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Minton, Mark A. "Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a fire-induced accident scenario involving binary variables and mechanistic codes." Thesis, Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4939.
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In response to the transition by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to a risk-informed, performance-based fire protection rulemaking standard, Fire Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) methods have been improved, particularly in the areas of advanced fire modeling and computational methods. In order to gain a more meaningful insight into the methods currently in practice, it was decided that a scenario incorporating the various elements of uncertainty specific to a fire PRA would be analyzed. Fire induced Main Control Room (MCR) abandonment scenarios are a significant contributor to the total Core Damage Frequency (CDF) estimate of many operating nuclear power plants. This report details the simultaneous application of state-of-the-art model and parameter uncertainty techniques to develop a defensible distribution of the probability of a forced MCR abandonment caused by a fire within a MCR benchboard. This report details the simultaneous application of state-of-the-art model and parameter uncertainty techniques to develop a defensible distribution of the probability of a forced MCR abandonment caused by a fire within a MCR.
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Minton, Mark A. (Mark Aaron). "Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of a fire-induced accident scenario involving binary variables and mechanistic codes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76589.
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Thesis (Nucl. E. and S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2010."September 2010." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-74).
In response to the transition by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to a risk-informed, performance-based fire protection rulemaking standard, Fire Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) methods have been improved, particularly in the areas of advanced fire modeling and computational methods. As the methods for the quantification of fire risk are improved, the methods for the quantification of the uncertainties must also be improved. In order to gain a more meaningful insight into the methods currently in practice, it was decided that a scenario incorporating the various elements of uncertainty specific to a fire PRA would be analyzed. The NRC has validated and verified five fire models to simulate the effects of fire growth and propagation in nuclear power plants. Although these models cover a wide range of sophistication, epistemic uncertainties resulting from the assumptions and approximations used within the model are always present. The uncertainty of a model prediction is not only dependent on the uncertainties of the model itself, but also on how the uncertainties in input parameters are propagated throughout the model. Inputs to deterministic fire models are often not precise values, but instead follow statistical distributions. The fundamental motivation for assessing model and parameter uncertainties is to combine the results in an effort to calculate a cumulative probability of exceeding a given threshold. This threshold can be for equipment damage, time to alarm, habitability of spaces, etc. Fire growth and propagation is not the only source of uncertainty present in a fire-induced accident scenario. Statistical models are necessary to develop estimates of fire ignition frequency and the probability that a fire will be suppressed. Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) is performed to determine the probability that operators will correctly perform manual actions even with the additional complications of a fire present. Fire induced Main Control Room (MCR) abandonment scenarios are a significant contributor to the total Core Damage Frequency (CDF) estimate of many operating nuclear power plants. Many of the resources spent on fire PRA are devoted to quantification of the probability that a fire will force operators to abandon the MCR and take actions from a remote location. However, many current PRA practitioners feel that effect of MCR fires have been overstated. This report details the simultaneous application of state-of-the-art model and parameter uncertainty techniques to develop a defensible distribution of the probability of a forced MCR abandonment caused by a fire within a MCR benchboard. These results are combined with the other elements of uncertainty present in a fire-induced MCR abandonment scenario to develop a CDF distribution that takes into account the interdependencies between the factors. In addition, the input factors having the strongest influence on the final results are identified so that operators, regulators, and researchers can focus their efforts to mitigate the effects of this class of fire-induced accident scenario.
by Mark A. Minton.
Nucl.E.and S.M.
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Caratozzolo, Vincenzo. "Development and validation of models for accident scenario following the spill of hazardous substances from pipelines." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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The releases of hazardous substance from pressurised pipelines are of particular interest due to the different scenarios that may occur following the loss of containment. These may have different causes, as accidental release, corrosion, etc. In such cases the release of flammable substances can lead to different scenarios as Fires, Explosions and Environmental pollutions. The severity of such scenarios can increase due the "Domino Effect" that will affect also other equipment or near unit operations, potentially causing a cascading event. For these reasons an accurate methodology is necessary in order to estimate the consequences and the evaluation of the possible hazards coming from those scenarios.
In this work a CFD software developed at the University College London (UCL) called PipeTech was used to predict the depressurization parameters (Temperature, Pressure, etc.) and the outflow following the rupture of a pipeline, as well as to assess the hazard coming from the Jet Fire and the Pool Fire.
In particular, an initial validation, against some experimental data and another commercial software Phast (DNV GL), of the Jet Fire and Pool Fire models implemented in PipeTech was performed. Moreover, an evaluation of the effect of some main parameter (pressure, tilt angle and orifice diameter) were taken into account to evaluate how they affect the incident radiation coming from the Jet Fire.
With the aim to upgrade the Pool Fire model implemented in PipeTech, a new model based on correlations found in literature is described, in which the flame is considered as to have two different emitting zones: a lower and luminous part and an upper partially obscured part due to the smoke envelope that emits with distinctive Surface Emissive Power, thus affecting in different way the incident radiation coming from a Pool Fire, Especially in the region very close to the flame. This upgrade was validated against Phast v8.2 and some experimental data present in literature.
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Lahaye, Sébastien. "Comprendre les grands feux de forêt pour lutter en sécurité." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP042/document.
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En dépit de moyens importants consacrés à la lutte, certains feux de forêt, en Europe méditerranéenne, en Australie ou en Amérique du Nord, parcourent de grandes surfaces et développent des comportements violents qui piègent les pompiers. L’étude de rapports internes aux services d’incendie révèle ici les conditions météorologiques et topographiques dans lesquelles se produisent ces feux dangereux. En France, alors que le vent violent est le principal contributeur des feux les plus grands et les plus dangereux, les températures élevées mènent à un autre type d’incendies violents qui se propagent rapidement. En Australie, les pompiers sont souvent piégés par une bascule brutale de la direction du vent mais aussi par des vents forts en terrain accidenté. Au-delà des disparités intercontinentales, la recherche des comportements dynamiques de feu impliqués dans plus de 100 accidents de pompiers à travers le monde amène à distinguer trois types d’incendie. Lors des feux topographiques, en zone de montagne, les accidents sont généralement causés par l’attachement de la flamme sur des pentes supérieures à 20°. Lors des feux guidés par le vent, les zones les plus propices aux accidents sont les pentes déventées où des effets de vortex peuvent se produire. Enfin, lors des feux convectifs, les plus violents, les accidents peuvent se produire loin de toute configuration dangereuse. Pour tenir compte de ces résultats et améliorer leur sécurité, les pompiers doivent adapter leur formation et de développer des compétences d’analyste du feu. Ces experts intègreront les retours d’expérience des incendies passés pour proposer les stratégies de lutte les plus efficaces et sécuriséesDespite the large expenditure that is dedicated to forest fire suppression in Euro-Mediterranean countries, Australia and North-America, firefighters still face large and severe fire events which eventually entrap them. Investigation of Fire Services’ internal reports addresses here the weather and terrain leading to these dangerous fires. In France, strong wind is the main driver of the largest fires and of the fires that entrap firefighters. However, high temperature is also a key contributor as it influences violent fires with high rates of surface spread. In Australia, a lot of firefighters’ entrapments are due to shifts in wind direction, but others are associated to strong winds in rugged terrain. Whatever the regional specificities, more than 100 firefighters’ entrapments across the world were investigated to find the contribution of dynamic fire behaviors in these entrapments. The results return three different types of fires. During topography-influenced fires, in mountainous area, almost all the entrapments happen on slopes steeper than 20°, prone to flame attachment. During wind-driven fires, leeward slopes prone to vorticity-driven lateral fire spread are the most prominent configurations associated with entrapments. Finally, during convective fires, which are the most violent, entrapments can happen far away from any dangerous configuration. Firefighters should adjust their training courses and promote fire behavior analysts (FBAN) capabilities to benefit from the results of this work and improve their safety. FBAN may consider feedbacks from previous fires to suggest the most efficient and secure firefighting strategies and locations
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Krejčí, Tomáš. "Vyhodnocení příčin dopravních nehod vozidel Hasičského záchranného sboru Jihomoravského kraje v letech 2001-2012." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233048.
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This thesis deals with the evaluation of the causes of traffic accidents of the Fire and Rescue Service vehicles of the South Moravian Region in 2001-2012. Based on the data and information traffic accidents are comprehensively evaluated and measures are proposed to reduce accidents. The processed material can serve to provide expert services in solving the analysis of traffic accidents.
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Loutfi, Marcelo. "Investigação do acidente da Boate Kiss em Santa Maria - Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6139/tde-22012016-143325/.
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Introdução: O acidente ocorrido em Santa Maria/RS encontra-se dentre os mais propalados pela mídia inclusive com repercussão internacional. A investigação criminal, levada a cabo pela delegacia de polícia e também a feita pelos técnicos do conselho regional de engenharia, resultou em um conhecimento dos fatos imediatos, ou seja, um olhar da relação causa e efeito, nitidamente estabelecida sem buscar as razões de origem das causas. Em outros termos, aqui buscamos contextualiza o evento acidentário dentro dos fatores culturais, políticos, regulatórios e econômicos. Ao não colocar luzes sob tais aspectos correlacionados, o retorno da experiência, o aprendizado e a própria gestão de riscos, ficaram circunscritos à esfera proximal do acidente. Questões sobre o uso e comercialização de materiais pirotécnicos, o emprego de materiais de revestimentos em boates e clubes noturnos, a promoção de eventos com grande afluxo de pessoas para locais fechados, não são aprofundados nos referidos relatórios. Também não se discutiu, de forma ampla, questões sobre a atuação de órgãos públicos na concessão de funcionamento de boates, sobre o papel dos especialistas em prevenção de risco, sobre o papel dos agentes públicos em grandes desastres e acidentes ampliados, especialmente os relacionados ao acidente químico que neste caso matou, em minutos, duzentos e quarenta e dois jovens, todos levados a óbitos pela ação do gás cianídrico. Objetivos: Em face destas e de outras lacunas, este trabalho propõe um encaminhamento para enfrentamento das referidas questões. A proposta pode ser facilmente percebida, como multidisciplinar e seria difícil o desenvolvimento de um diagnóstico único sem prejuízo do aprendizado. O objetivo é justamente constatar e apresentar o contingente de influências que estavam em jogo no sistema da gestão da boate. Tal constatação significa abrir caminhos para o estudo aprofundado das dimensões sociais e técnicas presentes naquele momento e que foram reveladas pela tragédia. 9 Materiais e Métodos: Para atingir este objetivo, para além da relação imediata de causa e efeito utilizamos como modelo descritivo e analítico os Mapas Verticais, AcciMap, proposto pelo engenheiro Jeans Rasmussen, com enfoque qualitativo. Esta forma de estudo força a identificação das influências de alto escalão político de governo indo do topo para a base dos acontecimentos, passando pela gestão estadual e municipal incluindo a gestão da empresa. Os materiais foram capturados dentre os disponíveis na mídia e produzidos por órgãos públicos, principalmente o relatório da polícia civil e do conselho de engenharia. Resultados: Os mapas verticais revelaram as interações e a perda de controle sistêmico das instituições. Fica visível a distribuição dos atores e das influências que atuam de modo a levar o sistema de forma lenta, mas vigorosamente para a zona de instabilidade. As concepções idealizadas, os documentos regulatórios e as políticas públicas desviam-se por força de interações não controladas do princípio da segurança, sem que o sistema consiga detectar as rápidas mudanças. As instituições são pressionadas por uma rotina que deixa de lado aspectos de gerenciamento de risco e de outro lado pela inconsistência dos poderes públicos coercitivos. Considerações finais: Mesmo o estudo de caso único, pela força do modelo dos mapas verticais, amplia a compreensão de fenômenos sociais, organizacionais e políticos. Ao buscar relações entre atores e entre acontecimentos, o estudo codifica uma estrutura singular que, entretanto, dialoga em teoria com diversos casos. Se de um lado os dados obtidos na investigação, em si mesmo, não são idênticos a outros casos, de outro lado ao interrogar e analisar os documentos emerge características importantes para a comparação teórica e metodológica impulsionando assim a compreensão deste e de outros eventos acidentários. Duas outras contribuições são particularmente relevantes. A primeira, teórica e acadêmica, se propõe a trazer para o debate a aplicação dos mapas verticais no estudo de acidentes, principalmente os multifacetados com inúmeros atores. Outra contribuição é dada pela visualização de inúmeros subsistemas decorrentes da análise vertical onde cada subsistema poderá ser estudado separadamente pondo em evidência novos caminhos de enfrentamento da problemática acidentária.Introduction: The accident in Santa Maria / RS is one of the most publicized by the media having international repercussions. The criminal investigation conducted by the police and also by the technicians of the Regional Engineering Board, resulted in an understanding of immediate facts, i.e., the causes and effects which clearly established without seeking for the roots of the problem. In other words, here we seek to contextualize the accident within the cultural, political, regulatory and economic aspects. If we did not analyze the correlated aspects, the feedback, learning and risk management itself would be restricted to the accident proximal sphere. Questions about the use and sale of fireworks, the use of lining materials in clubs and nightclubs, the organization of events with large amounts of people indoors, are not detailed in the reports. It was also not broadly discussed questions about the role of governmental agencies in providing operating licenses for nightclubs, the role of risk prevention experts and the role of public officials in major disasters and major accidents, especially those related to chemical substances, that, in this case, killed two hundred forty two young people in a few minutes, all of whom died due to the action of the cyanide gas. Objectives: In face of these and other shortcomings, this paper proposes a method of coping with these issues. This proposal may be easily perceived as multidisciplinary since it would be difficult to develop a single disciplinary study without putting in jeopardy the opportunity of learning from the tragic accident. The focus is to find and present the contingent of influences that were at stake in the club management system. These findings may path the way for deeper studies of the social sphere and techniques which were present at that time and that were revealed by the tragedy. 11 Materials and Methods: In order to achieve this goal, we went far beyond the immediate relationship of cause and effect; we used a descriptive and analytical model of Vertical Maps, AcciMap proposed by the engineer Jeans Rasmussen with a qualitative approach. In this kind of study it is imperative to identify high political level influences, analyzing the events from top to bottom, and also going through state and municipal management data including the nightclub management itself. The data was collected from available media, from governmental agencies, particularly the civil police report and the Engineering Board report. Results: The vertical maps revealed the interaction and the systemic institution loss of control. The distribution of actors and influences that act in order to bring the system slowly but forcefully to the zone of instability is visible. The idealized conceptions, regulatory documents and public policies deviated due to uncontrolled interactions from security principles, without the system being able to detect these rapid changes. Institutions are pressed by a routine that on one hand leaves out risk management aspects and on the other hand by the inconsistency of coercive governmental supervision. Final thoughts: Even a single case study, due to the strength of the vertical maps, can expand the understanding of the social, organizational and political phenomena. By seeking relationships between actors and between events, the study encodes a unique structure which in theory is related to several cases. On the one hand the data obtained in the investigation itself, is not identical to other cases, on the other hand as we examine and analyze the documents important features for theoretical and methodological comparison emerge, thus increasing understanding of this and other accidents. Two other contributions are particularly relevant. The first one is the theoretical and academic contribution; it has as objective to debate the implementation of vertical maps in the study of accidents, especially the multifaceted ones with numerous actors. Another one is given by the display of numerous subsystems, which result from the vertical analysis, where each subsystem can be studied separately highlighting new ways of coping with major accidents.
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Svoboda, Petr. "Vyhodnocení zásahů jednotek Hasičského záchranného sboru ČR k dopravním nehodám v regionu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232799.
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The dissertation deals with the road accident interventions carried out by Fire fighting units and emphasizes average adjustments as well as the problems of forensic engineering. Within the Southern Moravia region, it analyses the statistical data of the Fire Rescue Brigade of the Czech Republic with relation to the road accident interventions, and it analyses the position of the individual units of the Fire Rescue Brigade of the Southern Moravia in the above system. The dissertation discusses relation between the forensic engineering and the Fire Rescue Brigade of Czech Republic and stresses the possibilities of cooperation.
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Guerra, André. "Modeling Mild Thermal Cracking of Heavy Crude Oil and Bitumen with VLE Calculations." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38003.
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The current shortage of crude oil from conventional sources has increased interest in developing unconventional resources such as oil sands. Heavy crudes and bitumen are found in Northern Alberta and their exploration, processing, and transport to market pose challenges in the use of these resources. Part of the solution to these challenges involves the reactive thermal processing of heavy crudes and bitumen. This thesis focused on mild thermal cracking reactions, and two studies regarding these reactions were presented.
The first was an experimental study performed in a pilot-scale semi-batch reactor. The three crude oils were heated to 350, 400, 425, and 450°C at 1240 kPa. A five-lump reaction model combined with a process simulator with VLE calculations was fitted with the experimental data obtained. The goodness of fit between the model predicted values and experimental values for the Hardisty (MBL), Albian Heavy Synthetic (AHS), and Christina Lake Dilute Bitumen (CDB) were determined to be 0.99, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively. Moreover, 80, 85, and 89% of the optimized model’s predicted values had less than 10% error for MBL, AHS, and CDB, respectively.
The second study described the implementation of a mild thermal cracking reaction model to the development of a train car fire-model for the assessment of safety aspects in the design of train cars used to transport crude oil. Case studies were conducted using the UniSim® depressuring utility and a previously developed mild thermal cracking reaction model to demonstrate the effect of compositional change. Three crude oils with varying properties and representative of the types of crudes transported by rail in Canada were used here: MBL, AHS, and CDB. The case studies conducted showed the performance of a train car fire-model to be dependent on the crude oil characteristics: up to -57% and -99% difference in model predicted variables for AHS and CDB, respectively, when compared to MBL. Furthermore, the model’s performance was also shown to be affected by the compositional change of a given crude oil due to mild thermal cracking reactions: up to 42% difference in model predicted variables when compared to the base case.
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Ruhásová, Aranka. "Význam modelování mimořádných událostí pomocí softwarových nástrojů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216919.
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The Master's Thesis deals with the usage of various software tools in emergency management and in environmental protection. Nowadays, on every step we make, we can face emergency situations which can cause great harm to the environment as well as to human life and property. The theoretical part provides an overview of software tools. Different software tools, their basic parameters, development and usage are described. There are also explained terms like geographic information system, etc. The practical part is focused on the instruments used in selected countries, including Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, USA, Canada and the United Kingdom. In the conclusion is the comparison of the effectiveness of software tools in emergency management and in environmental protection.
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Merrall, Steven. "Anthropogenic accidental dwelling fire : incident distribution, theory and the Fire and Rescue Service." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418589.
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Over the past decade the Fire & Rescue Service (FRS) has attended an average of 67,000 residential dwelling fires a year, resulting in an annual average of 14,000 casualties and 450 deaths in the UK (DCLG, 2007). Anthropogenic Accidental Dwelling Fire (AADF) is not a random phenomenon, and through the use of spatial and temporal pattern analysis, it can be shown to be disproportionately concentrated in areas that share common social, economic and environmental characteristics. Developing robust theory and methodology will improve the understanding of the nature of the problem and the ability to effectively target resources to areas of greatest need. This thesis presents the development of a new theoretical model of Anthropogenic Accidental Dwelling Fire incidence, bridging the theory gap in the existing research literature. The theoretical model developed identifies the component factors of potential domestic activity fire risk and the key role of trigger events, by act or omission, that combine to significantly increase the risk of fire within a dwelling. Spatial and temporal analysis of the distribution of over 17,000 individual AADF incidents, from the Greater Manchester area, was conducted utilising the nationally comprehensive and consistent ward level Indices of Deprivation 2000 (IMD) and the Enumeration District (ED) level SuperProfiles geodemographic typology. The analysis revealed statistically significant variation in the profile of incident distribution, operationally valuable to the FRS and of major policy importance. An AADF Routine Activities Time Classification was produced and an analytical methodology developed to derive temporal profiles for incidents across both area characteristic classifications and ignition categories. The AADF spatial-temporal ignition profiles were shown to vary significantly, providing valuable new empirical evidence in support of the implementation of the theoretical model and the utilisation of the methodology developed, informing both strategic policy and service delivery management of a modernising Fire & Rescue Service. A comprehensive national survey of FRS was undertaken and the results are critically reviewed, providing a snap shot of the data, systems, analysis and skills of the FRS, exploring the potential capacity of the organisation to utilise theory based research with evidence lead targeting and resource allocation. A practical application of the use of the IMD as a proxy for Fire & Rescue Service demand is then developed and tested, addressing a perverse incentive within the Standard Spending Assessment used to fund the FRS. A simple weighted model was over fitted to the known incident distribution of the case study area of Greater Manchester. The IMD group weightings derived were then extrapolated to national population distributions within IMD classes and the SSA recalculated. Finally the principal findings of the research are presented, the outcomes critically reviewed, policy implications discussed and recommendations made.
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Wong, Mei Mei. "Contrastive text analysis : Chinese and English newspaper accounts of fire accidents." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1996. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/74.
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Elrgaiye, Ali Saad Ab. "Semi-quantitative Risk Assessment of an anaerobic digestion process." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
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Biogas is the most emerging industrial sector for energy production from renewable sources at National and European levels, and growing government funds favor the development of its market. From a process safety standpoint, Seveso Directive (Directive 2012/18/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council), but Biogas plants are complicated enough to require both their specific technology and an accurate risk assessment for design purposes. The number of accidents involving biogas plants has been too many to be ignored. Biogas plants are often operated wrongly, deficient in technological details and incorrectly scaled-up. Moreover, all these mistakes are repeated over and over again. Therefore, there is the pressing need for an assessment of the reliability of these plants in order to operate them safely. For this reason, a quantitative risk assessment was carried out to on a biogas production plant.
Starting from event trees conventional for process industry (EU- Project ARAMIS), to the critical events, and ending with selecting the specific reference accident scenarios.
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Woodworth, Michael Allen. "Fire Hazard Assessment for Highway Bridges with Thermal Mechanical Modeling." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23683.
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Bridges are critical pieces of infrastructure important to public safety and welfare. Fires have the potential to damage bridges and have been responsible for taking many bridges out of service. The hazard fire poses to bridges is a little studied risk unlike more common threats such as impact, scour and earthquake. Information on the rate of occurrence of bridge fires and the mechanisms of structural response of bridges subjected to fire are both vital to policy makers seeking to address the hazard rationally.The investigation presented developed frequency statistics of bridge fire incidents from several sources of vehicle accident and fire statistics. To further investigate the fire hazard a computational model integrating the simulation of large fires and the simulation of bridge superstructure mechanical response was created. The simulation was used to perform a parametric study of fire size and location to investigate the relationship between these parameters and damage tot bridge super-""structure. The statistics investigation resulted in an observed rate of fires due to vehicle accidents of approximately 175 per year. Approximately one of these per year was the result of a tanker truck carrying a flammable liquid leading to extensive superstructure damage. The simulation showed that a tanker fire resulted in permanent damage to the bridge by several measures where as the affects of a bus fire were minimal. The simulations also demonstrated the mechanisms of bridge response; the importance of girder temperature in that response; and the differences in the response to a tanker fire that can lead to collapse.
Ph. D.
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Silva, Thiago Fonseca Morello Ramalho da. "Agricultural fire use in the Brazilian Amazon: some evidences for the state of Pará regarding the economics of accidental fires and fallow management." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-13082013-201624/.
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The use of fire as an agricultural tool perpetuates in Brazilian Amazon, despite its negative socioeconomic, environmental and public health impacts. Two topics of the problem are investigated, by looking to the current period (2009-2010) and for three municipalities of the State of Pará, namely Santarém, Belterra and Paragominas. The analysis is restricted to motivations and consequences with strictly economic nature and fires linked with deforestation are kept out of the scope of analysis. Slash and Burn Agriculture (S&BA) is practiced by smallholders mainly for growing annual crops. The first essay demonstrates that the profitability of S&BA is governed by the trade-off between cost-free fertilization through the burning of secondary vegetation and idleness of the land. Additionally, it is established that, a reduction of the fallow duration, depending on the initial duration, can generate a cash surplus that can be used to finance (at least partially) the transition to a fire-free agriculture. The second topic addressed is the one of accidental fires, conceived as a phenomemon that emerges from collective behavior. The second essay tests the hypothesis that eventual damage to assets belonging to other farmers is not internalized by farmers when they decide to start a fire. Such hypothesis is not refuted by georeferenced data for the municipality of Paragominas and for the year of 2010. For this, spatial econometric and instrumental variables models are estimated. The third essay tests the hypothesis that the risk of losses potentially imposed by fires started in neighboring farms is not accounted by farmers when deciding how to allocate their land among alternative uses. This hypothesis is not refuted by microdata at the farm level, collected through a field survey conducted in the municipalities of Santarém, Belterra and Paragominas. The analysis is restricted to 2009. The technique of Iterated Seemingly-Unrelated Regressions is employed to estimate a system of equations determining how much land is allocated to each class of land of use.Na Amazônia brasileira, o uso de fogo no suporte à agropecuária se perpetua, apesar de seus efeitos negativos sobre sociedade, meio-ambiente e saúde pública. Dois tópicos do problema são investigados, olhando-se para o período atual (2009-2010) e para três municípios do estado do Pará, nomeadamente Santarém, Belterra e Paragominas. A análise se restringe a motivações e consequências de ordem estritamente econômicas e as queimadas que dão apoio à supressão de floresta primária são mantidas fora do escopo da análise. O sistema agrícola conhecido por corte-e-queima é utilizado por pequenos produtores como base técnica para o cultivo de culturas anuais. O primeiro ensaio demonstra que a lucratividade do sistema é regida pelo trade-off entre fertilização gratuita via queima da vegetação secundária e ociosidade da terra. Adicionalmente, é estabelecido que, uma redução na duração do pousio, a depender da duração de partida, pode gerar uma sobra de caixa que pode ser empregada no financiamento (ainda que parcial) da transição para uma agricultura livre de fogo. O segundo tópico estudado é o de incêndios iniciados por atividades agropecuárias, como produto da ação coletiva de diversos produtores, geograficamente próximos. O segundo ensaio testa a hipótese de que os danos causados ao patrimônio alheio pela perda de controle sobre o fogo não são internalizados pelos produtores quando decidem iniciar uma queimada. Tal hipótese é não refutada por dados georreferenciados referentes ao município de Paragominas e ao ano de 2010. Para isso, são estimados modelos de econometria espacial e de variáveis instrumentais. O terceiro ensaio testa a hipótese de que o risco de perdas impostas por incêndios iniciados em estabelecimentos vizinhos não é levado em conta pelos produtores, ao decidirem quanto à alocação da terra entre fins alternativos. Tal hipótese é não-refutada por microdados no nível de estabelecimentos agrícolas, coletados por meio de um levantamento de campo, nos munícipios de Santarém, Belterra e Paragominas. A análise se restringe ao ano de 2009. A técnica de Iterated Seemingly Unrelated Regression é empregada para estimar um sistema de equações que determina a área ocupada por cada uma das classes de uso da terra.
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Lundgren, Mårtensson Linda, and Ioannou Stephanie Björkman. "Arbetsgång efter brand i en kulturhistorisk byggnad : Med fokus på återställandet av konstruktionen." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259905.
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I aktuellt läge [2019] brister Sverige på att tillhandahålla förberedande planer för eventuella brandolyckor i byggnader med kulturhistoriskt värde. Brandolyckor på kulturminnesmärkta byggnader är inte frekventa och det saknas en standardiserad metod på hur återställandet kan hanteras efter en brandolycka på ett produktivt och hållbart sätt. Syftet med rapporten är att komma fram till en förenklad och mätbar standardiserad arbetsprocess genom att förbättra arbetet kring en brandolycka på kulturminnesmärkta byggnader, där förebyggande åtgärder, förbättringar under brandförloppet och återställande av objekt ingår. Rapporten görs med målen att bevara en god social hållbarhet och bevara det svenska kulturarvet för framtida generationer. Målet vid återställandet av en kulturhistorisk byggnad är att utseendet ska förbli oförändrat och att bevara det traditionella och ursprungliga skicket. Huvudobjekt som undersöks är kulturminnesmärkta byggnaden Kasern II på Skeppsholmen tillsammans med de två referensobjekten Katarina kyrka och Vildmannen 7. Huvudobjektet där en brandolycka bryter ut i september år 2016 håller idag [2019] på att återställas efter omfattande fuktskador från släckningsarbetet och brandskador på material som blev utsatta för höga temperaturer. Del av den standardiserade processen är att redovisa hur val av släckmedel kan avgöra omfattningen av fuktskador på materialet i byggnaden och hur släckmedlet och brandrester påverkar närliggande miljö ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Även förebyggande brandskydd och önskvärt brandskydd efter restaureringsarbetet tas med. Rapporten bearbetar materialmässigt främst tegel och trä som oftast utgör den bärande stommen respektive bjälklaget i en kulturhistorisk byggnad. Genom att observera hur trämaterial och murverk reagerar vid hög temperatur och fukt vill författarna bedöma om de kan saneras och återanvändas eller behöver kasseras. Dessutom undersöks med fokus på återställande av konstruktionen, saneringsmetoder för att ta bort brandlukt och mikrobiologisk påväxt på trämaterial. Då målet vid återställande av en kulturminnesmärkt byggnad är att behålla den traditionella utformningen saneras det massiva teglet och träbalkarna i den utsträckning som går för att bevara dem. Dimensionering av brandskydd varierar för olika kulturminnesmärkta byggnader beroende på objektets utformning och ändamål. Som exempel för installation av sprinkler görs en avvägning mellan risk för brand och risk för eventuella fuktskador vid brand. Compressed air foam system [CAFS] är den släckningsutrustning som används under släckningsarbetet på Kasern II, som jämfört med andra släckningssystem avger mindre vatten och på så sätt minimerar fuktskador. Under brandförloppet hjälper aktuella ritningar, dokumentation och insatsplaner räddningstjänsten att utföra ett funktionellt släckningsarbete. Tegel är beständigt mot brand då det bränns under tillverkningsprocessen. Vid en brandolycka kan tegel spricka om sintringstemperatur överstigs eller vid snabb avkylning under släckningsarbete. Sprickor kan åtgärdas med förstärkning av murverk. Sprickor i tegel som är synligt för blotta ögat återanvänds om det inte finns en synlig fysisk skada på materialet. Trämaterialets hållfasthet försämras inte vid exponering av hög temperatur förutom i den brännskadade delen som kallas förkolningsdel och ligger i ytskiktet på balken efter brand. Förkolningsdelen kan mekaniskt hyvlas bort vid sanering. Mekanisk hyvling anses som en relativt enkel saneringsmetod och kräver inga kemiska miljöpåverkande ämnen.In current situation [2019], Sweden is failing to provide preparatory plans for possible fire accidents in buildings with cultural-historical value. Because fire accidents on monumental buildings do not occur frequently, there is no standardized method on how to manage the restoration after the accident in a productive and sustainable manner. Purpose of the report is to produce a simplified standardized and measurable work process on how to improve arrangements during a fire accident on monumental buildings, where preventive measures, improvements during fire process and restoration of the building are included. The report is written with the aim of preserving good social sustainability and for preserving the Swedish cultural heritage for the future. The goal when restoring a cultural-historical heritage building is to maintain the classical appearance and to preserve the traditional and original condition. The main object reviewed is the cultural heritage building Kasern II on Skeppsholmen together with two more reference objects. The main object, where the fire accident takes place in September 2016, is today [2019] being restored after extensive moisture damage from the extinguishing work and fire damage to the material which was exposed to high temperature. Part of the standardized process is to describe how the choice of extinguishing agent can determine the extent of moisture damage to the material of the building and how pollution from the extinguishing agent and fire residues affect the neighboring environment from a sustainable point of view. Preventive fire protection and desirable fire protection after restoration work are also included. The report materially presents bricks and wood, which most often constitute the supporting structure and the floor structure of a cultural-historical building. By observing how wood materials and masonry react at high temperature and humidity, an assessment is made whether these materials can be decontaminated and reused or need to be discarded. In addition, with focus on restauration of the construction, decontamination methods for removal of fire odor and microbiological growth on wood materials are studied. Goal when restoring a building with cultural heritage is to maintain the traditional construction, therefore the solid brick and wooden beams are to be remedied to the extent required to preserve them. The choice of fire protection installations varies depending on the building's design and purpose. An example is the installation of sprinklers, which is a tradeoff between the risk of fire and the risk of possible moisture damage in the event of fire. Compressed air foam system [CAFS] is the extinguishing equipment used during extinguishing work on Kasern II which, compared to other extinguishing systems, emits less water therefore minimizing moisture damage. During the fire accident, updated drawings, documentation and action plans help the rescue service perform a functional extinguishing work. Bricks are resistant to fire as bricks are burned during manufacturing process. During a fire accident, bricks may crack if the sintering temperature is exceeded or in case of a rapid cooling during extinguishing work. Cracks can be restored with reinforcement on masonry. As cracks in brick are usually visible to the naked eye, bricks are reused if there is no visible physically damage to the material. The strength of wood material does not deteriorate when exposed to high temperature except in the burned part called char, which lies on the surface layer of the beam after fire exposure. The charring part can be mechanically planed away during sanitation. Mechanical planning is regarded as a relatively simple sanitation method and does not require any chemical environmentally impacting substances.
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Thammongkol, Pitiporn. "The system theoretic accidental analysis of a crude unit refinery fire incident." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90708.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2014.40
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 112-115).
Catastrophic chemical process accidents in the past such as Bhopal (India) and Flixborough (UK) have led to a major increase in societal concerns about the safety of these processing facilities. As the petrochemical industry has changed considerably over the past several decades due to changes in technology, automation control and greater integration of work services, this has led industry operations to become more advanced and complex. Therefore, when accidents occur, they usually have an involvement of multiple factors, which suggests that there are underlying complex systemic problems. Nevertheless, typical accident investigations often show that most accidents were preventable; identifying the cause of the accidents and monitoring warning signs are crucial to preventing the accidents. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a better understanding of the missing causal identification from the use of traditional Swiss cheese base accidental model compared to a structured system-based method. This thesis applies Prof. Leveson's System Theoretic Accident Model and Processes, STAMP-CAST, on a case study of the August 2012 Richmond Refinery fire involving a crude unit. Then STAMP-STPA will be use in an example to develop warning signs to detect the deterioration of the Refinery's safety integrity. The analysis identified is complimentary to the refinery and regulatory controls that were not articulately expressed in the company's investigation report. These analyses are included in subsequent sections of this thesis to answer the research question "What could be done differently to understand the causes of accidents and prevent them?"
by Pitiporn Thammongkol.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Parsons, Christopher. "An essay on liability insurance and accident compensation and five papers on liability insurance." Thesis, City University London, 2001. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8402/.
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This essay is intended to be broad in scope. Therefore, inevitably, it touches on some issues which are not explored in detail in the articles listed above and which, for reasons of space, cannot be given the detailed attention they deserve here. There is much scope for further research. ' The essay is structured in six parts. Part 1 traces the historical development of liability insurance as an outgrowth of accident insurance, a broad miscellaneous class with its own origins in the revolutionary changes in industry, trade, and transport that began as the eighteenth century drew to a close. Part 2 analyses the problems that began to emerge once liability insurance became a class of insurance in its own right. This section shows, in particular, how liability insurers came to assume long-tail risks, exposures of a kind that were always regarded as uninsurable in the context of firstparty insurance. Part 3 looks at how insurers have responded to these difficulties and examines the technical problems they face in attempting to design contracts that satisfy both the security requirements of policyholders and their own need to price liability risks accurately and reduce their uncertainties to manageable proportions. Part 4 examines behavioural aspects of liability insurance and the issue of moral hazard: the possibility that the granting of insurance cover might promote opportunistic behaviour or modify human actions in a way that adversely affects the interests of insurers, or society as whole, or both. It is argued that this phenomenon takes on extra dimensions in the context of liability insurance, creating additional layers of uncertainty for insurers and greater potential instability for liability insurance systems. Part 5 examines a connected issue: the relationship between liability insurance and liability rules, especially those of tort law. Here we consider the extent to which the existence or availability of insurance impacts upon judicial and legislative policy, and the extent to which it should properly do so. The essay concludes, in Part 6, with a summary of the issues explored and an assessment of possible future developments in liability insurance markets. As part of this assessment the perceptions of the major stakeholders in the systems that employ liability insurance are considered, including liability insurers, the Government, the general public and the lawmakers. It is observed that these perceptions - as to the proper role of liability insurance, and what can be achieved effectively through its use - differ widely. The author concludes that all would benefit from a better informed and, perhaps, more realistic assessment of what liability insurance can do, and what it cannot. If the system is to remain stable, there is a need for a greater understanding of the problems of liability insurance, and the limits of its effectiveness, amongst all stakeholders in the tort/liability insurance system, including the lawmakers, the Government, the public at large and insurers themselves.
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Manu, Christopher Corneliu. "Finite element analysis of stress rupture in pressure vessels exposed to accidental fire loading." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1295.
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Kamenopoulou, Vassiliki. "Proprietes dosimetriques des fibres textiles : application a la dosimetrie par resonance paramagnetique electronique d'un accident d'irradiation gamma." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30172.
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Ribbe, David Paul. "The effects of active training strategies on children's acquisition of emergency skills and fear of fire." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50080.
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Two training procedures (active rehearsal, passive observation) were assessed for relative effectiveness in the acquisition of sequential fire emergency skills, reducing fire-related fears and physiological arousal, and increasing self-efficacy and rationale for fire safety skills. Active subjects imitated videotaped models performing emergency behavior while receiving behavior-contingent feedback. Passive viewers received no practice or feedback. Experimental groups were compared to untrained controls. Active rehearsal was expected to lead to superior skill acquisition, fear-reduction, self-efficacy appraisals, rationale acquisition, and reduction of physiological reactivity (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate). Subjects were 52 third-grade children. Dependent measures were assessed at pre-test, post-test, and five-month follow-up. Significant performance gains were found for both experimental groups, but not for controls. Active training produced significantly greater skill acquisition. Skill gains were not maintained at follow-up. All groups showed significant reductions in fear at post-test, but no differences were found between groups. Active training also produced significantly greater self-efficacy appraisals for one emergency situation. Both experimental groups demonstrated significant gains in rationale acquisition relative to controls. Physiological results were confounded by pre-test differences. Correlations between various measures were examined. A significant relationship was found between self-efficacy appraisals and behavioral performance for one emergency situation. The correlation between self-report of fear and self-efficacy was highly significant across time. The implications of active training strategies in fire safety programs are discussed.Master of Science
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Rengel, Darnaculleta Borja. "Validation of CFD codes for risk analysis of accidental hydrocarbon fires." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668544.
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Accidental releases of flammable hydrocarbons in chemical process industries can trigger severe hazards: explosions, fires, and dispersion of toxic vapour clouds. Explosions and toxic releases may injure people within large damage radius; however, fires are the most common accidental events that may lead to catastrophic consequences in terms of life and property losses.
Within this framework, the prediction of the related-fire effects may significantly contribute to identify measures needed to eliminate or mitigate the consequences of accidents in processing environments. Semi-empirical methods can provide rapid estimations of the flame-geometry descriptors as well as estimations of the heat flux received at a given distance from the fire origin. Based on that information, active protection systems and inherent safer design measures (i.e. safety distances between equipment) can be determined to prevent major fire accidents. Nevertheless, these are based on empirical and statistical data, and do not cover the overall characteristics of the fire behaviour.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling can provide more detailed insights of the related fire effects considering additional complexity, such as different geometries and alternative boundary conditions, and representing different fire sizes: from small to large scale fires. Nevertheless, CFD requires detailed input data, expert knowledge on the phenomenon simulated and on the physical models implemented, and demands high computational resources. The use of CFD modelling for technological risk analysis is still incipient, so detailed validation exercises are needed before their use in real applications.
This thesis is mainly aimed at assessing the predictive capabilities of different CFD codes (FDS, FLACS-Fire and FireFOAM) when predicting the hazardous effects of hydrocarbon pool fires and jet fires. Specifically, large-scale pool fires of diesel and gasoline (from 1.5 to 6 m-diameter), vertical sonic jet fires of propane (from 0.09 to 0.34 kg/s with orifice diameters of from 10 to 25.5 mm), vertical subsonic jet fires of methane in normal- and sub- atmospheric pressures (from 0.6 to 1 bar with an orifice diameter of 3 mm), and vertical and horizontal subsonic jet fires of propane (from 0.007 to 0.11 kg/s with orifice diameters of from 12.75 to 43.1 mm-diameter) have been modelled in different CFD codes. Prescribing burning rates provide accurate predictions of the pool fire effects with maximum cell sizes of 0.2 m. On the other hand, the cell sizes of sonic and subsonic jet fires should be determined by considering a fire characteristic diameter of 16 and 12, respectively. A minimum number of 400 solid angles is recommended to obtain accurate estimations of the thermal flux.
Based on the numerous computational simulations performed, Best Practice Guidelines (BPG) are developed to determine a code as ‘valid’ or not, and to provide guidance on the most suitable modelling settings when performing CFD simulations of accidental hydrocarbon fires. The BPG usefulness is proved through a case study of an oil storage farm located in the Port of Barcelona. Large over-estimations of the heat flux values are found with semi-empirical correlations and thus, the safety measures required would be very conservative and costly. Therefore, CFD modelling is recommended method to perform detailed FHA in chemical and process industries.Les fuites accidentals d'hidrocarburs inflamables en indústries de processos químics poden desencadenar greus riscos: explosions, incendis i dispersions de núvols de vapor tòxics. Les explosions i les dispersions de gasos poden ferir a persones en un radi de danys més gran; tanmateix, els incendis són els esdeveniments accidentals més habituals que poden causar conseqüències catastròfiques en termes de pèrdues de vida i de propietats. En aquest marc, la predicció dels efectes dels incendis pot contribuir significativament a identificar les mesures necessàries per eliminar o mitigar les conseqüències dels accidents en entorns de processos. Els mètodes semi-empírics poden proporcionar estimacions ràpides de la geometria de la flama així com del flux de calor rebut a una distància determinada de l'origen de l'incendi. A partir d'aquesta informació, es poden implementar sistemes de protecció actius i mesures de disseny inherents (és a dir, distàncies de seguretat entre equips) per evitar grans accidents d'incendis. No obstant, aquestes es basen en dades empíriques i no cobreixen les característiques generals del desenvolupaments dels incendis. El modelatge de dinàmica de fluids computacionals (CFD) pot proporcionar una visió més detallada dels efectes dels incendis ja que tenen en compte la complexitat addicional dels escenaris, com ara geometries i condicions límits diferents, i poden representar diferents mides d'incendis: des de petita fins a gran escala. No obstant, les simulacions CFD requereixen dades d'entrada detallades, coneixements experts sobre el fenomen simulat i sobre els models físics implementats, i exigeixen elevats recursos computacionals. L'ús del modelat CFD per a l'anàlisi del risc tecnològic encara és incipient, i per tant, es necessiten exercicis de validació abans de fomentar la seva aplicació en casos reals. Aquesta tesi està dirigida principalment a avaluar les capacitats predictives de diferents codis CFD (FDS, FLACS-Fire i FireFOAM) alhora de predir els efectes perillosos dels incendis de bassa i de dolls de foc. Concretament, de bassa a gran escala amb dièsel i gasolina (d'1.5 fins a 6 m de diàmetre), dolls de foc verticals sònics amb propà (de 0.09 fins a 0.34 kg/s amb diàmetres d'orificis compresos entre 10 i 25.5 mm), dolls de foc verticals subsònics amb metà a diferents pressions atmosfèriques (des de 0.6 fins a 1 bar amb un diàmetre d'orifici de 3 mm), i dolls de foc verticals i horitzontals subsònics amb propà (de 0.007 fins a 0.11 kg/s amb diàmetres d'orifici compresos entre 12.75 i 43.1 mm) s¿han simulat amb les diferents eines CFD. La prescripció de la velocitat de combustió proporciona prediccions precises dels efectes dels incendis de bassal quan la mida de la cel·la és de 0.2 m com a màxim. D'altra banda, la mida de la cel·la per a simulacions de dolls de foc sònics i subsònics s'ha de determinar tenint en compte un diàmetre característic de l'incendi de 16 i 12, respectivament. Es recomana un número mínim de 400 angles sòlids per obtenir estimacions precises dels fluxos tèrmics. A partir de les nombroses simulacions computacionals realitzades es desenvolupament directrius de bones pràctiques (BPG) per determinar un codi com a 'vàlid' o no, i per proporcionar orientació sobre els paràmetres de modelatge més adequats quan es realitzen simulacions CFD d'incendis accidentals d'hidrocarburs. La utilitat del les BPG es demostra mitjançant un cas d'estudi d'una granja d'emmagatzematge d'hidrocarburs situada al Port de Barcelona. Es troben grans sobreestimacions dels valors del fluxos de calor mitjançant correlacions semi-empíriques. Per tant, es recomana la utilització d'eines CFD per realitzar FHA detallats en indústries químiques i de processos.
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Carter, Yvonne Helen. "The aetiology and prevention of accidents to pre-school children : an evaluation of accidents to children under five years old in North Staffordshire." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7464.
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Thorsén, Ann-Mari. "Five-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of early supported discharge and continued rehabilitation at home after stroke /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-543-7/.
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Bowman, Maria Susannah. "Smallholder Fire Prevention and Burning Activities Under the Threat of Accidental Fire: A Household Model Application from the Tapajós National Forest in the State of Pará, Brazil." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34972.
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Land-clearing fires set by settlers in the Brazilian Amazon give rise to large scale wildfires that threaten mature forests, agricultural plantations, and settlement areas. Our purpose is to examine labor devoted to fire prevention (firebreak establishment) and burning for crop production for subsistence smallholders in the Tapajós National Forest in Pará, Brazil. Both the decision to engage in each activity and the scale of the activity are examined. A household model addressing decision-making under risk is estimated using survey data from 220 households. We find economic variables such as the opportunity cost of household time, market conditions, and the hiring wage to be important predictors of both decisions (often these are more important than household or demographic considerations), as is household reliance on standing forest resources for non-timber products. We also find that the involvement of NGOs and the government plays an important role in encouraging fire prevention behavior. Our results provide support for programs that emphasize economic parameters and for considering smallholder productivity in policies that target accidental fire prevention or reduction in burning activity.Master of Science
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Randall, Steven. "The Curiosity of Con, Petrified Breath, and an Accident known as Blue." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4256.
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My thesis installation emerged from an interest in visualizing breath. The resulting work came to exist at the intersection between art, biology, and performance.
The unicorn tapestries were used as a generative point of departure to explore the preservation and transformation of images through time, by time, and with time. Reproductions of the six tapestries were each etched into paper and then submerged into solutions of Phenol Red dye, Ferric Ferrocyanide (also known as Prussian Blue), and various forms of sodium chloride. Exhaled breath was used to encrust these images of the tapestries into physical objects which gradually crystallized and changed colors in response to viewers within the surrounding space. An invasive plant species native to Richmond, Virginia was utilized as a catalyst to re-absorb Carbonic acid from exhaled breath and convert the objects back to their original (or not so original) states. The final piece became the active remnants from an inquiry which quickly snowballed into so much more than I had initially planned.
The following text is written as a supplemental reading to trace some of my influences at the periphery of the piece while mapping my thought processes.
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Carboni, Mattia. "Consequence assessment for the accidental release of the aviation turbine fuel Jet A-1." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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In questo lavoro di tesi si è svolto in prima istanza uno studio preliminare atto a individuare una miscela rappresentativa del combustibile aeronautico Jet A-1, a partire dai limiti imposti dal mercato e dagli standard europei. Esso è stato identificato come miscela di n-decano e toluene in composizione relativa tale da avere proprietà chimiche e fisiche simili rispetto alla miscela reale.
Successivamente è stato individuato un set ridotto di cinetiche (reazioni) e di composti tale da rendere possibile l’implementazione in codici fluidodinamici computerizzati (CFD). Ciò è stato ottenuto utilizzando un'analisi di sensitività numerica e utilizzando il software Cantera.
Nella seconda fase del lavoro è stato utilizzato il software di simulazione dinamica di incendi denominato Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) sviluppato dal National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Tale software è stato applicato per la simulazione degli incendi di pozza (pool fire) e per la simulazione della dispersione dei vapori del surrogato Jet A-1 su pista, seguito da un innesco ritardato (flash fire).
Nel caso del pool fire sono state valutate le temperature e i flussi termici radiativi in funzione del tempo e dello spazio. Nel caso della dispersione dei vapori del combustibile in atmosfera è stata invece valutata la frazione molare di combustibile presente nell’aria rispetto alla distanza dal punto sorgente, ed è stata valutata la dimensione della nuvola infiammabile avendo come riferimento il limite inferiore di infiammabilità della miscela in esame.
Il confronto con i dati sperimentali presenti in letteratura, in particolare per il pool fire - nei termini di flusso termico rispetto alla distanza dell’incendio - ha evidenziato una notevole discrepanza con i valori ottenuti dal modello di default di FDS, mentre ha invece confermato la bontà dei risultati ottenuti utilizzando il modello cinetico semplificato – ma di dettaglio - ottenuto in questo lavoro.
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Zarza, Juan Manuel. "EVALUACIÓN DE UNA PROPUESTA DE DISEÑO POR TORSIÓN SÍSMICA ACCIDENTAL CONSIDERANDO VARIOS SISMOS DE TERRENO FIRME." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/109982.
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Tesis de maestríaUsing non-linear analyses and Monte Carlo simulations, a simplified accidental-torsion design procedure is evaluated. The design procedure does not use an accidental eccentricity like the building codes do. For the evaluation, four reinforced concrete frame building models of four and seven stories are dynamically studied in the nonlinear range. The models are subjected to a set of five firm-soil, bidirectional seismic records. The design procedure is evaluated by comparing the ductility demands of both beams and columns for three conditions of each building model: a) the torsionally balanced model without accidental torsion (model TB), which establishes the reference values of ductility demands; b) the same nominal model but incorporating accidental torsion via the Monte Carlo method; and c) a model with amplified strength (model AS) according to the accidental-torsion design procedure to be evaluated. Results indicate that there is a probability smaller than 2.5% that accidental torsion can cause ductility demands approximately 20% to 25% larger than those of similar building models without accidental torsion. A comparison of ductility demands for the reference models without accidental torsion and those of models with accidental torsion and designed with the procedure that is evaluated, reveals that the design procedure is effective to control the effects of accidental torsion.
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Wittmann, Lutz. "With body and soul five studies on the psychopathological sequelae of accidental injuries." Lichtenberg (Odw.) Harland Media, 2007. http://d-nb.info/992466474/04.
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Ranc, Isabelle. "Modélisation de la fragmentation fine lors de la phase de déclenchement d'une explosion de vapeur." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10106.
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Ce travail est motive par les etudes de surete relatives aux accidents graves des reacteurs a eau pressurisee, qui envisagent la fusion du coeur. Dans ce cadre, on etudie une des phases de l'explosion de vapeur ou interaction corium-eau, c'est-a-dire la vaporisation violente du refrigerant lors d'un choc thermique entre un liquide tres chaud et un liquide froid. L'objet de l'etude est la phase de declenchement de l'interaction, pendant laquelle une goutte de combustible, de l'ordre du centimetre, initialement entouree d'un film de vapeur, se fragmente en debris de l'ordre de la centaine de micrometres. Le modele decrit le cycle de croissance et de collapse d'une bulle de vapeur autour de la goutte et sa fragmentation. Les differentes etapes du scenario ont ete modelisees. Les points principaux sont : -la destabilisation du film ou de la bulle par des instabilites de rayleigh-taylor conduisant des contacts directs entre le corps chaud et le refrigerant, -les mecanismes de fragmentation obtenus a la suite de ces contacts. En particulier, pour le mecanisme d'emprisonnement de refrigerant a l'interieur de la goutte, le comportement thermique du refrigerant a ete decrit par une evaporation brutale lorsque la limite de surchauffe est atteinte, -le transfert de chaleur transitoire entre les fragments et le refrigerant et la production de vapeur importante. Sur ce dernier point, a l'issue d'une analyse bibliographique, le refroidissement des fragments a ete decrit par un transfert de chaleur transitoire, mettant en jeu la physique de l'ebullition par nucleation spontanee. Les resultats du modele sont compares de facon satisfaisante aux resultats experimentaux.
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Guillon, Damien. "Étude des mécanismes d'absorption d'énergie lors de l'écrasement progressif de structures composites à base de fibre de carbone." Toulouse, ISAE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ESAE0011.
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La maîtrise du comportement en cas de crash des structures en matériaux composites est une des difficultés qui accompagnent le développement industriel de ces structures. Le composite peut absorber de grandes quantités d'énergie si la structure s'écrase progressivement. Cette thèse vise à améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de ruine mis en jeu dans ces fronts d’écrasements progressifs. Un montage expérimental innovant a été conçu. Il permet l'écrasement homogène, visualisé en direct, de plaques stratifiées. Une campagne expérimentale a permis d'obtenir une variété intéressante de mode de ruine. L'initiation, la stabilisation et les mécanismes d'absorption d'énergie dans les fronts d'écrasement sont analysés. Les relations entre chaque mode de ruine et l'influence des paramètres matériaux et expérimentaux sont expliquées. Une classification synthétique des modes de ruine est exposée. La modélisation numérique d'un front à l'échelle mésoscopique est proposée. Certains modes de ruine sont reproduits avec précision. Les mécanismes de ruine sont clairement identifiables et la contribution de chacun à l'absorption d'énergie est quantifiée.
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Gough, Brian. "Accidents and emergencies : an evaluation of the effectiveness of current management strategies and legal controls in mitigating accidents and injuries to fire service personnel in the performance of their duties, in operational and non-operational envir." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445053.
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Mungan, Arda Meral. "Risk Assessment For A Denim Manufacturing Plant In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609700/index.pdf.
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A risk assessment study is conducted in a denim manufacturing plant in Turkey. The study is carried out within the framework of a project on adopting the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive of the European Union. The scope of the assessment is fire or explosion risk with regards to hazardous chemicals present in the plant. The receptor of the study is defined as &ldquopeople&rdquo
which include the employees in the plant, employees of nearby plants and people in residential around the mill. A semi-quantitative risk assessment is carried out using checklist, a risk matrix and risk evaluation forms. The highest risks in the plant are identified as dust explosions, natural gas jet fires, natural gas explosions. Also, it is identified that due to several causes, in case of a fire or explosion the scale of an accident may enlarge instantaneously. The main warehouse is determined to carry the highest risk value in the plant. Mathematical modelling studies are conducted to calculate the hazard radius for dust explosions and natural gas fire and explosion. According to the results of mathematical modelling, the highest consequences could lead to destruction of buildings or severe injuries/fatalities of people within large hazard radius up to 700 m. The risk present at the manufacturing mill is communicated to the facility management throughout the study. Several suggestions are proposed to the facility management and some of them are already implemented.
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Ricci, Alison. "Unintentional ingestions of prescription and over the counter medications in children five years of age and younger." The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623571.
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Class of 2011 AbstractOBJECTIVES: Accidental ingestions of medications in children under five years old are an increasing problem faced by parents and caregivers. This study will determine which medications are most commonly ingested and which cause more harmful side effects. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective study was performed by obtaining data from electronic patient charts from the Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center (APDIC). Subjects were selected if they were younger than five years old and had ingested a medication during 2009. Age and gender were analyzed by calculating percentages and means and comparing them using an independent t-test. Adverse effects of medications were compared using a Chi Square test. RESULTS: A total of 4,373 cases met inclusion criteria for analysis, including 2,019 females and 2,354 males. The average age of patients was 2.2 years. Of 3,275 cases (74.4%) involving OTC medications, 119 patients (3.6%) developed minor effects and 20 patients (0.6%) developed moderate effects. Of 1,129 children (25.6%) ingesting prescription medications, 78 patients (6.9%) developed minor effects, 35 patients (3.1%) developed moderate effects and 1 patient (0.1%) developed a major effect (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: Males were more likely to have unintentional ingestions than females. The incidence of OTC ingestions was higher than prescription ingestions. Toddlers tended to have more ingestions than infants or older children. Unintentional prescription medication ingestions resulted in significantly more adverse effects than unintentional OTC ingestions.
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Herzig, Radek. "Management kvality, BOZP a požární ochrany ve stavebním podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227220.
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The subject of this thesis is "Quality management, occupational safety, health and fire protection in construction company". Its task is to introduce the basic rules and requirements of quality management, occupational safety, health and fire protection in construction industry. The second part of the thesis deals with quality management, occupational safety, health and fire protection in construction companies, which are presented and analyzed in detail. These findings are then applied to create methodology of implementing the occupational safety, health and fire protection management system for construction companies.
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Juocevičius, Virmantas. "Ypatingųjų poveikių statiniams sukeliamos rizikos vertinimo metodas." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20111228_165051-40824.
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Disertacijoje aprašomas metodas, sukurtas vertinti ypatingųjų poveikių statiniams keliamą riziką. Darbe pateikti trys šio metodo taikymo pavyzdžiai. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, penki skyriai, išvados, literatūros šaltiniai, autoriaus publikacijų sąrašas ir penki priedai.
Pirmajame skyriuje apžvelgiama mokslinė literatūra, kurioje tiriami rizikos vertinimo metodai ir aptariama jų taikymo konstrukcijoms skaičiuoti galimybė. Pateikiama trumpa ypatingųjų poveikių klasifikacija bei konstrukcijų, kurias jie gali paveikti, pažeidžiamumo modeliavimas. Antrajame skyriuje aprašomas metodas, sukurtas ypatingųju poveikių
keliamų konstrukcijų pažaidų tikimybėms vertinti. Metodas derina statybinių konstrukcijų patikimumo teorijos ir Bajeso statistinės teorijos priemones. Jis gali būti taikomas tiek projektuojant konstrukcijas, tiek vertinant pramoninių objektų riziką. Trečiajame skyriuje aprašoma, kaip taikyti siūlomą metodą vertinant medinėms konstrukcijoms keliamą gaisro riziką. Ta rizika išreiškiama gaisro pažeistos konstrukcijos suirimo tikimybe, kuri yra vertinama apriorine ir aposteriorine tankio funkcijomis, skaiciuojamomis Bajeso statistinės teorijos priemonėmis. Šiame skyriuje nagrinėjama medinė gaisro veikiama pramoninio
pastato stogo konstrukcijos sija. Gaisro poveikis modeliuojamas maža statistine gaisro charakteristikų imtimi.
Ketvirtajame skyriuje pateiktas siūlomo metodo taikymas projektuojant sprogimo veikiamą apsauginį barjerą. Atsižvelgiama i barjero elementų mechaninio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The dissertation presents a method developed for assessing the risk to constructed facilities posed by accidental actions. The proposed method is applied to the analysis of structures subjected to accidental actions induced by fire, explosion and extreme wind. The dissertation consists of introduction, five chapters, conclusions, lists of references and papers published by the author of the dissertation, as well as five annexes. Chapter 1 presents a review of published work on the assessment of risk to structures and non-structural property posed by accidental actions. The review covers general aspects of risk assessment and application of risk analysis tools to the analysis and design of structures. The core of the review is an application of Bayesian methods, which prevail in the field of risk assessment, to a risk-based structural analysis. Chapter 2 proposes a method developed for the assessment of damage to structures from accidental actions. This method combines structural analysis with Bayesian handling of information related to accidental actions and response of structures to these actions. The method allows to estimate probabilities of the damage to structures caused by accidental actions. Chapter 3 deals with an application of the proposed method to the estimation of fire risk to structures. It is shown how to apply this method to the estimation of failure probability of a timber beam damaged by fire in an industrial building. This chapter shows how to handle... [to full text]
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Toniolo, Maria Angelica. "The role of land tenure in the occurrence of accidental fires in the Amazon region case studies from the National Forest of Tapajos, Para, Brazil /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3162264.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Public and Environmental Affairs and Dept. of Political Science, 2004.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-01, Section: A, page: 0330. Co-Chairs: Elinor Ostrom; Eduardo S. Brondizio. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 12, 2006).
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Ramiandrisoa, Liana. "Etude et développement d'une mesure pyrométrique en cœur de réacteur pour le suivi de la température d'une gaine de combustible : application à l'étude des accidents de perte de réfrigérant primaire (APRP) au cours d'essais de simulation dans le réacteur expérimental Jules Horowitz." Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMS038/document.
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Dans l'industrie comme dans la Recherche, la température est un paramètre clef pour la maîtrise et la compréhension du comportement des matériaux. Ainsi, dans le Réacteur nucléaire de Recherche Jules Horowitz (RJH), actuellement en construction au CEA Cadarache, un dispositif expérimental est élaboré afin d'étudier le comportement thermomécanique d'une gaine combustible. Celle-ci sera placée dans des conditions qui simulent une situation accidentelle (Accident de Perte de Réfrigérant Primaire, APRP) pendant laquelle elle s'échauffera rapidement. Le suivi de température, entre 700 et 1200 à ±10°C, doit pouvoir se faire par un capteur pyrométrique déporté par fibre optique. L'enjeu est d'optimiser la mesure en comparant différentes techniques de pyrométrie. Pour cela, l'étude est menée sous l'angle des deux principales difficultés techniques inhérentes à la réalisation du capteur. Le premier défi est lié au comportement des fibres optiques dans un environnement mixte où irradiation et haute température sont intimement liées. La fibre va subir des flux neutroniques de l'ordre de 10^12 nrapide/cm²/s et un débit de dose d'environ 1kGy/s. De plus son extrémité est soumise à une température de paroi élevée, de l'ordre de 800°C. Dans ces conditions, lumières parasites, bandes d'absorption et atténuation fluctuante sont autant de contraintes dont les effets sont à éviter ou à minimiser. Une étude prédictive fait le point sur les recommandations théoriques à suivre pour une mesure optimale.La seconde difficulté, qui concerne la mesure de température par pyrométrie, vient des variations spectrales attendues pour l'émissivité de la cible. Le matériau d'étude, choisi pour son utilisation dominante en France, est le Zircaloy-4. Sous l'effet de l'oxydation, l'émissivité spectrale de cet alliage de Zirconium évolue. Ce manuscrit montre qu'entre 700 et 800°C il est expérimentalement possible d'effectuer une mesure pyrométrique en laboratoire, hors irradiation.En croisant ces différents résultats, il apparaît envisageable d'effectuer une mesure de température dans les conditions du RJH à condition de maîtriser les différents paramètres parasites et de privilégier certaines longueurs d'onde. Ce travail s'inscrit dans une voie prometteuse pour l'utilisation à distance de la pyrométrie optique en milieu nucléaire civil sévèreIn both research and industry, temperature is a key parameter for understanding and characterizing the behavior of materials. To study the thermomechanical behavior of a fuel rod, a test device is designed for the Jules Horowitz Material Testing Reactor (currently under construction in the CEA Cadarache). The device will be placed under accidental conditions (Loss Of Coolant Accident, LOCA) causing rapid overheating. The temperature tracking, between 700 and 1200°C, will be measured by a fiber optic sensor. The aim of the project is to optimize temperature measurement by comparing different pyrometry techniques. This study covers the management of the main difficulties inherent to the design of the sensor.The first challenge consists of predicting optical fiber behavior in such complex environments where irradiation and high temperature are combined. The fiber will be exposed to a neutron dose rate about 10^12 nfast/cm²/s and ϒ dose rate of about 1kGy/s. Moreover its extremity is heated to approximately 800°C. It is shown that under these conditions, light interferences, absorption bands and fluctuating attenuation are obstacles to overcome or to mitigate.The second challenge, concerning pyrometric measurement, comes from spectral variations expected for the rod emissivity. The material of study is chosen for its widespread use in France: Zircaloy-4. Under oxidating conditions the spectral emissivity of this Zirconium alloy evolves. This thesis proves that between 700 and 800°C pyrometric measurement is possible from experimental point of view in laboratory without irradiation.In conclusion rod temperature tracking in JHR conditions may be possible providing that interferences are mastered and wavelengths are chosen. This work makes the use of optical pyrometry under civil nuclear extreme conditions more promising
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Nunes, Joana Rita Luís. "Avaliação de riscos na caracterização de tarefas de manutenção: estudo de caso." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/25625.
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Projeto submetido como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Segurança e Higiene no TrabalhoO presente trabalho é desenvolvido no âmbito da tese final do mestrado em Higiene e Segurança no Trabalho, da Escola Superior de Tecnologia em parceria com a Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais e surge no seguimento do projeto final realizado no ano anterior. O projeto foi desenvolvido em ambiente real de trabalho em conjunto com a equipa operadora de uma empresa de manutenção e metalomecânica e o seu principal objetivo é a avaliação de riscos na Caracterização de algumas tarefas de manutenção mais frequentemente realizadas pela empresa. A empresa em estudo trata-se de uma microempresa, apenas com 8 trabalhadores, no entanto insere-se no sector de atividade fundamental em todas as áreas financeira do mundo, pois todos os processos e produtos necessitam de manutenção, seja ela, preventiva ou corretiva. Estudos neste sector são muito importantes, pois uma análise de dados do EUROSTAT sobre os acidentes de trabalho ocorridos na União Europeia entre 2003 e 2005 conclui que entre 15 a 20% de todos os acidentes, mortais e não-mortais, e entre 10 a 15% de todos os acidentes mortais estão relacionados com operações de manutenção. Esta análise situa então, as atividades de manutenção em quarto lugar numa lista dos 10 tipos de trabalho responsáveis pelo maior número de acidentes de trabalho mortais. Sendo desta forma tão importante analisar os possíveis riscos inerentes a estas atividades. Para tal, foram seguidas e estudadas diferentes atividades de manutenção, as mais executadas, com o apoio dos trabalhadores. Para a avaliação destes riscos foi aplicado o Método William T. Fine e o método FMEA. Finalmente foram sugeridas medidas a implementar por forma a minimizar os riscos que não podem ser eliminados.
The project presented here is done in the context of the final thesis of the master’s degree in health and safety at work that takes place at the School of Technology, in partnership with the School of Business, both in Setubal, and it emerges as a follow up of the final project conducted last year. The project took place in a metalworking and maintenance company, along with their multidisciplinary team and the main goal was to identify and assess the different hazards of some maintenance activities executed by the company. Although this is a micro-company, with only eight employees, is inserted in a activity sector that is applied to each and every financial areas of the world, due to the fact that everything needs maintenance, either preventive or corrective. Additionally, a various number of studies, specifically, a EUROSTAT study about work environment accidents, complies that a great number of accidents, lethal or non-lethal are directly related with maintenance activities. Therefore, these studies place the maintenance activities in 4th at a list of 10 type of works with the higher lethal accidents rate. Therefore, is so important to analyze all the possible risks of all these activities. For that purpose, some maintenance activities were followed and studied with the help of the employees. To evaluate this risks the methods William T. Fine and FMEA were executed. Finally, some measures where suggested in order to reduce the risks which could not be eliminated.
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Schüllerová, Barbora. "Ochrana osob před dopady závažných chemických havárií." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232702.
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Population Protection againts Impacts from Major Chemical Accident in recent years is an important area to address. This thesis focuses on the current situation and preventive security measures in protecting the population against the effects of serious chemical accidents. Specifically, it focuses on the Czech Republic and toxic industrial chemicals, explosive and flammable. A detailed analysis of the current situation in the Czech Republic with risk areas relating to chemical industry and hazardous chemicals was worked out. An analysis of the current status of population protection from the effects of serious chemical accidents is prepared. On the basis of the analysis measures are suggested to improve the current situation in accordance with legislation. The work was carried out research on their own knowledge of the population in this in pre-selected location.
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Gimenes, Junior Efézio de Siqueira. "Ensino de comportamentos de segurança para pessoas diagnosticadas com autismo: uma revisão da literatura." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16766.
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While there are a lot of applied researches focused in teaching different behaviors to people with autism, few of these studies have as focus safety behaviors. After identify studies that taught safety behaviors, this review had as objective, to identify variables responsible for the effectiveness in procedures to teach safety behavior for such people. Studies focused on safety behavior instruction were selected of databases Portal periódicos CAPES, ERIC, PubMed, PsycNET, Wiley Online Library and Science Direct, the main keywords used were autism and safety, were found 36 articles, and after a extensive lecture of references, were found three thesis and dissertations, which added are equal to 39 studies. The results indicated that more than a half of the studies were published between the years of 2008 and 2015 in North American institutions, indicating a tendency of interest in the topic on recent years, especially, about elopement. Of 39 studies, 34 were applied researches and in 32 of these was used single subject design, although there were limitations on the stability criteria in the baseline, even when studies were published in JABA. The main target behaviors studied were elopement, which were specially studied in the recent years, pedestrian behaviors and prevention of lures for strangers. The major participants with autism were children and adolescents from 2 to 15 years. In 36 studies were used 22 evidence-based practices, combined in various ways; the most common practices was reinforcement, prompting, discrete trail and functional analysis. In conclusion, in 36 studies where evidence-based practices were used, were changes in the behavior of the participants after the intervention, however there are limitations on the target behavior generalization planning and the extent of follow-up after completion of the intervention
Embora haja grande quantidade de pesquisas aplicadas dirigidas a ensinar diferentes comportamentos a pessoas com autismo, poucas destas pesquisas tiveram como foco o ensino de comportamentos de segurança. Na presente revisão, após a identificação de estudos que ensinavam comportamentos de segurança, teve-se como objetivo identificar variáveis responsáveis pela eficácia de procedimentos de ensino de tais comportamentos para esse público-alvo. Foram selecionados trabalhos que pretenderam ensinar comportamentos de segurança nas bases de dados Portal periódicos CAPES, ERIC, PubMed, PsycNET, Willey Online Library e Science Direct e os principais descritores utilizados foram autism e safety. Foram encontrados 36 relatos de pesquisa, e o esgotamento bibliográfico permitiu identificar três teses e dissertações, que somados, totalizaram 39 estudos. Os resultados indicaram que mais da metade dos estudos publicados o foram entre os anos de 2008 e 2015 e seus autores estavam filiados a instituições norte americanas, indicando uma tendência de interesse no tema nos últimos anos. Dos 39 trabalhos, 34 eram pesquisas aplicadas e em 32 delas foi utilizado um delineamento de sujeito único, embora houvesse limitações nos critérios de estabilidade da linha de base, mesmo quando os estudos foram publicações do periódico JABA. Os principais comportamentos-alvo estudados foram afastar-se de uma área sem supervisão de um cuidador, que foi especialmente investigado nos últimos anos, o comportamento de pedestre e de prevenção da aproximação de estranhos potencialmente perigosos, majoritariamente com participantes crianças e adolescentes dos 2 aos 15 anos. Os procedimentos de ensino utilizados combinaram diferentes práticas baseadas em evidências, derivadas da análise do comportamento e as principais foram reforçamento, hierarquia de dicas, tentativa discreta e análise funcional. Concluiu-se que em todos os 36 estudos em que foram utilizadas práticas baseadas em evidências houve mudanças substanciais no comportamento dos participantes após a intervenção, embora houvesse limitações quanto ao planejamento da generalização do comportamento-alvo e da medida de sua manutenção após o término da intervenção
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Lu, Hsian-Chang, and 呂憲章. "Fire Simulation And Analysis Of Large Semiconductor Manufacturing Factory Fire Accident." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12407033762205205439.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
99
Ministry Of Economic Affairs Industrial Development Bureau Under The Semiconductor Industry Promotion Office (SIPO) Statistics, China''s Semiconductor Industry After More Than 40 Years Of Development, Already Have A Complete Chain Of Semiconductor Industry Support, A Significant Cluster Effects And Professional Foundry Manufacturing Strength, Strong Features. At Present The Latest Statistics In 2008 The Output Value Of China''s Foundry Industry Accounted For 67.2% Of The World, With Both The IC Packaging Industry Ranks The World''s First, IC Mask And Testing Industry Is Also Of Great Development Foundation, IC Design Industry In China''s Existing Manufacturing Profits Base With The Government''s Development Policy Support, Rapid Development, And Production Value Accounted For 25.8% Of The World, Ranking Second In The World. A Complete Silicon Structure, So That Our Country Has The World''s Only Semiconductor Specialized Division Of Labor. Among Them, Semiconductor Packaging And Testing Production Value To Reach 3,182 Million NT. In The Creation Of High-Value At The Same Time, The Semiconductor Industry But Also Created Many Refreshing Amount Of Fire Insurance Claims. This Study For The Semiconductor Assembly And Test Factory In Taoyuan County, 2006.05.01 Case Of The Occurrence Of Fires, Using The Case Of Fire Dynamics Simulator Fire Simulation To Explore The Clean Room Fire Danger And Smoke Flow Hazards, And Studies To Reduce Fire Losses May Be , So As To Reduce Operator Risk. Historically, The Major Of The Factory Fire, Will Result In Company''s Stock Price Fell Outside The Company''s Operations, But Also Affect The Socio-Economic Side, The Surrounding Environment, And Even The Loss Of International Orders。Which Are Not Very Difficult To Quantify The Losses, But Only Through The Case Studies To Assist The Project To Improve The Current Plant, Or Into The Future, The New Plant''s Design, Can Only Effectively Reduce The Risk And Disaster Loss. Keyword：Fire, Filed Model, Fire Dynamics Simulator
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CHEN, YEN-LIANG, and 陳彥良. "The Simulation of Fire Accident in Supermarketby FDS." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01222032879207532772.
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碩士高苑科技大學
機械與自動化工程研究所
105
As like a small warehouse store, the supermarket is onlynarrow space and many types of goods are in there. The fire load densityis is too high. Therefore, it is difficult to discharge smoke and sprinkledrain shelf hinder. Hence, theeffectiveness of smoke control system for buildings is an important issue. This thesis presents fivesimulations for Firefighting Equipment and Smoke Control System of Supermarket basedon the fire prevention laws in Taiwan and analyzes by FDS (Fire Dynamics Stimulator)software. It is to study how different smoke control system being generated by the fire and smoke. As a result, it shows the simulationof mechanical ventilation devicein supermarket is best, it can disperse the smokeimmediately and keep the smoke layer height under 2 meters to easy for escaping and rescuing. Secondly, the natural ventilation system can extend theoccurrence of flashoverand let people have more time to escape from the fire. Thirdly, the smoke barrier on the initial stage of the fire can isolate the smoke layer to increase visibility entrance escape effectively. However, the smoke barrier does not work being too much smoke. Finally, the optimal control system which we explore can be use to design in future. Keywords:supermarket, smoke control systems, FDS
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Chen, Jielan, and 陳潔蘭. "Fire Accident Investigation and Evaluation of Cumene Hydroperoxide (CHP)." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48826311279193981196.
Full textAbstract:
碩士吳鳳科技大學
光機電暨材料研究所
100
This study was used to evaluate thermal hazard of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vent sizing package2 (VSP2). Activation energy (Ea), exothermic onset temperature (T0), temperature of no return etc., were employed to prevent and protect thermal explosion relevant parameters in the petrochemical industry. The cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) is a toxic chemical material that was used to mix with oxygon (O2) or air (21vol.％ O2) in the oxidation tower. In our previous studies, CHP has already been widely applied globally in the chemical industries, and it has been indentified as a thermally hazardous chemical materials. In this study, the aforementioned parameters of the CHP was obtained by using DSC and VSP2, were used to a standard level in process safety management for petrochemical industry. In view of fire accident investigation and evaluation, CHP should be safe handling procedures and storage situations in the chemical industries.
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Yi-Shih, Liu, and 劉依蒔. "The Study of Knowledge Sharing Behavior in Fire Accident Handling." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96457086428786426005.
Full textAbstract:
碩士亞洲大學
經營管理學系碩士班
97
Knowledge management is a new tool for the organization management in twenty-first century; however, the application of knowledge management in government institution is scarce in this region. Generally, the research field of fire is focusing on technology, such as: fire safety equipment installed, shelter or escape expressway system, disaster prevention and rescuing system, command of the rescue capability. Instead of researching on knowledge sharing of firefighter. Based on above-mentioned, this research expected that the combination of theory, literature review. Data collection, analysis for fire department in Nantou County. To understand the knowledge sharing situation in fire department through questionnaires and intensive interviews, and try to provided the opinions and suggestions for knowledge sharing. The rage of research is focus on fire department, and the topic sources are relying on the literature and documents. Based on this, this study select questionnaires and intensive interviews as Research Methods. The aim of this research is to examine the different background firefighters whether affect knowledge sharing behavior or not. The results show that different individuals’ backgrounds have different willingness to share knowledge and behavior. The back officers have higher degree of knowledge sharing in Explicit know-that and know-how. The Agents have higher degree of knowledge sharing in Explicit know-that and Tacit know-how.
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Wang, Fang Ping, and 王芳萍. "An Evaluation on the Thermofluid Phenomena Under Fire Accident Conditions." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77481845814244897363.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
機械工程研究所
82
The thermofluid phenomena of fire accidents are quite complex. Development of evaluation methodology to assess these phenomena is still in its rudimental stage domestically. In the meantime, the evaluation methodologies imported from foreign countries are difficult to obtain and inflexible to fit in with the domestic situations. This study was based on the first- principle approach using the fundamental heat and mass transfer and combustion theroies to derive a series of physical models for the fire accident calculations. The key parameters under investigation are the transient compartmental pressure and temperature; flow rate of fire plume; energy transfers by conduction, convection, and radiation; height of smoke layer; and etc. In the analyses, a numerical method was developed to solve the integrated governing equations. Subsequently, impact of gas emissivity, its specific heat, the vent area, and the heat release rate of the fire on the various key parameters were assessed. Results of this study were compared with the three existing models - the point model, the Jones'' model, and the ASET-B model.Reasonable agreements were achieved by examining the compartmental temperature profile predicted by the present model compared with that obtained from the other three models.
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Fang, Pi-Hsia, and 方碧霞. "Lun-Ching Restaurant Accident Fire Evacuation and moving lines Analysis." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50626593467581477159.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
104
Sharply in recent years with changes in the material and cultural needs of the people continues to improve, and in all types of buildings for the rapid development of public places ( such as restaurants , tea shops, cafes , etc. ) , public places are crowded place the event of fire , will cause heavy casualties , in order to effectively reduce disasters and ensuring the safety of personnel for internal use , it becomes evacuation studies . In this study, the 1993 Taipei ' s Lun-Ching Restaurant Accident Fire " caused 33 deaths , 21 people were injured as a case study to fire dynamic simulation software FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) and the Finnish VTT Technology Centre (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ) developed asylum module (FDS + Evac), were simulated fire escape and evacuation simulation analysis to explore the distribution of the fire, the fire high temperature generated by the concentration of carbon monoxide , and other important parameters of the gas layer height , then the use of these data discussed the situation and allow time to escape the fire , and to gather relevant information, news stories and web data and other information to avoid the occurrence of similar disasters .
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Xu, Yu-Zhang, and 許育彰. "Using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) program to develop fire prevention of the improvement scheme for the ALA nightclub fire accident." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86105542799725593254.
Full textAbstract:
碩士吳鳳科技大學
消防研究所
103
As global commerce develops and drives urban development, many nightclubs are becoming venues that provide consumers different experiences. However, building public safety is often overlooked during the development of these nightclubs. As a result, the narrow corridors, dark interior, combustible interior decoration, inadequate firefighting equipment, and insufficiently wide exits often cause major loss of life in the event of a fire. Thus, the fire dynamics simulator (FDS) developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was used in this study to rebuild the events of the Taichung ALA nightclub fire and to analyze changes in fire flow, smoke flow, temperature distribution, carbon monoxide concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, oxygen concentration, and other fire factors in the nightclub fire. Six fire prevention improvement plans were proposed and the FDS program was used to validate the effectiveness of these plans. Results of this study show that interior decoration materials and fire management regulations should be comprehensively reexamined for nightclubs. In addition to improving fire safety management and building public safety inspections, fire management system must be realistically implemented for entertainment venues to ensure safety of consumers’ life and property. Furthermore, the FDS program results show that fire site temperature and visibility are key factors that affect personnel evacuation and escape. Although automatic sprinkler systems can effectively control heat release at the fire site, reduce fire site temperature, and prevent flashover, high fire temperature in the building can vaporize water into steam and significantly decrease visibility (along with smoke). Mechanical ventilation equipment can effectively delay smoke accumulation on the first floor, interaction between air intake and exhaust port can cause air turbulence in the fire site. Large amounts of smoke would still accumulated up to the second floor ceiling and only a small amount of smoke would be vented. Conversely, natural venting facilities cannot immediately eliminate smoke and other hazard factors in the fire site, but they can effectively delay smoke accumulation and prevent flashover. This will enable the nightclub to meet escape time threshold and allow personnel to successfully evacuate the fire site. The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for improving nightclub fire safety by relevant safety units, which can decrease loss of life and property in the event of a nightclubs fire.
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王士承. "Impatc of Detector on Egress Time During a Building Fire Accident." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13455617824119691522.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元智大學
機械工程研究所
89
We have been discussing fires for the few years in Taiwan, we find that many people die from inhaling too much smoke. But fire produces dense smoke and diffusion velocity is limited. It takes one or two minutes for smoke to fill the space of an average building. So the time for people to make their escape is rather short. Because devices of detector are installed, people can start escape earlier. Therefore the design and device of detector are very important inside buildings. This paper utilizes CFAST zone model and PHOENICS field model to simulate the fire accident that occurred in Sun-Trun city. Important parameters are obtained to analyze how the energy is transmitted and smoke is spread inside a building. The effects of fire detectors on the fire accident are also evaluated.
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Huang, Chung Hao, and 黃崇豪. "Numerical Simulation of Building Fire Accident in Chin Yeh Kara OK." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50892485587992023164.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元智大學
機械工程研究所
88
ABSTRACT Property loss and death rate caused by fire disaster are irreplaceable damages no matter how people treasure and enjoy their lives in the prosperity of Taiwan economy. This study can be made use of not only beneficent for those people who seize the limit time to escape from fire disaster but also less expenses of the full scale simulation . In the fire disaster case which was happened Chin - yeh Kara OK , 13 people death and 3 people injury ,in Hsin — Chu on Sep. 23rd. 1992 , the analysis of thermodynamic flow , smoke thickness , CO density , and the investigation of water spread system , exhaust fan equipment and alarm system were studied and compared with NIST fire field model ( CFAST, developed by National Institute of Standard and Technology , U.S.A. ) The result from fire rebuilding analysis was compared to zone model numerical hypothesis . The reference numbers on calculation and analysis of fire temperature and fire extend speed should be an important indictor to increase the survival chance from fire field . As a fact through this study , the result of scientific evidence research can be knowledge bases and reference information to evaluate whether or not the current fire restrict regulations should be add or modified . Furthermore it will help our governors develop new performance oriented fire safety regulation .
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謝勝堅. "A Study on the Thermal-Fluid Phenomena Under Compartment Fire Accident." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kz877s.
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