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Journal articles on the topic 'Fire apparatus'
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1
Delichatsios, M. A. "Basic Polymer Material Properties for Flame Spread." Journal of Fire Sciences 11, no. 4 (1993): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419301100401.
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We present and demonstrate the application of a systematic methodology for predicting fire spread and growth and for a relative fire hazard classification of materials for any scale and fire environment. This methodol ogy consists of three steps: (1) select laboratory test methods to perform flam mability measurements; (2) based on these measurements, obtain key flamma bility material properties which are precisely defined in this work; and (3) use these properties in a mathematical model of fire spread and growth to predict fire hazards. The complementary test methods we have selected and used are: (a) a general flammability test apparatus (such as NIST or FMRC) [1,2] modified to also provide pyrolysis measurements in an inert N2 atmosphere; (b) the Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) apparatus, which is used here as a tool for ob taining properties needed for creeping flame spread and extinction, including vitiated environments; and (c) a solid material smoke-point height apparatus [8], which is used to characterize the smokiness of the burning material needed to determine the radiation and smoke yield for arbitrary fire situations (wall fires, pool fires or ceiling fires) [8]. The use and proper interpretation of the Limited Oxygen Index apparatus can replace the LIFT [10] apparatus for deter mining in a more accurate and direct way the material properties required for creeping (vertical downward, lateral, horizontal) flame spread. The present methodology has been compared well with experiments in this work and else where [9], and it has been used to predict critical conditions for fire spread [11], not empirically as it is usually done, but based on first principles of fire spread, fire growth and burning, together with material flammability properties syste matically deduced from small-scale test measurements.
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Muller, Kurt A., Christoph Enderli, and Peter Ryser. "Apparatus for wide-area fire detection." Environment International 20, no. 1 (1994): VII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(94)90101-5.
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Jung, Hyuk, Bohyun Moon, and Gwang Goo Lee. "Development of Experimental Apparatus for Fire Resistance Test of Rechargeable Energy Storage System in xEV." Energies 13, no. 2 (2020): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020465.
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To secure the safety of xEV (all types of electrical vehicles), the United Nations released Global Technical Regulation No. 20, “Global Technical Regulations on the EVS (Electric Vehicle Safety)” in March 2018. The fire resistance test of the rechargeable energy storage system (REESS) describes an experimental procedure to evaluate the safety performance—specifically, whether passengers would have sufficient time to escape from the xEV before the explosion of the battery in a fire. There are two options for component-based REESS fire resistance tests: a gasoline pool fire and a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) burner. This study describes the process for optimizing the specifications of the fire resistance test apparatus for xEV batteries using an LPG burner, which was first proposed by the Republic of Korea. Based on the results of the measurement and a computational fluid dynamics analysis of the prototype test apparatus, new equipment designs were proposed by determining the nozzle spacing and number, fuel flow rate, and experimental conditions. To cover a wide range of xEV battery sizes, a final test apparatus consisting of 625 burners was selected. For three different battery sizes, it was possible to satisfy the temperature requirements, ranging from 800 to 1000 °C, of the GTR fire resistance test. The final apparatus design developed in the present study has been included in GTR No. 20 for EVS since March 2018.
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Hsiao, Hongwei, Jennifer Whitestone, Michael Wilbur, J. Roger Lackore, and J. Gordon Routley. "Seat and seatbelt accommodation in fire apparatus: Anthropometric aspects." Applied Ergonomics 51 (November 2015): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.04.004.
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Hu, Hai Bing, Jin Sheng Wang, Hao He, Gao Hua Lin, and Yong Ming Zhang. "Wireless Warning System of Positive Pressure SCBA Based on GPRS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 1702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.1702.
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Ordinary positive pressure breathing apparatus only supply the air to firefighters within a certain time, and cannot help to realize the real-time control of the service status of the apparatus, leading to the existence of security risks. In this study, a wireless early warning system of positive pressure breathing apparatus was proposed in response to the actual demand of the fire force based on a combination of GPRS communication technologies, intelligent prediction algorithm of the breathing apparatus, and network-based programming technologies. The system features strong applicability and small error (a working error of ±6%), and thus can satisfy the demand of enhancing the safety guarantee for firefighters on the fire-fighting and rescue scene and is of significant application value.
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Gette, Irina G., Nina V. Pakharkova, Ivan V. Kosov, and Irina N. Bezkorovaynaya. "Fluorescence methods for estimation of post-fire response of pine needles." Folia Forestalia Polonica 59, no. 4 (2017): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2017-0026.
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Abstract Forest fire represents one of the most serious abiotic stress factors that influence the function and productivity of ecosystems globally. Siberian pine forests are often exposed to forest fires, but they are not always harmful to them. This paper discusses the possibility of using fluorescent methods to assess the thermal effects on the assimilation apparatus of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles. The assimilation apparatus of pine needles was reestablished after exposure to convective, simulating the effect of ground fire heat flow, though the recovery rate depends on the impact force. The analysis of fast and delayed fluorescence characteristics revealed differences in the thermostability of the Scots pine needles showing certain modification of physiological processes in plants under the influence of stress factors with a positive acclimation effect. The Scots pine needles grown after ground fire are more resistant to the recurrent sublethal temperature, and this effect is maintained during the next growing season. This paper suggests that reforestation planning, particularly burning (low-intensity fire), will result in improved tree physiology that will lead to an increase in Scotch pine survival rate due to repeated heat stresses. Furthermore, the fluorescence method can be used to diagnose the thermic resilience of pine needle and assess high-temperature effects.
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Liu, Dingli, Zhisheng Xu, Long Yan, and Feiyue Wang. "Applying Real-Time Travel Times to Estimate Fire Service Coverage Rate for High-Rise Buildings." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (2020): 6632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196632.
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Frequent high-rise building fires have posed serious threats to urban public safety. In this study, real-time travel times extracted from online maps were applied to estimate fire service coverage rates for high-rise buildings. Firstly, the minimum fire apparatus requirement for high-rise building “at least 1 water fire truck and 1 aerial fire truck should arrive at the fire scene of high-rise building within 240 s” was proposed. Then, a dynamic estimation model of fire service coverage rate for high-rise buildings was established. To validate the model, 5146 high-rise buildings, 61 water fire trucks, and 56 aerial fire trucks in Changsha were selected as case studies. The results show that the total effective coverage rate and total average travel time in Changsha are 20.43% and 421.95 s, respectively. There are 10,840 water fire trucks and 6192 aerial fire trucks in China. Based on the average number of water fire trucks and aerial fire trucks per high-rise building, it can be estimated that the total effective coverage rate in China may not exceed 60.00%. Due to limited fire resources and frequent traffic congestion, only partial high-rise buildings can be effectively covered by fire services, whether in Changsha or China.
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Olejniczak, Izabella, Stefan Russel, and Anna Prędecka. "Influence of experimental fires on mesofauna communities (Collembola and Acari) of two types of meadows." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 18, no. 5 (2020): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2020.18.5.29.
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The impact of prescribed fires in grasslands on soil mesofauna was studied in the field experiment. The study was carried out on two types of meadows: on mineral (meadow I) and organic soils (meadow II), near Warsaw (52o10’N; 20o50’E). In November 2007 sampling plots, 1 m2 in size were chosen at random and burned. Soil samples were taken just after fire and in April, July and November, 2008 to the depth of 10 cm from unburned plots (control), at the edge of fire and in burned plots. The soil mesofauna was extracted from soil samples in the Tullgren apparatus. There were not found any effects of prescribed fires on mesofauna densities. However, a slight increase of mesofauna abundance was observed on burned areas 12 months after experimental fires on the meadow I and decrease on the meadow II. Just after fire, on burned areas, only euedaphic species of Collembola were present among mites communities dominated Oribatida, with thick cuticule.
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Olejniczka, Izabella, Stefan Russel, and Anna Prędecka. "Wpływ doświadczalnych pożarów na zespoły mezofauny (Collembola i Acarina) dwóch typów łąk." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 9, no. 3 (2011): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2011.9.3.05.
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The impact of experimental fires in grasslands on soil mesofauna was studied in the field experiment. The study was carried out on two kinds of meadows: on mineral (meadow I) and organic soils (meadow II), near Warsaw (52010’N; 20050’E). In November 2007 sampling plots, 1 m2 in size were chosen at random and burnt. Soil samples were taken just after fire and in April, July, and November 2008 to the depth of 10 cm from unburned places (control), at the border of fire and in burnt plots. The soil mesofauna was extracted from soil samples in the Tullgren apparatus. There were not found any effects of experimental fires on mesofauna densities. However, a slight increase of mesofauna abundance was s observed in burned plots 12 months after experimental fires on the meadow I and decrease on the meadow II. Just after fire, in burned plots, only euedaphic species of Collembola were present among mites communities dominated Oribatida, with thick cuticule.
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McGuire-Wolfe, Christine. "Boots and Bugs: The Beginning of an Intervention for Firefighters." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (2020): s143—s144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.659.
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Background: Multiple studies have demonstrated that pathogens are present in both apparatus and stations within the fire service. Pasco County Fire Rescue’s (PCFR’s) 500+ firefighters routinely wear boots to trauma scenes and into patient’s residences and then into the dormitory and living areas of the fire stations. Pasco County Fire Rescue (PCFR) recently participated in a larger effort to identify the bacteria, yeast, and mold that firefighters, emergency medical technicians, and paramedics are exposed to on apparatuses and the station living environment during a typical shift. During these efforts to swab multiple touch points within apparatus (ambulances and engines) and common areas of the stations, firefighters’ boots were identified as a significant source of bacterial contamination. Methods: Swabs of 191 surfaces in 23 vehicles and 5 fire stations were collected, including 3 swabs from the bottom of firefighter boots. Results: Firefighter boots had the highest bacterial CFUs of all locations swabbed, with >900,000 and 378,000 CFUs per boot. Disinfection with a quaternary ammonium product sprayed through an electrostatic sprayer system effectively reduced the bacterial contamination on boots. Conclusions: PCFR recognizes firefighter boots as a critical vector of contamination between the environment encountered on emergency medical calls and the fire station environment and, as a result, has started a preliminary education campaign for agency firefighters regarding the need for regular boot disinfection. These efforts include regular submissions to the biweekly employee newsletter, as well as reminders on interoffice mailing envelopes (see example below) in hopes of increasing informal, self-directed boot cleaning and disinfection efforts. The next steps include verifying the effectiveness of specific disinfectant cleaners on boots; addressing logistical and practical barriers to routine cleaning and disinfection of boots; and developing, implementing, and evaluating a protocol for regular boot cleaning and disinfection.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Aydin, Burchan, Emre Selvi, Jian Tao, and Michael J. Starek. "Use of Fire-Extinguishing Balls for a Conceptual System of Drone-Assisted Wildfire Fighting." Drones 3, no. 1 (2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3010017.
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This paper examines the potential use of fire extinguishing balls as part of a proposed system, where drone and remote-sensing technologies are utilized cooperatively as a supplement to traditional firefighting methods. The proposed system consists of (1) scouting unmanned aircraft system (UAS) to detect spot fires and monitor the risk of wildfire approaching a building, fence, and/or firefighting crew via remote sensing, (2) communication UAS to establish and extend the communication channel between scouting UAS and fire-fighting UAS, and (3) a fire-fighting UAS autonomously traveling to the waypoints to drop fire extinguishing balls (environmental friendly, heat activated suppressants). This concept is under development through a transdisciplinary multi-institutional project. The scope of this paper encloses general illustration of this design, and the experiments conducted so far to evaluate fire extinguishing balls. The results of the experiments show that smaller size fire extinguishing balls available in the global marketplace attached to drones might not be effective in aiding in building fires (unless there are open windows in the buildings already). On the contrary, results show that even the smaller size fire extinguishing balls might be effective in extinguishing short grass fires (around 0.5 kg size ball extinguished a circle of 1-meter of short grass). This finding guided the authors towards wildfire fighting rather than building fires. The paper also demonstrates building of heavy payload drones (around 15 kg payload), and the progress of development of an apparatus carrying fire-extinguishing balls attachable to drones.
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Wang, Pengfei, Naian Liu, Yueling Bai, Linhe Zhang, Kohyu Satoh, and Xuanya Liu. "An experimental study on thermal radiation of fire whirl." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 8 (2017): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17010.
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Fire whirl is frequently observed in wildland fires, and may cause serious difficulty in firefighting owing to its significant turbulent flow. In this paper, the radiation of fire whirl is investigated through experiments using a fire whirl facility made up of an air curtain apparatus, with five different sizes of n-heptane pools (25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 cm). The flame contour was extracted by image processing. By using infrared methods, the flame emissivity of fire whirl at different heights for different pool diameters was measured, and thereby a correlation was developed between the flame emissivity and the flame diameter. The soot volume fraction in the luminous flame is estimated to range within 2.5 × 10−6 to 4.0 × 10−6, much higher than that of general heptane pool fires, which provides an explanation of the higher flame emissivity of fire whirl. The emissive power profile v. normalised height is deduced from flame emissivity and flame temperature data. A multizone flame model (in which each zone is assumed as a grey body) is used, based on the measured data of flame emissivity, to predict the radiation of fire whirl. Comparison between the predicted and measured data of radiative flux shows good agreement.
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S.stp, Hendayana. "ANALISIS PELAYANAN PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA KEBAKARAN OLEH PEMADAM KEBAKARAN PEMERINTAH (STUDI KASUS KOTA PONTIANAK)." Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa 4, no. 1 (2019): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33701/jipsk.v4i1.553.
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Disasters are events that can occur anytime and anywhere, as well as fire disasters. Along with the frequent occurrence of fire disasters, it is necessary to provide effective, fast response services for fire disasters. Fires occur due to many factors. To reduce losses, it is necessary to improve services to fire services from the government which is one of the minimum services of the government. Analysis is a thinking activity to describe a whole as a component so that it can recognize the signs of components, their relationships with each other and their respective functions in an integrated whole. Service analysis is here to measure fire service levels in Pontianak City. This research is a descriptive qualitative research Measurement of service quality by using 5 (five) dimensions with several indicators of each dimension of Tangible, Reliabelity, Responsiviness, Assurance, Emphaty. Based on the results of research conducted stating that the fire disaster management service carried out by the Pontianak City Fire Department was not optimal This is because there are still problems faced by the Pontianak City Fire Department where firefighting organizations are not yet independent, lack of facilities and infrastructure, lack of resources humans, lack of fire stations, less attention to the apparatus regarding the safety guarantee of fire services especially.
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Marcelli, Thierry, Paul A. Santoni, Albert Simeoni, Eric Leoni, and Bernard Porterie. "Fire spread across pine needle fuel beds: characterization of temperature and velocity distributions within the fire plume." International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, no. 1 (2004): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf02065.
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The aim of this article is twofold. First, it concerns the improvement of knowledge on the fundamental physical mechanisms that control the propagation of forest fires. To proceed, an experimental apparatus was designed to study, in laboratory conditions, the flame of a fire spreading across a pine needle fuel bed. Characterization of temperature was managed by using a reconstruction method based on a double thermocouple probe technique developed recently. The vertical gas velocity distribution was derived from the previous reconstructed signals by measuring the transit time of a thermal fluctuation between two points of the flow. Second, the experimental data were used for the testing of a physical two-phase model of forest fire behavior in which the decomposition of solid fuel constituting a forest fuel bed as well as the multiple interactions with the gas phase are represented.
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Yakovchuk, R., A. Kuzyk, O. Miller, and A. Lyn. "HEAT INSULATION-APPARATUS SYSTEMS OF HOUSEHOLD FACADE AS A FACTOR OF INCREASED FIRE HAZARD." Fire Safety, no. 32 (August 14, 2018): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.32.2018.12.
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The paper analyzes the problems associated with the fire hazard of the application of thermal insulation and finishing systems of facades of buildings, which directly depends on the design solution of the thermal insulation system and the type of thermal insulation material.
The generalized requirements for physical and technical indicators of the quality of heat-insulating materials; the possibility of applying facade heat insulation structures depending on their class, the height of the houses and the combustibility of the materials of the heat-insulating and finishing layers; fire-technical characteristics of expanded polystyrene are considered. The threats of fire spreading by thermal insulation systems of facades are analyzed and possible ways of its propagation between floors are considered.
It is concluded that the use of combustible thermal insulating materials poses an increased danger to life and health of people during a fire. The problem of ensuring the fire safety of buildings, in which the insulation and finishing systems of exterior walls are used, depends on a number of factors and requires a more thorough study.
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Sun, Cheng, Min Ju Ding, Yong Feng Zhang, et al. "Identification of Electrical Fire Melted Marks of Copper Wires by Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.281.
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A variety of electrical apparatus used in daily life can cause fires because of internal or external factors. During cause identification of an electrical fire, the first short circuit melted marks of copper wire have been considered highly important because they are direct proofs. Additionally, overloaded short circuit caused by the overload of current due to excessive electrical usage can give rise to an electrical fire. Despite extensive research on the first short circuit in fire scenes, the overloaded short circuit remains difficult to be distinguished because of the limitation of commonly used testing methods. Conventional metallographic method is intuitionistic and simple, but may not provide detailed data of crystals such as misorientation of grains. Here a new method (electron backscattered diffraction, EBSD) is applied for identification of the first and overloaded short-circuited melted marks of copper wires in electrical fire scenes. Results show obvious morphological distinctions in melted marks of copper wires between the first and overloaded short circuits. Qualitative and Quantitative differences obtained from the contrast of the above two short circuit situations may assist for cause identification of electrical fires in the future.
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Yang, Jiann C., Michelle K. Donnelly, Nikki C. Privé, and William L. Grosshandler. "An apparatus for screening fire suppression efficiency of dispersed liquid agents." Fire Safety Journal 36, no. 1 (2001): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(00)00042-4.
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Zhang, Guoan, Lingling Wei, Junhao Gao, Tingting Qiu, Rongnan Yuan, and Shouxiang Lu. "Research on combustion performance of PVC foam in fire propagation apparatus." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911801034.
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Polyvinyl chloride foam (PVC) is widely used as the wall materials of the high-speed train. The combustion characteristics of PVC foam under the heat fluxes of 20-60 kW/m2 are investigated by fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). The results show that the ignition time of PVC foam decreases with the increase of heat flux. The peak of heat release rate, mass loss rate and smoke production rate increase with the increase of heat flux. Under the condition of 60 kW/m2, the heat release rate has the peak value of 109.10 kW/m2. The research on the combustion characteristics of the PVC can be used to analyse the fire risk of the train and guide the formulation of safety measures.
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Shahzadi, Shaista, Muhammad Hanif, Hira Ali, Mehreen Nazish, and Rao Akmal Ali. "STATE VS. INDIVIDUAL: A CASE STUDY OF HOME FIRE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (2021): 1616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9418.
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Purpose of the study: The main purpose of researching this topic is to discover how the conflict occurs between the state and characters of society, in light of the theological apparatus and interpellation of Althusser by the concept of the novel Home Fire.
Methodology: A qualitative approach is used to study Home Fire by Kamala Shamsie in the light of the concept of theological apparatus and interpellation of Althusser.
Main Findings: Findings show that In this novel, we see that different ways are used to suppress society like ISA's; moreover, it also includes how the state becomes dominant over people. Many clashes of ideas occur between both—the ideology of Althusser dominant ideas of ISA and RSA and character in Shamsie's Home Fire.
Applications of this study: This research contributes to the field of conflict between State and Society literature.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is one of its kind and helps us understand the concept and contention between society, family, and faith in the modern world.
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Mao, Ya Qi, Yue Hu, Xiao Dong Zhou, Jie Cui, and Li Zhong Yang. "Investigation of Flammability, Thermal and Toxic Hazards of Liquid Materials in Vehicles." Key Engineering Materials 773 (July 2018): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.292.
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In case of vehicle fires, oil leakage fires along with the emissions of heat and smoke represent significant fire risk for the combustion of whole vehicles and ambient environment. In present study, the bench-scale cone calorimeter apparatus was employed to conduct fire hazards analysis. Three typical flammable oils, namely OAT, ATF and GLF were used as experimental materials. The heating radiation levels were set from 15 kW/m2 to 40 kW/m2 in steps of 5 kW/m2. Specific parameters, such as ignition time (TII), heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and CO concentration, have been studied to provide a comprehensive fire behavior assessment of the oils. The ignition times have a liner relationship with external heat fluxes. And the critical heat fluxes (CHF) of ATF and GLF are 6.0 kW/m2 and 3.8 kW/m2, respectively. The derived HRP, FPI and FGI values of ATF remarkably indicate that this oil can contribute more thermal hazard while OAT has the lowest. However, FED values reveal highest toxic hazards of GLF. OAT is the safest materials in terms of three typical oils.
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Wang, Kai Bao, Si Cheng Qin, Ke Min Liu, and Xing Long Chen. "Design and Research on Tower Escape Apparatus Based on the Principle of Escapement Mechanism." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.568.
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The tower circular escape apparatus based on the principle of escapement mechanism is introduced in the paper. The emergency evacuation device for fire trapped workers can be used in the place of frequent fire, hotels, office buildings, high-rise residential and stores, etc. The velocity of the principal axis can be controlled automatically by the escapement mechanism. The driving force of the escape apparatus comes from the gravity of the trapped workers. The experiment results show that the velocity of the device can be controlled on the operating range. The symmetrical structure can make more persons with different weight escape alternately and the velocity of descend approximate. In the research, the virtual prototype technology was used to analyse the kinematic characteristics of the mechanical system. The feasibility of the scheme design of mechanical system was proved with the simulation analysis results. The equipment has advantages of the structure is compact, safe and reliable, easy to use. The research of tower circular escape apparatus based on the principle of escapement mechanism can be regarded as the reference of the related research.
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하벼리, 소수현, 김영군, 박경민, 장병춘, and Ilhyun Baek. "Study on Structural Stability for Boom and Outrigger of Demolition Fire Apparatus." Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology 15, no. 3 (2013): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17958/ksmt.15.3.201306.357.
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Schwille, J., Hsiang Kung, M. Hjohlman, G. Laverick, and G. Gardell. "Actual Delivered Density Fire Test Apparatus For Sprinklers Protecting High Commodity Storage." Fire Safety Science 8 (2005): 823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.8-823.
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Wei, Lingling, Junhao Gao, Li Li, et al. "Research on Combustion Characteristics of Vulcanized Rubber Based on Fire Propagation Apparatus." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 605 (December 1, 2020): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/605/1/012023.
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Anghel, Ion, J. Dusica Pesic, Silviu Codescu, Daniela Popescu, Valeriu Panaitescu, and Octavian Lalu. "3D Fire Dynamic Scenario for Training Systems Based on Immersive Virtual Reality for Firefighters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.793.
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Understanding fire behaviour indicators is very important, especially taking into account their integration in the primary fire evaluation process as part of the dynamic and continuous evaluation of risks to which people are exposed to. Construction fires are always characterised by certain critical behaviour factors such as smoke, air currents, heat and flames. Classical training methods for firefighters are practical exercises that are expensive and risky. The aim of the present article is to briefly present a new training method consisting of a dynamic 3D system based on immersive virtual reality. This paper presents results based on the characteristics and thermal values of the flashover in a case study. The phenomenon are simulated by using the Fire Dynamics Simulator, a computer program developed on a complex mathematical apparatus that can generate multiple output data (indicators such as temperatures, gas concentrations, speeds etc.). Results are validated by experimental tests in a testing metal facility from the Police Academy “A. I. Cuza”, Bucharest. The 3D graphic results offered by the simulation highlights the conditions and parameters to which the firefighters involved in putting-out a fire, in the presented training scenario, would be exposed.
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Rossi, Riccardo, Michela Gelfusa, Andrea Malizia, and Pasqualino Gaudio. "Adaptive Quasi-Unsupervised Detection of Smoke Plume by LiDAR." Sensors 20, no. 22 (2020): 6602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226602.
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The early detection of fire is one of the possible applications of LiDAR techniques. The smoke generated by a fire is mainly compounded of CO2, H2O, particulate, and other combustion products, which involve the local variation of the scattering of the electromagnetic wave at specific wavelengths. The increases of the backscattering coefficient are transduced in peaks on the signal of the backscattering power recorded by the LiDAR system, located exactly where the smoke plume is, allowing not only the detection of a fire but also its localization. The signal processing of the LiDAR signals is critical in the determination of the performances of the fire detection. It is important that the sensitivity of the apparatus is high enough but also that the number of false alarms is small, in order to avoid the trigger of useless and expensive countermeasures. In this work, a new analysis method, based on an adaptive quasi-unsupervised approach was used to ensure that the algorithm is continuously updated to the boundary conditions of the system, such as the weather and experimental apparatus issues. The method has been tested on an experimental campaign of 227 pulses and the performances have been analyzed in terms of sensitivity and specificity.
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Proudfoot, Steven L., and Edward Lee Husting, PhD, MPH. "Fire truck crashes with apparatus driver fatalities: Fatality Analysis Report System (FARS): 1991-2000." Journal of Emergency Management 2, no. 2 (2004): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2004.0024.
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This analysis reports crashes in which firefighters were killed on fire apparatus. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) from 1991 through 2000 included 33 incidents with 38 firefighter fatalities, including 23 apparatus drivers. Crashes increased steadily from two in 1991 to six in 2000. The average age of the victims was 37.7 years and the average of the drivers was 38.3. Alcohol was a possible factor in two incidents. The most commonly cited driver-related factors are “failure to keep in proper lane or running off road” and “driving too fast for conditions or in excess of posted speed limit.” Of 33 total incidents, 25 involved rollover. In 19 crashes involving rollover in which the apparatus drivers were killed, 12 drivers were either totally or partially ejected from the vehicle. Eleven were not wearing restraints. Twelve of the drivers were killed while using lights and sirens. Most fatalities took place on dry roads, in fair weather, during daylight hours. Twenty-one of 23 incidents occurred on rural roads. In 11 of the incidents, the driver was the sole vehicle occupant. Drivers should wear seat belts and adjust for vehicle limitations and hazardous conditions. Semiannual refresher driver training is recommended.
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Han, Dong-Hun, Sin-Woong Choi, and So Yun Lee. "Hazardous Gas Analysis during Fire Investigation." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 6 (2020): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.26c6d4ab.
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Various types of hazardous substances are generated at fire scenes. Firefighters usually use the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) during firefighting; however, SCBA is very inconvenient to use in other works (e.g., fire investigation and fire scene commands). Therefore, firefighters can be exposed to numerous chemicals. In this study, concentrations of hazardous gases were measured by utilizing gas analyzers with seven sensors during fire investigations. Six fire investigators measured the concentrations of hazardous gases directly as they worked. This included capturing the maximum concentrations of SO2 at seven places, HCHO at 29 places, NO2 at one place, HCN at 13 places, and CO at two places where the concentration exceeded the short-term exposure limit (STEL). When reconstruction experiments were performed, the maximum allowable concentrations for most hazardous chemicals fell below the STEL approximately 90 min after the fire occurrence. Therefore, we determined that fire investigators should wear proper respiratory protective equipment when working.
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Brohez, S., G. Marlair, and C. Delvosalle. "Fire calorimetry relying on the use of the fire propagation apparatus. Part I: early learning from use in Europe." Fire and Materials 30, no. 2 (2006): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.896.
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Ma, Xing Ming, Lan Ming Zhao, Yu Nong Li, et al. "Numerical Simulation of Distribution of Discharged Gas Fire Extinguishing Agent in High Velocity Flow Field." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1786.
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This paper studied the concentration distribution of gas extinguishing agent numerically in high velocity flow field. Civil aircraft power plant compartment has been a difficult area for its high velocity flow field formed after fire happens. Focusing on this issue, certain results, such as mass flow rate of agent gas, total mass of agent and extinguishing efficiency were presented. A typical apparatus of fire extinguishing system was set up, and its fire-fighting efficiency was evaluated. Critical ratio of mass flow rate and flow velocity, gas discharge time and locations of gas sample tubes were recommended. The results and data can provide a practical way in fire extinguishing system evaluation in civil aircraft power plant compartment.
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Hamins, Anthony, Sung Chan Kim, and Daniel Madrzykowski. "Characterization of stovetop cooking oil fires." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 3 (2018): 224–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118761884.
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A series of cooking fire experiments were conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology to examine the hazard associated with cooking oil fires. First, a series of 12 experiments were conducted on a free-standing stove situated in the open. The experiments were based on scenarios outlined in the draft UL 300A standard for fire suppression apparatus. Both the gas and electric ranges were tested. The amount of oil and types of cooking pans were varied in the experiments. Oil was heated on a cooktop burner until autoignition took place. Measurements of oil and pan temperatures, heat release rates, and heat fluxes were made to characterize the hazard of the ensuing fires. Next, two experiments were conducted using a full-scale residential kitchen arrangement to examine the hazard associated with the free-burning oil fires situated within a compartment equipped with commercial furnishings, fiberboard cabinets, and countertops. The dimensions of the test room were 3.6 m × 3.4 m × 2.4 m. Corn oil was heated on a cooktop burner until autoignition took place. Measurements of room temperature, heat fluxes, and heat release rates showed that even small cooktop fires spread and grew ultra-fast within the kitchen compartment.
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Yoon, Ga-Yeong, Ho-Sik Han, Sun-Yeo Mun, Chung-Hwa Park, and Cheol-Hong Hwang. "DB Construction of Activation Temperature and Response Time Index for Domestic Fixed-temperature Heat Detectors in Ceiling Jet Flow." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 3 (2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.103eea8f.
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The accurate prediction of fire detector activation time is required to ensure the reliability of fire modeling during the safety assessment of performance-based fire safety design. The main objective of this study is to determine the activation temperature and the response time index (RTI) of a fixed heat detector, which are the main input factors of a fixed-temperature heat detector applied to the fire dynamics simulator (FDS), a typical fire model. Therefore, a fire detector evaluator, which is a fire detector experimental apparatus, was applied, and 10 types of domestic fixed-temperature heat detectors were selected through a product recognition survey. It was found that there were significant differences in the activation temperature and RTI among the detectors. Additionally, the detector activation time of the FDS with the measured DB can be predicted more accurately. Finally, the DB of the activation temperature and RTI of the fixed-temperature heat detectors with reliability was provided.
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Suoware, T. O., S. O. Edelugo, C. O. Amgbari, and F. L. Sorgbara. "DETERMINATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF OIL PALM FIBRE COMPOSITE FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS BY CONE CALORIMETER AND THERMAL ANALYSIS." Open Journal of Engineering Science (ISSN: 2734-2115) 1, no. 2 (2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojes.v1i2.151.
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The high yielding of oil pam fibre reinforced composite (OPFC) to fire has necessitated research to improve and develop fire retardants (FR) to mitigate the spread of fire. Researchers relied on Flame Retardants (FR) classified as either halogenated or non-halogenated based FR to improve the performance of composites with emphasis on flammability properties (FP). The main object of this paper is to evaluate the effect of six non-halogenated FR species in OPFC to meet required fire safety standards for building purposes. The six FR species comprising aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), Gum Arabic powder (GAP) and carbon black (CB) were processed with OPFC at 0, 15 and 18% loading ratio using hand lay-up compression moulding technique. Specimens cut from the OPFC panels were tested for flammability and thermal properties using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC Metlar Toledo) and cone calorimeter apparatus respectively. The result obtained for thermal analysis shows that the panel was thermally stable at 391.6OC before degradation began compared to those without FR while peak flammability properties obtained for heat released rates, mass loss rates and smoke production rates showed the OPFC panels rapid fire response were significantly reduced respectively by 67.4%, 50.9% and 37.5% compared to those without FR. It can be concluded that the hybrid FR comprising APP-GAP showed a stable char structure during fire and thus prevented the escape of combustible volatiles which reduced the peak FP values of the OPFC panels. These flammability properties could be said to meet required fire safety standards for building applications.
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Manzello, Samuel L., Thomas G. Cleary, John R. Shields, and Jiann C. Yang. "Ignition of mulch and grasses by firebrands in wildland - urban interface fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, no. 3 (2006): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf06031.
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Firebrands or embers are produced as trees and structures burn in wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires. It is believed that firebrand showers created in WUI fires may ignite vegetation and mulch located near homes and structures. This, in turn, may lead to ignition of homes and structures due to burning vegetation and mulch. Understanding the ignition events that are due to firebrands is important to mitigate fire spread in communities. To assess the ignition propensity of such materials, simulated firebrands of uniform geometry, but in two different sizes, were allowed to impinge on fuel beds of shredded hardwood mulch, pine straw mulch, and cut grass. The moisture content of these materials was varied. Firebrands were suspended and ignited within the test cell of the Fire Emulator/Detector Evaluator (FE/DE) apparatus. The FE/DE was used to investigate the influence of an air flow on the ignition propensity of a fuel bed. Ignition regime maps were generated for each material tested as a function of impacting firebrand size, number of deposited firebrands, air flow, and material moisture content.
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Liu, Dingli, Zhisheng Xu, Zhengyang Wang, and Chuangang Fan. "Regional evaluation of fire apparatus requirements for petrol stations based on travel times." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 135 (March 2020): 350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.01.012.
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Tewarson, Archibald, and Domenic P. Macaione. "Polymers and Composites- An Examination of Fire Spread and Generation of Heat and Fire Products." Journal of Fire Sciences 11, no. 5 (1993): 421–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419301100504.
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Fiber reinforced composite (FRC) materials are used extensively because of their favorable physico-chemical properties and high strength- to-weight ratio. The use of composites in Army vehicles as a means of decreas ing weight and enhancing survivability, without reducing personnel safety, has been under study for some time. Although FRC materials are very attractive in terms of their physico-chemical properties, concern for possible fire hazard is understandable as organic polymers are one of the major constituents of the materials. A joint study thus was undertaken by the U.S. Army Materials Tech nology Laboratory (MTL) and the Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC) to quantify flammability behavior of selected composite materials for the assessment of fire hazard. In the study, eight FRC materials, identified as MTL #1 to #8, were used. The FRC materials were 3 to 45 mm in thickness. The flammability behavior was examined by using the FMRC Flammability Apparatus (50 kW-Scale) and Ox ygen Index (OI) apparatus, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument, NBS smoke chamber (ASTM E 662), and Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spec trometer (GC-MS) instrument at MTL. This article presents results for ignition, flame spread, heat release rate, gen eration rates of products, light obscuration by smoke and flame extinction by Halon. In comparison to ordinary combustibles, such as cellulosics and most non fire retarded plastics, the eight FRC materials have higher resistance to ig nition (as indicated by the Thermal Response Parameter, TRP) and flame spread (as indicated by higher values of the Fire Propagation Index, FPI). The FPI values for the FRC materials, examined in this study, ranged from 3 to 13, indicating that for Group 1 FRC materials (FPI < 10), self-sustained flame spread beyond the ignition zone would be difficult, whereas for other Group 2 materials ( FPI ≥ 10), flame spread beyond the ignition zone would be ex pected, although at a slower rate. For Group 2 materials fire protection is re quired, which could be provided by techniques such as surface coating, surface lamination using highly fire resistant FRC materials, and others. Generation of heat, smoke, toxic and corrosive products is closely related to FPI. Within the FRC materials, examined in this study, differences were found between the generation rates of heat, smoke, and other products. Results for flame extinction by Halon 1301 are also discussed. The flame ex tinction data are consistent with the design of the current suppression system for the crew compartment of Army combat vehicles. The study suggests that the FPI concept and associated parameters related to generation of heat, smoke, toxic, and corrosive products, is a useful concept for realistic flammability quantification and screening of FRC materials and for use in the hazard assessment. This, however, needs to be validated by perform ing large-scale fire tests.
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MURAI, Hiroki, Kouji SHIDA, Takeshi YATOGO, and Kan NOMURA. "STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVE USE FOR THE FIRE ESCAPE APPARATUS IN THE RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES FOR THE ELDERLY PERSONS(Fire Safety)." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 12, no. 23 (2006): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.12.171_1.
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Yang, Da Wei, Pei Hong Zhang, and Bao Zhi Chen. "Mechanism and Flame Behavior of Small-Scale Oil Tank Boilover." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2766.
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Boilover is acknowledged as one of the most harmful fire in oil tank fire. A small-scale oil tank boilover apparatus was established to study the flame behavior during boilover process. Visualization experiments were also conducted to discuss the mechanism of boilover formation. The results indicate that boilover process can be divided into three stages: quasi steady combustion stage, boilover premonitory stage and boilover stage. The formation of boilover results from the reciprocity of bubbles and oil vacuoles generated by absorbing energy released from combustion reaction.
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Azarov, S., R. Shevchenko, and S. Shcherbak. "EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT AFFECTED BY FOREST FIRE UNDER COMPLEX RADIATION CONDITIONS OF FIREFIGHTING." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (2020): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-333-338.
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The paper deals with the problem of formation of general procedures for experimental study of environmental impact due to forest fire in complex radiation conditions of fire load formation and its further testing on the example of the ChNPP exclusion zone. The study carried out an experimental verification of the adequacy of the previously proposed methodological apparatus and identified the main directions of its further use as a basis for solving the problems of predicting the negative environmental impact on the environment. To this end, the following tasks have been solved:the general procedures of the methodology of experimental study of environmental impact due to forest fire in complex radiation conditions of fire load formation are formulated; a comprehensive experimental study was carried out using the developed method on the example of the fire load of the Chernobyl exclusion zone. Conducted studies in the field indicate that the content of radioactive smoke in the ground atmosphere of the Exclusion Zone can be dramatically increased by several orders of magnitude due to forest fires. Short-term (sever-al days) increased content of radioactive combustion products in the surface air can reach the level of radiation hazard for both the environment and directly for the life of the population living in a clean area at considerable distances (up to 30 km along the track axis) wildfire. The fires in the forests contaminated with Chornobyl radionuclide in the western trace due to the loss of TUE are of particular environmental danger, since the presence of plutonium combustion products in radioactive products results in significant dose loads for the environment and the population. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of their application for carrying out complex ecological audit of the territory, which is subject to secondary radiation influence both inside and outside the exclusion zone of the Chornobyl NPP. Keywords: ecological safety, forest fire, radiation exposure, complex fire load
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Aryadi, Mahrus, Trisnu Satriadi, and Syam’ani Syam’ani. "KECENDERUNGAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN DAN ALTERNATIF PENGENDALIAN BERBASIS KEMITRAAN DI PT. INHUTANI II KOTABARU Trend of Forest and Land Fire and Control Alternative Based on Partnership at PT. Inhutani II Kotabaru." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 5, no. 3 (2018): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v5i3.4789.
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Kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Indonesia telah menyebabkan kerugian yang luar biasa, baik dari aspek ekologi, ekonomi dan sosial budaya. Penelitian ini menggali kecendrungan kebakaran hutan dan lahan dengan pendekatan spasial dan penyebab kebakaran hutan dan secara empiris serta alternatif pengendaliannya. Metode yang digunakan perangkat lunak SIG, yaitu ArcGIS for Desktop 10.3.1 yang disediakan oleh Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hotspot berkorelasi positif, semakin dekat dengan jaringan jalan, intensitas atau jumlah kejadian kebakaran akan semakin besar, dan kecendrungan kebakaran hutan dan lahan berbentuk acak dari waktu ke waktu yang disebabkan oleh adanya pembukaan lahan-lahan baru untuk kepentingan perladangan. Penyebab kebakaran hutan dan lahan adalah aktivitas perladangan, akses jalan dan iklim. Alternatif Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan berbasis Kemitraan, yaitu membangun kerjasama dengan kelompok masyarakat peladang sistem “Pembukaan Ladang Terkendali”, melibatkan parapihak yakni aparat desa, aparat kecamatan dan aparat kepolisian setempat serta KPHP.Kata kunci: kebakaran; hutan dan lahan; kemitraanForest and land fires in Indonesia have caused tremendous losses, both from the ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects. This study explores the trend of forest and land fires with spatial approaches and causes of forest fires through empiricall method as well as alternative controls. The method used GIS software, ArcGIS for Desktop 10.3.1 provided by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), in-depth interviews and observation. The results show that the hotspots are positively correlated, the closer to the road network, the greater the intensity or number of fires, and the tendency of forest fires and randomly shaped land from time to time due to the opening of new lands for shifting cultivation. Causes of forest and land fires are the activities of cultivation, road access and climate. Alternative Forest Fire Control based on Partnership, which is to build cooperation with community group farmer system “Pembukaan Lahan Terkendali”, involving stakeholders that is village apparatus, subdistrict apparatus and local police apparatus and KPHP.
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Apostolopoulou, Nikolitsa, Alexandros Romeos, George Hinopoulos, Konstantinos Perrakis, and Thrassos Panidis. "Considerations on reaction to fire tests of polyethylene foam with a cone calorimeter apparatus." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 3 (2018): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118765606.
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This work describes efforts to improve the repeatability of cone calorimeter tests of polyethylene flexible foam, used for pipe insulation. This material presented significant random deformation during burning, such as warping and rolling, which led to drainage of the tar formed during material degradation and altered randomly the heating and burning processes. These effects severely undermined the repeatability of the tests and the accurate assessment of the reaction to fire characteristics of the material. Standard techniques to alleviate the problem, such as use of a retainer frame or a grid, were proven either inadequate to secure the specimen in place or undermined the accurate estimation of the material properties. The selected solution was to incorporate thin metallic pins in the sample holder, which along with the use of a retainer frame was able to eliminate the problems, producing results with good repeatability and small standard deviation.
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Fleming, James W., and Ronald S. Sheinson. "Development of a Cup Burner Apparatus for Fire Suppression Evaluation of High-Expansion Foams." Fire Technology 48, no. 3 (2010): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-009-0137-1.
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Bandazhevsky, Yu I., та N. F. Dubova. "Hyperhomocysteinemia in children and forest fires in the Chоrnobyl exclusion zone". Environment & Health, № 4 (97) (грудень 2020): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2020.04.021.
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Objective: We determined a role of folate metabolism genotypes in the occurrence of hyperhomocysteinemia in children after a forest fire in the Chоrnobyl exclusion zone (ChEZ). Material and methods: In the study, we applied immunochemical, Real-time PCR, mathematical and statistical methods. Results: A survey of 84 adolescents from the Poliske district, Kiev region revealed changes in their metabolic processes in the form of increased homocysteine production in connection with a forest fire in the ChEZ which was recorded during April 26-29, 2015. A comparative analysis of the specific gravity of the folate cycle genotypes in the subgroups of the children with hyperhomocysteinemia before and after a forest fire showed that an endogenous factor in the form of a genetic apparatus, controling synthesis of folate cycle enzymes, was not involved in this phenomenon. Сonclusions: Forest and peat fires in the Chernobyl exclusion zone are one of the main causes for the elevation in blood homocysteine levels in children from the adjacent districts, regardless of the state of folate metabolism genetic system. Monitoring of the blood homocysteine levels in children and adults living under conditions of the exposure to wood combustion gases, containing radioactive elements, is a key component of the programmer for the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
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Zhang, Rui Hua. "Research on Adaptive Controlled High Building Slow-Down Rescue Apparatus." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.9.
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t firstly set up energy converting control model of high building rescue apparatus (HBRA), and developed a controller of the HBRA by using AVR micro computer unit (MCU), designed the control circuits for electric energy converting to thermal energy, then developed program to generate the PWM control wave. At last, it tested the PWM output wave of the controller, and experimented on the HBRA with the controller on loads of 15kg and 25kg. The results proves the controller can automatic adjust the duty ratio of PWM wave according to the different loads, which can keep the slow-down velocity constant of the loads and help people rescue from high buildings in emergency such as on fire.
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Liu, Li, Li Yuan Zhao, and Ze Xin Tian. "Development of New Enerfy-Saving Apparatus on Domestic Gas-Cooker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.33.
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To improve the efficiency of heat utilization on domestic gas-cooker, the reasons of low-heat efficiency and the factors which influence the measurement of heat efficiency were analyzed in this paper. A new energy-saving apparatus of domestic gas-cooker is developed by the preparation of special heat-insulating material, heat reflecting paint and the use of multilayer, scraggly and crossed abdominal fire rings. Meanwhile, the special designs with resort chambers of flame and the micropores can contribute to the circulation of combustion-supporting hot air. It has also demonstrated that the design increased evidently the detention and reflection of heat. Test results show that the efficiency of gas combustion and the heat utilization were effectively improved.
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Lushch, V., O. Lazarenko, D. Voytovych, N. Shtanhret, V. Petrovskyi, and P. Pastukhov. "EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF FIRE THERMAL IMAGING CAMERAS IN THE FIRE MODULE." Fire Safety 36 (July 21, 2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.36.2020.07.
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The issue of selection and evaluation of fire thermal imaging cameras (TICs) is new for the personnel of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine (SES of Ukraine) units, as in the recent years the units began to receive them and use during firefighting and rescue operations. Among the variety of brands and manufacturers of TICs, it is quite difficult to determine and make the right decision "which one to choose?", especially considering that they are all quite similar in their characteristics and are in the same price range. Moreover, sellers are not mentioned about their weaknesses, and especially do not emphasize what exactly you need to focus on and under what conditions properly they should be used.
The purpose of the work is to assess the dependence of the effectiveness of fire detection and rescue operations considering the technical parameters and brands of fire thermal imagers. According to the method of estimating the parameters of TICs, which was developed at the Lviv State University of Life Safety, a comparative evaluation of the performance of TICs, which are used by units of SES of Ukraine. TICs of the following brands were selected for research: FLIR K2, 3M SCOTT V206, FLIR K33, 3M SCOTT V320, LEADER TIC3, 3M SCOTT X380 TIC3. According to their tactical and technical characteristics, the presented TICs were divided into three groups, two in each. To obtain a quantitative assessment of the visual quality of the display of the indicators understudy, a four-point rating scale was adopted: 5 - excellent reflection; 4 - good reflection; 3 - mediocre reflection; 2 - unsatisfactory reflection. According to the results of the research and the set amount of points, which took into account all series of experiments, the best result in their groups showed: Group I - 3M SCOTT V206, Group II - FLIR K33, Group III - 3M SCOTT X380. Based on experimental studies, it can be argued that the current parameters (tactical and technical characteristics) that influence the choice of TICs are: the size of the matrix, the refresh rate, temperature range and temperature sensitivity. These parameters are decisive during the reconnaissance of the SCBA (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus) units in gassed and smoky environments to solve complex tactical tasks, such as searching for a victim or hidden combustion centre and other tasks for their intended purpose.
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Fangrat, Jadwiga, Katarzyna Kaczorek-Chrobak, and Bartłomiej K. Papis. "Fire Behavior of Electrical Installations in Buildings." Energies 13, no. 23 (2020): 6433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236433.
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Electrical installations are a significant component of fire load inside a building, although they are often neglected in the overall fire safety analysis and are not subjected to any kind of fire safety evaluation of a building. A typical electrical installation unconnected to the mains was experimentally studied using a single burning item (SBI) test apparatus, fixed to two types of popular non-combustible or combustible (wooden-based) backgrounds simulating a typical building internal wall or ceiling. The semi-real scale test showed that poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) cable, commonly used in installations in buildings in Europe and used in SBI tests, showed high fire properties related to heat release, smoke production and flame spread to other interior elements. The results of the electrical circuit connected to the main measurements carried out showed a significant impact of the heating effect towards the uncovered surface socket, causing the possibility of easy ignition inside the installation. In conclusion, it was found that even a relatively simple and short section of electrical installation resulted in a significant increase in the heat release rate and smoke generation parameters, obtained during the SBI tests, and as a consequence a reduction of one or two reaction to fire euroclasses of construction materials for internal walls.
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Jusriadi, Edi, and Asmina Asmina. "PENGARUH KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA PADA DINAS PEMADAM KEBAKARAN KABUPATEN BONE." Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Profitability 4, no. 1 (2020): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/profitability.v4i1.3050.
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The research method uses quantitative methods with data collection techniques using questionnaires which were distributed to 57 respondents. Data analysis techniques used in this study are multiple linear regression with work safety variables (X1), health variables (X2) and the performance of the State Civil Apparatus (Y). The results showed that work safety variables had a positive and significant effect on the performance of the State Civil Apparatus in the Bone Fire Service with t count 3.828 t table 2.002 with a significance level of 0.000 0.005, the effect of occupational health had a positive but not significant effect with a t value of 1.667 t table 2,002 with a significance level of 0.099 0.05.
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Esmailpour, Ayoub, Roya Majidi, Hamid R. Taghiyari, Mehdi Ganjkhani, Seyed Majid Mohseni Armaki, and Antonios N. Papadopoulos. "Improving Fire Retardancy of Beech Wood by Graphene." Polymers 12, no. 2 (2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020303.
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The aim of this paper was to improve the fire retardancy of beech wood by graphene. Six fire properties, namely time to onset of ignition, time to onset of glowing, back-darkening time, back-holing time, burnt area and weight loss were measured using a newly developed apparatus with piloted ignition. A set of specimens was treated with nano-wollastonite (NW) for comparison with the results of graphene-treated specimens. Graphene and NW were mixed in a water-based paint and brushed on the front and back surface of specimens. Results demonstrated significant improving effects of graphene on times to onset of ignition and glowing. Moreover, graphene drastically decreased the burnt area. Comparison between graphene- and NW-treated specimens demonstrated the superiority of graphene in all six fire properties measured here. Fire retardancy impact of graphene was attributed to its very low reaction ability with oxygen, as well as its high and low thermal conductivity in in-plane and cross-section directions, respectively. The improved fire-retardancy properties by the addition of graphene in paint implied its effectiveness in hindering the spread of fire in buildings and structures, providing a longer timespan to extinguish a fire, and ultimately reducing the loss of life and property. Based on the improvements in fire properties achieved in graphene-treated specimens, it was concluded that graphene has a great potential to be used as a fire retardant in solid wood species.
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Dey, A. K., JVR Nickey, and Yanxia Sun. "Dual Axis Shadow Tracker." MATEC Web of Conferences 220 (2018): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822005002.
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Solar automatic fire tracker & extinguisher system is a new innovation technology and designed by our technology station (Process, Energy and Environmental Technology Station, University of Johannesburg) in combination with the characteristic of heat & fire detection apparatus. This industrial automation fire extinguisher have a platform with 90 degree of freedom and the DC motor base wheel will be passive or active, fixed or steerable according to system logic control unit to target a fire source. To get the system more effective and flexible the wheel will regulate with two characteristics: 1. Wheel spinning, 2. driving control. The whole system will operate by Solar energy source because it can be use in remote areas where it is too difficult to extend the electricity power grid connection to the fire extinguisher (solar extinguisher is not fix unit, it will always travel from one place to another place to find photon and detect flame). The most fun about the project is to watch him navigate from light source to light source trying desperately to stay alive. This character is the secondary operation when the battery status under the level of 60%.