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Journal articles on the topic 'FIR and IIR Systems'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Chen, Liang-Gee, Yeu-Shen Jehng, and Tzi-Dar Chiueh. "Pipeline interleaving design for FIR, IIR, and FFT array processors." Journal of VLSI signal processing systems for signal, image and video technology 10, no. 3 (October 1995): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02120033.

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2

Jan Kikkert, Cornelis. "A Phasor Measurement Unit Algorithm Using IIR Filters for FPGA Implementation." Electronics 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121523.

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Phasor measurement units (PMU) are increasingly used in electrical power transmission networks, to maintain stability and protect the network. PMUs accurately measure voltage, phase, frequency, and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF). For reliability, it is desirable to implement a PMU using an FPGA. This paper describes a novel algorithm, suited to implementation in an FPGA and based on a simple PMU block diagram. A description of its realization using low hardware complexity infinite impulse response (IIR) filters is given. The IEC/IEEE standard 60255-118-1:2018 Part 118-1: Synchrophasor measurements for power systems, describes “reference” Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters for implementing PMU hardware. At the 10 kHz sampling frequency used for our implementation, each “reference” FIR filter requires 100 multipliers, while an 8th order IIR filter only requires 12 multipliers. This paper compares the performance of different order IIR filter-based PMUs with the performance of the same PMU algorithm using the IEC/IEEE FIR reference filter. The IIR-based PMU easily satisfies all the requirements of IEC/IEEE standard and has a much better out of band signal rejection performance than a FIR-based PMU. Steady state errors for a rated voltage ± 10% and a rated frequency ± 5 Hz are < 0.000001% for total vector error (TVE) and < 1 µHz for frequency, with a latency of two mains cycles.

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3

Humaidi, Amjad J., Ibraheem Kasim Ibraheem, and Ahmed R. Ajel. "A Novel Adaptive LMS Algorithm with Genetic Search Capabilities for System Identification of Adaptive FIR and IIR Filters." Information 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10050176.

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In this paper we introduce a novel adaptation algorithm for adaptive filtering of FIR and IIR digital filters within the context of system identification. The standard LMS algorithm is hybridized with GA (Genetic Algorithm) to obtain a new integrated learning algorithm, namely, LMS-GA. The main aim of the proposed learning tool is to evade local minima, a common problem in standard LMS algorithm and its variants and approaching the global minimum by calculating the optimum parameters of the weights vector when just estimated data are accessible. In the proposed LMS-GA technique, first, it works as the standard LMS algorithm and calculates the optimum filter coefficients that minimize the mean square error, once the standard LMS algorithm gets stuck in local minimum, the LMS-GA switches to GA to update the filter coefficients and explore new region in the search space by applying the cross-over and mutation operators. The proposed LMS-GA is tested under different conditions of the input signal like input signals with colored characteristics, i.e., correlated input signals and investigated on FIR adaptive filter using the power spectral density of the input signal and the Fourier-transform of the input’s correlation matrix. Demonstrations via simulations on system identification of IIR and FIR adaptive digital filters revealed the effectiveness of the proposed LMS-GA under input signals with different characteristics.

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4

Mewada, Hiren K., and Jitendra Chaudhari. "Low computation digital down converter using polyphase IIR filter." Circuit World 45, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-02-2019-0015.

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Purpose The digital down converter (DDC) is a principal component in modern communication systems. The DDC process traditionally entails quadrature down conversion, bandwidth reducing filters and commensurate sample rate reduction. To avoid group delay, distortion linear phase FIR filters are used in the DDC. The filter performance specifications related to deep stopband attenuation, small in-band ripple and narrow transition bandwidth lead to filters with a large number of coefficients. To reduce the computational workload of the filtering process, filtering is often performed as a two-stage process, the first stage being a down sampling Hoegenauer (or cascade-integrated comb) filter and a reduced sample rate FIR filter. An alternative option is an M-Path polyphase partition of a band cantered FIR filter. Even though IIR filters offer reduced workload to implement a specific filtering task, the authors avoid using them because of their poor group delay characteristics. This paper aims to propose the design of M-path, approximately linear phase IIR filters as an alternative option to the M-path FIR filter. Design/methodology/approach Two filter designs are presented in the paper. The first approach uses linear phase IIR low pass structure to reduce the filter’s coefficient. Whereas the second approach uses multipath polyphase structure to design approximately linear phase IIR filter in DDC. Findings The authors have compared the performance and workload of the proposed polyphase structured IIR filters with state-of-the-art filter design used in DDC. The proposed design is seen to satisfy tight design specification with a significant reduction in arithmetic operations and required power consumption. Originality/value The proposed design is an alternate solution to the M-path polyphase FIR filter offering very less number of coefficients in the filter design. Proposed DDC using polyphase structured IIR filter satisfies the requirement of linear phase with the least number of computation cost in comparison with other DDC structure.

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5

Erwei Bai and Zhi Ding. "Zero-forcing equalizability of FIR and IIR multichannel systems with and without perfect measurements." IEEE Transactions on Communications 48, no. 1 (2000): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.818868.

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6

Liao, Shouyi, Huaping Liu, and Yucai Zhou. "Robust FIR and IIR filter design for uncertain multirate systems under wireless network environment." International Journal of Sensor Networks 20, no. 1 (2016): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsnet.2016.074282.

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7

Tseng, Chien-Cheng. "Design of FIR and IIR fractional order Simpson digital integrators." Signal Processing 87, no. 5 (May 2007): 1045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2006.09.006.

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8

Kliewer, Jörg, and Enisa Brka. "Near-perfect-reconstruction low-complexity two-band IIR/FIR QMF banks with FIR phase-compensation filters." Signal Processing 86, no. 1 (January 2006): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2005.05.012.

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9

Kozacky, Walter J., and Tokunbo Ogunfunmi. "A cascaded IIR–FIR adaptive ANC system with output power constraints." Signal Processing 94 (January 2014): 456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2013.06.036.

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10

Shukl, Pavitra, and Bhim Singh. "Combined IIR and FIR Filter for Improved Power Quality of PV Interfaced Utility Grid." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 1 (January 2021): 774–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2020.3031875.

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11

Hu, Xiao-Li, and Yue-Ping Jiang. "Recursive Identification of Wiener-Hammerstein Systems with Nonparametric Nonlinearity." East Asian Journal on Applied Mathematics 3, no. 4 (November 2013): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/eajam.290913.111113a.

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AbstractA recursive scheme is proposed for identifying a single input single output (SISO) Wiener-Hammerstein system, which consists of two linear dynamic subsystems and a sandwiched nonparametric static nonlinearity. The first linear block is assumed to be a finite impulse response (FIR) filter and the second an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. By letting the input be a sequence of mutually independent Gaussian random variables, the recursive estimates for coefficients of the two linear blocks and the value of the static nonlinear function at any fixed given point are proven to converge to the true values, with probability one as the data size tends to infinity. The static nonlinearity is identified in a nonparametric way and no structural information is directly used. A numerical example is presented that illustrates the theoretical results.

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12

Kusaka, Hiroji, Fujio Nishida, and Yoshihito Simazaki. "Power spectrum, anti–intercept and SN ratio characteristics of direct sequence spread spectrum communication systems using FIR and IIR filters." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications) 70, no. 12 (1987): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecja.4410701209.

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13

Stamenkovic, Negovan, Dragana Zivaljevic, and Vidosav Stojanovic. "Scaling function based on Chinese remainder theorem applied to a recursive filter design." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 11, no. 3 (2014): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee140213026s.

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Implementation of IIR filters in residue number system (RNS) architecture is more complex in comparison to FIR filters, due to introduction of the scaling function. This function performs operation of division by a constant factor, which is usually the power of two, and after that the operation of rounding. In that way dynamic range reduction in digital systems is achieved. There are different methods for scaling operation implementation, already presented in references. In this paper, some RNS dynamic reduction techniques have been analyzed and then application of one selected technique has been presented on example. In all RNS calculations the power of two moduli set {2n-1, 2n, 2n+1} has been applied.

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14

Saini, Vikas K., Shamim Akhter, and Tanuj Chauhan. "Implementation, Test Pattern Generation, and Comparative Analysis of Different Adder Circuits." VLSI Design 2016 (June 8, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1260879.

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Addition usually affects the overall performance of digital systems and an arithmetic function. Adders are most widely used in applications like multipliers, DSP (i.e., FFT, FIR, and IIR). In digital adders, the speed of addition is constrained by the time required to propagate a carry through the adder. Various techniques have been proposed to design fast adders. We have derived architectures for carry-select adder (CSA), Common Boolean Logic (CBL) based adders, ripple carry adder (RCA), and Carry Look-Ahead Adder (CLA) for 8-, 16-, 32-, and 64-bit length. In this work we have done comparative analysis of different types of adders in Synopsis Design Compiler using different standard cell libraries at 32/28 nm. Also, the designs are analyzed for the stuck at faults (s-a-0, s-a-1) using Synopsis TetraMAX.

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15

Elias, Elizabeth, Per Löwenborg, Håkan Johansson, and Lars Wanhammar. "Tree-structured IIR/FIR uniform-band and octave-band filter banks with very low-complexity analysis or synthesis filters." Signal Processing 83, no. 9 (September 2003): 1997–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1684(03)00131-2.

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16

Monteiro, Joarez B., Antonio Petraglia, and Carlos A. Leme. "Filtro recursivo analógico digitalmente programável por controle de carga." Sba: Controle & Automação Sociedade Brasileira de Automatica 13, no. 3 (September 2002): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-17592002000300012.

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Este trabalho apresenta um novo processo de implementação de filtros recursivos do tipo IIR (infinite impulse response) programáveis a capacitor chaveado. O emprego da estrutura com número de zeros maior que o número de pólos garante sensibilidade na banda de passagem melhor do que a de filtros elípticos que atendam às mesmas especificações. A utilização de técnica de conversão digital analógica (DAC) permite a programação do filtro pelo controle da carga dos capacitores eliminando a necessidade de bancos de capacitores que aumentam a área de silício e o custo de fabricação do circuito integrado. Finalmente, a técnica de multiplexação do amplificador operacional aplicada na realização de módulos FIR (finite impulse response) de 2ª ordem permite projetar o filtro com baixo consumo de potência.

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17

Li, Peng, Wei Xi, Xiangjun Zeng, Xiaobo Li, and Dandan Zheng. "A Small-Area, Low-Power Delta-Sigma DAC Applied to a Power-Specific Chip." Journal of Sensors 2021 (May 23, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6630100.

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This paper introduces a small-area, low-power delta-sigma DAC that can support power line carrier communication. In order to achieve the oversampling ratio of 128, a three-stage cascaded half-band filter is utilized. An optimized sturdy MASH Δ Σ modulator was used to avoid instability caused by high-order shaping and reduce the area at the same time. The postanalog reconstruction includes a switched-capacitor DAC (SC DAC) and a 4-tap FIR/IIR hybrid filter, which not only meets the requirements of low power but also promotes the out-of-band SNR. The final chip is fabricated in a 55 nm CMOS process, occupies 0.08 mm2, and consumes 1.5 mW of analog power at 2.5 V supply. The simulation results show that the dynamic range is 85.7 dB, while the out-of-band SNR is 40.5 dB.

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18

B.U.V, Prashanth. "Implementation of FIR Filter and FFT Systems on a STRATIX-III FPGA Processor." International Journal of Computer Applications 39, no. 3 (February 29, 2012): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/4799-7018.

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19

Gallippi, Caterina M., and Gregg E. Trahey. "Adaptive Clutter Filtering via Blind Source Separation for Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Blood Velocity Measurement." Ultrasonic Imaging 24, no. 4 (October 2002): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173460202400401.

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A method for adaptive clutter rejection via blind source separation (BSS) using principal and independent component analyses is presented in application to blood velocity measurement in the carotid artery. In particular, the filtering method's efficacy for eliminating clutter and preserving lateral blood flow signal components is presented. The performance of IIR filters is compromised by shorth data ensembles (10 to 20 temporal samples) as implemented for color-flow and high frame-rate imaging due to initialization requirements. Further, the ultrasonic imaging system's transfer function maps axial wall and lateral blood motion to overlapping spectra. As such, frequency domain-based approaches to wall filtering are ineffective for distinguishing wall from blood motion signals. Rather than operating in the frequency domain, BSS performs clutter rejection by decomposing the input data ensemble into N constitutive source signals in time, where N is the ensemble length. Source signal energy coupled with respective signal depth and time course profiles reveal which source signals correspond to blood, noise and clutter components. Clutter components may then be removed without disruption of lateral blood flow information needed for two-dimensional blood velocity measurement. A simplistic data simulation is employed to offer an intuitive understanding of BSS methods for signal separation. The adaptive BSS filter is further demonstrated using a Field II simulation of blood flow through the carotid artery including tissue motion. BSS clutter filter performance is compared to the performance of FIR, IIR and polynomial regression clutter filters. Finally, the filter is employed for clinical application using a Siemens Elegra scanner, carotid artery data with lateral blood flow collected from healthy volunteers, and Speckle Tracking; velocity magnitude and angle profiles are shown. Once again, the BSS clutter filter is contrasted to FIR, IIR and polynomial regression clutter filters using clinical examples. Velocities computed with Speckle Tracking after BSS wall filtering are highest in the center of the artery and diminish to low velocities near the vessel walls, with velocity magnitudes consistent with physiological expectations. These results demonstrate that the BSS adaptive filter sufficiently suppresses wall motion signal for clinical lateral blood velocity measurement using data ensembles suitable for color-flow and high frame-rate imaging.

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Mohan, G. S. S. S. S. V. Krishna, and Yarravarapu Srinivasa Rao. "An efficient design of finite impulse response — Fractional-order differentiator using shuffled frog leaping algorithm heuristic." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 18, no. 01 (March 12, 2019): 1941005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691319410054.

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A fractional-order digital differentiator is employed for the calculation of a time-derivative of the applied signal. In the recent few decades, this particular concept of a fractional derivative has been gaining a lot of attention in various applications concerning engineering, technology and science that includes image processing along with automatic control. Once there has been an effective use for this continuous-time Fractional-Order Differentiator (FOD), the trend in its research is primarily toward using a discrete-time fractional differentiator. All these conventional techniques tend to make use of a unimodal function for approximating an ideal FOD. For these techniques, there is a minimization of the fitness function that is accomplished by the algorithms which are based on the gradient. The fractional-order circuits along with their systems include an emerging area that has a high level of potential in aspects such as the biomedical instrumentation, control or signal processing. A digital differentiator is a tool that is extremely helpful in the determination and estimation of time derivatives of any given signal. Irrespective of the actual type of filter chosen (the Finite Impulse Response (FIR) or the Infinite-Length Impulse Response (IIR)), it is critical to bring down the complexity of computation needed for the implementation of the filter for a certain bandwidth and error of approximation. A metaheuristic algorithm normally has some advantages in the solving of problems which are Non-Deterministic Polynomial (NP)-hard. The Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA) has been a new heuristic algorithm proposed in this work for the determination of optimal coefficients of the problem of FIR-FOD. A design for fractional-order-based digital differentiator is not a very important topic in research and signal processing.

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21

Khetsuriani, Elguja, Vladimir Bondarenko, Teona Khetsuriani, and Timur Khetsuriani. "Theoretical justification and development of technical means to ensure environmental safety of urban water management systems." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 09003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128109003.

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Ecological safety of water intakes in urban water management systems and the creation of comfortable living conditions for people can be ensured only with a comprehensive solution to the problems associated with improving water quality when it is taken from the source, preserving biodiversity in the water body, protecting against blue-green algae, zebra mussel and mechanical pollution. The water intake technological complex as a part of the natural-technical system (NTS) specialized type “Natural water environment - Urban water management complex - Urban water supply system” (“NWE - UWMC - UWSC”), as the main multifactorial technogenic component, includes various types of hydraulic structures and protective devices interconnection, interaction and relationship (IIR), which ensure the environmental safety (ES) of the urban economy. The studies have established that the functional IIR between the structural elements of the “UWMC” in the composition of this NTS type “NWE – UWMC - UWSC” determines the generalized design and technological solutions, which determine the complex of protective measures to ensure the ES preservation of health and the urban population life quality. Based on the results of complex (theoretical, laboratory, full-scale) studies, constructive and technological solutions have been developed to preserve the diversity of ichthyofauna (juvenile fish, etc.) in the water body, to ensure the protection of the water intake bucket from bottom and suspended sediments, sludge and floating objects coming from the water body, from toxic blue-green algae and fouling with zebra mussel of structural elements and technological equipment as part of the urban water management complex. Functional sequence of IIR structural and technological solutions (STS-1, STS-2, STS-3) between themselves (Fig. 1) provides regulatory requirements for environmental safety.

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22

Hamza, Dalal, and Tariq Tashan. "Dual channel speech enhancement using particle swarm optimization." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp821-828.

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Adaptive processing for canceling noise is a powerful technology for signal processing that can completely remove background noise. In general, various adaptive filter algorithms are used, many of which can lack the stability to handle the convergence rate, the number of filter coefficient variations, and error accuracy within tolerances. Unlike traditional methods, to accomplish these desirable characteristics as well as to efficiently cancel noise, in this paper, the cancelation of noise is formulated as a problem of coefficient optimization, where the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed. The PSO is structured to minimize the error by using a very short segment of the corrupted speech. In contrast to the recent and conventional adaptive noise cancellation methods, the simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better capability of noise cancelation. The results show great improvement in signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 96.07 dB and 124.54 dB for finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) adaptive filters respectively.

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23

Litwin, L. "FIR and IIR digital filters." IEEE Potentials 19, no. 4 (2000): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/45.877863.

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24

Rosenbaum, Linnéa, Per Löwenborg, and Håkan Johansson. "Two Classes of Cosine-Modulated IIR/IIR and IIR/FIR NPR Filter Banks." Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 29, no. 1 (June 5, 2009): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00034-009-9115-6.

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25

Ferro, H. F., L. F. O. Chamon, and C. G. Lopes. "FIR–IIR adaptive filters hybrid combination." Electronics Letters 50, no. 7 (March 2014): 501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2014.0248.

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26

Ansari, R. "Efficient IIR and FIR fan filters." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 34, no. 8 (August 1987): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcs.1987.1086224.

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27

Suryana, Joko. "The Rainfall Intensity Effects on 1–13 GHz UWB-Based 5G System for Outdoor Applications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6495145.

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This paper reports a research contribution on tropical outdoor channel characterization in 1–13 GHz band for 5G systems. This 1–13 GHz ultra-wideband (UWB) channel characterization is formulated with rain intensity as the most important variable, from 20 mm/h to 200 mm/h. Tropical rain will cause pulse broadening and distorts the transmitted symbols, so the probability of symbol errors will increase. In this research, the bit error rate (BER) performance evaluation is done using both matched filtering or correlator-based receivers. At no rain conditions, BER 10−6 will be attained at signal to noise ratio (SNR) 5 dB, but at rainfall intensity 200 mm/h, the BER will fall to 10−2 for matched filter and 5×10-2 for correlator-based receivers. For improving the BER performance, an adaptive nonlinear phase equalizer is proposed which adopts multiple allpass biquad infinite impulse response (IIR) filters combined with low-order finite impulse response (FIR) filter to mitigate the nonlinearity phase and differential attenuation of magnitude responses due to antenna and tropical outdoor UWB channel effects. Our simulation results show that the proposed equalizer has worked successfully with BER 10−6 on the rain rate that is exceeded for 0.01% of the time (R0.01) rain intensity or 99.99% availability. In addition, at rainfall rate 120 mm/h, the proposed nonlinear phase equalizer can give 9 dB signal improvement.

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Parameshappa, G., and D. Jayadevapp. "Efficient uniform digital filter bank with linear phase and FRM technique for hearing aids." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.9 (March 1, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.9.9738.

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This paper attempts to present an uniform digital filter bank based on linear phase FIR and IIR filters applied for Frequency Response Masking (FRM) technique in hearing aid applications.In the proposed filter bank, nine uniformly spaced sub-bands are formed with the help of half band filters and masking filters. These nine channel FIR filter bank is realized using an interpolated half band linear phase FIR filter and an appropriate number of masking FIR filters. The nine channel IIR filter bank is realized using an interpolated half band approximately linear phase IIR filter and an appropriate number of masking filters. The proposed approximately linear phase IIR half band filter bank is compared with filter bank based on linear phase FIR half band filters in terms of area, power, memory and number of gates needed for implementation. The experiment was carried on various hearing loss cases and the results obtained from these tests proves that, the proposed filter bank achieved the required matching between audiograms and magnitude response of the filter bank at very reasonable range with less computational complexity.

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TOBÍAS-LARA, MARIA GUADALUPE, and ANA LUISA GÓMEZ-BLANCARTE. "ASSESSMENT OF INFORMAL AND FORMAL INFERENTIAL REASONING: A CRITICAL RESEARCH REVIEW." STATISTICS EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/serj.v18i1.147.

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As a contribution to the discussion on the assessment of informal inferential reasoning (IIR) and the transition from this to formal inferential reasoning (FIR), we present a review of research on how these two types of inferential reasoning have been conceptualized and assessed. Based on our review, we discuss the need to redefine the conceptions of IIR and FIR in order to create an integrated description of inferential reasoning that includes not only ideas of IIR and FIR, but also the whole activity of argumentation, which involves the production of both statistical and contextual reasons. Current descriptions of IIR and FIR list the facts that might be brought from data analysis to the process of inferential reasoning. The approach we propose considers how the facts, both statistical and contextual, can be used as arguments, leading to assessments of students’ inferential reasoning focusing on articulating the statistical and contextual reasons students present to support an inference. First published May 2019 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives

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Pasquato, L., and Z. Kale. "Adaptive IIR filter initialization via hybrid FIR/IIR adaptive filter combination." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 50, no. 6 (2001): 1830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.982988.

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31

Tobias, Orlando J., and Rui Seara. "Filtros adaptativos IFIR: modelagem via restrições lineares." Sba: Controle & Automação Sociedade Brasileira de Automatica 14, no. 1 (March 2003): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-17592003000100010.

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Este artigo propõe um modelo analítico para descrever o comportamento do valor médio dos coeficientes de uma estrutura adaptativa FIR interpolada. O algoritmo de adaptação utilizado é o LMS filtrado restrito, derivado do algoritmo LMS clássico. Como o filtro FIR interpolado emprega uma estrutura de interpolação em cascata com o filtro adaptativo, certas hipóteses assumidas para o caso do LMS clássico já não podem mais ser aplicadas para essa particular topologia, devendo-se necessariamente usar outras considerações e aproximações. O modelo proposto é obtido sem considerar a teoria da independência, que é uma hipótese simplificativa bastante utilizada para a análise do LMS clássico. Baseando-se na topologia do filtro adaptativo interpolado, é também desenvolvida uma análise utilizando restrições lineares. Resultados de simulações comprovam a qualidade do modelo proposto, quando comparados aos modelos disponíveis na literatura.

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32

Singh, Tej. "Survey on IIR and FIR Digital Filter." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology V, no. IV (April 26, 2017): 854–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.4156.

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33

Beylkin, G. "On Factored FIR Approximation of IIR Filters." Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 2, no. 3 (July 1995): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/acha.1995.1021.

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34

Koilpillai, R. D., P. P. Vaidyanathan, and S. K. Mitra. "On arbitrary-level IIR and FIR filters." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 37, no. 2 (1990): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/31.45723.

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35

Stavrou, V. N., I. G. Tsoulos, and Nikos E. Mastorakis. "Transformations for FIR and IIR Filters’ Design." Symmetry 13, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040533.

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In this paper, the transfer functions related to one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) filters have been theoretically and numerically investigated. The finite impulse response (FIR), as well as the infinite impulse response (IIR) are the main 2-D filters which have been investigated. More specifically, methods like the Windows method, the bilinear transformation method, the design of 2-D filters from appropriate 1-D functions and the design of 2-D filters using optimization techniques have been presented.

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Kennedy, Hugh L. "Digital Filter Designs for Recursive Frequency Analysis." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 02 (December 23, 2015): 1630001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616300014.

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Digital filters for recursively computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and estimating the frequency spectrum of sampled signals are examined, with an emphasis on magnitude-response and numerical stability. In this tutorial-style treatment, existing recursive techniques are reviewed, explained and compared within a coherent framework; some fresh insights are provided and new enhancements/modifications are proposed. It is shown that the replacement of resonators by (non-recursive) modulators in sliding DFT (SDFT) analyzers with either a finite impulse response (FIR), or an infinite impulse response (IIR), does improve performance somewhat; however, stability is not guaranteed as the cancellation of marginally stable poles by zeros is still involved. The FIR deadbeat observer is shown to be more reliable than the SDFT methods, an IIR variant is presented, and ways of fine-tuning its response are discussed. A novel technique for stabilizing IIR SDFT analyzers with a fading memory, so that all poles are inside the unit circle, is also derived. Slepian and sum-of-cosine windows are adapted to improve the frequency responses for the various FIR and IIR DFT methods.

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Malykhina, Galina, Dmitry Tarkhov, Viacheslav Shkodyrev, and Tatiana Lazovskaya. "Intelligent LED Certification System in Mass Production." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082891.

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It is impossible to effectively use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in medicine and telecommunication systems without knowing their main characteristics, the most important of them being efficiency. Reliable measurement of LED efficiency holds particular significance for mass production automation. The method for measuring LED efficiency consists in comparing two cooling curves of the LED crystal obtained after exposure to short current pulses of positive and negative polarities. The measurement results are adversely affected by noise in the electrical measuring circuit. The widely used instrumental noise suppression filters, as well as classical digital infinite impulse response (IIR), finite impulse response (FIR) filters, and adaptive filters fail to yield satisfactory results. Unlike adaptive filters, blind methods do not require a special reference signal, which makes them more promising for removing noise and reconstructing the waveform when measuring the efficiency of LEDs. The article suggests a method for sequential blind signal extraction based on a cascading neural network. Statistical analysis of signal and noise values has revealed that the signal and the noise have different forms of the probability density function (PDF). Therefore, it is preferable to use high-order statistical moments characterizing the shape of the PDF for signal extraction. Generalized statistical moments were used as an objective function for optimization of neural network parameters, namely, generalized skewness and generalized kurtosis. The order of the generalized moments was chosen according to the criterion of the maximum Mahalanobis distance. The proposed method has made it possible to implement a multi-temporal comparison of the crystal cooling curves for measuring LED efficiency.

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Lisenfeld, U., L. Verdes-Montenegro, J. Sulentic, S. Leon, D. Espada, G. Bergond, E. García, J. Sabater, J. D. Santander-Vela, and S. Verley. "The Far-Infrared Properties of the Most Isolated Galaxies." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S235 (August 2006): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921306006259.

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AbstractWe describe the mid- (MIR) and far- (FIR) infrared properties of a large (~1000) sample of the most isolated galaxies in the local Universe. This sample is intended as a “nurture-free” zero point against which more environmentally influenced samples can be compared. We reprocess IRAS MIR/FIR survey data using the ADDSCAN/SCANPI utility for 1030 out of 1050 galaxies from the Catalogue of Isolated Galaxies (CIG) as part of the AMIGA project. We focus on diagnostics (FIR luminosity LFIR, R = log(LFIR/LB) and IRAS colours) thought to be sensitive to effects of environment or interaction. The distribution of log(LFIR) is sharply peaked from 9.0–10.5 with very few (<2%) galaxies above 10.5. Review of available optical images of the most FIR luminous galaxies finds the majority to be, likely, interacting systems missed in our earlier morphological reevaluation. The optically normalised luminosity diagnostic R = log(LFIR/LB) shows a distribution sharply peaked between 0.0 and −1.0. These results were compared to the magnitude limited CfA sample that was selected without environmental discrimination. This modestly (e.g. compared to cluster, binary galaxy and compact group samples) environmentally affected sample shows significantly higher mean log(LFIR) and R, whereas the mean log(LB) is the same. Our sample shows a strong LFIR vs. LB correlation, with a slope steeper than one (LFIR ∝ L1.41B). Interacting galaxies were found above this correlation, showing an enhancement in LFIR. With respect to the IRAS colours, we found higher F60/F100 value for ellipticals and late-type galaxies than for spirals, indicating a higher dust temperature. The mean value of F60/F100 was found to be lower than for interacting samples from the literature. The results indicate that the FIR emission is a variable enhanced by interaction, and that our sample probably shows the lowest possible mean value. This attests to the utility of our sample for defining a nurture-free zero point. More details can be found in the paper (The AMIGA sample of isolated galaxies, III. IRAS data and infrared diagnositics, U. Lisenfeld et al.) which is accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics.

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Carroll, Thomas L. "Using Chaos to Detect IIR and FIR Filters." PIERS Online 6, no. 5 (2010): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2529/piers091215072941.

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40

Betser, A., and E. Zeheb. "Reduced order IIR approximation to FIR digital filters." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 39, no. 11 (1991): 2540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.98009.

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41

LIU, SHEN-IUAN, CHIH-HSIEN CHEN, HEN-WAI TSAO, and JINGSHOWN WU. "Switched-current differentiator-based IIR and FIR filters." International Journal of Electronics 71, no. 1 (July 1991): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207219108925460.

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42

Yamamoto, Y., B. D. O. Anderson, M. Nagahara, and Y. Koyanagi. "Optimizing FIR approximation for discrete-time IIR filters." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 10, no. 9 (September 2003): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2003.815615.

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43

Ciocoiu, Iulian B. "Radial basis function networks with FIR/IIR synapses." Neural Processing Letters 3, no. 1 (April 1996): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00417785.

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44

Guo, Yan, Shi Dan Li, and De Sheng Wang. "Research of Sea Clutter Suppression Algorithm Based on GPU." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 1194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.1194.

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This paper presents an algorithm of sea clutter suppression using graphics processing unit (GPU) to meet the real-time requirement in the general radar terminal system. The main idea is to convert an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter to a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, which is suitable for the parallelization processing of GPU. Finally, the converted FIR filter algorithm is implemented on the GPU efficiently, achieving a speed approximately twice as fast as that of the previous IIR filter algorithm implemented on the CPU.

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Klenner, Walt, and Thomas P. Sullivan. "Partial and clear-cut harvesting of high-elevation sprucefir forests: implications for small mammal communities." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-142.

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Subalpine spruce (Picea) fir (Abies) forests occur throughout the Cordillera of western North America. A variety of alternative silvicultural systems to clear-cutting are being investigated in these high-elevation forests in terms of their impacts on ecosystem components. We tested the hypotheses that abundance, reproduction, and survival of populations of (i) southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors) will decline, (ii) long-tailed voles (Microtus longicaudus Merriam) and northwestern chipmunks (Tamias amoenus J.A. Allen) will increase, and (iii) deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner) will be similar, with respect to decreasing levels of tree retention. Small mammal populations were live-trapped from 1994 to 1998 in replicated sites of uncut forest, single tree selection, 0.1-ha patch cuts, 1.0-ha patch cuts, a 10.0-ha clearcut, and edges in an Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) forest near Sicamous, British Columbia, Canada. Clethrion omys gapperi dominated the small mammal community, reaching a peak abundance of 80 animals/ha with mean values ranging from 31 to 50 animals/ha. Over the 4 postharvest years, abundance, reproduction, and survival of C. gapperi populations were consistently similar among uncut forest, single tree selection, and patch cut treatments compared with clear-cut sites where this species declined to extirpation. Microtus longicaudus and T. amoenus occurred predominantly in clearcut sites, whereas P. maniculatus was present in low numbers on all sites. With respect to small mammals, partial harvesting systems appear to provide a means for combining timber extraction with maintenance of mature forest habitat in these subalpine ecosystems.

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Nilsson, Peter. "Architectures and Arithmetic for Low Static Power Consumption in Nanoscale CMOS." VLSI Design 2009 (January 17, 2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/749272.

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This paper focuses on leakage reduction at architecture and arithmetic level. A methodology for considerable reduction of the static power consumption is shown. Simulations are done in a typical 130 nm CMOS technology. Based on the simulation results, the static power consumption is estimated and compared for different filter architectures. Substantial power reductions are shown in both FIR-filters and IIR-filters. Three different types of architectures, namely, bit-parallel, digit-serial, and bit-serial structures are used to demonstrate the methodology. The paper also shows that the relative power ratio is strongly dependent on the used word length; that is, the gain in power ratio is larger for longer word lengths. A static power ratio at 0.48 is shown for the bit-serial FIR-filter and a power ratio at 0.11 is shown in the arithmetic part of the FIR-filter. The static power ratio in the IIR-filter is 0.36 in the bit-serial filter and 0.06 in the arithmetic part of the filter. It is also shown that the use of storage, such as registers, relatively the arithmetic part, affects the power ratio. The relatively lower power consumption in the IIR-filter compared to the FIR-filter is due to the lower use of registers.

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Zhou, Wei, and Ti Jing Cai. "Study on Filtering Methods of Airborne Gravity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.516.

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There are a great number of high-frequency and low-frequency noises in the airborne gravity data, so the filtering technology is needed to pick up the weak gravity anomaly. Based on the current filtering methods in airborne gravity data processing: butterworth infinite impulse response(IIR) filtering, window function finite impulse response(FIR) filtering and Kalman smoothing, several methods were compared and studied for the measured airborne gravity data, and the accuracies of extracted gravity anomalies were presented. Results show that the accuracy of Kalman smoothing is better than that of the combined filtering with butterworth IIR and window function FIR.

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Newbery, J. E. (Ted), Kathy J. Lewis, and Michael B. Walters. "Inonotus tomentosus and the dynamics of unmanaged and partial-cut wet sub-boreal spruce–fir forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 12 (December 2007): 2663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-117.

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For wet sub-boreal spruce–fir forests (white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) × Engelmann spruce ( Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) – subalpine fir ( Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.)) in east-central British Columbia, we asked (i) do compositional and structural dynamics differ for unmanaged (UN) and partial-cut (PC) (50% removal 45 years before measurement) forests and (ii) how does Inonotus tomentosus Fr. (Teng) affect these dynamics? Inonotus tomentosus infected stands had 17% less spruce basal area (P = 0.059) than uninfected stands, but PC did not exacerbate I. tomentosus effects. PC and UN had similar live tree density, but UN had lower dead tree density. In all stands, snag longevity was typically <32 years, and ~40 years was required for dead wood to reach decay stage 3 or greater. UN was characterized by variable severity disturbances averaging ~8% of the canopy per decade. Management implications include the following: (i) harvest systems designed to emulate small-scale disturbance could remove trees at 8% of the canopy per decade, varied spatiotemporally, (ii) emulating dead wood abundance with partial cutting may be difficult given the impacts of partial cutting on dead wood abundance, and (iii) forests with moderate levels of I. tomentosus should not respond differently to harvesting than uninfected forests and thus require no special management.

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Kumar, Sanjeev, and Ghanshyam Das. "Spur gear fault diagnosis using FIR and IIR Filter." IARJSET 4, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/iarjset.2017.4315.

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Klouche-Djedid, Abdesselam. "Design of mixed IIR/FIR two-channel QMF bank." Signal Processing 82, no. 3 (March 2002): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1684(01)00203-1.

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