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Books on the topic 'FIR filters'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

An engineer's guide to FIR digital filters. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1988.

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2

Phang, Khoman S. Adaptive microphone arrays using FIR and IIR filters. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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3

Fontes, Natanael Ruiz. An analysis of the IIR an FIR Wiener filters with applications to underwater acoustics. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.

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4

Shmaliy, Yuriy S. GPS-based optimal FIR filtering of clock models. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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5

Shmaliy, Yuriy S. GPS-based optimal FIR filtering of clock models. Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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6

Cemes, Radovan. Optimisation of multiplier-less FIR filter design techniques. Poole: Bournemouth University, 1996.

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7

Lacy, Cameron. Design of a programmable switched-capacitor analog FIR filter. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.

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8

Sobel, David L. Internet filters and public libraries. Nashville, TN: First Amendment Center, 2003.

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9

Soltani, Faouzi. FIR filter design by nonuniform sampling in the time and frequency domain. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1989.

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10

Sherstnev, Nikolay. Maintenance and repair of ship pipelines, valves and filters. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1048799.

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The tutorial shows the design features of ship pipelines, valves and filters that affect the conditions of their operation and methods of maintenance and repair. Recommendations for external inspection and control of their elements are given. The features of disassembly and Assembly of various types of valves and filters are shown. With examples from ship practice typical defects of the specified elements, ways of their definition and elimination are considered. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions (specialization in the specialty "Operation of ship power plants") and University teachers. It can also be used in the system of secondary vocational education in the specialty "Operation of ship power plants".
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11

Loy, Nicholas John. An Engineer's Guide to Fir Digital Filters. Prentice Hall, 1997.

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12

Loy, Nicholas John. An Engineer's Guide to Fir Digital Filters. Prentice Hall, 1997.

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13

Zhou, Bo. High speed digital FIR filter design. 1996.

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14

Stier, Hubert J. Design of a 80/250-Msample/s FIR-filter for a pipelined ADC-FIR interface. 1995.

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15

Stier, Hubert J. Design of a 80/250-Msample/s FIR-filter for a pipelined ADC-FIR interface. 1995.

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16

Rozwod, William J. Frequency-sampling design of two-dimensional FIR digital filters with nonuniform samples. 1987.

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17

An Analysis of the IIR and FIR Wiener Filters with Applications to Underwater Acoustics. Storming Media, 1997.

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18

Computer simulation results and analysis for a root-raised cosine filter design using canonical signed digits. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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19

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Computer simulation results and analysis for a root-raised cosine filter design using canonical signed digits. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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20

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Canonical signed digit study. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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21

Patel, Mikin V., and Steven Zangan. Femoral Retrieval of Conical Filters. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0056.

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Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are a safe, effective treatment option for the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients who either have contraindication to or fail anticoagulation. However, filters pose long-term risks, such as IVC thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, penetration of the IVC wall, filter fracture, and filter migration. IVC filters should be retrieved once the indication for placement has passed. However, cervical access frequently becomes compromised. This chapter reviews strategies for retrieving IVC filters from a femoral approach. Various techniques are discussed, including snaring the filter struts and the use of bilateral femoral sheaths to recapture the IVC filter.
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22

Plotnik, Adam N., and Stephen Kee. Femoral Flip Technique for Removal of the G2 Filter. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0055.

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The purpose of temporary retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filters is to provide protection from pulmonary emboli while the patient is at risk while simultaneously avoiding the long-term complications that result from permanent filters. In addition to the complications of filter fracture and caval penetration, there is an increasing incidence of recurrent deep vein thrombosis and caval occlusion following filter placement; therefore, whenever possible, retrieval of IVC filters should be attempted. The “femoral flip” technique may be employed for difficult G2 IVC filter retrievals where standard techniques have failed, usually due to either one of the legs or the hook becoming embedded in the wall.
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23

Arabi, Mohammad. Laser Sheath Assisted Filter Removal. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0057.

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This chapter presents a step-by-step guide to the use of laser sheath assisted filter removal. It describes the clinical applications of laser-tipped sheath in removing chronically embedded filters using controlled photothermal ablation of the endothelium surrounding the filter struts. This technique has been long used for extraction of pacemaker leads and has recently been extrapolated to filter removal because it minimizes the forces applied during difficult retrieval procedures and allows for removal of permanent filter devices. In addition to requiring less force for filter retrieval, laser sheath assisted removal helps reduce the total fluoroscopic time needed to complete the procedure. This chapter details the technical steps, potential pitfalls, and possible complications of this technique.
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24

Kahn, S. Lowell. Deploying a Straight Conical Filter. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0053.

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Placement of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters is among the most common medical procedures, with more than 265,000 placed annually. Absolute indications for their placement include acute proximal deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients who have an absolute contraindication to anticoagulation and patients with recurrent thromboembolism despite adequate anticoagulation. Although the survival benefit is unknown, it has been shown that filters decrease the incidence of PE in the short term. Unfortunately, this comes at the expense of known complications, the most important being DVT. This chapter discusses simple techniques to prevent conical filter tilting and enhance retrieval.
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25

Plotnik, Adam N., and Stephen Kee. Removing the Angled Inferior Vena Cava Filter with an Embedded Hook: The “Hangman” Technique. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0054.

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Multiple advanced techniques for the retrieval of difficult inferior vena cava (IVC) filters have been published in the literature, most of which describe mechanical methods to disrupt the fibrous capsule in cases in which the filter hook or struts have become embedded in the IVC wall. Despite reported high success rates, these techniques often require multiple venous access sites or the use of special equipment. The “hangman” technique is a modified “loop snare” technique that requires only a single venous access and uses standard interventional equipment. It modifies the loop snare technique by passing the wire loop between the filter neck and IVC wall, as opposed to the filter. This chapter elaborates on the hangman technique and its applications and steps.
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26

Purdy, Darrel Wayne. Implementation of an FIR band pass filter using a bit-slice processor. 1987.

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27

Design, Radio Frequency. Filter Handbook: Design. Argus Business, 1991.

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28

Design, Radio Frequency. Filter Handbook: Applications. Argus Business, 1991.

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29

Muamer, Zukic, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Filters for the International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) mission far ultraviolet imager. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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30

Design, Radio Frequency. Filter Handbook: Power Amplifier. Argus Business, 1991.

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31

Design, Radio Frequency. Filter Handbook: Oscillator Design. Argus Business, 1991.

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32

Besharov, Marya L., and Shelley L. Brickson. Organizational Identity and Institutional Forces. Edited by Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth, and Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.2.

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The existing literature offers divergent perspectives on the intersection between organizational identity (OI) and institutional forces. Some studies suggest that OI is socially constructed by organizational members, while others describe OI as highly constrained by institutional forces. Still others imply that OI serves as a filter influencing how members interpret institutional forces. We review and strive to integrate these varied perspectives. To do so, we distinguish between the content and structure of both OI and institutional forces. We suggest that the degree to which the content of institutional forces influences the content of OI resides along a continuum between institutional constraint and member agency. Further, we suggest that structural features of OI and institutional forces may act as filters that influence where along this continuum OI construction falls. Beyond integrating existing literature, this approach opens up new directions for research at the intersection of OI and institutional theory.
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33

Martin, Graham R. The Sensory Ecology of Birds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694532.001.0001.

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The natural world contains a huge amount of constantly changing information. Limitations on, and specializations within, sensory systems mean that each species receives only a small part of that information. In essence, information is filtered by sensory systems. Sensory ecology aims to understand the nature and functions of those filters for each species and sensory system. Fluxes of information, and the perceptual challenges posed by different natural environments, are so large that sensory and behavioural specializations have been inevitable. There have been many trade-offs in the evolution of sensory capacities, and trade-offs and complementarity between different sensory capacities within species. Many behavioural tasks may have influenced the evolution of sensory capacities in birds, but the principal drivers have been associated with just two tasksforaging and predator detection. The key task is the control of the position and timing of the approach of the bill towards a target. Other tasks, such as locomotion and reproduction, are achieved within the requirements of foraging and predator detection. Information thatguides behaviours may often be sparse and partial and key behaviours may only be possible because of cognitive abilities which allow adequate interpretation of partial information. Human modifications of natural environments present perceptual challenges that cannot always be met by the information available to particular birds. Mitigations of the negative effects of human intrusions into natural environments must take account of the sensory ecology of the affected species. Effects of environmental changes cannot be understood sufficiently by viewing them through the filters of human sensory systems.
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34

Kliger, Alan S., and Rita Suri. Frequent haemodialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0262_update_001.

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Haemodialysis is a renal replacement treatment, an ‘artificial kidney’ that performs some of the functions of the normal kidney. It is an inelegant device, providing only a fraction of native kidney’s ability to filter toxins from the blood, but with none of the responsiveness to volume, fine feedback control to regulate solute concentrations, or endocrine functions of the healthy organ. Conventional haemodialysis performed three times a week for 4 hours per treatment filters the blood for only 12 of 168 hours each week, and removes less than 10 per cent of small solutes like urea than does the normal kidney. It is therefore not surprising that haemodialysis patients suffer high morbidity and mortality. A dialysis patient’s expected remaining lifetime is substantially shorter than a comparable person with normal kidney function. For example, a woman aged 40–44 years old in the general population can expect on average 40 more years of life, but if she is on dialysis her life expectancy is only 8.1 years. She is also more likely to have co-morbid disease, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, metabolic bone disease, anaemia, sepsis, depression, malnutrition and inflammation, and physical and cognitive impairment.
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35

Bao, Yun, Carl Chiarella, and Boda Kang. Particle Filters for Markov-Switching Stochastic Volatility Models. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.9.

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This chapter proposes an auxiliary particle filter algorithm for inference in regime switching stochastic volatility models in which the regime state is governed by a first-order Markov chain. It proposes an ongoing updated Dirichlet distribution to estimate the transition probabilities of the Markov chain in the auxiliary particle filter. A simulation-based algorithm is presented for the method that demonstrates the ability to estimate a class of models in which the probability that the system state transits from one regime to a different regime is relatively high. The methodology is implemented in order to analyze a real-time series, namely, the foreign exchange rate between the Australian dollar and the South Korean won.
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36

Maeseele, Pieter, and Yves Pepermans. Ideology in Climate Change Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.578.

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The idea of climate change inspires and reinforces disagreements at all levels of society. Climate change’s integration into public life suggests that there is no evident way of framing and tackling the phenomenon. This brings forward important questions regarding the role of ideology in mediated public discourse on climate change. The existing research literature shows that five ideological filters need to be taken into account to understand the myriad ways in which ideology plays a role in the production, representation, and reception of climate change in (news and entertainment) media: (i) economic factors, (ii) journalistic norms, (iii) political context, (iv) ideological cultures, and (v) citizen decoding. Furthermore, two different interpretations of how ideology precisely serves as a filter of social reality underlie this literature: an interpretation of ideology as an independent variable, on the one hand, and as a constitutive practice, on the other. Moreover, these interpretations underlie a broader discussion in the social sciences on the relation between climate change and ideology and how scholars and activists should deal with it. By considering climate change as a post-ideological issue, a first perspective problematizes the politicization of climate change and calls for its depoliticization to foster consensus and public engagement. In response, a second perspective takes aim against the post-politicization and post-democratization of climate change (resulting from the adoption of the first perspective) for suppressing the role of ideology and, as a result, for stifling democratic debate and citizenship with regard to the climate issue. This latter perspective is in need of further exploration in future research, especially with regard to the concepts of ideological fault lines, ideological hegemony, and ideological strategies.
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37

Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. Data modeling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0016.

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A variety of techniques for extracting information from data are presented, from pedestrian approaches such as the centuries old linear least-squares fit, to elegant binned and unbinned likelihood fits. A treatment of statistical combination of data leads to an introduction to the powerful Kalman filter approach, used to determine optimal estimates of deterministic-stochastic systems. In experimental physics the Kalman filter is used estimate trajectories from data, but it also finds applications in industrial process control, and in the aeronautics and robots industries. These techniques typically rely on either analytic or numerical optimization of an objective function. Orthogonal series density estimation, a Fourier technique, is also discussed.
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38

Stevens, David C., and Sabah Butty. Tips and Tricks of the AngioVac Device. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0039.

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The AngioVac system, which consists of a coil-reinforced large-bore cannula, bypass circuit, bubble trap/filter, and reinfusion cannula, allows percutaneous removal of unwanted vascular debris, such as venous thrombus or cardiac vegetations, during veno-veno bypass. External suction is applied via a centrifugal bypass pump and debris is funneled into the cannula and trapped in the bubble trap/filter. The blood is then returned through an 18 Fr venous reinfusion cannula. The use of the device in the iliocaval venous segments and right heart is effective and safe. Due to the challenging anatomy, pulmonary artery thrombectomy carries an increased risk of complication and should be undertaken with great care. The AngioVac system is a versatile tool for removing thrombus and other unwanted debris from the central venous system and the right heart.
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39

Irmgard, Marboe. 7 Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749936.003.0007.

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The concluding chapter summarizes the most important economic and legal principles and filters out guidelines for the calculation of compensation and damages in the practice of international investment disputes. The legal standard mandated by the bases of claims represents the starting point for the choice of the appropriate valuation approaches and methods. With regard to the decision on interest, tribunals must establish the appropriate rate of interest, the period of interest, and decide if interest should be compounded. This is necessary in relation to pre-award and post-award interest.
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40

Schlieter, Jens. The Advent of Parapsychology and the Figuration of “Out-of-the-Body Experiences” (1880–1930). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888848.003.0008.

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This chapter outlines how the term “out-of-the-body experience” emerged in spiritualist and parapsychological literature. As is shown, “psychical researchers” such as Frederic W. Myers and William James made a significant contribution. The chapter also deals with the “filter” theory or “transmission” theory, i.e., the idea of the brain as a means for the inhibition of consciousness. This theory, as is shown, has been developed in close interaction with phenomena “near death”—in particular, the “panoramic life review.” The filter theory, discussed in subsequent chapters 2.6. and 2.7, too, is still favored by many recent protagonists of near-death experiences (e.g., Moody). Finally, the chapter turns to the increase of autoscopic out-of-body experiences, discussed as a phenomenon attesting a changing relationship of the disembodied consciousness toward its own body.
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41

Butkov, Nic. Polysomnography. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0007.

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This chapter provides an overview of the sleep recording process, including the application of electrodes and sensors to the patient, instrumentation, signal processing, digital polysomnography (PSG), and artifact recognition. Topics discussed include indications for PSG, standard recording parameters, patient preparation, electrode placement for recording the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG), the use of respiratory transducers, oximetry, signal processing, filters, digital data display, electrical safety, and patient monitoring. This chapter also includes record samples of the various types of recording artifacts commonly found in sleep studies, with a detailed description of their causes, preventative measures, and recommended corrective actions.
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42

Mahoney, James, Khairunnisa Mohamedali, and Christoph Nguyen. Causality and Time in Historical Institutionalism. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.4.

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This chapter explores the dual concern with causality and time in historical-institutionalism using a graphical approach. Conceptualizing causes as filters, the chapter analyses three concepts that are central to this field: critical junctures, gradual change, and path dependence. The analysis makes explicit and formal the logic underlying studies that use these “causal-temporal” concepts. The chapter shows visually how causality and temporality are linked to one another in varying ways depending on the particular pattern of change. Through this unifying visual grammar, the chapter also outlines an approach that can accommodate and reconcile both models of critical junctures and gradual change. The chapter provides new tools for describing and understanding change in historical institutional analyses.
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43

Wright, A. G. Collection and counting efficiency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0010.

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Standards laboratories can provide a photocathode calibration for quantum efficiency, as a function of wavelength, but their measurements are performed with the photomultiplier operating as a photodiode. Each photoelectron released makes a contribution to the photocathode current but, if it is lost or fails to create secondary electrons at d1, it makes no contribution to anode current. This is the basis of collection efficiency, F. The anode detection efficiency, ε‎, allied to F, refers to the counting efficiency of output pulses. The standard method for determining F involves photocurrent, anode current, count rate, and the use of highly attenuating filters; F may also be measured using methods based on single-electron responses (SERs), shot noise, or the SER at the first dynode.
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44

Menon, Ashok, Olga Lavryk, Haris A. Khwaja, John R. Bartholomew, and Zubaidah Nor Hanipah. Thromboembolic Complications after Bariatric Surgery. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0012.

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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of early death after bariatric surgery, even in the laparoscopic era, accounting for up to a third of early deaths. While risk factors associated with the development of postoperative VTE in nonbariatric surgery are relevant in bariatric patients, it is now clear that both obesity and obesity-related diseases, such as obesity hypoventilation syndrome, pose an additional risk. Attempts have been made to standardize VTE prophylaxis for patients undergoing bariatric surgery, and early ambulation, mechanical compression devices, chemoprophylaxis, and inferior vena cava filters have all been studied extensively. However, the relative lack of high-quality evidence from randomized trials means that a consensus about what constitutes an ideal VTE prophylaxis regime has not yet been achieved.
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45

Poehler, Eric E. The Traffic Systems of Pompeii. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614676.003.0006.

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If each piece of evidence of traffic records the thousands of times a Pompeian cart driver made the same choice as the drivers before him and his intent to do so, to what do all these moments of shared intent add up across the breadth of an entire city? Chapter 6 combines all this disparate but diagnostic evidence for the directional movement of traffic to document the existence of a system, or rather evolving and overlapping systems, that once governed the behaviors of Pompeian cart drivers. To describe these systems and how they functioned, the totality of the data is considered through several filters including structural (the shape of the street network), directional (the evidence for two-way and one-way streets), and chronological (the evolution of the system over time) approaches.
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46

Clift, Ben. Ideational Change at the IMF after the Crash. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813088.003.0002.

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This chapter advances the case for a Constructivist Institutionalist (CI) approach to the analysis of ideational change, making the case for ‘bricolage’ rather than paradigm shifts. It foregrounds actors’ cognitive and ideational filters, underlining the importance of how Fund staff see themselves and their role. The analysis charts key facets of the Fund’s internal workings, including its hierarchical nature, internal review processes, and how internal interactions are evolving. The complexities of institutional mediation leads to the sedimented but ongoing influence of multiple economic ideas. Four mechanisms of IMF ideational change—reconciliation, operationalization, corroboration, and authoritative recognition—are identified to explain which ideas come to prevail, why and how. Ideas need to be framed and packaged to jump through the hoops of internal social recognition. The chapter delineates the permissive conditions necessary for key actors to navigate internal power structures to effect ideational change.
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47

James, Philip. Temporal patterns. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0007.

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Beginning in the Far East over 2000 years ago the discussion in this chapter charts the movement of species found in contemporary urban environments around the globe. A city is dependent on trade for the resources required by the inhabitants to live and work. Some items of trade are plants and animals, and over time, many species have been introduced intentionally, and many others unintentionally (perhaps as a result of hitching a lift in or on items being traded between countries and continents) to become part of the urban flora and fauna. All the time that such global dispersal has been occurring, some floral and faunal species originally present in an urban area have become locally extinct. These processes of invasion and extinction are controlled by filters and process, and there are certain traits, the possession of which is seemingly beneficial to organisms in urban environments.
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48

Fermüller, Cornelia. Motion Illusions in Man and Machine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0006.

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At the level of mathematical abstraction, computing image motion amounts to an estimation problem and can be analyzed using the tools of statistics and signal processing. As shown in this chapter, intrinsic limitations to the estimation processes make it impossible to derive veridical estimates for all images. Image motion is estimated erroneously, and as a result higher level processes compute erroneous three-dimensional motion and moving scenes. Specifically, two limitations are discussed: (a) due to noise in image data, there is statistical bias that affects anisotropic patterns and (2) the filters computing changes in time are asymmetric (causal), using data only from the past but not the future, and misestimate on locally asymmetric intensity signals of certain spatial frequencies. Since these limitations are not an artifact of the hardware but are inherent to the computations, they will affect any system and thus create illusions in man and machine.
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49

Ellam, Rob. 4. Measuring isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0004.

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‘Measuring isotopes: counting the atoms’ explores how isotopes are measured. For stable isotopes, atoms of each isotope are counted using a mass spectrometer. This turns atoms into charged ions and separates them into the different isotopic species using a mass filter. Precise measurements of isotopic abundance can be achieved in a few minutes or hours. Mass spectrometry could be used for radioactive isotopes, but for short-lived isotopes, their low abundance often makes them difficult to detect. The alternative is to use nuclear spectroscopy or counting methods to detect the characteristic energy released by the radioactive decay of a particular isotope, but these can be much longer processes.
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50

Schomer, Donald L., Charles M. Epstein, Susan T. Herman, Douglas Maus, and Bruce J. Fisch. Recording Principles. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0005.

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Abstract:
This chapter reviews the technical aspects of recording and reviewing clinical electroencephalograms (EEGs) and related biopotentials. While advances in engineering technology have revolutionized EEG machines, the basic principles underlying accurate representation of brain activity are largely unchanged. The first section reviews the analog EEG components, and the second section discusses analog-to-digital conversion, digital filters, and display and storage parameters. Digital EEG machines are now less expensive and their capabilities far surpass those of analog machines. The third section reviews how electrode positions and systems of signal display (montages) can be used to determine the polarity and field of EEG signals. The final section describes how other biopotentials are acquired and displayed. Polygraphy can provide crucial information on other physiological processes that can impact EEG activity and can help identify potential artifactual signals. We highlight recent advances that allow the recording of a broader range of EEG frequencies and spatial distribution.
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