of the regional specialists illustrates the earliest stage in the emergence of the national movement, the period of nationalism not only without a nation but also without national intellectuals. The oblasts are forming the very national environment, which does not yet have the means for its own expression, but it obviously contains separatist potential. At the same time, both the Finnish and Siberian patriots, with their scientific research, solved the same ideological task—to include the objects of their research in the world cultural and historical context, to achieve recognition of their right to a place among European nations. However, Florinsky’s theory, performing the function of the official propaganda, is an example of the manifestation of state unifying nationalism, with imperial connotations characteristics of Russia.
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Raunio, Mika, and Minna Säävälä. "Workaholic or easygoing?" Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 51 (April 27, 2017): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.56873.
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Growing immigration creates linguistically and culturally diverse working environments. National cultural characteristics are common concepts in everyday discourse in culturally heterogeneous workplaces as well as in academic research on work environments and management. By analysing empirical interview data from two arenas of productive activity in Finland, we show how national cultural characteristics are understood differently depending on the structural positioning of the arena in the local–national–transnational–global continuum. The data consists of a total of 53 in-depth interviews of foreign-born and Finnish-born experts working in high tech industries and research organizations, and white-collar and blue-collar workers in metal industries. Results illuminate how national interactive specificity is interpreted differently in global and local–national productive arenas. For instance, depending on the type of work, Finns could be describe as workaholics or as easy-going employees. The most central national cultural stereotypes have different interpretations among employees in the high tech business (global arena) and metal industries (mainly local and national arena).
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Tervasmäki, Tuomas, Mari-Anne Okkolin, and Ilkka Kauppinen. "Changing the heart and soul? Inequalities in Finland’s current pursuit of a narrow education policy." Policy Futures in Education 18, no. 5 (December 20, 2018): 648–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210318811031.
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The Finnish educational system is well known for its excellent learning results, highly trained teachers and egalitarian values. However, when the political leanings of the government change, its policies are usually altered as well. In this policy report we give an account of the recent changes and current trends in Finnish education policy. We analyse the characteristics of the Sipilä Government’s current education policy since 2015 and compare it to the Nordic welfare-state ideals of universalism, equality and social justice which have traditionally been the key building blocks of the Finnish education system. The Government’s policy appears to be narrow-minded and ignorant of issues related to educational equality, stressing instead the importance of a flexible workforce and national competitiveness. We will reflect on the characteristics of Finnish education policy in light of the debate regarding academic capitalism and as part of an overarching trend of social inequality in Europe.
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Kangas, Olli. "The Politics of Universalism: The Case of Finnish Sickness Insurance." Journal of Social Policy 21, no. 1 (January 1992): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940002064x.
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ABSTRACTThis study identifies the general structural, political and institutional configurations which conditioned the emergence of national health insurance in Finland. Due to late industrialisation, the Finnish case allows the evaluation of the importance of the agrarian versus working class interests in the emergence of the Scandinavian model. The study also seeks to answer how the contending theoretical approaches of the development of the welfare state serve to explain the characteristics of Finnish sickness provisions. After the historical overview, the results of the historical processes are examined by comparing the quality of Finnish sickness insurance with the Swedish, German and British cases, each representing different ideal types of the modern welfare state.
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Paavola, T., E. Syväsalo, and J. Rintala. "Co-digestion of manure and biowaste according to the EC Animal By-Products Regulation and Finnish national regulations." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 8 (April 1, 2006): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.253.
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The objective of this study was to compare methane production and characteristics of digested material in anaerobic digestion concepts according to the Animal By-Products Regulation (ABP-Regulation) of the EC (hygienisation of biowaste for 1 hour at 70 °C, particle size <12 mm) and Finnish national regulations (treatment temperature 55 °C, feeding interval 24 h, hydraulic retention time (HRT) 20 d, particle size <40 mm) and with small variations in treatment methods for treating manure and biowaste. Moreover, the survival of three different salmonella bacteria in these processes was studied. Hygienisation of biowaste prior to digestion at 35 °C enhanced methane production by 14–18% compared to similar treatment without hygienisation. The differences in treatment temperature, HRT and hygienisation of biowaste prior to digestion did not significantly affect the characteristics of digested material. The concepts according to the ABP-Regulation and Finnish national regulations were effective in destroying salmonella bacteria to an undetectable level.
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Therkildsen, Margrethe, Mogens Vestergaard, Morten Kargo, Liisa Keto, Per Ertbjerg, Gudjon Thorkelsson, Maria Gudjónsdóttir, et al. "Carcass characteristics of Nordic native cattle breeds." Genetic Resources 4, no. 7 (February 6, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46265/genresj.lwup7415.
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Native livestock breeds are part of the history of the Nordic people and comprise a resource for future food production. In this study, net gain and carcass characteristics of two Danish, three Finnish, one Icelandic, six Norwegian and five Swedish native cattle breeds were retrieved and compared to commercial breeds: two beef breeds and two dairy breeds. Breed data were collected from national databases and sorted into six animal categories: young bull, bull, steer, heifer, young cow and cow, for which means and standard deviations were calculated within each country. The native breeds ranged from small-sized milking type breeds with low net gain, carcass weights and EUROP classification to larger multipurpose breeds with high net gains, carcass weights and EUROP classification. All Finnish and most of the Norwegian and Swedish native breeds had lower net gain and carcass weight than the dairy breeds in the same category and country, but with similar carcass conformation and fatness scores. The two Danish native breeds had higher net gain, carcass weight and conformation class than the reference dairy breed, but lower than the reference beef breeds. The net gain and carcass traits of the Icelandic native breed were similar to the smallest-sized native breeds from the other countries. The carcass traits of the native breeds indicate that they have comparative advantages in an extensive production system based on forage and marginal grasslands. They may also succeed better in the value-added markets than in mainstream beef production.
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Lehto, Mika, Olli Halminen, Pirjo Mustonen, Jukka Putaala, Miika Linna, Janne Kinnunen, Elis Kouki, et al. "The nationwide Finnish anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation (FinACAF): study rationale, design, and patient characteristics." European Journal of Epidemiology 37, no. 1 (January 2022): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-021-00812-x.
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AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a major cause of ischemic stroke and the number of AF patients is increasing. Thus, up-to-date multifaceted data about the characteristics of AF patients, their treatments, and outcomes are urgently needed. The Finnish anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation (FinACAF) study has collected comprehensive data on all Finnish AF patients from 1st January 2004 to 31st December 2018. The aim of this paper is to describe the study rationale, the process of integrating data from the applied resources and to define the study cohort. Using national unique personal identification number, individual patient data is linked from nationwide health care registries (primary, secondary, and tertiary care), drug purchases, education, and socio-economic status as well as places of domicile, incomes, and taxes. Six regional laboratory databases (~ 282,000, 77% of the patients) are also included. The study cohort comprises of a total of 411,000 patients. Since the introduction of the national primary care register in 2012, 9% of all AF patients were identified outside hospital care registers. The prevalence of AF in Finland—4.1% of whole population—is for the first time now established. The FinACAF study allows a unique possibility to investigate the epidemiology and socio-medico-economic impact of AF as well as the cost effectiveness of different AF management strategies in a completely unselected, nationwide population. This article provides the rationale and design of the study together with a summary of the characteristics of the cohort.
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Bélinki, Karmela. "Shylock in Finland: the Jew in the literature of Finland 1900–1970." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 21, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2000): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69565.
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Political and other ideological fluctuations have, generally speaking, had a peripheral impact on the literary portrayal of the Jews. The traces of Shakespeare’s Shylock, the archetypal literary image, can be followed both backward and forward in time, from the New Testament to contemporary fiction. The introvert Finnish culture has had other interesting implications&&There is practically no specific Finnish-Jewish literary archetype. The very few examples that Finnish literature offers, both in the positive and in the negative sense, have no particular national characteristics or individual personality, which would deviate from the general picture. They follow foreign modes, such as Isak, the Jew, in Sam Sihvo’s musical burlesque Jääkärin morsian (The Wife of the Jäger). Other Finnish authors in this category are Maila Talvio, who sympathized with Germany, and Olavi Paavolainen, who was a member of the Finnish modernist group Tulenkantajat (“torch carriers”). The virtually only lengthier descriptions of Finnish Jews can be traced to a pair of opposites, Hilja Haahti and Ester Ståhlberg. Haahti was a popular religious writer, who saw the conversion of the Jews to Christianity as the only solution to the Jewish problem. Ester Ståhlberg’s solution was a realisation of a Zionist homeland in Palestine. Post-WW II literature in Finland lacks a profound reaction against Hitler’s destruction of the Jews in Europe, but there are especially two writers, both Finland-Swedish women, to whom the Jews became an important theme, Mirjam Tuominen and Marianne Alopaeus.
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Adebayo. "In Search of Maximal Citizenship in Educational Policy for Young People: Analysing Citizenship in Finnish Religious Education in View of the “Maximal” Conception." Social Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8080232.
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The place of religion and how it should be employed in education for citizenship is currently an issue in Europe. The challenges of increasing diversity are the underlying factors. The conception of maximal citizenship (a critical model of citizenship) gives a significant framework for analysis and scholarly perspectives about several European contexts on this matter. However, there is hardly maximal citizenship in Finnish contexts in scholarship. Hence, this work searches for the elements of maximal citizenship in educational policy for young people by employing the policy relating to citizenship in Finnish religious education (RE). Focusing on grades 7–9 of basic education, its primary data is based on selected national policy documents. The data were analysed using critical discourse analysis. The main findings suggest that citizenship in Finnish RE is only somewhat compatible with the characteristics of maximal citizenship. This reveals some policy shortcomings that could negatively affect the potential of critical-mindedness of young people and equal opportunities in a democracy. Hence, some suggestions that could improve the situation are embedded in the paper. Nevertheless, a linguistic conception of citizenship in Finland vis-à-vis a recent development in national educational policy seems to push the conception of maximal citizenship in a relatively new direction. Furthermore, an explicit use of the “Convention on the Rights of the Child” in Finnish curriculum broadens our conception of maximal citizenship in general. Moreover, while scholars agree that maximal citizenship is essentially “critical”, this piece suggests that every “critical” approach to citizenship education is not necessarily “maximal”.
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Ruokonen, Inkeri, Anu Sepp, Venla Moilanen, Ossi Autio, and Heikki Ruismaki. "The Finnish Five-String Kantele: Sustainably Designed for Musical Joy." Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2014-0004.
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Abstract This article discusses the five-string kantele as an example of the Finnish national heritage, a school instrument and an example of sustainable design. A qualitative case study was made by collecting the data from the Finnish students – prospective teachers – and the sixth form pupils, who had designed and carved their own five-string kanteles. The purpose of this research was to find out which aspects of five-string kantele design are considered the most important for sustainable principles and design among these youngsters. As results, the elements and principles of designing the five-string kantele are discussed and its relevance to five sustainable characteristics (creative, ecological, economic, aesthetic and socio-environmental) is presented. The sustainable values of the kantele and the purpose for which it is made are also considered.
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Stepanova, Svetlana V., and Ekaterina A. Shlapeko. "Trends in the development of cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands." Baltic Region 10, no. 4 (2018): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-4-7.
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This article considers the development of cross-border trade and tourism in the Russian- Finnish borderlands in the 19th/21st centuries. We describe the evolution of cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands at different stages of the territory’s development. The patterns of cross-border trade have always been depended on the national policies of the two countries. Since the 19th century, cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands has been the product of two factors. The first one is the demand from local residents for certain imported goods that are either absent or much more expensive in their own country. The second factor is the possibility of receiving additional or even basic income. We distinguish several periods (peddlar trade, Soviet-Finnish tourism, shuttle trade, shopping tourism) in the evolution of Russian-Finnish cross-border trade and identify their major trends and characteristics. We describe the general patterns of cross-border trade in these historical periods and juxtapose the pertinent institutional, organisational and infrastructural settings. We explain why the direction of the flow of finance and goods changed. Until the early 20th century, goods were brought to and money collected from Finland’s borderlands. Since the 1920s, the opposite situation has been observed. The latter trend has been growing in recent years. In this article, we aim at providing a periodisation and detecting the trends in and features of the evolution of cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands in the 19th/21st centuries. To this end, we carry out a statistics and data analysis. We describe the Russian and international approaches to studying cross-border shopping tourism. We address Finland’s experience in stimulating inbound shopping tourism from Russia and examine why the Russians are attracted to the neighbouring state.
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Lavonen, Jari, Seija Mahlamäki-Kultanen, Sanna Vahtivuori-Hänninen, and Armi Mikkola. "Implementation of a National Teacher Education Strategy in Finland through Pilot Projects." Australian Journal of Teacher Education 46, no. 10 (October 2021): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2021v46n10.2.
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The implementation of a teacher education strategy in a decentralised Finnish education system is analysed. Altogether, 31 pilot projects, involving teacher educators from all universities, were funded to support the implementation of the strategy and professional learning of autonomous teacher educators in the context of the strategy. In this mixed-methods research, the directors and active partners of the pilot projects were asked how they perceived the characteristics of the pilot projects that have been recognised as supportive for the implementation of the strategy. The directors were also asked to evaluate the impact of the projects. The projects have supported the achievement of the strategy’s aims. Research and goal orientation, active learning, collaboration, contextualisation and reflection were emphasised in the pilot project activities. Common goal setting and evaluation of the pilot projects should be emphasised more in the implementation of the strategy.
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Kallioniemi, Kari. "Toposkartta, kliseekokoelma ja moderni panoraama." Lähikuva – audiovisuaalisen kulttuurin tieteellinen julkaisu 32, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.23994/lk.83448.
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Artikkelissa tarkastellaan suomalaisista musiikkitähdistä viime vuosina tehtyjä elämäkertaelokuvia ja niiden luonnetta mediahistorian kontekstissa. Millainen yhteys 1800-luvun mediakulttuurin todellisuudella ja sen topoksilla on musiikkitähdistä kertoviin melodramaattisiin elämäkertaelokuviin? Historiallisen ja vertailevan musiikkielokuvien lähiluvun kautta artikkeli pohtii kysymystä siitä, millä tavoin nämä elokuvat ovat kuvanneet musiikkitähtien elämää ja taidetta valkokankaalla. Käsittelemissäni suomalaiselokuvissa topokset, kliseet ja muut banaalin kansallisuuden merkit ovat osa digitaalisen kulttuurin kierrätystä, niiden avulla voidaan rakentaa emotionaalinen silta digitaalisen maailman ulkopuolella olevaan kansalliseen materiaaliseen todellisuuteen.Varhaisen eurooppalaisen kulttuuriperinnön topokset löysivät paikkansa 1800-luvun media- ja massakulttuurin panoraamoissa ja varhaisessa elokuvassa. Erityisesti Timo Koivusalon kansallisista musiikkitähdistä kertovat elokuvat ovat tietynlainen reaktionäärinen osa digitaalisen aikakauden mediakulttuurista murrosta. Elokuvien edustamat kliseet, topokset ja panoraamakerrontaan viittaava rakenne eivät niinkään pyri olemaan osa elokuvataidetta, vaan viittaavat elokuvan muodon avulla enemmän nykypäivän kulttuuriseen nationalismiin, joka hakee elinvoimansa kansallisista myyteistä, suurmiehistä, kansallisen historian käännekohdista, traditioista ja rituaaleista, maisemista, esineistä ja musiikkiesityksistä.Topos map, cliché collection, and modern panorama: The national music star biopic in media culture continuumThe article examines recent Finnish music star biopics and their characteristics in the context of media history. I apply historical and comparative close reading in analyzing the ways in which earlier films have represented the lives and art of great music stars. Melodramatic biographical films were in many ways successors to 19th century media culture as carriers of European cultural heritage in depicting the lives and art of musical heroes. The Finnish films discussed in this article use topoi and clichés which represent banal nationalism.The 21st century Finnish national musical hero biopics, and especially the films by Timo Koivusalo, can be seen as a kind of reactionary response to the digital disruption of media culture. The films’ clichés, topoi, and panoramic style of narration are not used to create film art as such. Instead, film form is applied to flag today’s cultural nationalism, which uses national myths, great men, national historical turning points, traditions and rituals, landscapes, artifacts, and music to gain vitality. The films construct an emotional bridge to a nationalistic, materialistic past which exists outside the digital world.
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Hakoköngäs, Eemeli, and Inari Sakki. "The naturalized nation: Anchoring, objectification and naturalized social representations of history." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 4, no. 2 (December 19, 2016): 646–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v4i2.664.
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This study focuses on the connection between social representations of history and collective memory from the perspective of elementary concepts of social representations theory: anchoring, objectification and naturalization. The aims of the study are to arrive at a conceptual clarity of this connection and demonstrate how to apply basic concepts of social representations theory to the study of collective memory. The study also focuses on the naturalized characteristics of Finnish history. The data consist of the covers of twenty Finnish history books between the years 1965 and 2014. All the covers are embellished with typography or visual images. The covers were analysed using a semiotic approach in which the interest is in the description (denotation), the associations (connotation) and the meaning system these construe (myth). The analysis shows how national history is concretized with visual images (objectification), how the meaning of representation is conveyed (anchoring) and how collective memory is maintained (naturalization), transmitted and shaped during the years. The results show how the stable collective memories and changing social representations of history are interacting. The most frequently used visual element was the colour blue, which alludes to the Finnish flag, a symbol of the nation that represents the core of Finnish history. The study suggests that it is possible to conceptualize collective memories as naturalized social representations of history. It shows how processes of anchoring and objectification serve as tools of collective memory and how the naturalized conceptions are subtly changed. In addition, the study develops the use of visual semiotic analysis in social representations research.
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Saarti, Jarmo, Markku Antero Laitinen, and Pentti Vattulainen. "Effects of the digitization to the printed collection policies." Library Management 38, no. 2/3 (March 14, 2017): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-01-2017-0004.
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Purpose The recent changes in the knowledge economy and scientific knowledge dissemination have put academic libraries in a new situation. The demand for open access of scientific publications and the increasing amount of documents published need a new paradigm in the collection policies and collection building strategies of the academic libraries. At the same time the resources allocated to the academic institutions have been decreasing which has caused the need to reallocate the resources in the collection building and management as effectively as possible. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the use of data compiled from different sources, such as statistics and assessing user experience, as a tool for analysing the effectiveness of the library’s economic resources and how this has effected on the use of the libraries. Design/methodology/approach Statistical and trend analysis based on Finnish academic library collections database. Findings The Finnish academic libraries have made a rapid transition to the digital dissemination of documents. At the same time the national services have enabled the long-time preservation of less used printed materials and have enabled the libraries to save premise costs. Research limitations/implications Modeling the findings to other countries maybe difficult because of the specific characteristics of the Finnish academic environment. Practical implications Gives examples on managing the shift from a printed to a digital library. Originality/value Evidence based tools for collection cost management.
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Kallio, Johanna, and Arttu Saarinen. "Street-level bureaucrats’ attitudes towards the Finnish labour market allowance." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 11/12 (October 7, 2014): 817–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-02-2014-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the attitudes of street-level bureaucrats from different agencies and sectors of the Finnish welfare state, namely municipal social workers, diaconal workers of the Lutheran church, benefit officials of the Social Security Institution and officials of private unemployment funds. Design/methodology/approach – The authors are interested in the following questions: What are the attitudes of street-level bureaucrats towards the labour market allowance? What is the impact of individual characteristics? The study utilised the unique national survey data of different groups of street-level bureaucrats from the year 2011 (total N=2,313). The dependent variables focus on legitimacy of the basic level of labour market allowance and sanction policies. Analyses are built around five independent variables which measure professional, personal interest and ideological factors. Findings – There are differences both between and within groups of Finnish street-level bureaucrats with regard to their attitudes concerning the labour market allowance. Social and diaconal workers believe more often than officials that the level of labour market allowance is too low, and offer less support for the idea that an unemployed person should take any job that is offered or have their unemployment security reduced. The results show that the attitudes of bureaucrats are explained by length of work history, economic situation and ideological factors. Originality/value – There have been very few analyses comparing attitudes among different groups of bureaucrats. The present study is intended to fill this gap in the literature.
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Keipi, Teo, Pekka Räsänen, Atte Oksanen, James Hawdon, and Matti Näsi. "Exposure to online hate material and subjective well-being." Online Information Review 42, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-05-2016-0133.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between subjective well-being (SWB) and exposure to online hate material using samples of Finnish and American youth and young adults. The authors aim to identify socio-demographic determinants of SWB and the social ties prevalent both online and offline that may be relevant to the discussion of how hate material associates with well-being. Design/methodology/approach The data are derived from online survey responses from both Finnish (n=555) and American (n=1,014) young people aged 15-30. The authors control for the possible effects of social trust, offline friendships, online victimisation and economic status, which have been found to associate with SWB in earlier studies. Findings The findings show a clear association that highlights the uniformity in how negatively intended material online affects young people, despite the inclusion of a cross-national comparison. The study confirms previous work concerning happiness and life satisfaction. Research limitations/implications The survey used was not designed solely to address issues of SWB and as such a more targeted set of questions may have resulted in more in-depth data. Also, structural determinants of SWB, social spheres, and tie strength were analysed through proxy measures. Practical implications The findings concerning new variables linked to well-being and victimization in the cross-national context provide a new point of reference in terms of online hate being associated with happiness. Originality/value The authors consider a number of descriptive characteristics, determining the relationship between these variables and participants’ happiness. Through this cross-national data set, new comparisons were made possible between internet users of both countries. The study combines many earlier findings with new variables and theoretical frameworks to add new perspectives to the understanding of how well-being is affected online among young people.
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Eskelinen, Tommi, Thea Veitonmäki, Andres Kotsar, Teuvo L. J. Tammela, Antti Pöyhönen, and Teemu J. Murtola. "Improved renal cancer prognosis among users of drugs targeting renin-angiotensin system." Cancer Causes & Control 33, no. 2 (December 18, 2021): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-021-01527-w.
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Abstract Purpose We explored renal cell cancer (RCC) survival among users of antihypertensive medication as hypertension is proposed to be a risk factor for RCC and ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been associated with improved prognosis of RCC. Methods Finnish cohort of 13,873 participants with RCC diagnosed between 1995–2012 was formed from three national databases. RCC cases were identified from Finnish Cancer Registry, medication usage from national prescription database and co-morbidities from Care Registry of Healthcare. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios for metastatic tumor extent at the time of diagnosis. Risk of RCC specific death after diagnosis was analyzed using Cox regression adjusted for tumor clinical characteristics. Results A total of 5,179 participants died of RCC during the follow-up. No risk association was found for metastatic tumor extent for any drug group. ACE-inhibitors, but no other drug group were associated with decreased risk of RCC specific death overall (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.95) compared to non-users. In time-dependent analysis high-dose use of ACE-inhibitors (392 Defined Daily Dose (DDD)/year), HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.45–0.66) and ARBs (786.1 DDD/year, HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.50–0.87) associated with improved RCC survival. No information of TNM-classification or tobacco smoking was available. Conclusion ACE-inhibitors and ARBs in high dose associated with improved RCC specific survival. This may reflect overall benefit of treating hypertension with medication targeting renin-angiotensin system (RAS) system among RCC patients. Further studies are needed to explore the role of RAS in RCC.
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Turunen, Teemu. "Commitment to employment and organisation: Finland in a European comparison." Finnish Journal of Social Research 4 (December 15, 2011): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110705.
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Employment and organisational commitment are widely endorsed as goals for labour market policy and organisations. However, there are few comparative studies that examine how, in addition to individual characteristics, dimensions of national culture affect employment and organisational commitment. This article compares employment and organisational commitment among employees in Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Spain and Sweden. The main focus is on whether these commitments differ in Finland from those in four other European countries. Finland has seldom been included in this kind of comparative study. Individual-level data come from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP), Work Orientation Module III, collected in 2005–2006. Employment commitment was the highest in Sweden, while organisational commitment was the highest among Germans. Finnish employees did not display particularly high levels of employment commitment: Finns were next to last in this category. Organisational commitment in Finland was on the same level as Spain and Sweden. In all five countries low subjective job insecurity among employees increased organisational commitment. Schwartz’s (2007) cultural dimensions accounted for a significant share of the variance in employment commitment. The data were analysed mainly by using standard multiple regression analysis and hierarchical multiple regression analysis.
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Näsi, Matti, Pekka Räsänen, James Hawdon, Emma Holkeri, and Atte Oksanen. "Exposure to online hate material and social trust among Finnish youth." Information Technology & People 28, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 607–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-09-2014-0198.
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Purpose – Trust is one of the key elements in social interaction; however, few studies have analyzed how the proliferation of new information and communication technologies influences trust. The authors examine how exposure to hate material in the internet correlates with Finnish youths’ particularized and generalized trust toward people who have varying significance in different contexts of life. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to provide new information about current online culture and its potentially negative characteristics. Design/methodology/approach – Using data collected in the spring of 2013 among Finnish Facebook users (n=723) ages 15-18, the authors measure the participants’ trust in their family, close friends, other acquaintances, work or school colleagues, neighbors, people in general, as well as people only met online. Findings – Witnessing negative images and writings reduces both particularized and generalized trust. The negative effect is greater for particularized trust than generalized trust. Therefore, exposure to hate material seems to have a more negative effect on the relationships with acquaintances than in a more general context. Research limitations/implications – The study relies on a sample of registered social media users from one country. In future research, cross-national comparisons are encouraged. Originality/value – The findings show that trust plays a significant role in online setting. Witnessing hateful online material is common among young people. This is likely to have an impact on perceived social trust. Hateful communication may then impact significantly on current online culture, which has a growing importance for studying, working life, and many leisure activities.
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Söderström, Henna K., Jari Räsänen, Juha Saarnio, Vesa Toikkanen, Tuula Tyrväinen, Tuomo Rantanen, Antti Valtola, et al. "Cohort profile: a nationwide population-based retrospective assessment of oesophageal cancer in the Finnish National Esophago-Gastric Cancer Cohort (FINEGO)." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e039575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039575.
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PurposeThe Finnish National Esophago-Gastric Cancer Cohort (FINEGO) was established to combine the available registry data with detailed patient information to form a comprehensive, retrospective, population-based research platform of surgically treated oesophageal and gastric cancer in Finland. This cohort profile describes the 2045 surgically treated patients with oesophageal cancer included in the FINEGO cohort.ParticipantsRegistry data were collected from the National Cancer, Patient, Education and Death Registries from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2016. All patients over 18 years of age, who had either curative surgery, palliative surgery or salvage surgery for primary cancer in the oesophagus are included in this study.Findings to date2045 patients had surgery for oesophageal cancer in the selected time period. 67.2% were man, and the majority had only minor comorbidities. The proportions of adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas were 43.1% and 44.4%, respectively, and 12.5% had other or missing histology. Only about 23% of patients received neoadjuvant therapy. Oesophagectomy was the treatment of choice and most patients were treated at low-volume centres, but median annual hospital volume increased over time. Median overall survival was 23 months, 5-year survival for all patients in the cohort was 32.9% and cancer-specific survival was 36.5%.Future plansEven though Finland only has a population of 5.5 million, surgery for oesophageal carcinoma has not been centralised and therefore previously reported results have mostly been small, single-centre cohorts. Because of FINEGO, we now have a population-based, unselected cohort of surgically treated patients, enabling research on national trends over time regarding oesophageal cancer, including patient characteristics, tumour histology, stage and neoadjuvant treatment, surgical techniques, hospital volumes and patient mortality. Data collection is ongoing, and the cohort will be expanded to include more detailed data from patient records and national biobanks.
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Tilvis, Reijo S., Venla Laitala, Pirkko E. Routasalo, and Kaisu H. Pitkälä. "Suffering from Loneliness Indicates Significant Mortality Risk of Older People." Journal of Aging Research 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/534781.
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Background. The harmful associates of suffering from loneliness are still in dispute. Objective. To examine the association of feelings of loneliness with all-cause mortality in a general aged population.Methods. A postal questionnaire was sent to randomly selected community-dwelling of elderly people (>74 years) from the Finnish National Population Register. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, living conditions, functioning, health, and need for help. Suffering from loneliness was assessed with one question and participants were categorized as lonely or not lonely. Total mortality was retrieved from the National Population Information System.Results. Of 3687 respondents, 39% suffered from loneliness. Lonely people were more likely to be deceased during the 57-month follow-up (31%) than subjects not feeling lonely (23%, ). Excess mortality (, 95% ) of lonely people increased over time. After controlling for age and gender, the mortality risk of the lonely individuals was 1.33 (95% ) and after further controlling for subjective health 1.17 (). The excess mortality was consistent in all major subgroups.Conclusion. Suffering from loneliness is common and indicates significant mortality risk in old age.
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Kangas, Olli, and Jenni Blomgren. "Socio-economic differences in health, income inequality, unequal access to care and spending on health: A country-level comparison of Finland and 16 other European countries." Finnish Journal of Social Research 7 (December 15, 2014): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110723.
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In all countries, there are differences in health between socio-economic groups. In Finland those health differences are comparatively large. Why there is such wide cross-national variation in relative health differences between socio-economic groups remains an unanswered question. One brand of explanations links health outcomes to income inequalities. The other brand of explanations emphasizes the role of health care systems and unequal access to health care. The latter explanation has dominated the Finnish debate, which is motivated by the fact that the OECD has classified the Finnish health care system as one of the most unequalizing in the industrial countries. A third set of explanations argues that health outcomes are related to the size of the health budget. In this article, we focus on socio-economic differences in selfassessed health. We ask how strongly socio-economic health differences are linked to income inequalities (H1), how satisfactorily the characteristics of health care systems explain these differences (H2), and what the relative role of the health budget is (H3). The comparisons show that the socio-economic health differences among 17 European countries are more strongly associated to the health budget (H3) than to the features of health care systems (H2) or income inequality (H1). However, these two explanations also get qualified support— but bigger seems to be better.
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Eerola, Petteri, Johanna Lammi-Taskula, Margaret O’Brien, Johanna Hietamäki, and Eija Räikkönen. "Fathers’ Leave Take-Up in Finland: Motivations and Barriers in a Complex Nordic Leave Scheme." SAGE Open 9, no. 4 (July 2019): 215824401988538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019885389.
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Despite being the first country in the world to introduce paternity leave in 1978, Finland’s current national leave scheme is complex with regard to incentivizing fathers’ take-up. Taking the unique Finnish leave scheme as a case example, this article examines fathers’ motivations and barriers to leave. Although research on fathers’ take-up of leave in divergent leave policy contexts has increased dramatically, fathers’ motivations and barriers to leave have remained underresearched. The article reports on a survey sample of 852 Finnish fathers of infants who were taking paternity, parental, and other forms of leave, drawn from the Population Register Center. Results show that less than 20% of fathers report taking no leave, with more than 80% taking some form of leave. A multinomial logistic regression analysis indicates that father’s work, partner’s education, and family income, along with father’s wish to take a break from work and wish to facilitate mother’s return to work or studies, are the key characteristics and motivations associated with fathers’ take-up of leave. The most common barriers to fathers’ take-up of leave were related to the family’s economic situation and the father’s job. It is suggested that decreasing maternalism in the leave scheme, by extending investment in fathers’ individual well-paid leave weeks, will also help promote greater gender equality for working parents in Finland following the path of Nordic neighbors.
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Hirvonen, Tero, Anna Kara, Liisa Korkalo, Harri Sinkko, Marja-Leena Ovaskainen, and Vera Mikkilä. "Use of voluntarily fortified foods among adults in Finland." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 5 (September 19, 2011): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011002266.
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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the purchase and use of fortified foods, and to explore and compare background characteristics, food consumption and nutrient intakes among users and non-users of voluntarily fortified foods in Finland.DesignA study based on the National FINDIET Survey 2007 (48 h recall), which included also a barcode-based product diary developed to assess the type, amount and users of voluntarily fortified foods. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate associations between background characteristics and the use of fortified foods.SettingRandomly chosen subgroup of 918 adult participants in the National FINDIET 2007 Survey.SubjectsMen and women aged 25–64 years from five regions.ResultsThe product group of voluntarily fortified foods purchased in the highest volume was yoghurts (44 % of the weight of all fortified food), followed by fruit drinks (36 %). The only characteristics independently associated with the use of voluntarily fortified foods were age (older people used them less commonly) and the consumption of fruit and vegetables (participants with the highest consumption used them more commonly). Users of fortified foods had higher consumption of yoghurt, juice drinks and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (women only) than non-users, and lower consumption of boiled potatoes (men only).ConclusionsUse of voluntarily fortified foods is associated with high consumption of fruit and vegetables but not with other health-related behaviours. The use of voluntarily fortified foods does not seem to even out the differences in nutrient intake among Finnish adults.
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Walsh, Hanna M., Jaakko Nevalainen, Tiina Saari, Liisa Uusitalo, Turkka Näppilä, Ossi Rahkonen, and Maijaliisa Erkkola. "Food insecurity among Finnish private service sector workers: validity, prevalence and determinants." Public Health Nutrition 25, no. 4 (January 24, 2022): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980022000209.
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AbstractObjective:To examine the prevalence and determinants of food insecurity among private sector service workers in Finland and assess validity of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) tool.Design:In this cross-sectional study, food insecurity and background characteristics were collected from Finnish private service workers via electronic questionnaires (2019) and national register data (2018–2019). We conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine the variables explaining food insecurity. Validity of HFIAS was assessed with rotated principal component analysis and Cronbach’s α.Setting:Members of the trade union for private sector service workers, Service Union United (PAM), from all municipalities in Finland participated in the study in 2019.Participants:The subjects were 6435 private sector workers that were members of the Service Union United (PAM) in Finland. Mean age of participants was 44 years (sd 12·7 years).Results:Two-thirds of the participants (65 %) were food insecure with over a third (36 %) reporting severe food insecurity. Reporting great difficulties in covering household expenses and young age markedly increased the risk of severe food insecurity (OR 15·05; 95 % CI 10·60, 21·38 and OR 5·07; 95 % CI 3·94, 6·52, respectively). Not being married, low education, working in the hospitality industry, being male and living in rented housing also increased the probability of severe food insecurity. The HFIAS tool demonstrated acceptable construct and criterion validity.Conclusions:Severe food insecurity was widespread and associated with low socio-economic status, young age and being male among Finnish private sector service workers, emphasising the need for regular monitoring of food insecurity in Finland.
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Bondar, Yaroslav. "Stepan Bandera as a theorist of the Ukrainian national liberation struggle." Grani 23, no. 6-7 (August 30, 2020): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172061.
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The position of Stepan Bandera's theoretical heritage on the main components of the concept of the Ukrainian national liberation struggle is systematized. The study of the provisions of the theoretical works of Stepan Bandera allowed us to state that the author has created a comprehensive vision of the concept of the Ukrainian national liberation struggle on key components. This was confirmed during the study by the existence of a clear ideological basis for the revolutionary liberation struggle, it was proved that Stepan Bandera's conceptual views are based on the principles of positivist-humanistic ideology of human development and society. It is determined that this approach has the appropriate deep scientific, philosophical principles and is supported by meaningful counterbalances to totalitarian ideology. The analysis of the author's theoretical heritage highlights his views on the composition and characteristics of key political actors in the struggle against the totalitarian Soviet regime, identifies his beliefs about the participation of Western countries in this process, proves the value and consistency of Stepan Bandera's predictions Ukraine by imperial Russia. It is proved that the characteristics and classification of the phases of the revolutionary liberation struggle, defined by Stepan Bandera, are formed consistently, taking into account the logic, theory and practice of conducting successful events of a similar type. Successful examples of a well-organized liberation struggle are considered, especially the Finnish experience of statehood and liberation from the USSR by their own national forces. It is determined that the theoretical basis of Stepan Bandera's legacy deserves a separate detailed scientific study of all the problems highlighted by the author in the context of methodological support of the revolutionary liberation struggle. It is established that his concept of implementation of this process, although focused on the Ukrainian reality, but can be considered unified and adapted to the conditions of other countries with similar features of development. The study of the phases (stages) of the Ukrainian national revolution shows that the approach to their construction in the theory of the ideologist can act as a universal model of the struggle against totalitarianism and the creation of independence for any republic within the USSR.
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VIIRI, Jouni. "Characteristics of the Finnish National Core Curriculum and practice in Primary and Secondary Schools(Reports of the 2006 International Symposium on Science Education in Japan)." Journal of Research in Science Education 47, no. 3 (March 31, 2007): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11639/sjst.kj00005018350.
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Xu, Tianwei, Alice J. Clark, Jaana Pentti, Reiner Rugulies, Theis Lange, Jussi Vahtera, Linda L. Magnusson Hanson, Hugo Westerlund, Mika Kivimäki, and Naja H. Rod. "Characteristics of Workplace Psychosocial Resources and Risk of Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study." Diabetes Care 45, no. 1 (November 5, 2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc20-2943.
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OBJECTIVE To examine whether characteristics of workplace psychosocial resources are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes among employees. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 49,835 employees (77% women, aged 40–65 years, and diabetes free at baseline) from the Finnish Public Sector cohort study. Characteristics of horizontal (culture of collaboration and support from colleagues) and vertical (leadership quality and organizational procedural justice) psychosocial resources were self-reported. Incident type 2 diabetes (n = 2,148) was ascertained through linkage to electronic health records from national registers. We used latent class modeling to assess the clustering of resource characteristics. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the relationship between the identified clusters and risk of type 2 diabetes during 10.9 years of follow-up, adjusting for age, sex, marital status, educational level, type of employment contract, comorbidity, and diagnosed mental disorders. RESULTS We identified four patterns of workplace psychosocial resources: unfavorable, favorable vertical, favorable horizontal, and favorable vertical and horizontal. Compared with unfavorable, favorable vertical (hazard ratio 0.87 [95% CI 0.78; 0.97]), favorable horizontal (0.77 [0.67; 0.88]), and favorable vertical and horizontal (0.77 [0.68; 0.86]) resources were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, with the strongest associations seen in employees at age ≥55 years (Pinteraction = 0.03). These associations were robust to multivariable adjustments and were not explained by reverse causation. CONCLUSIONS A favorable culture of collaboration, support from colleagues, leadership quality, and organizational procedural justice are associated with a lower risk of employees developing type 2 diabetes than in those without such favorable workplace psychosocial resources.
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Stachowiak, Krzysztof. "Ewolucja przemysłu zaawansowanej technologii i sektora teleinformatycznego (ICT) w Finlandii." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 13 (January 1, 2009): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.13.10.
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The paper presents in a broad outline the main characteristics of the evolution of the Finnish high-tech industry and ICT sector within the context of general changes in industry and the national economy. In the last decades of the 20th century Finland dynamically developed a knowledge-based economy and became one of the leaders of the information society. A spectacular manifestation of this is the position of the country in global competitiveness rankings, where Finland has occupied a top position for several years, sometimes even being ahead of the United States. The so-called ‘Finnish model of information society’ is characterised, among others, by a significant growth in knowledge-intensive industries and a complex system of research and development support. However, all those changes were dependent on the previous development path of the country. The structure of Finnish industry was rather one-sided until the 1980s, when knowledge- and expertise-intensive production started to catch up with the level of manufacturing dominated by raw materials, capital and energy. For a long time, Finland specialised in the forest industry and in the processing of metals. A new sector that has developed during the past decades is electronics and, especially, the manufacturing of communication devices. Furthermore, the economy has changed more dramatically in Finland than in any other developed country over the same period of time. Industries have become technology-intensive and production is strongly characterised by specialisation. Finland has become the most specialised country in information and communication technology in the world, and this specialisation trend is continuing. The forest industry and other traditional industries rely more and more on the new technologies and state-of-the-art knowledge. In Finland, industrialisation started later than in other countries, but it was very rapid. Industrial production and exports grew faster than the rest of the economy in the 1990s, and the structure of exports diversified. Unlike other developed countries, Finland “re-industrialised” in the 1990s. The contribution of industry to the total volume of production and employment has been higher in Finland than in other advanced economies in the past couple of years.
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Oulasmaa, Lauri, Pirkko Riipinen, Helinä Hakko, Kaisa Riala, and Liisa Kantojärvi. "Sex-Specific Predictors of Exposure to Hospital-Treated Assaults Among Former Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients." Violence and Victims 36, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 751–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-19-00165.
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This study examined the associations of psychiatric disorders, suicidal behavior and family-related characteristics during adolescence, to subsequent experiences of hospital-treated physical, or sexual assaults, among 508 young adults with a history of psychiatric inpatient care at adolescence (aged 13–17 years). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) based adolescent psychiatric disorders were assessed at index hospitalization using Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age children, Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). Treatment episodes for assaults were obtained from the health care register, provided by the Finnish National Institute for Health Welfare. About 14.4% of the participants had experienced physical or sexual assault during their lifetime. Results of logistic regression analysis indicated that anxiety disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 9.6) and nonsuicidal self-injury (OR = 3.7) in adolescence for males, and personality disorder (OR = 3.4) for females, were associated with increased likelihood for subsequent assault exposure leading to hospitalization. These findings can be used in targeting vulnerable adolescents and designing primary prevention strategies.
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Laine, Merja K., Hannu Kautiainen, Mika Gissler, Pirjo Pennanen, and Johan G. Eriksson. "Drug purchases prior to conception and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus." Journal of International Medical Research 50, no. 11 (November 2022): 030006052211384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605221138455.
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Objective Some drugs have adverse effects on glucose metabolism, but it is unknown whether prescription drugs used prior to conception influence the future risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Our study evaluated whether the purchase of prescription drugs 6 months prior to conception was associated with the occurrence of GDM. Methods This cohort study enrolled women with a Finnish background who delivered between 2009 and 2015 in the city of Vantaa, Finland (N = 10,455). Data on maternal characteristics and prescription drug purchases were obtained from national health registers. The use of a unique personal identification number enabled us to combine the register data on an individual level. Results Six months prior to conception, women who had pregnancies complicated by GDM purchased more prescription drugs than women without GDM (1.38 ± 2.04 vs. 1.11 ± 1.80). The GDM risk was higher in women with higher numbers of prescription purchases and those with more than three deliveries. Conclusions Multiparous women who purchase several prescription drugs should be given personalized counseling to prevent GDM.
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Heinonen, Tero, Timo Pukkala, Seppo Kellomäki, Harri Strandman, Antti Asikainen, Ari Venäläinen, and Heli Peltola. "Effects of forest management and harvesting intensity on the timber supply from Finnish forests in a changing climate." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 10 (October 2018): 1124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0118.
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We studied the potential effects of management and harvesting intensity on the timber supply from Finnish forests in a changing climate and, consequently, the possibilities of meeting the increasing wood demand of the growing forest-based bioeconomy. The study employed data from the 11th National Forest Inventory of Finland. Plots located on forest land assigned to timber production were used to develop two even-flow harvesting scenarios with annual timber harvesting targets of 60 and 80 million m3. Calculations were done for a 90-year simulation period under the current and changing climates using recent-generation (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) global climate model projections under three representative concentration pathways forcing scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). Intensified management used improved seed and seedling stock in artificial regeneration. It also used fertilization on subxeric pine-dominated and mesic spruce-dominated stands and ditch maintenance on 40% of drained peatlands, when the growing stock characteristics fulfilled a set of predetermined criteria. Our results showed that, with intensified management, it is possible to harvest 80 million m3·year−1 of timber under mild (RCP2.6) and moderate (RCP4.5) climate change without decreasing the growing stock volume at the country level during the 90-year simulation period. This is not possible under severe climate change (RCP8.5) due to the rapid decline in forest growth, particularly in the south after about 30 years.
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KAUSTELL, K., E. MÄNTYSAARI, and P. HUHTANEN. "Concentrate feeding and milk yield based on the field data of milk recorded herds." Agricultural and Food Science 7, no. 4 (January 4, 1998): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5605.
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Field data from 16 051 Finnish milk recorded herds including milk yield (MY), feed consumption, feed analyses, and the herd effect for milk yield (HMILK) obtained from the national breeding value estimation program, were analysed to detect the influence of concentrate feeding on milk production. HMILKs are deviations from the average national level with mean of 45 kg and SD of 722 kg. Mean MY was 6917 kg and mean dry matter intake (DMI) 5679 kg per cow per year. The effect of concentrate feeding on HMILK and MY was studied by using quantitative [amount of energy (FUI) and concentrates (CI) in the diet] and qualitative [proportion of grain (Gc) or compound feed (Mc) in concentrates or CP content (CPc) of concentrates] diet characteristics as dependent variables in multivariate regression analysis. The general linear effect of CI was 1.18 kg MY/kg CI. Production response of CI decreased with increasing CI as indicated by significant interactions between CI and CI classes. Gc showed a negative relationship with HMILK, but CPc proved to be a more important factor affecting HMILK. Feeding grain instead of compound feed was connected with too low protein content in concentrates. Mc was positively correlated with CP content of concentrates. However, the use of compound feed appeared to give a slight increase in HMILK even after accounting for the effect of CP. ;
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Shah, Ajit, and Vikinjeet Bhatia. "The relationship between elderly suicide rates and smoking in England and Wales." International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 3 (January 25, 2010): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610209991608.
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Completed suicides have been shown to be associated with smoking cigarettes in cohort studies of mainly female registered nurses in the U.S.A. (Hemenway et al., 1993), both sexes in the Finnish general population (Tanskanen et al., 2000), male army recruits in the U.S.A. (Miller et al., 2000a), males in the U.S. general population (Davey Smith et al., 1992), army recruits in Sweden (Hemmingsson and Kriebel, 2003), males aged 40–69 years in the general population in Japan (Iwasaki et al., 2005), and the elderly in a retirement community in the U.S.A. (Ross et al., 1990). Also, a Swiss case-control study of army recruits reported similar findings (Angst and Clayton, 1998). Additionally, positive correlation between prevalence rates of smoking and both general population (Shah and Bhandarkar, 2008) and elderly (Shah, 2008) male suicide rates has been observed in large cross-national ecological studies. This relationship between completed suicides and smoking was “dose-dependent” (Hemenway et al., 1993; Tanskanen et al., 2000; Miller et al., 2000a; Davey Smith et al., 1992; Hemmingsson and Kriebel, 2003; Iwasaki et al., 2005). Moreover, this relationship was maintained in some studies after controlling for confounding variables including demographic characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics, levels of alcohol consumption, psychiatric symptoms and physical health (Tanskanen et al., 2000; Miller et al., 2000a), but disappeared in other studies (Hemmingsson and Kriebel, 2003; Shah, 2008; Shah and Bhandarkar, 2008).
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Furst, Mary Anne, Jose A. Salinas-Perez, Mencia R. Gutiérrez-Colosia, and Luis Salvador-Carulla. "A new bottom-up method for the standard analysis and comparison of workforce capacity in mental healthcare planning: Demonstration study in the Australian Capital Territory." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 27, 2021): e0255350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255350.
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The aims of this study are to evaluate and describe mental health workforce and capacity, and to describe the relationship between workforce capacity and patterns of care in local areas. We conducted a comparative demonstration study of the applicability of an internationally validated standardised service classification instrument—the Description and Evaluation of Services and Directories—DESDE-LTC) using the emerging mental health ecosystems research (MHESR) approach. Using DESDE-LTC as the framework, and drawing from international occupation classifications, the workforce was classified according to characteristics including the type of care provided and professional background. Our reference area was the Australian Capital Territory, which we compared with two other urban districts in Australia (Sydney and South East Sydney) and three benchmark international health districts (Helsinki-Uusima (Finland), Verona (Italy) and Gipuzkoa (Spain)). We also compared our data with national level data where available. The Australian and Finnish regions had a larger and more highly skilled workforce than the southern European regions. The pattern of workforce availability and profile varied, even within the same country, at the local level. We found significant differences between regional rates of identified rates of psychiatrists and psychologists, and national averages. Using a standardised classification instrument at the local level, and our occupational groupings, we were able to assess the available workforce and provide information relevant to planners about the actual capacity of the system. Data obtained at local level is critical to providing planners with reliable data to inform their decision making.
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Ringbom, Ida, Jaana Suvisaari, Antti Kääriälä, Andre Sourander, Mika Gissler, Tiina Ristikari, and David Gyllenberg. "Psychiatric disorders diagnosed in adolescence and subsequent long-term exclusion from education, employment or training: longitudinal national birth cohort study." British Journal of Psychiatry 220, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.146.
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BackgroundLong-term ‘not in education, employment or training’ (NEET) status is an important indicator of youth marginalisation.AimsTo carry out a comprehensive overview of the associations between different psychiatric illnesses and long-term NEET status.MethodWe used the register-based 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort study, which includes all live births in Finland during that year. The analyses comprised 55 273 individuals after exclusions for intellectual disability, death or emigration. We predicted that psychiatric disorders, diagnosed by specialist services between 1998 and 2007 when the cohort were 10–20 years of age, would be associated with subsequent long-term NEET (defined as NEET for at least 5 years between 2008 and 2015, when they were 20–28 years of age).ResultsIn total, 1438 individuals (2.6%) were long-term NEET during follow-up and the associations between long-term NEET and the 11 diagnostic categories we studied were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In multivariate models we included sociodemographic characteristics and upper secondary education as covariates, and the highest effect sizes, measured by odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were found for psychosis (OR = 12.0, 95% CI 9.5–15.2) and autism spectrum disorder (OR = 17.3, 95% CI 11.5–26.0). If individuals had not successfully completed this education, 70.6% of those with autism spectrum disorder and 48.4% of those with psychosis were later long-term NEET.ConclusionsAdolescents who receive treatment for psychiatric disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder or psychosis, need support to access education and employment. This could help to prevent marginalisation in early adulthood.
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Murtola, Teemu Johannes, Kala Visvanathan, Miia Artama, Harri Vainio, and Eero Pukkala. "Breast cancer mortality among users of cholesterol-lowering drugs." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.1514.
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1514 Background: Breast cancer is a common malignancy and cause of cancer death. Recent studies have suggested that statins, an established cholesterol-lowering drug group used in the prevention of cardiovascular mortality, could have beneficial effects against recurrence and progression of breast cancer. We evaluated breast cancer-specific mortality among users of statins and other cholesterol-lowering drugs (fibrates and bile-acid binding resins) in a cohort of breast cancer patients. Methods: Our study cohort included all newly diagnosed breast cancer patients in Finland during 1995-2003 (31,236 cases), identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry. Information on cholesterol-lowering medication use was obtained from a national prescription database.We used Cox proportional hazards regression method to estimate mortality among medication users. Results: A total of 4,169 participants had used statins, while 313 had used fibrates or resins. Despite similar median age, tumor and treatment characteristics, only statin use was associated with decreased breast cancer mortality (participants with localized tumors: HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.24-0.42; metastatic tumors: HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31-0.86). Fibrate and resin use were associated with increased overall mortality (HR 1.70, 95% CI 0.96-2.99 for participants with localized disease, HR 2.65, 95% CI 1.18-5.96 for participants with metastatic disease). Conclusions: Decreased breast cancer mortality among users of statins, but not other cholesterol-lowering drugs despite similar population characteristics suggests that this drug group may have benefit in prevention of cancer progression. Clinical trials testing statins’ efficacy in breast cancer patients are warranted.
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Cornér, Solveig, Kirsi Pyhältö, Jouni A Peltonen, and Erika Löfström. "Interest, Burnout, and Drop-Out Intentions Among Finnish and Danish Humanities and Social Sciences PhD. Students." International Journal of Doctoral Studies 16 (2021): 593–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4867.
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Aim/Purpose: This study focused on advancing understanding of individual variations in doctoral students’ interest in their doctoral studies and how they related to experiences of burnout and drop-out intentions in Denmark and Finland. Background: Ph.D. students’ experiences of interest, burnout, and dropout intentions among Finnish and Danish Ph.D. students have not been researched before. Research with a person-centred approach exploring individual variations in students undertaking doctoral studies in two comparable but distinct socio-cultural contexts is limited. Methodology: This study uses exploratory factor analysis, K-means cluster analyses in combination with Pairwise comparisons, ANOVA, and Chi-square test. A total of 365 doctoral students in social sciences and humanities disciplines in Finland and Denmark responded to a Cross-Cultural Doctoral Experience Survey. Contribution: This study contributes understanding on individual variation in doctoral students’ interest across two socio-cultural contexts by identifying four personal interest profiles. The profiles were invariant across the contexts. The study also shed further light on the interrelation between the interest in research and the risk for suffering from burnout and entertaining dropout intentions. Findings: The interest profiles identified among the Ph.D. students were the High interest profile, the Moderate interest profile, the Developmental, research and impact interest profile, and the Development and impact interest profile. All interest profiles exhibited high levels of the developmental interest, however they varied especially in the weight given to instrumental and research interests. Ph.D. students in the Moderate interest profile showed signs of burnout, and they were prone to consider dropping out. Also, individuals in the Development and impact interest profile considered more frequently dropping out of their studies. Recommendations for Practitioners: Investing in the identification and support of interest among Ph.D. students is worthwhile, as interest is not a permanent characteristic of the individual, and the combination of research, development, and impact interest indicates a lower risk for burnout and drop-out intentions. Recommendation for Researchers: It is possible that interest profiles are the same across the two national contexts investigated in this study, but their underpinnings and premises are different. It is likely that a qualitative approach would shed more light on these foci. Impact on Society: The results imply that personal interest was not determined by the socio-cultural differences between the countries, indicating that cultivating doctoral students’ personal interest, particularly a combination of research, development, and impact, provides a potential buffer for doctoral students’ burnout and drop-out, which has been raised as global concerns among policy makers, researchers, and doctoral education developers and administrators during the past decade. The study has impact on doctoral studies in international communities. Future Research: The results in this study reflect specific characteristics of social sciences and their applied nature. It remains for future research to investigate the extent to which the identified four profiles of interest in relation to burnout and drop-out intentions emerge in the natural sciences.
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Iușcă, Dorina Geta. "Education: 6. The Influence of Cultural Diversity on Openearedness." Review of Artistic Education 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rae-2018-0028.
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Abstract Open-earedness theory has repeatedly been confirmed on several populations including American, English, Dutch, German and Finnish people. Nonetheless the influence of cultural diversity on openness towards unfamiliar music has received little attention from researchers and this may create the possibility of adding essential modifications of Albert LeBlanc’s theory. Considering the contemporary context, people’s migration towards economic developed countries becomes a phenomenon with great implications related to the progress of social and cultural characteristics of any national context. Researching the openearedness of people which have been exposed not only to their native culture but also to the adopted one (due to financial necessities) may reveal a series of useful aspects for the intercultural field (by disclosing new ways to promote the tolerance towards cultural diversity) and also for the educational field (by describing new strategies of learning in a context of adaptation to an unfamiliar musical space). The present article analyses a series of previous experiments that monitored the way different social categories integrated in cultural communities different from their own assimilate or not the elements of the adopted country into their musical identity. The present analysis has educational implications related to the ways students may develop the preference for unfamiliar music.
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Suvanto, Susanne, Helena M. Henttonen, Pekka Nöjd, and Harri Mäkinen. "High-resolution topographical information improves tree-level storm damage models." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 6 (June 2018): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0315.
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Storms cause major forest disturbances in Europe. The aim of this study was to model tree-level storm damage probability based on the properties of a tree and its environment and to examine whether fine-scale topographic information is connected to the damage probability. We used data documenting effects of two autumn storms on over 17 000 trees on permanent Finnish National Forest Inventory plots. The first storm was associated with wet snowfall that damaged trees, while exceptionally strong winds and gusts characterized the second storm. During the storms, soils were unfrozen and deciduous trees were without leaves. Generalized linear mixed models were used to study how topographical variables calculated from digital elevation models (DEM) with resolutions of 2 and 10 m (TOPO2 and TOPO10, respectively) were related to damage probability, in addition to variable groups for tree (TREE) and stand (STAND) characteristics. We compared models containing different variable groups with Akaike information criteria. The best model contained the variable groups TREE, STAND, and TOPO2. Increase in slope steepness calculated from the high-resolution DEM decreased tree-level damage probability significantly in the model. This suggests that the local topography affects the tree-level damage probability and that high-resolution topographical data improves the tree-level damage probability models.
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Kvist, Tuomas, Sara Sammallahti, Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen, Cristiana Cruceanu, Darina Czamara, Linda Dieckmann, Alina Tontsch, et al. "Cohort profile: InTraUterine sampling in early pregnancy (ITU), a prospective pregnancy cohort study in Finland: study design and baseline characteristics." BMJ Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): e049231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049231.
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PurposeThe InTraUterine sampling in early pregnancy (ITU) is a prospective pregnancy cohort study. The overarching aim of ITU is to unravel genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, endocrine, inflammatory and metabolic maternal-placental-fetal mechanisms involved in the programming of health and disease after exposure to prenatal environmental adversity, such as maternal malnutrition, cardiometabolic disorders, infections, medical interventions, mental disorders and psychosocial stress. This paper describes the study protocol, design and baseline characteristics of the cohort.ParticipantsWe included 944 pregnant Finnish women, their partners and children born alive between April 2012 and December 2017. The women were recruited through the national, voluntary trisomy 21 screening between 9+0 and 21+6 gestational weeks. Of the participating women, 543 were screen positive and underwent fetal chromosomal testing. Test result of these women suggested no fetal chromosomal abnormality. Further, we recruited 401 women who were screen negative and who did not undergo fetal chromosomal testing.Findings to dateWe have collected chorionic villi and amniotic fluid from the screen-positive women; blood, urine, buccal swabs and diurnal salivary samples from all women; blood and buccal swabs from all partners; and placenta, cord blood and buccal swabs from all newborns for analyses of the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, and endocrine, inflammatory and metabolic markers. These data are coupled with comprehensive phenotypes, including questions on demographic characteristics, health and well-being of the women and their partners during pregnancy and of the women and their children at the child’s age of 1.7 and 3 years. Data also come from patient records and nationwide registers covering health, lifestyle and medication data.Future plansMultiple layers of ITU data allow integrative data analyses, which translate to biomarker identification and allow risk stratification and understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in prenatal programming of health and disease.
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Barbuscia, Anna, Pekka Martikainen, Mikko Myrskylä, Hanna Remes, Edgardo Somigliana, Reija Klemetti, and Alice Goisis. "Maternal age and risk of low birth weight and premature birth in children conceived through medically assisted reproduction. Evidence from Finnish population registers." Human Reproduction 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez275.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Does the risk of low birth weight and premature birth increase with age among mothers who conceive through medically assisted reproduction (MAR)? SUMMARY ANSWER Among MAR mothers, the risk of poorer birth outcomes does not increase with maternal age at birth except at very advanced maternal ages (40+). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The use of MAR treatments has been increasing over the last few decades and is especially diffused among women who conceive at older ages. Although advanced maternal age is a well-known risk factor for adverse birth outcomes in natural pregnancies, only a few studies have directly analysed the maternal age gradient in birth outcomes for MAR mothers. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The base dataset was a 20% random sample of households with at least one child aged 0–14 at the end of 2000, drawn from the Finnish population register and other administrative registers. This study included children who were born in 1995–2000, because the information on whether a child was conceived through MAR or naturally was available only from 1995 onwards. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The outcome measures were whether the child had low birth weight (LBW, <2500 g at birth) and whether the child was delivered preterm (<37 weeks of gestation). Conceptions through MAR were identified by examining data on purchases of prescription medication from the National Prescription Register. Linear probability models were used to analyse and compare the maternal age gradients in birth outcomes of mothers who conceived through MAR or naturally before and after adjustment for maternal characteristics (i.e. whether the mother suffered from acute/chronic conditions before the pregnancy, household income and whether the mother smoked during pregnancy). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 56 026 children, 2624 of whom were conceived through MAR treatments, were included in the study. Among the mothers who used MAR to conceive, maternal age was not associated with an increased risk of LBW (the overall prevalence was 12.6%) at ages 25–39. For example, compared to the risk of LBW at ages 30–34, the risk was 0.22 percentage points lower (95% CI: −3.2, 2.8) at ages 25–29 and was 1.34 percentage points lower (95% CI: −4.5, 1.0) at ages 35–39. The risk of LBW was increased only at maternal ages ≥40 (six percentage points, 95% CI: 0.2, 12). Adjustment for maternal characteristics only marginally attenuated these associations. In contrast, among the mothers who conceived naturally, the results showed a clear age gradient. For example, compared to the risk of LBW (the overall prevalence was 3.3%) at maternal ages 30–34, the risk was 1.1 percentage points higher (95% CI: 0.6, 1.6) at ages 35–39 and was 1.5 percentage points higher (95% CI: 0.5, 2.6) at ages ≥40. The results were similar for preterm births. LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR CAUTION A limited number of confounders were included in the study because of the administrative nature of the data used. Our ability to reliably distinguish mothers based on MAR treatment type was also limited. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study to analyse the maternal age gradient in the risk of adverse birth outcomes among children conceived through MAR using data from a nationally representative sample and controlling for important maternal health and socio-economic characteristics. This topic is of considerable importance in light of the widespread and increasing use of MAR treatments. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Funding for this project was provided by the European Research Council (grant no. 803959 MARTE to Alice Goisis and grant no. 336475 COSTPOST to Mikko Myrskylä). E.S. reports personal fees from Theramex, personal fees from Merck Serono, personal fees from Health Reimbursement Arrangement, non-financial support from Merck Serono and grants from Ferring, grants from Theramex, outside the submitted work. The remaining authors have no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRTION NUMBER N/A
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Marttila, Tero, Jukka Lahdensivu, and Juha Pekkanen. "Comprehensive assessment brings out shortcomings in almost every school building." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 23002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017223002.
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Consideration of the big picture is needed when evaluating aspects of the building with relevance for reporting of poor indoor air quality or symptoms. Even the most accurate longitudinal measurements do not remove the need for expertise and broad understanding of the different possible sources and causes of indoor air exposures. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), in collaboration with Tampere University (TAU), studies the association between school buildings of Helsinki and pupil reported health symptoms. The present paper focuses on introducing the methods and classifications as well as presenting the results about the condition of the buildings. Characteristics of 53 school buildings have been assessed by visiting the buildings and by going through the previous building investigation reports. Visits relied mainly on visual inspections with an extensive checklist and some none intrusive momentary measurements about the dampness, pressure difference, and indoor air quality (IAQ). The major strength of the study is that all the possible school buildings in certain areas were inspected and assessed using the same methods, irrespective if the building had a long history of indoor air problems or not. That makes it possible to evaluate the general prevalence of the problems in school buildings, which has been highlighted as an open question by the National Indoor Air and Health Program 2018-2028, coordinated by THL. The first results indicate that every school building has its shortcomings. However, none of the studied buildings was in a very bad condition either. The results indicate that it is not possible to draw a clear line between the buildings with ‘good’ or ‘poor’ IAQ.
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Salinas-Perez, Jose A., Mencia R. Gutierrez-Colosia, Mary Anne Furst, Petra Suontausta, Jacques Bertrand, Nerea Almeda, John Mendoza, et al. "Patterns of Mental Health Care in Remote Areas: Kimberley (Australia), Nunavik (Canada), and Lapland (Finland): Modèles de soins de santé mentale dans les régions éloignées: Kimberley (Australie), Nunavik (Canada) et Laponie (Finlande)." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 65, no. 10 (July 28, 2020): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743720944312.
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Objective: Mental health (MH) care in remote areas is frequently scarce and fragmented and difficult to compare objectively with other areas even in the same country. This study aimed to analyze the adult MH service provision in 3 remote areas of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries in the world. Methods: We used an internationally agreed set of systems indicators, terminology, and classification of services (Description and Evaluation of Services and DirectoriEs for Long Term Care). This instrument provided a standard description of MH care provision in the Kimberley region (Australia), Nunavik (Canada), and Lapland (Finland), areas characterized by an extremely low population density and high relative rates of Indigenous peoples. Results: All areas showed high rates of deprivation within their national contexts. MH services were mostly provided by the public sector supplemented by nonprofit organizations. This study found a higher provision per inhabitant of community residential care in Nunavik in relation to the other areas; higher provision of community outreach services in the Kimberley; and a lack of day services except in Lapland. Specific cultural-based services for the Indigenous population were identified only in the Kimberley. MH care in Lapland was self-sufficient, and its care pattern was similar to other Finnish areas, while the Kimberley and Nunavik differed from the standard pattern of care in their respective countries and relied partly on services located outside their boundaries for treating severe cases. Conclusion: We found common challenges in these remote areas but a huge diversity in the patterns of MH care. The implementation of care interventions should be locally tailored considering both the environmental characteristics and the existing pattern of service provision.
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Kallio, Sonja, Tiina Eskola, Marja Airaksinen, and Marika Pohjanoksa-Mäntylä. "Identifying Gaps in Community Pharmacists’ Competence in Medication Risk Management in Routine Dispensing." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 12, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i1.3510.
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Background: Community pharmacists increasingly contribute to medication risk management while dispensing medicines to outpatients. Their risk management actions are shifting from medication counselling towards reviewing medications and following-up their therapeutic effects and outcomes. Acquiring these more clinical tasks require more patient care-oriented competences. Objective: To identify gaps in community pharmacists’ competence in medication risk management in routine dispensing. Setting: All community pharmacies in Finland. Method: A national cross-sectional online survey was conducted through the Association of Finnish Pharmacies (n=574 community pharmacies) and the university pharmacies (n=2) in 2015. One pharmacist from each pharmacy was recommended to report on behalf of their outlet. Main outcome measure: Community pharmacists’ self-assessed competence to: 1) identify medication-related risks, 2) utilise electronic tools in medication risk management, and 3) identify their perceived needs for developing competence in medication risk management. Results: Responses were received from 169 community pharmacies (response rate 29%). The highest proportion of good competency estimates were self-assessed in confirming doses (98% of the respondents evaluated their competence to be good) and identifying drug-drug interactions (83%). Competence to identify adverse effects, such as serotonergic load (10%) and anticholinergic load (12%), was most seldomly perceived as good. Of the wide range of electronic databases available, respondents most commonly reported using daily summaries of product characteristics (97% of the respondents), the checklist-type generic medicines information database that supports in medication counselling (85%), and the programme assisting in identifying drug-drug interactions (83%). The most commonly reported training needs were related to the identification of serotonergic load (63%), anticholinergic load (62%), and evaluating the clinical significance of drug-drug interactions (54%). Conclusion: The results indicate remarkable gaps in community pharmacists’ current competence in medication risk management, particularly in their competence in applied and geriatric pharmacotherapy.
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AROMAA, KAUKO, and MARTTI LEHTI. "How to Improve the Productivity of Crime Statistics." Kriminologijos studijos 4, no. 4 (June 27, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/crimlithuan.2016.4.10727.
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Problem. Police statistics are the most comprehensive continuous database on crime in most industrialized countries. They also form an important source for quantitative criminological research. They are produced primarily for administrative use and their definitions are closely connected with national legal systems. Because of this, they comprise only a selected and biased part of crime and their comparability across jurisdictions is usually poor. This also applies to their comparability with other information sources of crime, including victimization surveys.Aim. In this article, we demonstrate that by including a few basic descriptive variables (referring to the main characteristics of each criminal case) in the existing police data collecting systems, we can hugely improve their information value and their comparability.Method. We have used empirical data from Finland as an example. We have coded a randomized data sample of the assault offences reported to the police in 2005 by using two descriptive variables, proposed by the Expert Group on Violence, appointed by the Finnish National Council for Crime Prevention. After that, we have compared the results with those of the 2006 National Victimization Survey that referred to the same period and used similar descriptive variables.Results. Even using just the fe additional variables, the comparison of the two data sources gave amply new information of the measured characteristics, and in the process of both data sources. Some of the results were expected; for example, the comparison showed that violence recorded in police statistics was in terms of the injuries for men and women on average clearly more serious than the violence captured by the victimization survey. Similarly, partner violence by men had clearly been recorded in the police data more completely than partner violence by women. Some were, however, unexpected: according to our findings, for example, partner violence in private locations had the highest recording rate of the types of violence against women.Conclusions. We are proposing that national statistics authorities adopt a simple improvement that increases the usefulness of their police crime data. The only requirements are that the database is electronic and that it records crime as individual events. The improvement is done by adding a small number or descriptive variables to the already existing variables. The descriptive variables should be about the parties involved in the offence, their relationship, and some concrete circumstances of the crime. This proposal does not require a complex reorganization of the existing information systems of police forces. The reform would only mean that a few new standard variables are introduced. Most of the required information is already known to the police, it is just not coded by using standard codes.This reform would greatly improve the usefulness of the police crime data for purposes of crime analysis. It would also allow much better interpretations of crime trends and of regional crime differences. A further advantage of this reform would be that police-recorded crime and victimization survey data become directly comparable if they contain identical variables that describe the crime events. Our approach is not restricted by criminal codes, since we are not suggesting any changes to the recording principles currently applied. We are only suggesting additional variables. We emphasize that our proposal is much simpler and much more easily introduced than the one being currently recommended by the United Nations (International Classification of Crime 2015).
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Sommer, Łukasz. "“Sanskrit has guided me to the Finnish language”." Historiographia Linguistica 43, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2016): 145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.05som.
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Summary Herman Kellgren (1822–1856) was a Finnish Orientalist and national activist. He lived and worked at a time when the cultural and intellectual life of Finland was still dominated by Swedish, while Finnish, the majority language, was just beginning to make its way into the sphere of high culture and education. At an early stage of his career, Kellgren published several works on the Finnish language, in which national engagement meets fascination with Sanskrit. His accounts of Finnish are clearly evaluative; they seek to raise interest in Finnish and promote its prestige, both at home and abroad. One of the more significant inspirations discernible in his works on Finnish was the language philosophy of Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). One of the challenges of the endeavor to describe Finnish in Humboldtian terms was determining the status of Finnish within Humboldtian hierarchies of language perfection – hierarchies which clearly favored inflection (as exemplified by Sanskrit) as a grammatical procedure and disfavored agglutination which is characteristic for Finnish. In his efforts to remain true to the spirit of Humboldt, and to present Finnish in a positive light, Kellgren insisted on labeling it as inflected rather than agglutinative.