Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fire apparatus

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  1. Journal articles

Academic literature on the topic 'Fire apparatus'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fire apparatus"

1

Delichatsios, M. A. "Basic Polymer Material Properties for Flame Spread." Journal of Fire Sciences 11, no. 4 (1993): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419301100401.

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We present and demonstrate the application of a systematic methodology for predicting fire spread and growth and for a relative fire hazard classification of materials for any scale and fire environment. This methodol ogy consists of three steps: (1) select laboratory test methods to perform flam mability measurements; (2) based on these measurements, obtain key flamma bility material properties which are precisely defined in this work; and (3) use these properties in a mathematical model of fire spread and growth to predict fire hazards. The complementary test methods we have selected and used are: (a) a general flammability test apparatus (such as NIST or FMRC) [1,2] modified to also provide pyrolysis measurements in an inert N2 atmosphere; (b) the Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) apparatus, which is used here as a tool for ob taining properties needed for creeping flame spread and extinction, including vitiated environments; and (c) a solid material smoke-point height apparatus [8], which is used to characterize the smokiness of the burning material needed to determine the radiation and smoke yield for arbitrary fire situations (wall fires, pool fires or ceiling fires) [8]. The use and proper interpretation of the Limited Oxygen Index apparatus can replace the LIFT [10] apparatus for deter mining in a more accurate and direct way the material properties required for creeping (vertical downward, lateral, horizontal) flame spread. The present methodology has been compared well with experiments in this work and else where [9], and it has been used to predict critical conditions for fire spread [11], not empirically as it is usually done, but based on first principles of fire spread, fire growth and burning, together with material flammability properties syste matically deduced from small-scale test measurements.
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2

Muller, Kurt A., Christoph Enderli, and Peter Ryser. "Apparatus for wide-area fire detection." Environment International 20, no. 1 (1994): VII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(94)90101-5.

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3

Jung, Hyuk, Bohyun Moon, and Gwang Goo Lee. "Development of Experimental Apparatus for Fire Resistance Test of Rechargeable Energy Storage System in xEV." Energies 13, no. 2 (2020): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020465.

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To secure the safety of xEV (all types of electrical vehicles), the United Nations released Global Technical Regulation No. 20, “Global Technical Regulations on the EVS (Electric Vehicle Safety)” in March 2018. The fire resistance test of the rechargeable energy storage system (REESS) describes an experimental procedure to evaluate the safety performance—specifically, whether passengers would have sufficient time to escape from the xEV before the explosion of the battery in a fire. There are two options for component-based REESS fire resistance tests: a gasoline pool fire and a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) burner. This study describes the process for optimizing the specifications of the fire resistance test apparatus for xEV batteries using an LPG burner, which was first proposed by the Republic of Korea. Based on the results of the measurement and a computational fluid dynamics analysis of the prototype test apparatus, new equipment designs were proposed by determining the nozzle spacing and number, fuel flow rate, and experimental conditions. To cover a wide range of xEV battery sizes, a final test apparatus consisting of 625 burners was selected. For three different battery sizes, it was possible to satisfy the temperature requirements, ranging from 800 to 1000 °C, of the GTR fire resistance test. The final apparatus design developed in the present study has been included in GTR No. 20 for EVS since March 2018.
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4

Hsiao, Hongwei, Jennifer Whitestone, Michael Wilbur, J. Roger Lackore, and J. Gordon Routley. "Seat and seatbelt accommodation in fire apparatus: Anthropometric aspects." Applied Ergonomics 51 (November 2015): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.04.004.

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5

Hu, Hai Bing, Jin Sheng Wang, Hao He, Gao Hua Lin, and Yong Ming Zhang. "Wireless Warning System of Positive Pressure SCBA Based on GPRS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 1702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.1702.

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Ordinary positive pressure breathing apparatus only supply the air to firefighters within a certain time, and cannot help to realize the real-time control of the service status of the apparatus, leading to the existence of security risks. In this study, a wireless early warning system of positive pressure breathing apparatus was proposed in response to the actual demand of the fire force based on a combination of GPRS communication technologies, intelligent prediction algorithm of the breathing apparatus, and network-based programming technologies. The system features strong applicability and small error (a working error of ±6%), and thus can satisfy the demand of enhancing the safety guarantee for firefighters on the fire-fighting and rescue scene and is of significant application value.
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6

Gette, Irina G., Nina V. Pakharkova, Ivan V. Kosov, and Irina N. Bezkorovaynaya. "Fluorescence methods for estimation of post-fire response of pine needles." Folia Forestalia Polonica 59, no. 4 (2017): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2017-0026.

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Abstract Forest fire represents one of the most serious abiotic stress factors that influence the function and productivity of ecosystems globally. Siberian pine forests are often exposed to forest fires, but they are not always harmful to them. This paper discusses the possibility of using fluorescent methods to assess the thermal effects on the assimilation apparatus of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles. The assimilation apparatus of pine needles was reestablished after exposure to convective, simulating the effect of ground fire heat flow, though the recovery rate depends on the impact force. The analysis of fast and delayed fluorescence characteristics revealed differences in the thermostability of the Scots pine needles showing certain modification of physiological processes in plants under the influence of stress factors with a positive acclimation effect. The Scots pine needles grown after ground fire are more resistant to the recurrent sublethal temperature, and this effect is maintained during the next growing season. This paper suggests that reforestation planning, particularly burning (low-intensity fire), will result in improved tree physiology that will lead to an increase in Scotch pine survival rate due to repeated heat stresses. Furthermore, the fluorescence method can be used to diagnose the thermic resilience of pine needle and assess high-temperature effects.
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7

Liu, Dingli, Zhisheng Xu, Long Yan, and Feiyue Wang. "Applying Real-Time Travel Times to Estimate Fire Service Coverage Rate for High-Rise Buildings." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (2020): 6632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196632.

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Frequent high-rise building fires have posed serious threats to urban public safety. In this study, real-time travel times extracted from online maps were applied to estimate fire service coverage rates for high-rise buildings. Firstly, the minimum fire apparatus requirement for high-rise building “at least 1 water fire truck and 1 aerial fire truck should arrive at the fire scene of high-rise building within 240 s” was proposed. Then, a dynamic estimation model of fire service coverage rate for high-rise buildings was established. To validate the model, 5146 high-rise buildings, 61 water fire trucks, and 56 aerial fire trucks in Changsha were selected as case studies. The results show that the total effective coverage rate and total average travel time in Changsha are 20.43% and 421.95 s, respectively. There are 10,840 water fire trucks and 6192 aerial fire trucks in China. Based on the average number of water fire trucks and aerial fire trucks per high-rise building, it can be estimated that the total effective coverage rate in China may not exceed 60.00%. Due to limited fire resources and frequent traffic congestion, only partial high-rise buildings can be effectively covered by fire services, whether in Changsha or China.
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8

Olejniczak, Izabella, Stefan Russel, and Anna Prędecka. "Influence of experimental fires on mesofauna communities (Collembola and Acari) of two types of meadows." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 18, no. 5 (2020): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2020.18.5.29.

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The impact of prescribed fires in grasslands on soil mesofauna was studied in the field experiment. The study was carried out on two types of meadows: on mineral (meadow I) and organic soils (meadow II), near Warsaw (52o10’N; 20o50’E). In November 2007 sampling plots, 1 m2 in size were chosen at random and burned. Soil samples were taken just after fire and in April, July and November, 2008 to the depth of 10 cm from unburned plots (control), at the edge of fire and in burned plots. The soil mesofauna was extracted from soil samples in the Tullgren apparatus. There were not found any effects of prescribed fires on mesofauna densities. However, a slight increase of mesofauna abundance was observed on burned areas 12 months after experimental fires on the meadow I and decrease on the meadow II. Just after fire, on burned areas, only euedaphic species of Collembola were present among mites communities dominated Oribatida, with thick cuticule.
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9

Olejniczka, Izabella, Stefan Russel, and Anna Prędecka. "Wpływ doświadczalnych pożarów na zespoły mezofauny (Collembola i Acarina) dwóch typów łąk." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 9, no. 3 (2011): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2011.9.3.05.

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The impact of experimental fires in grasslands on soil mesofauna was studied in the field experiment. The study was carried out on two kinds of meadows: on mineral (meadow I) and organic soils (meadow II), near Warsaw (52010’N; 20050’E). In November 2007 sampling plots, 1 m2 in size were chosen at random and burnt. Soil samples were taken just after fire and in April, July, and November 2008 to the depth of 10 cm from unburned places (control), at the border of fire and in burnt plots. The soil mesofauna was extracted from soil samples in the Tullgren apparatus. There were not found any effects of experimental fires on mesofauna densities. However, a slight increase of mesofauna abundance was s observed in burned plots 12 months after experimental fires on the meadow I and decrease on the meadow II. Just after fire, in burned plots, only euedaphic species of Collembola were present among mites communities dominated Oribatida, with thick cuticule.
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10

McGuire-Wolfe, Christine. "Boots and Bugs: The Beginning of an Intervention for Firefighters." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (2020): s143—s144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.659.

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Background: Multiple studies have demonstrated that pathogens are present in both apparatus and stations within the fire service. Pasco County Fire Rescue’s (PCFR’s) 500+ firefighters routinely wear boots to trauma scenes and into patient’s residences and then into the dormitory and living areas of the fire stations. Pasco County Fire Rescue (PCFR) recently participated in a larger effort to identify the bacteria, yeast, and mold that firefighters, emergency medical technicians, and paramedics are exposed to on apparatuses and the station living environment during a typical shift. During these efforts to swab multiple touch points within apparatus (ambulances and engines) and common areas of the stations, firefighters’ boots were identified as a significant source of bacterial contamination. Methods: Swabs of 191 surfaces in 23 vehicles and 5 fire stations were collected, including 3 swabs from the bottom of firefighter boots. Results: Firefighter boots had the highest bacterial CFUs of all locations swabbed, with >900,000 and 378,000 CFUs per boot. Disinfection with a quaternary ammonium product sprayed through an electrostatic sprayer system effectively reduced the bacterial contamination on boots. Conclusions: PCFR recognizes firefighter boots as a critical vector of contamination between the environment encountered on emergency medical calls and the fire station environment and, as a result, has started a preliminary education campaign for agency firefighters regarding the need for regular boot disinfection. These efforts include regular submissions to the biweekly employee newsletter, as well as reminders on interoffice mailing envelopes (see example below) in hopes of increasing informal, self-directed boot cleaning and disinfection efforts. The next steps include verifying the effectiveness of specific disinfectant cleaners on boots; addressing logistical and practical barriers to routine cleaning and disinfection of boots; and developing, implementing, and evaluating a protocol for regular boot cleaning and disinfection.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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