Journal articles: 'Fire insurance policies'

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Herryani, Mas Rara Tri Retno. "Legal Review of Clauses in Fire Insurance Policies." Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 14, no. 2 (August 27, 2023): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v14i2.10815.

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Insurance is an important thing to have if there is a risk of something detrimental happening. Insurance is regulated in laws and regulations. In addition, setting fire insurance policies based on applicable legal norms will create legal certainty for the parties involved in the insurance agreement. Normative legal research which is often also called doctrinal legal research focuses on activities carried out by examining literature and secondary data in the form of primary and secondary legal materials. The insurance policy contains the terms contained in the insurance agreement. This policy can be considered the same as a clause in a civil agreement. A cause is said to be contrary to the law if the contents of the cause in the relevant agreement are contrary to the law if the contents of the cause in the relevant agreement are contrary to the applicable law. Determining whether the cause of an agreement is contrary to decency (geode seen) is not an easy matter because the term deficiency is very abstract, the contents of which can vary between one region and another or between one community group and another. In addition, people's evaluation of disability can also change according to the times.How to cite item: Herryani, Mas Rara Tri Retno. “Clauses in the Fire Insurance Policy that are by with Legislation in Indonesia s.” Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 14 no. 2 (2023): 189-199. DOI: 10.26905/idjch.v14i2.10815.

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Romadhon, Fauzi Ahmad, Tri Inda Fadhila Rahma, and Rahmi Syahriza. "SWOT analysis of fire insurance product marketing strategy at PT Chubb Life Insurance Indonesia Medan Branch: An Islamic perspective." Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba 10, no. 1 (January 12, 2024): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol10.iss1.art1.

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IntroductionIndonesian people are familiar with and use many sharia insurance products. However, research specifically discussing fire insurance products is still limited.ObjectivesThis study carries out a SWOT analysis of fire insurance products from the marketing strategy aspect and Islamic perspective.MethodThis study used a quantitative approach with a sample of PT. Chubb Life Insurance (Persero) Medan Branch, Indonesia. Data collection was carried out using interviews and questionnaires. This study uses SWOT Analysis to evaluate internal and external factors that influence a company to identify strengths and weaknesses.ResultsThe research results show that the strengths of PT. Chubb Life Insurance were in its principles that are not usury, its brand is strong and its policies and claims services are well served. The opportunity can be found around office buildings that requires fire insurance. The weaknesses faced are low market share and human resources. The threat is the large number of competing companies that have similar products and the public's lack of understanding about insurance.ImplicationsThis study shows a strong internal position and indicates that the company responded well to existing opportunities and avoided threats in the market.Originality/NoveltyThis study contributes to the study of fire insurance as part of Islamic insurance in Indonesia.

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McDonald, Alistair. "Proximate cause in insurance law: fire following earthquake." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 25, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 525–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v25i4.6182.

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Insurers use exclusions in material damage policies to define or limit their exposures to losses to commercial property (as defined in Earthquake Commission Regulations 1992, r 2(3)) resulting from earthquake and fire following earthquake. Particular problems arise when there are several possible causes of fire damage and at least one cause (such as earthquake) is excluded from the cover. This article discusses how the doctrine of proximate cause might operate in three contexts: where a connected sequence of events initiated by earthquake results in fire; where intervening events occur between the earthquake and fire which might break that chain of causation; and where earthquake and another causal event occur concurrently and interdependently, each necessary but neither sufficient to cause the loss.

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Kim, Jun-yuop. "A Study on the Legal Issues of Compulsory Insurance for Multi-Unit Dwellings." Korean Insurance Law Association 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 233–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36248/kdps.2023.17.2.233.

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Most Korean citizens reside in multi-unit dwellings. In such densely populated and confined spaces, there is a significant risk of accidents, including fires. Accordingly, compulsory insurance coverage is taken out for such incidents, for example, personal injury liability insurance for fires, disasters, elevator accidents, and children's playground accidents. This paper investigates several issues regarding compulsory insurance for multi-unit dwellings and offers measures for improvement. Regulations on liability for damages by owners of special buildings in relation to fire-related disaster compensation and insurance enrollment are examined, with a specific focus on the provisions in the Act on the Indemnification for Fire-caused Loss and the Purchase of Insurance Policies that restrict the handling of bodily injury liability special coverage for fire incidents to insurance companies. Additionally, the justification behind the penalty provisions for non-enrollment in bodily injury liability special coverage for fire incidents is assessed. Institutions related to deductibles, like insurance companies, are involved in the administration of various compulsory insurances; however, notably, there are no limitations imposed on these institutions by other laws governing compulsory insurance. Consequently, it is unjust to confine the administration of personal injury liability insurance for fires solely to insurance companies when considering the principles of equity. Furthermore, the punitive measures for non-compliance with insurance requirements seem excessively severe. It is necessary to expand the scope of insurance companies specified in the Law on Personal Injury Liability Insurance for Fires to include institutions related to deductibles. Furthermore, it is deemed necessary to align the penalties for non-compliance with compulsory insurance with the sanctions imposed on other forms of compulsory insurance. Therefore, a proposal for legislative amendment is presented to address these concerns. This paper also examines the issue of tenants bearing the burden of insurance premiums while being excluded from the benefits of insurance. In the case of fire insurance, amendments to standard terms and conditions have been made to protect tenants. However, these amendments are yet to be incorporated into disaster insurance, leaving tenants without legal or precedential protection should disaster insurance be the only policy obtained. Therefore, a proposal for the amendment of the terms and conditions of disaster insurance is offered that includes provisions for tenant protection. In conclusion, this paper identified potential concerns associated with the concurrent reimbursement of liability insurance for multi-unit dwellings and internal medical expense coverage riders that are part of comprehensive medical insurance. These concerns include the potential for an increase in intentional accidents and the facilitation of excessive medical treatment. Given these concerns, this study recommends that the terms and conditions of comprehensive medical insurance be revised and proposes that medical expenses received to cover actual expenses should be compensated proportionally in accordance with insurance contracts.

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Morris, Derek, and Ken Cozens. "The Thames as a Barrier in the Eighteenth Century." Local Population Studies, no. 101 (December 31, 2018): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps101.2018.26.

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Analysis of marriage registers, apprentice records, wills and insurance policies demonstrates that in the eighteenth century, the Thames, downstream from the Tower of London, was a major barrier to the development of strong business and marriage links between the residents on the north bank in Stepney, and those on the south bank in Surrey and Kent. Possible reasons for our findings are examined in the context of London's growth, migration patterns and business opportunities. The importance of Sun Fire Office insurance policies, in examining personal and commercial links between places far apart is emphasised. Suggestions are made for future research.

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Bak, Joanna. "Hurricane Risk and Property Insurance in Poland." Olsztyn Economic Journal 17, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.8409.

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The objective of this paper is to identify the current situation and the trends in the market of property insurance offering protection against hurricane risk. This paper presents data on strong winds in January and February 2022 in Poland and the damage caused by them. Information from the General Headquarters of the National Fire Service, from the Energa Group of Companies and from individual insurance companies was used. The analysis was performed for insurance market data, and it focused on group 8, Section II (insurance against the element risk). To this end, the Annual Reports of the Polish Insurance Chamber and the Financial Supervision Authority for the past five years were used. Climate changes carry with them catastrophic phenomena whose frequency is growing. These include hurricanes, which have been causing multi-million property losses in recent years. Insurance companies include various aspects in the protection, which enables the policyholder to customize the product to their needs. Clients opt for this type of protection increasingly often. The gross written premium in insurance against elements and the number of active insurance policies is growing. The premium amount increased by more than 46% during the study period, and the number of active insurance policies increased by nearly 19%.

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Sari, Sindi Novita, and Rahmi Syahriza. "Analysis of Efficiency and Quality Improvements Superior Products of Syariah General Insurance at Pt. Jasindo Syariah Kp. Medan." Journal of Social Research 1, no. 12 (November 20, 2022): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/josr.v1i12.670.

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Background: PT. Jasindo Syariah Kp. Medan is a type of sharia general insurance institution in Medan, North Sumatra that has superior products so that it can attract people to become insurance members. In order to continue to maintain the superior products of PT. Jasindo Syariah Kp. Medan, caused this institution to be able to compete with its competitors in the city of Medan. Objective: The purpose of this research is to understand how to improve the efficiency and quality of superior products of sharia general insurance in PT. Jasindo Syariah Kp. Medan Methods: Qualitative descriptive methods are applied, as well as applying interview methods and in-depth discussions, while data analysis techniques focus on qualitative methodological studies, for example, data reduction, presentation to conclusion drawing. Based on this research, data was produced that superior products are excellent in PT. Jasindo Syariah Kp. Medan is a property, especially fire products. Results: To improve the efficiency and quality of superior products, it is usually PT. Jasindo Syariah Kp. Medan considers in terms of market demand for fire products, improving services so that customers continue to choose superior products, namely fire products, as well as policies from the head office, DPS, and DSN-MUI considerations. Conclusion: At PT. Jasindo Syariah Kp. Medan, which is its superior product, is property products, especially fire products which have become excellent since early January 2021 until now. Data on the number of customers who choose fire products from PT. Jasindo Syariah Kp. Medan in the January-December 2021 period was 325 customers, while in the January-February 2022 period, there were 55 customers

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Nejad, Hadis Z., and Reza Samizadeh. "Decision Support Model for Fire Insurance Risk Analysis in a Petrochemical Case Study." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 2, no. 1 (January 2013): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2013010103.

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A decision support system was researched and applied to a case study in the petrochemical industry. The participants were an insurance company underwriting the policies of oil and gas refineries located in a major oil producing nation. The Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis methodology was applied as a framework to implement uncertainty quantification and risk analysis using a specialized commercial DSS software product. A gas vapor explosion was simulated at an oil refinery, to predict the fire and radiation damage. Costs and risks were entered into the model based on historical data. Loss estimates were generated for equipment and buildings located various distances (pressures) from the explosion origin. Overall, the DSS model predicted an expected loss of over $14,000,000 USD for equipment located in the 50 meter explosion radius, which represented a loss ratio of almost 52%. The losses predicted from the DSS model were comparable to the literature and to experiences of the case study company. The margin of error from the DSS model was less than ±5% which made it very reliable according to benchmarks.

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Wijaya, Gregorius Febrian, Gunardi Lie, and Moody Rizqy Syailendra Putra. "Analysis of Motor Vehicle Insurance Coverage Under Indonesian Insurance Law." QISTINA: Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.57235/qistina.v2i1.546.

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Motorized vehicles are one of the forms of transportation that are needed by Indonesian people to carry out their daily activities. The development of motorized vehicles in circulation will also make traffic conditions more congested. Motor vehicle insurance is insurance for losses in which there is no specific regulation in the Commercial Code (KUHD). All general general insurance provisions in the Criminal Code apply to motor vehicle insurance. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research with an empirical juridical approach. Insurance law is an object of civil law, if it is concluded that unless specified in the Commercial Law Code (KUHD) as a special provision as an agreement. An insurance agreement is an agreement in which one party (guarantor) agrees to bear the risk of an event where the event cannot be determined. On this basis the other party (the insured) is threatened and has an agreed interest in the occurrence of the insured event. The insurer will pay the insured in the form of money or other benefits that have financial value. Insurance in the Criminal Code shows that there is a scope arrangement that focuses on fire insurance, while there are various other types of insurance that also require regulation. From what has been discussed above, it can be concluded that the insurance business as an institution that collects funds belonging to the public runs its business adhering to sound business principles and is responsible for the arrangements ordered by the government and also accountability is carried out by issuing insurance policies that have been agreed upon jointly by the insured and the insurer as well as the premium payment by the insured to the insurer so that there is a transfer of risks arising between the rights and obligations between the two.

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Retno Dewi Wijiastuti and Indriyani Hamzah. "Pengaruh Digital Marketing dan Personal Selling Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Polis Asuransi Umum di PT. Askrindo Cabang Sorong." Transformasi: Journal of Economics and Business Management 2, no. 2 (May 20, 2023): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/transformasi.v2i2.745.

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This study aims to determine the influence of Digital Marketing and Personal Selling to Decision Purchasing Insurance Policy PT. Askrindo Sorong Branch. This study has two independen variables is Digital Marketing and Personal Selling, while the dependent variable is Decision Purchasing The method used in this research is quantitative method with descriptive approach using data analisys, namely multiple linear regression analysis. Data were obtained by questioners that spread out to 60 customers of PT. Askrindo Sorong Branch which purchasing insurance policy (especially on Fire Insurance Policies). The sampling technique in this study is to purposive sampling approach. The result of the study concluded that Digital Marketing and Personal Selling partially and simultaneously had an effect on Decision Purchasing. The test results showed that the Personal Selling was the most dominant in this study. The coefficient of determination (R2) is equal to 0.283 or 28,3% the independent variables of digital marketing and personal selling affect a 28,3% on the dependent variable. While for the rest, 71,7% influenced or explained by other variabels not include in this study.

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Brunette, Marielle, and Stéphane Couture. "Forest Insurance for Natural Events: An Overview by Economists." Forests 14, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020289.

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Forest insurance exists for more than a century in lots of countries around the world. Currently, it is put forward as a recommended tool to finance resilience and adaptation towards climate change. However, little synthetic knowledge exists on forest insurance, although this seems to be a prerequisite for using insurance as an adaptation tool. This article aims at providing an overview of the current economics literature on the topic of forest insurance. More precisely, the objectives of this study are to carry out a review of the literature on this topic, to produce a bibliometric overview of knowledge on this issue, and thus to highlight scientific fronts. For that purpose, we propose a literature review. We collected 38 articles published in English between 1928 and 2021. We provide the following bibliometric information: journals, evolution over time of the publications, authors and co-citations network and analysis of the keywords. We also propose to synthesize the methods used, the various issues of interest, the risks considered and the countries where the studies were conducted. We show that an article on forest insurance has a high probability of being recent (after 2000) and of being published in the journal Forest Policy and Economics. In addition, it is highly probable that it will identify some determinants of insurance demand and that it will deal with fire risk in the U.S. or storm risk in Europe. Noting a small scientific community and a low number of publications, we identified seven fronts of science related to methods and data, new risks and uncertainties, public policies and forest insurance, and openness and the international dimension.

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Kim, Won Gak. "U.S. antitrust violations by entities participating in the Net-Zero Insurance Alliance(NZIA)." Korean Insurance Law Association 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 61–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.36248/kdps.2024.18.1.061.

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ESG management is becoming a mainstream trend in corporate management in all industries. In the environmental sector of ESG, there is a global consensus on the need to reduce carbon emissions to fight the climate crisis, and a wide variety of initiatives have been proposed. The Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is one such initiative that has formed sector-specific organizations across the financial industry and set out guidelines for action to achieve collective goals. In the insurance sector, the Net-Zero Insurance Alliance (NZIA) was launched. The NZIA started in July 2021 with eight large insurance companies as members. At one point, the number of members reached 30 as more and more insurers realized that ESG management was an essential requirement for corporate sustainability. However, in May 2023, 23 U.S. states warned NZIA member insurers that they would likely violate U.S. antitrust laws if they conducted business under NZIA guidelines. As of February 10, 2024, only 11 companies remained in the alliance. Korean insurers Samsung Fire and Maritime and Shinhan Life have already withdrawn, leaving K.B. Insurance as the only remaining member of the NZIA. This situation involves several complex issues and is more than just a matter of the number of NZIA member companies rising and falling. For example, if an insured seeks fire insurance, can member insurers refuse to underwrite the risk because the insured is a carbon-emitting company? Would an insurance company be sanctioned as a boycott or business entity of illegal cartel conduct under U.S. antitrust law? Will antitrust enforcement extend beyond insurance to banking and asset managers? Is this a political move by the U.S. Republican Party in the run-up to the presidential election or a solid legal judgment? Is it part of a U.S. context that has seen repeated withdrawals from and accessions to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and anti-ESG legislation on a state-by-state basis? There are so many complex factors in these questions that it’s difficult to determine a definitive answer. However, leading global insurance companies see the potential for antitrust violations as a severe legal risk. This article examines the rise and fall of the NZIA, ESG trends and backlash, and the potential for antitrust violations in the insurance business, which is the only financial industry exempt from federal antitrust laws. This is an issue of extraterritorial application of antitrust law, but it also introduces the position of E.U. Competition Law and the TFEU, which are critical of the attitude of the 23 U.S. states. Art.125 Mutual Agreement in the Korean Insurance Business Act and Art.3 Application to Acts Conducted Overseas, Art.56 International Cooperation of the Fair Trade Commission, Art.116 Legitimate Acts under Statutes or Regulations in Korean Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act do not solve the problem. The question of whether NZIA members would violate U.S. antitrust laws is currently unanswered. And significant variables such as the outcome of the U.S. presidential election, the policies of the Republican Party, the global trend of pro-ESG, and the possibility of sudden litigation risk should be noted. Whether you win or lose on the merits, antitrust litigation in the U.S. is an arduous process that no business entities wants to go through.

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Maniak-Huesser, Martyna, Lars G. F. Tellnes, and Edwin Zea Escamilla. "Mind the Gap: A Policy Gap Analysis of Programmes Promoting Timber Construction in Nordic Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 11876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111876.

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The construction sector is one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and consumers of energy, making it one of the most relevant sectors when planning reduction strategies and policies. The use of timber in the built environment has been identified as a key strategy to reduce the carbon footprint of the construction sector. In this paper, we use the concept of policy gap analysis to identified underlying challenges in the implementation of timber construction on three Nordic countries, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. We carried out a series of semi-structured interviews with experts from the countries of study. The interviews came from industry, government, and construction companies. The use of the gap analysis approach was useful not only to identify areas that are being targeted but also those areas that were not covered by any programme at the time of study. The results showed that the studied programmes have a large level of coverage and congruence with the identified challenges. Moreover, they also showed that challenges related to fire safety regulations and insurance policies for timber buildings still need to be addressed, whereas the challenges of high price variability and lack of promotion are being addressed by multiple programmes. With this work, we have seen how timber construction is gaining momentum and how the challenges have been addressed systematically.

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Zaman, Atiq, Ying-Qi Chan, Emil Jonescu, and Iain Stewart. "Critical Challenges and Potential for Widespread Adoption of Mass Timber Construction in Australia—An Analysis of Industry Perceptions." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 7, 2022): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091405.

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The construction industry is one of the largest producers of greenhouse gases, accounting for 38% of global carbon emissions. Recently, interest in mass timber construction has grown, due to its potential benefits in reducing environmental impact compared to traditional construction methods that use steel and concrete, and in promoting global sustainability and climate agendas, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and global net-zero emissions by 2050. Despite the slow adoption of mass timber construction (MTC) in Australia, some innovative and iconic projects and initiatives have been realised. The research intends to identify critical challenges and potential for broader adoption of MTC in Australia. The study reviewed selected MTC projects, followed by a perception survey and interviews of the relevant industry stakeholders in Australia to understand the key barriers and enablers for the widespread application of MTC in Australia. Significant challenges identified in the research include a lack of understanding of fire safety, regulations, performance, inherent application, and local manufacturers and suppliers, which are yet to be improved. In addition, it was found that prior experience built confidence in the application of MTC. Furthering widespread adoption of MTC technology in Australia beyond cost competitiveness requires the Australian construction industry to work towards developing suitable regulatory and insurance policies, financing, incentivising clients, and a skilled workforce. The study focuses on an investigation in the context of industry perceptions of MTC in Australia. Based on the analysis of the critical characteristics of MTC projects, and using the empirical data, the study identifies key challenges and opportunities in the widespread application of MTC in Australia.

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Kvalnes, Øyvind. "Blurred Promises: Ethical Consequences of Fine Print Policies in Insurance." Journal of Business Ethics 103, S1 (April 2011): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1224-7.

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Boyer, George R. "What Did Unions Do in Nineteenth-Century Britain?" Journal of Economic History 48, no. 2 (June 1988): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700004939.

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The article examines the development of the insurance function of trade unions. It analyzes how such policies worked, and why union benefit packages differed across occupations. It also addresses the impact of insurance policies on union organization. Insurance benefits increased the ability of unions to attract and retain members. They did not, however, significantly increase the power of union leaders relative to employers or union rank and file.

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Pavia, Luke, Simon Grima, Inna Romanova, and Jonathan V. Spiteri. "Fine Art Insurance Policies and Risk Perceptions: The Case of Malta." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14020066.

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The aim of this paper is to identify the risks that need to be addressed when holding fine art, determine which are perceived as being the most important, and whether the risk perception is influenced by demographic variables such as age, educational background, and field of occupation. To identify the risks and evaluate the risk perception, we used a purposely designed questionnaire and sent it via various sources of communication systems and applications to individuals knowledgeable on fine arts. Findings revealed that, generally, art deterioration, art fraud, and art theft are the three main highlighted risks, with art deterioration considered in the high-risk range. In terms of risk perception, forgery is the biggest concern. On the other hand, considerations of the investment value of art lessened perceived risk exposure. Furthermore, the study has shown that certain risk perceptions were influenced by the participants’ demographic variables. Both the identified risks and risk perception considerations analyzed within this study provide us with insights as to what needs to be considered when offering fine art insurance, particularly when it comes to which risks that are perceived as being the most pressing by potential policyholders, and how these perceptions vary according to individual demographics variables as noted above.

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Husna, Husna, and Muh Endriyo Susila. "Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Pemalsuan Polis Asuransi." Media of Law and Sharia 3, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/mls.v3i4.14332.

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The existence of insurance is very much needed by the community, especially in large-scale economic activities. The existence of community activities allows for a large risk, so insurance can be a solution to protect the object of insurance. Unfortunately, the use of insurance policies is often misused, namely falsification of insurance policies. Forgery of insurance policies is a crime that has implications for the loss of trust for the parties to the insurance agreement. This study aims to understand and find out how law enforcement against the crime of counterfeiting insurance policies at PT. Harta Aman Pratama, Tbk. Yogyakarta Branch. This research is an empirical juridical research, namely research that explores both primary data sources and secondary data in the form of legal materials. One of the legal materials studied is the decision of the Sleman District Court No. 529/Pid.Sus/2016/PN Smn. The results showed that law enforcement against the crime of insurance policy forgery that occurred at PT Harta Aman Pratama, Tbk Yogyakarta Branch was carried out through the process of investigation, prosecution, examination of court hearings and implementation of court decisions. The perpetrator was charged with committing a criminal act of policy forgery as stipulated in Article 78 of Law Number 40 of 2014 concerning Insurance jo. Article 64 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. During the examination at the Sleman District Court, the defendant was found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment for 5 (five) months and a fine of Rp. 10,000,000. (Ten million rupiah). The convict served his prison sentence at the Cebongan Prison, Sleman.

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Aswin, Suhendro, and Indra Afrita. "SETTLEMENT OF DEFAULTS IN THE LIFE INSURANCE POLICY BETWEEN THE INSURER AND THE INSURED." JILPR Journal Indonesia Law and Policy Review 2, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.56371/jirpl.v2i2.44.

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When the policy holder or insurance participant or the insured experiences a disaster or suffers a loss or damage as stated in the contract, the insured has the right to file an insurance claim. The recipient of this insurance is not only the insured whose name is listed as the policy holder of the insurance company but can also be another person appointed directly by the insured. The formulation of the problem in this study is the Default in the Life Insurance Policy between the Insurer and the Insured, howSettlement of Defaults in Life Insurance Policies Between the Insurer and the Insured and What are the Legal Consequences for Settlement of Defaults in a Life Insurance Policy between the Insurer and the Insured. The purpose of this research is to analyze Default in a Life Insurance Policy between the Insurer and the Insured, To Analyze Settlement of Defaults in Life Insurance Policies Between the Insurer and the Insured To Analyze Legal Consequences Settlement of Defaults in Life Insurance Policies Between the Insurer and the Insured.This research method is normative legal research. The conclusions in this study have answered the problems that arise, namely:Default in a Life Insurance Policy between the Insurer and the Insured that a life insurance agreement is made between the policy holder and the insurer, with the consequence that the policy holder pays the premium and the insurer provides risk protection to the policy holder and/or the insured within a certain time as stipulated in the agreement. Default can be done by the policyholder, one of which is by not paying life insurance premiums until the grace period ends.Settlement of Defaults in Life Insurance Policies Between the Insurer and the Insured that The insurer and the insured binding themselves in the insurance agreement must be in accordance with the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations, which are contained in Article 1338 Paragraph (1) of the Civil Code. This provision states that when the agreement has been agreed by both parties, then the agreement will apply as a law that will bind the parties therein. Because of lawSettlement of Defaults in Life Insurance Policies Between the Insurer and the Insured that if the premium is not paid by the policyholder, the life insurance agreement can be canceled by law and the policy will be canceled or called lapsed, namely the termination of insurance coverage as a result of not paying premiums until the insurance contract period ends and the premiums that have been paid will not be returned.

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Santini, Inawati. "WANPRESTASI PEMBAYARAN KLAIM ASURANSI JIWA AKIBAT KELALAIAN PENYERAHAN BERKAS OLEH MITRA PENANGGUNG SEBAGAI KOLEKTOR PENGAJUAN KLAIM (Studi Kasus Sertifikat Asuransi Polis Nomor 15.001673)." UNES Law Review 1, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/law.v1i2.26.

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At this time many banks are incentive to lure consumer credit to consumers. In general, consumer loan interest rate is higher than productive credit, even there is a fixed rate. It seems that the fixed rate makes it easy to organize family finances, paying only monthly installments of the same amount, but if carefully calculated, the interest is much higher. Consumer Loan Protection with Insurance Policy Certificate 15.001673 is a life insurance product that guarantees repayment of the remaining amount of Loans and / or monthly loan installment of the Customer as Participant (Insured) to the Policyholder in case the Participant (the Insured) has a death risk or total temporary disability / Or total permanent disability. Although it is clear about the rights and obligations in the insurance agreement but the reality is very different because it turns out the insurer does not fulfill its obligations in the event of claim submission from the insured. Rejection of insurance claims may be made by the insurer under the pretext of submitting the file beyond the specified time limit. Issues to be studied further is how validation of denial of life insurance claim made by Jasindo in accordance with the insurance policy and existing legislation and whether Partner Error is can be classified as Wanprestasi payment of Insurance Claim for late in submission of policy file No: 15.001673. In conducting research, this research is normative law research that is research having object of study about rule or rule. The objective is to determine the validity of the refusal of insurance claims made by Jasindo in accordance with the existing insurance policies and regulations and to find out the Default Payment of Insurance Claims due to Delayed Submission by Marketing Party as Collector Submission of Claim on Insurance Certificate Number 15.001673

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Konrad Buczkowski. "Oszustwo asekuracyjne (art. 298 k.k.) w praktyce wymiaru sprawiedliwości." Archives of Criminology, no. XXXV (January 1, 2013): 213–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2013h.

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The insurance market is the area of business where fraud is attempted most frequently. Most painful to insurers are undue claims filed for damages under insurance contracts. Insurance related crimes are socially accepted, hence not condemned within a community. Despite their considerably harmful social potential, they are not sufficiently prosecuted, which partly stems from the conduct of insurance companies, who – in consideration of their positive image – are not eager to admit that they have fallen victims to fraud. This article presents a broad analysis of statistical data on the crime under Article 298 of the Penal Code and presents results of research on pretrial proceedings and cases concluding with court verdict ruling against the perpetrator of an insurance fraud. An analysis of the statistical data showed a significant decrease (since 2007) in the number of proceedings instigated under Article 298 Penal Code. The reason behind this phe-nomenon may be that this type of acts are classified as crime under Article 286 Penal Code, i.e. 'classic' fraud. Generally speaking, proceedings instigated under Article 298 Penal Code have accounted for a very low percentage of all proceedings over the entire decade – 0.02%. The aim of the criminological research presented in the article was to show the practical side of protecting the insurance market against fraudulent conduct of insured parties; also to attempt to find out if the penal regulation is appropriate, if prosecution under Article 298 Penal Code is correct, and finally, if any changes: be them legislative, to prosecution or penal policies, are necessary to provide effective protection for the insurance industry. In the file research conducted, the key assumption was to cover a possibly largest group of events defined as insurance fraud. In stage 1 of the research, the proceedings included all those conducted between 1995 – 2003 under Article 4 of the Trade Protection Act of 12.10.1994 and under Article 298 Penal Code (the Penal Code, as of the day of its enforce-ment, i.e. 1st Sept. 1998, invalidated the relevant provision of the aforesaid Act). As stage 2, court proceedings conducted in 2008 were examined, i.e. five years after completion of the core stage of the research. The aim of stage 2 analysis was to compare and define changes in insurance fraud prosecution policies and manners in which the fraud was committed. The results show that the prospects for rendering the provisions of Article 298 Penal Code useful in providing a penal framework in the Polish law system for dealing with 'specialised' crimes, aiming at protection of the insurance industry, have proven unrealistic. The regulations concerning the offence in question did not become the main tool for countering undue claims of property insurance, including vehicle insurance.

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Yastori, Mrs. "Cases of Dispute and Pending Claims in Hospitals in the Era of National Health Insurance." Proceeding International Conference on Medical Record 2, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47387/icmr.v2i1.152.

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Background: Indonesia began to implement a National Health Insurance System based on the National Social Security System in 2014 with the support of government regulations which states that Indonesia requires every citizen to have access to comprehensive and quality health services so that can continue their life through the National Health Insurance. Pending and dispute claims are problems that often occur in the era of national health insurance that can affect hospital budget allocation and planning policies, increasing the high cost burden for hospitals which will affect the quality of health services provided. The purpose of this study was to determine pending cases and dispute claims in hospitals in the Era of National Health Insurance.Methods: The study used a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The data collection technique used is the observation method, namely directly to the e-claim file at several hospitals. 15 e-claim files taken in total from April – July 2021.Results: Obtained 13 cases of pending claims and 2 cases of dispute claims. Cases pending claims are caused by not complying with the code with evidence or resources, not in accordance with medical clinical practice guidelines and the rules of the health insurance provider.Conclusions: In coding, it is necessary to match the theory on the ICD-10, update the ICD-10. It is necessary to understand the rules and provisions made by the insurer and the related guidelines and rules. Please be aware of every latest code update.

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Aspachs, Oriol, Ruben Durante, Alberto Graziano, Josep Mestres, Marta Reynal-Querol, and Jose G. Montalvo. "Tracking the impact of COVID-19 on economic inequality at high frequency." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): e0249121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249121.

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Pandemics have historically had a significant impact on economic inequality. However, official inequality statistics are only available at low frequency and with considerable delay, which challenges policymakers in their objective to mitigate inequality and fine-tune public policies. We show that using data from bank records it is possible to measure economic inequality at high frequency. The approach proposed in this paper allows measuring, timely and accurately, the impact on inequality of fast-unfolding crises, like the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying this approach to data from a representative sample of over three million residents of Spain we find that, absent government intervention, inequality would have increased by almost 30% in just one month. The granularity of the data allows analyzing with great detail the sources of the increases in inequality. In the Spanish case we find that it is primarily driven by job losses and wage cuts experienced by low-wage earners. Government support, in particular extended unemployment insurance and benefits for furloughed workers, were generally effective at mitigating the increase in inequality, though less so among young people and foreign-born workers. Therefore, our approach provides knowledge on the evolution of inequality at high frequency, the effectiveness of public policies in mitigating the increase of inequality and the subgroups of the population most affected by the changes in inequality. This information is fundamental to fine-tune public policies on the wake of a fast-moving pandemic like the COVID-19.

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Kim, Hyosin, Anum Zafar, Haiqun Lin, Soko Setoguchi, and Olga Jarrín. "IMPACTS OF CHANGE FROM 27 TO 30 CHRONIC CONDITIONS ALGORITHM ON PREVALENCE OF DIABETES AND DEMENTIA." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.2913.

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Abstract The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Chronic Conditions Warehouse (CCW) algorithm used to identify the presence of chronic conditions recently changed. Not only was the number of chronic conditions changed, but also the diagnosis codes and look-back period. Accompanying documentation encourages researchers to empirically assess the change in algorithm for their studies. The purpose of this study is to highlight the impacts of switching to the 30 CCW Chronic Conditions file on the prevalence of selected chronic conditions (diabetes and dementia) in an end-of-life cohort of Medicare beneficiaries (n=2,182,092), with sub-analysis by insurance type. Data sources included the Master Beneficiary Summary File base file and chronic conditions segments (27 vs. 30). The study population was all U.S. Medicare beneficiaries over age 18 who died in 2019. This retrospective observational study summarizes the change in prevalence of diabetes, dementia, and stroke/transient ischemic attack resulting from the new chronic conditions algorithm (27 to 30), stratified by insurance type. Among Medicare beneficiaries who died in 2019, using the 30 vs. 27 Chronic Conditions algorithm decreased the prevalence of diabetes (45% vs. 32%) and dementia (41% vs. 31%). This change may pose challenges for longitudinal and end-of-life research. A decrease in the counting of dementia, diabetes, and stroke cases could lead to an underestimation of their burden on society and be misleading for policymakers and the public. This could result in inadequate policies and resources to address prevention and treatment, which could result in inadequate healthcare services for the affected population.

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Mann, Karely, Austin R. Waters, Perla L. Vaca Lopez, Nicole Ray, Tomoko Tsukamoto, Heydon K. Kaddas, Echo L. Warner, et al. "Financial burdens of insured adolescent and young adult cancer patients: A need for crowdfunding platforms, fundraisers, financial grants, and cost conversations with their cancer care team." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 29_suppl (October 10, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.29_suppl.83.

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83 Background: Cancer patients in the United States often experience distress surrounding out of pocket costs from treatment. Adolescents and young adults (AYA) are more likely to be underinsured, skip care due to cost, go into debt, and file for bankruptcy after a cancer diagnosis than patients diagnosed at older ages. We conducted semi-structured interviews with AYA cancer patients and survivors to evaluate their experiences with health insurance, cancer costs and use of crowdfunding. Methods: Eligible participants were ages 18-39, diagnosed with cancer, and currently insured. Recruitment occurred largely through patient navigators at two large cancer centers from October 2019 to March 2020. Data was collected via individual semi-structured telephone interviews, which were analyzed for content. Questions were asked pertaining to crowdfunding platforms, fundraisers, satisfaction with current health insurance policy, and cost conversations with their cancer care team. Interviews were analyzed applying two rounds of thematic content analysis. Summary statistics were calculated for demographics. Results: Twenty-four interviews were completed, with more than half of participants being female (58%), most participants being Non-Hispanic White (79%), mean age at 26.5, and currently receiving cancer treatment (79%). Three themes emerged about AYAs’ experience with treatment costs and health insurance: 1) Even with insurance, cancer care was unexpectedly expensive and burdensome on financial wellbeing; 2) Conversations about cost with cancer care teams were brief and rare and 3) Crowdfunding platforms, fundraisers or financial grants were often used as financial safety nets, and did not cover all out of pocket costs. More than half of participants expressed interest in having cost conversations with their oncologist, nurse or social worker. All participants expressed a need for education on managing cancer costs and a particular interest in educational information on appeals and out of pocket costs. Conclusions: AYAs with cancer report unexpected costs and are interested in discussing this with their cancer care team. AYAs often receive money from fundraisers, financial grants or crowdfunding platforms to assist with the expenses of treatment. Discussions between cancer care teams and AYA patients about health insurance policies and cost saving mechanisms may help reduce out of pocket costs and reliance on external financial mechanisms.

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Meliana and Adeani Putry. "TINJAUAN PELEPASAN INFORMASI MEDIS PASIEN RAWAT JALAN KEPADA PIHAK KETIGA ASURANSI KESEHATAN SWASTA DI RUMAH SAKIT SETIA MITRA JAKARTA." MEDICORDHIF Jurnal Rekam Medis 8 (February 15, 2022): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.59300/mjrm.v8i1.67.

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The release of medical information is a procedure for releasing, disseminating, and disclosing data or patient medical information for other purposes that do not harm the patient which has been regulated by law, medical information can be provided to insurance, the patient or the patient's family, the hospital that is the place of referral, other doctors treating patients, and for court purposes. The research method used is a type of qualitative descriptive analysis research method. Of the 8 requests that do not meet the requirements, there are 7 requests and there is 1 request that meets the requirements. It is not appropriate because the insurance company does not fully carry the requirements for the release of medical information at Setia Mitra Hospital and still releases medical information to third parties even though the requirements are incomplete or not according to the procedure. The conclusions from the release of medical information to third parties are: Setia Mitra Hospital already has a Standard Operating Procedure (SPO) regarding the release of medical information to third parties which contains the meaning, objectives, policies and procedures. The application of this SOP is not yet fully consistent, the release of medical information to third parties at Setia Mitra Hospital is only carried out for health insurance claim requirements, at Setia Mitra Hospital there is no expedition book or checklits sheet for data collection on the release of medical information to third parties only using file sheets placed on the staff's dsk. Bibliography : 6 pieces (1994-2015) Keywords : Discharge, Medical Information, Outpatient, Third Party

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Hsiao, Chih-Chun, Chun-Gu Cheng, Zih-Tai Hong, Yu-Hsuan Chen, and Chun-An Cheng. "The Influence of Fine Particulate Matter and Cold Weather on Emergency Room Interventions for Childhood Asthma." Life 14, no. 5 (April 29, 2024): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14050570.

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(1) Background: Children are the most vulnerable to pollution due to their decreased stature, heightened respiratory rate, and frequent outdoor engagement. PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone, and cold weather are associated with pediatric asthma. In this study, we investigated the nexus between air pollution, climate factors, and pediatric asthma emergency room visits (ERVs). (2) Method: Pediatric asthma ERV data for healthcare quality from the Taiwanese National Insurance in the Taipei area were obtained from 2015 to 2019. Air pollution and climate factor data were also collected. Poisson regression was employed to determine the relationships with relative risks (RRs). (3) Results: The incidence of pediatric asthma ERVs decreased, with a crude RR of 0.983 (95% CI: 0.98–0.986, p < 0.001). Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) had an adjusted RR of 1.102 (95% CI: 1.037–1.172, p = 0.002) and a 7.7 µg/m3 increase, and air temperature had an adjusted RR of 0.813 (95% CI: 0.745–0.887, p < 0.001) comparing between the highest and lowest quarter air temperature associated with pediatric asthma ERVs. (4) Conclusions: This inquiry underscores the positive associations of PM2.5 and cold weather with pediatric asthma ERVs. The findings could guide the government to establish policies to reduce air pollution and promote children’s health.

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Lim, Hyun-Mook, Seung-Woo Ryoo, Yun-Chul Hong, Soon-Tae Kim, Youn-Hee Lim, and Dong-Wook Lee. "Association between Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Asthma Incidence among School-Aged Children." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (September 3, 2022): 1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091430.

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Studies on the correlation of long-term PM2.5 exposure with childhood-onset asthma are limited to western countries. We aimed to study the association between long-term PM2.5 exposure and childhood-onset asthma in South Korea, which has higher ambient PM2.5 levels than western countries. We constructed a retrospective cohort of children aged 6–14 years living in seven metropolitan cities using the National Health Insurance service in South Korea from 2011 to 2016. Children who made a hospital visit with asthma from 2008 to 2010 were excluded. A child was diagnosed with asthma incidence if he or she visited the hospital three times or more with a primary diagnostic code of asthma. A time-varying Cox regression model was constructed to investigate the association of long-term district-level PM2.5 exposure with asthma incidence. Of the 1,425,638 children evaluated, 52,133 showed asthma incidence, with an incidence rate of 6.9 cases/1000 person-years. A 10 µg/m3 increase in the 48-month moving average PM2.5 exposure was associated with an elevated risk of asthma incidence, with a hazard ratio of 1.075 (95% confidence interval: 1.024–1.126), and this association was robust for different PM2.5 exposure levels (12-, 36-, and 60-month moving average). In this study, long-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with asthma incidence in school-aged children in South Korea. Policies to reduce environmental PM2.5 levels and protect children from PM2.5 are necessary to prevent childhood-onset asthma.

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Kitchen, Newell R., Curtis J. Ransom, James S. Schepers, Jerry L. Hatfield, Raymond Massey, and Scott T. Drummond. "A new perspective when examining maize fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency, incrementally." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): e0267215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267215.

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For maize (Zea mays L.), nitrogen (N) fertilizer use is often summarized from field to global scales using average N use efficiency (NUE). But expressing NUE as averages is misleading because grain increase to added N diminishes near optimal yield. Thus, environmental risks increase as economic benefits decrease. Here, we use empirical datasets obtained in North America of maize grain yield response to N fertilizer (n = 189) to create and interpret incremental NUE (iNUE), or the change in NUE with change in N fertilization. We show for those last units of N applied to reach economic optimal N rate (EONR) iNUE for N removed with the grain is only about 6%. Conversely stated, for those last units of N applied over 90% is either lost to the environment during the growing season, remains as inorganic soil N that too may be lost after the growing season, or has been captured within maize stover and roots or soil organic matter pools. Results also showed iNUE decrease averaged 0.63% for medium-textured soils and 0.37% for fine-textured soils, attributable to fine-textured soils being more predisposed to denitrification and/or lower mineralization. Further analysis demonstrated the critical nature growing season water amount and distribution has on iNUE. Conditions with too much rainfall and/or uneven rainfall produced low iNUE. Producers realize this from experience, and it is uncertain weather that largely drives insurance fertilizer additions. Nitrogen fertilization creating low iNUE is environmentally problematic. Our results show that with modest sub-EONR fertilization and minor forgone profit, average NUE improvements of ~10% can be realized. Further, examining iNUE creates unique perspective and ideas for how to improve N fertilizer management tools, educational programs, and public policies and regulations.

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Habte, Aklilu, Aiggan Tamene, and Biruk Bogale. "Women empowerment domains and unmet need for contraception among married and cohabiting fecund women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis based on gender role framework." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): e0291110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291110.

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Background Low women empowerment, is a known contributing factor to unmet needs for contraception by limiting access to health services through negative cultural beliefs and practices. However, little is known about the association between unmet needs and domains of women empowerment in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the influence of women empowerment domains on the unmet need for contraception in the region using the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data (2016–2021). Methods The data for the study was derived from the appended women’s (IR) file of eighteen SSA countries. A weighted sample of 128,939 married women was analyzed by STATA version 16. The Harvard Institute’s Gender Roles Framework, which comprised of influencer, resource, and decision-making domains was employed to identify and categorize the covariates across three levels. The effects of each predictor on the unmet need for spacing and limiting were examined using a multivariable multilevel mixed-effect multinomial logistic regression analysis. Adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval was used to declare the statistical significance of the independent variables. Results The pooled prevalence of unmet needs for contraception was 26.36% (95% CI: 24.83–30.40) in the region, with unmet needs for spacing and limiting being 16.74% (95% CI: 16.55, 17.02) and 9.62% (95% CI: 9.45, 12.78), respectively. Among variables in the influencer domain, educational level, family size of more than five, parity, number of children, attitude towards wife beating, and media exposure were substantially linked with an unmet need for spacing and limiting. Being in the poorest wealth quintile and enrollment in health insurance schemes, on the other hand, were the two variables in the resource domain that had a significant influence on unmet needs. The overall decision-making capacity of women was found to be the sole significant predictor of unmet needs among the covariates in the decision-making domain. Conclusion Unmet needs for contraception in SSA countries were found to be high. Reproductive health program planners and contraceptive service providers should place due emphasis on women who lack formal education, are from low-income families, and have large family sizes. Governments should collaborate with insurance providers to increase health insurance coverage alongside incorporating family planning within the service package to minimize out-of-pocket costs. NGOs, government bodies, and program planners should collaborate across sectors to pool resources, advocate for policies, share best practices, and coordinate initiatives to maximize the capacity of women’s decision-making autonomy.

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Pilkerton, Courtney S., Sarah S. Singh, Thomas K. Bias, and Stephanie J. Frisbee. "Healthcare resource availability and cardiovascular health in the USA." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e016758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016758.

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ObjectivesCardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the USA. Reducing the population-level burden of CVD disease will require a better understanding and support of cardiovascular health (CVH) in individuals and entire communities. The objectives for this study were to examine associations between community-level healthcare resources (HCrRes) and CVH in individuals and entire communities.SettingThis study consisted of a retrospective, cross-sectional study design, using multivariable epidemiological analyses.ParticipantsAll participants in the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey were examined for eligibility. CVH, defined using the American Heart Association CVH Index (CVHI), was determined using self-reported responses to 2011 BRFSS questions. Data for determining HCrRes were obtained from the Area Health Resource File. Regression analysis was performed to examine associations between healthcare resources and CVHI in communities (linear regression) and individuals (Poisson regression).ResultsMean CVHI was 3.3±0.005 and was poorer in the Southeast and Appalachian regions of the USA. Supply of primary care physicians and physician assistants were positively associated with individual and community-level CVHI, while CVD specialist supply was negatively associated with CVHI. Individuals benefiting most from increased supply of primary care providers were: middle aged; female; had non-Hispanic other race/ethnicity; those with household income <$25 000/year; and those in non-urban communities with insurance coverage.ConclusionsOur results support the importance of primary care provider supply for both individual and community CVHI, though not all sociodemographic groups benefited equally from additional primary care providers. Further research should investigate policies and factors that can effectively increase primary care provider supply and influence where they practice.

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Omollo, Lewis Otieno, Juliet Wanjira Karanu, and Moses Wafula Wekesa. "Contribution of Financial Innovations to Money Demand: A Case of Kenyan Financial Market." American Journal of Finance and Business Management 1, no. 1 (September 6, 2022): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.58425/ajfbm.v1i1.21.

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Purpose: This study sought to assess how financial innovation has affected demand for money in Kenya. Methodology: The research looked at the value of transactions made using modern innovations including ATMs, point-of-sale (POS), online banking, and phone banking. Under the cointegration, granger causality, and error correction modeling, the study used the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression methodology as the estimate method. Findings: Financial innovation, according to the study, has an important role in growing money demand in a country by enhancing financial visibility, facilitating financial processes during trades, and enhancing financial competence. Financial system innovation in emerging nations such as Kenya indicates a potential for financial sector expansion. Financial innovation has shown to be a fundamental predictor of financial advancement, high-tech expansion, efficient financial market access, and hence better economic growth via the diversity of financial facilities. Conclusion: Financial innovation has resulted in the development of employment opportunities in non-bank financial institutions. It has also led to integration of commercial bank, non-bank private lenders, insurance firms, and housing finance firms. Recommendations: This study recommend the central bank of Kenya (CBK) to fine-tune its policies to ensure it is well suited to deal with the challenges posed by sophisticated financial innovations. CBK can increase its capability to predict the consequences of financial innovations and act quickly to counter any negative effect of financial innovation on the effectiveness of monetary policy. The study also recommend company and organizations managers to adopt financial innovations in order to boost service quality through efficient and quick service provision via innovations like mobile and online payment systems.

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Ferro, Roberto A., Valerie Shostrom, Julie M. Vose, Krishna Gundabolu, Smith Giri, KM Monirul Islam, Lori J. Maness, James Olen Armitage, and Vijaya R. Bhatt. "Overall Survival (OS) of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Is Better When Initial Therapy Is Administered in Academic Hospitals (AH) Versus Non-Academic Hospitals (NAH): A Retrospective Analysis of the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB)." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.268.268.

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Abstract Introduction During initial diagnosis and therapy, patients with ALL can develop life-threatening complications such as sepsis, leukostasis, hemorrhage, and tumor lysis syndrome. Dedicated multidisciplinary leukemia teams may be needed to provide optimal management of such complications and selection of optimal therapeutic strategy. AH are more likely to have such expertise, adequate resources, standard operating policies and clinical trials, which may influence early mortality and OS. Such trends have been noted for other malignancies, such as lung cancer (Samson, Am Thorac Surg 2015 and Luchtenborg JCO 2013). In acute myeloid leukemia, OS may be better if patients are treated in a high-volume hospital (Giri Blood 2015). Whether OS of ALL differs based on the facility type remains unclear. Methods Using the NCDB Participant User File, we extracted patient-level data of patients with ALL reported between 1998 to 2012. Hospital facilities were classified as either AH (academic/research program) or NAH (community cancer program, comprehensive community cancer program, and other, as per NCDB classification). Patients, who received all of their first course treatment or a decision not to treat made at the reporting facility, were included. Subjects with complete and known data for the variables sex, age, race, education, income, distance traveled for health care, hospital type, facility location, urban/rural location, insurance, Charlson co-morbidity score, chemotherapy use, time from diagnosis to treatment initiation, use of hematopoietic stem cell transplant, 30-day mortality, last contact, and vital status were included. These variables were analyzed in a univariate analysis. Kaplan Meier curves were drawn and compared using log rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression for 30-day mortality and cox regression with backward elimination approach for OS. Statistical analysis was done using PC SAS version 9.4. Results Of 9863 patients with ALL, 5710 (57.9%) were treated in AH. Patients treated at AH versus NAH were more likely to be African-Americans, uninsured and Medicaid insured, travel long distance to receive health care and receive transplant as a part of their treatment. The median OS (23 vs. 17 months) and 1-year OS (67% vs. 59%) were better in AH as compared to NAH (Figure 1). In a multivariate analysis, the 30-day mortality was significantly worse in NAH as compared to AH (odds ratio, OR 1.206; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.011-1.44; p <0.0374) (Table 1). Similarly, Cox regression showed that the OS was significantly worse in NAH as compared to AH (hazard ratio, HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.08-1.19; p <0.001) after adjusting for other covariates. Conclusion OS of patients with ALL may be improved, if patients receive initial therapy in AH. Possible explanations may include increased provider experience, enhanced multidisciplinary care, and access to clinical trials, among others. Improved understanding of such factors may provide opportunity to improve OS of patients treated at NAH. Table 1. Multivariate logistic regression of 30-day mortality Variable Odds ratio 95% confidence interval P value Academic (ref) Non-Academic 1 1.206 1.01-1.44 0.0374 Age - <60 years (ref)- > 60 years 1 2.907 2.28-3.71 <0.001 Charlson comorbidity score -0 (ref) -1- 2 or more 1 1.47 2.13 1.18-1.82 1.57-2.88 0.0005 <0.0001 Chemotherapy - Yes (ref) - No 1 2.93 1.82-4.72 <0.0001 Days until first treatment 0.927 0.91-0.94 <0.0001 High school education - 29% or more (ref) - 20%-28.9% - 14%-19.9% - Less than 14% 1 0.82 0.88 0.63 0.63-1.06 0.69-1.14 0.49-0.81 0.13 0.34 0.0004 Insurance Status - Private insurance/managed care (ref)- Not insured - Medicaid - Medicare - Other government 1 1.46 0.80 1.61 0.45 1.04-2.05 0.57-1.12 1.26-2.06 0.11-1.84 0.03 0.20 0.0002 0.26 Figure 1. Kaplan Meier curve showing cumulative survival among ALL patients treated at AH versus NAH (p value of log rank test <0.001) Figure 1. Kaplan Meier curve showing cumulative survival among ALL patients treated at AH versus NAH (p value of log rank test <0.001) Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Oboh, Roland Aziegbe, and Titilope Mary Ofagbor. "Predominant ocular challenges and protective eyewear compliance among welders in Port Harcourt mechanic and steel villages, Rivers State, Nigeria." International Journal of Health Sciences 5, no. 3 (September 4, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijhs.1021.

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Purpose: Welding is associated with several ocular and systemic hazards especially where adequate protective measures are not observed resulting in occupational eye challenges which constitutes an appreciable proportion of ocular morbidity, The purpose of this study was to ascertain the pattern of major ocular challenges (symptoms and signs) among welders in the Port Harcourt Mechanic and Steel Villages Rivers State, Nigeria and the level of compliance to the use of protective eye wear during work... Methodology: The study which took place at the work sites of the participants adopted a combination of physical eye examination and a survey to find out history of previous ocular injuries and predominant symptoms experienced. A total of 103 welders sampled from two study sites located in two local government areas LGAs of Rivers State participated in the study which involved the use of a well structured interviewer-administered pre-tested and validated questionnaire to ascertain frequently experienced ocular complaints and previous work related ocular injuries, followed by detailed external examination of the eyes and surrounding structures for signs of ocular surface abnormalities resulting from welding related activities. Data generated from the study were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools of the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results were presented descriptively using tables and charts while Chi Square statistics was employed to test for statistically significant association at an alpha level of 0.05 (p< 0.05). Results: 88.3% of the welders involved in the study were aware that welding could cause harm to their eyes which could be prevented by the use of protective eyewear, 7.8% disagreed, while 3.9% had no idea Only 5.8% of welders complied regularly, 60.2% complied occasionally, 28.2% complied sparingly while 5.8% have never used a protective eyewear before. All (100%) of the welders who have never complied fall within the youngest age group (16 – 25 years). There was no statistically significant association between the age of welders and compliance to protective eyewear(p< 0.05) While 22.3% of welders have no remarkable eye complaint, the most frequent eye symptoms among welders in order of decreasing proportion were sandy sensation (30.1%), cloudy vision (22.3%), painful red eyes (18.5%), watery eyes (3.9%) and itchy eyes (2.9%). The distribution of ocular surface abnormalities in order of decreasing proportion include Pinguecula (31.1%), Pterygium (21.4%), Conjunctiva discoloration (14.6%) and Corneal opacity (3.9%). Also, there is a statistically significant association between age of welders and eye symptoms experienced and predominant ocular surface abnormalities observed. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practices: Findings from this study can be used by government agencies, employers, vocational training institutions and other stakeholders to formulate policies and guide for welders and other artisans to inculcate better work ethics in order to enjoy the benefits of regular compliance to the appropriate protective eyewear and prevent the negative effects of poor compliance. The study findings also reemphasized the need for a well articulated health insurance policy for workers in the informal sector employment to safeguard their ocular and general health. The urgent need for a subsidy regime on the price of quality protective devices and incentives for local production of quality protective eyewear should be looked into... Lastly, welders and eye care practitioners can tap from the findings to fine-tune their policies and practices to ensure ocular safety and better management/ care for welding related eye challenges.

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Oh, SeHee, MinDong Sung, Yumie Rhee, Namki Hong, and Yu Rang Park. "Evaluation of the Privacy Risks of Personal Health Identifiers and Quasi-Identifiers in a Distributed Research Network: Development and Validation Study." JMIR Medical Informatics 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): e24940. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24940.

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Background Privacy should be protected in medical data that include patient information. A distributed research network (DRN) is one of the challenges in privacy protection and in the encouragement of multi-institutional clinical research. A DRN standardizes multi-institutional data into a common structure and terminology called a common data model (CDM), and it only shares analysis results. It is necessary to measure how a DRN protects patient information privacy even without sharing data in practice. Objective This study aimed to quantify the privacy risk of a DRN by comparing different deidentification levels focusing on personal health identifiers (PHIs) and quasi-identifiers (QIs). Methods We detected PHIs and QIs in an Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) CDM as threatening privacy, based on 18 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA) identifiers and previous studies. To compare the privacy risk according to the different privacy policies, we generated limited and safe harbor data sets based on 16 PHIs and 12 QIs as threatening privacy from the Synthetic Public Use File 5 Percent (SynPUF5PCT) data set, which is a public data set of the OMOP CDM. With minimum cell size and equivalence class methods, we measured the privacy risk reduction with a trust differential gap obtained by comparing the two data sets. We also measured the gap in randomly sampled records from the two data sets to adjust the number of PHI or QI records. Results The gaps averaged 31.448% and 73.798% for PHIs and QIs, respectively, with a minimum cell size of one, which represents a unique record in a data set. Among PHIs, the national provider identifier had the highest gap of 71.236% (71.244% and 0.007% in the limited and safe harbor data sets, respectively). The maximum size of the equivalence class, which has the largest size of an indistinguishable set of records, averaged 771. In 1000 random samples of PHIs, Device_exposure_start_date had the highest gap of 33.730% (87.705% and 53.975% in the data sets). Among QIs, Death had the highest gap of 99.212% (99.997% and 0.784% in the data sets). In 1000, 10,000, and 100,000 random samples of QIs, Device_treatment had the highest gaps of 12.980% (99.980% and 87.000% in the data sets), 60.118% (99.831% and 39.713%), and 93.597% (98.805% and 5.207%), respectively, and in 1 million random samples, Death had the highest gap of 99.063% (99.998% and 0.934% in the data sets). Conclusions In this study, we verified and quantified the privacy risk of PHIs and QIs in the DRN. Although this study used limited PHIs and QIs for verification, the privacy limitations found in this study could be used as a quality measurement index for deidentification of multi-institutional collaboration research, thereby increasing DRN safety.

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Min, Dongsoon, Trevor Waite, and Birsen Donmez. "Collision Risk Assessment Using Naturalistic Data from a Rent-A-Car Fleet." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631481.

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We analyzed commercial fleet operations data collected by a South Korean rent-a-car company, SK Networks Co. Ltd., to evaluate the differences between collision-free and collision-involved drivers with the ultimate goal of predicting driver collision risk. The first objective was to identify critical variables related to collision risk. The second objective was to build and compare classification models to predict the colli-sion involvement of a driver. Data used in the analysis were collected through Long-Range (LoRa) Internet of Things (IoT) modem-Fleet management system (FMS) devices, a first commercial implementation of LoRa modems in the vehicle. These devices have five main built-in modules, i.e., On-Board Diagnostics (OBD-II) Connector, GPS, LoRa modem, Gravity sensor, and Bluetooth. They can communicate with the vehi-cle, the driver’s smartphone, and the host server. Data from 3,854 drivers with a total of 2.19 million trips recorded in 2018 were explored. Out of these 3,854 drivers, 514 (13.3%) were involved in at least one collision. Predictor variables were selected based on previous research that uti-lized naturalistic data to identify factors affecting collision risk (Dingus et al., 2016; Tselentis, Yannis, & Vlahogianni, 2016; Bian, Yang, Zhao, & Liang, 2018; Jin et al., 2018). Forty-eight predictor variables that may affect collision risk were selected, which can be categorized into two groups: 27 variables were related to the business and the environment, characterized by how much drivers traveled, in what type of vehicles, on what types of roads, and during what times of the day; the other 22 variables were driving behavior-related variables, capturing overspeeding, potential fatigue, rapid speed changes, and counts of traffic regulation violations. After a feature selection phase based on univariate analysis, nine variables were select-ed to be used in the classification models. These selected vari-ables are running driving time (driving time excluding idling time), trip frequency per thousand kilometer driving, accumu-lated count of violation, accumulated amount of fine, the per-centage of trips driving a compact car (<1,000 cc), the per-centage of trips driving older than a 2016 car model, the per-centage of trips during 6 a.m.-9 a.m., the percentage of trips that ended during 2 a.m.-7 a.m., and the sum of rapid accelera-tion and deceleration frequencies per kilometer. A total of twenty classification models were built and compared to classify collision-involved and non-collision in-volved drivers: 5 classification modeling techniques (Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Gradient boosted trees (GBT)) x 4 sampling methods (Up, Down, Smote, and No-sampling). The GBT-down sampled model showed the best classification performance according to Area under the Curve (0.804) and Area under the Precision and Recall Curve (0.406) statistics. Comparing relative variable importance val-ues for the best three classification models (GBT, RF, and LR), both running driving time and violation count were found to be the most influential variables, followed by the sum of rapid acceleration and deceleration frequencies, accumulated amount of fine, trip frequency per thousand kilometer driving, and the percentage of trips driving a compact car. These re-sults agree with the results of previous naturalistic studies: driver behavior-related variables are highly related to collision likelihood, although running driving time in our dataset was likely dictated by businesses. This dataset provided us with a unique opportunity to take an in-depth look at the relationship between collisions and business, environment, and driving behavior-related variables by using naturalistic data from newly-invented LoRa IoT-FMS devices. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first naturalistic study connecting both driving data and various types of traffic violations (e.g., overspeeding, lane, sign, park-ing, toll fees, and fine amount). Interestingly, non-driving-related violation types such as parking or toll-fee violation counts were also strongly correlated with collision involve-ment; suggesting that collision-involvement is likely not just a skill issue but also an attitude issue regarding the law. In terms of industrial applications, this study suggests multiple oppor-tunities. Through a better understanding of the influential vari-ables related to collision-involvement (e.g., accumulated vio-lations), fleet operators can build policies to enhance their fleet safety, reducing collision rates and the associated costs. Further, in the long-term, this study can provide a framework for developing a Usage-Based Rent-a-car (UBR) service for car rental field, similar to Usage-Based Insurance (UBI), which can reduce drivers’ rental fees based on their driving behaviors.

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Eckles, David L., Robert E. Hoyt, and Johannes C. Marais. "The history and development of business interruption insurance." Journal of Insurance Regulation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52227/25540.2022.

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This paper chronicles the development of business interruption (BI) insurance in the U.S. The origin of modern-day BI insurance is traced as it evolved from so-called “profits insurance” in the United Kingdom (UK) and an endorsement to basic fire insurance policies in the U.S. to stand-alone BI insurance as it is known today. This paper identifies significant legal rulings and insurance catastrophes that have served as inflection points for the development of BI insurance, as well as major policy formats that have provided cover for the disruption of business.

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Bernard. O, Prof Osuka,. "Non-Life Insurance Sector Premiums and Economic Growth: The Nigerian Experience." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 04, no. 05 (May 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v4-i5-23.

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The study examined the relationship amid Non-life insurance premiums and economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1981–2017. The study measured fire premium, Accident premiums, Motor vehicle premium, Marine premiums and miscellaneous premiums as proxies for Insurance sector premiums while Real Gross Domestic Products was used as proxy for Economic growth for the said periods under review. In the course of the study, data were obtained from the website of Central Bank Statistical bulletin and annual report of NIA digest. The Phillips Perron type was used to test for unit root. The Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and Bounds test was used to estimate the short and long run relationships. This study found a positive relationship at some lag periods amid the independent variables and the dependent variable. However, the relationships were not significant both at the short run and long run. Insurance firms should leverage on fire and accident insurance policies to boost high premiums. Adequate public awareness and education should be carried out by insurance firms to enable members of the public to enter into insurance contract. Strong legal framework should be introduced to protect the insured to claim indemnity at the event of litigation arising from insurance contract disputes. Government should make legislations that would encourage individuals and business organizations to hold insurance policies with the aim of pooling insurance premiums for economic growth.

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Booth, Kate. "Firescapes of disruption: An absence of insurance in landscapes of fire." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, April 28, 2020, 251484862092185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848620921859.

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In this paper, I critically interrogate the expectation that insurance is becoming more present through the processes of financialisation and marketisation – as up-to-date policies and/or in the hearts and minds of consumers. I draw upon interviews about house and contents insurance, with householders in the flammable landscapes of south-eastern Tasmania, Australia. The participants identify these landscapes as resilient and permanent and thus ultimately unaffected by fire. In understanding bush-living as co-constituted with fire and not purely threatened by fire, they experience a strong sense of continuance in these places. In this context, the promise of insurance emerges as contingent, and even if an up-to-date policy is present, insurance moves in and out of focus, is present and becomes absent as various human and non-human actants exert agency. Drawing on critical landscape studies in exploring these spatial contingencies, I observe insuring as landscaping practice. As well as contributing to critical insurance studies and financialisation of everyday life research, I provide a signpost for rethinking the role of insurance in disaster management and climate adaptation.

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"Operational Efficiency of Selected General Insurance Companies in India." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 4899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b7403.129219.

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Life is full of risks and uncertainties. In fact risk is everywhere. Even when you ride a bike to the nearest shop in the street, there is a risk. One must protect himself or herself from this risk. The solution is insurance. Broadly it is two types i.e. life insurance and non-life insurance (general insurance). In this paper we discuss about only general insurance. General insurance helps in securing ourselves and things we value like homes, cars, bikes or any other property from any kind of mishap whether it is big or small. General insurance protect insured property from fire accidents, floods, earthquakes, storms, thefts, travel accidents/mishaps or any other kind of calamity, even from the cost incurred against us from legal action depending upon the type of policy selected by the insurer. From the post liberalization scenario, general insurance in India is growing rapidly. The reasons behind its spectacular growth are allowing private companies to enter into Indian market, low insurance premium, TPAs (Third Party Administrators), Fast and immediate settlement of insurance claims, Innovative general insurance policies, discounts in insurance products, increasing awareness among people, more distribution channels etc. The other side of the coin is, public sector insurance companies are facing cut throat completion from private insurance companies as they offer wide variety of policies at a low premium. Due to this few general insurance companies are closed and few are forced to come out with same polices and services. Ultimately the performance of public sector general insurance companies also enhanced with the competitive moves by private players. On the other hand, customers are also exposed to new trends in the insurance market. Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) is the apex body in India to monitor the activities of insurance companies. It has laid down standard terms and conditions to general insurance companies and also given scope for personal accidental life insurance policies. IRDA has taken all the measures to improve the performance of general insurance companies as it is one of the fast growing areas in Indian economy.

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"Growth and Performance of General Insurance Companies in India – Premium Rate and Claim Settlement Perspective." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 5 (January 30, 2020): 2071–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.e4574.018520.

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Life is full of risks and uncertainties. In fact risk is everywhere. Even when you ride a bike to the nearest shop in the street, there is a risk. One must protect himself or herself from this risk. The solution is insurance. Broadly it is two types i.e. life insurance and non-life insurance (general insurance). In this paper we discuss about only general insurance. General insurance helps in securing ourselves and things we value like homes, cars, bikes or any other property from any kind of mishap whether it is big or small. General insurance protect insured property from fire accidents, floods, earthquakes, storms, thefts, travel accidents/mishaps or any other kind of calamity, even from the cost incurred against us from legal action depending upon the type of policy selected by the insurer. From the post liberalization scenario, general insurance in India is growing rapidly. The reasons behind its spectacular growth are allowing private companies to enter into Indian market, low insurance premium, TPAs (Third Party Administrators), Fast and immediate settlement of insurance claims, Innovative general insurance policies, discounts in insurance products, increasing awareness among people, more distribution channels etc. The other side of the coin is, public sector insurance companies are facing cut throat completion from private insurance companies as they offer wide variety of policies at a low premium. Due to this few general insurance companies are closed and few are forced to come out with same polices and services. Ultimately the performance of public sector general insurance companies also enhanced with the competitive moves by private players. On the other hand, customers are also exposed to new trends in the insurance market. Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) is the apex body in India to monitor the activities of insurance companies. It has laid down standard terms and conditions to general insurance companies and also given scope for personal accidental life insurance policies. IRDA has taken all the measures to improve the performance of general insurance companies as it is one of the fast growing areas in Indian economy.

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"The Dynamics of General Insurance Sector in India - Growth and Performance Perspective." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b3261.129219.

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Life is full of risks and uncertainties. In fact risk is everywhere. Even when you ride a bike to the nearest shop in the street, there is a risk. One must protect himself or herself from this risk. The solution is insurance. Broadly it is two types i.e. life insurance and non-life insurance (general insurance). In this paper we discuss about only general insurance. General insurance helps in securing ourselves and things we value like homes, cars, bikes or any other property from any kind of mishap whether it is big or small. General insurance protect insured property from fire accidents, floods, earthquakes, storms, thefts, travel accidents/mishaps or any other kind of calamity, even from the cost incurred against us from legal action depending upon the type of policy selected by the insurer. From the post liberalization scenario, general insurance in India is growing rapidly. The reasons behind its spectacular growth are allowing private companies to enter into Indian market, low insurance premium, TPAs (Third Party Administrators), Fast and immediate settlement of insurance claims, Innovative general insurance policies, discounts in insurance products, increasing awareness among people, more distribution channels etc. The other side of the coin is, public sector insurance companies are facing cut throat completion from private insurance companies as they offer wide variety of policies at a low premium. Due to this few general insurance companies are closed and few are forced to come out with same polices and services. Ultimately the performance of public sector general insurance companies also enhanced with the competitive moves by private players. On the other hand, customers are also exposed to new trends in the insurance market. Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) is the apex body in India to monitor the activities of insurance companies. It has laid down standard terms and conditions to general insurance companies and also given scope for personal accidental life insurance policies. IRDA has taken all the measures to improve the performance of general insurance companies as it is one of the fast growing areas in Indian economy. General insurance companies under public sector are facing lot of challenges from private players and to with stand in the completion, even they have improved a lot in their quality of service in multiple facets like decreasing the premium, quick settlement in claims etc. In a nut shell, general insurance business is contributing significantly to Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

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Singh, Anisha. "The Need to Modernize California Wildfire Insurance Regulation with Climate Science." Journal of Science Policy & Governance, March 28, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.38126/jspg200108.

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Recent fire seasons have been the worst in California’s modern history. Beyond causing unprecedented damage to property and loss of life, the California wildfire crisis has also exposed serious issues within the state’s home insurance market. State regulation prevents insurers from incorporating the projected climate change-driven increases in wildfire, in policy pricing. Unable to adequately price for wildfire risk, many insurance companies have withdrawn from wildfire-prone areas. Meanwhile, companies that concentrated their policies in these areas have gone insolvent, as they failed to diversify their wildlife risk. Lack of access to reliable insurance leaves many homeowners vulnerable to significant financial losses. To ensure a healthy insurance market that is resilient to climate change-driven disaster, California legislators should revise the insurance code to authorize the use of 1) catastrophic modeling and reinsurance costs and 2) modern climate data and forecasting techniques to rate set for wildfire risk. However, adoption of these new methodologies for rate setting must be accompanied with independent oversight to protect consumers and responsibly regulate new science-based policies.

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Howe, Alexander, Erika M. Blomdahl, Ellie Smith-Eskridge, Dakoeta Pinto, Mark W. Brunson, Peter D. Howe, Nancy J. Huntly, and Sarah C. Klain. "Worldviews more than experience predict Californians’ support for wildfire risk mitigation policies." Environmental Research Letters, April 10, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad3cf6.

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Abstract California must adapt to increasing wildfire activity concurrent with climate change and expanding housing development in fire-prone areas. Recent decades have seen record-breaking fire activity, economic costs, and human health impacts. Residents more frequently face home evacuations, prolonged periods of unhealthy air quality, and power shut-offs. Understanding how these experiences influence support for risk mitigation policies is essential to inform action on climate and fire adaptation. To better understand linkages between experience and policy support, we surveyed California residents (n = 645) about their wildfire-related experiences, risk perceptions, and support for 18 wildfire risk mitigation policies. To assess how the relationship between policy support and wildfire experience is modulated by preexisting worldviews, we measured the extent to which respondents are motivated by individualistic or communitarian values as proposed in the cultural theory of risk. We surveyed residents across a gradient of wildfire impacts, spatially stratifying residences based on wildland-urban-interface (WUI) type and proximity to large 2020 wildfires. Support was generally high for most policies, though most respondents opposed incorporating future risk into insurance rates and coverage. Policy support models showed that communitarian worldviews were more consistently associated with greater support for diverse wildfire mitigation policies than were measures of recent experience with wildfire. These results suggest that California residents within our sample regions already support many wildfire risk mitigation strategies, and preexisting societal beliefs are a stronger predictor of these views than personal experiences with wildfire. Policy-makers can utilize this understanding to focus on crafting policies and messaging that resonates with individualistic values.

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Anderson, S. Eric, Jim Pinder, Elizabeth M. Dameff, Armond Manassian, and Chuah, Kim-Liang. "A Comparative Expected Value Analysis Study to Determine the Cost Benefit or Cost Effectiveness of Early Discharge, Medical Transport, Home Health as Well as Home Care Devices, Services and Technologies in The United States." Account and Financial Management Journal 08, no. 09 (September 28, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/afmj/v8i9.01.

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It was found that Amazon products (Alexa™, Echo™, Halo™), EMRs, fire extinguishers, genome sequencing test, on-line pharmacies, remote patient monitoring, provided economic value, while emergency medical service membership programs, fire alarm subscription services, helicopter emergency medical services, home fire insurance policies, home fire sprinklers, and home security systems were not found to have provided economic value. Tele-health (virtual office visits) would provide economic value if most tele-health visits replaced existing in-person visits and the low cost virtual didn’t drive demand for unnecessary visits. Robotic surgery technologies provide economic value if fully utilized (high patient demand to reduce overhead costs per procedure) in a facility with little excess capacity as long as it did not compete with non-robotic surgical offerings at the present facility. AEDs provide economic value if appropriately placed in high demand locales based on future probability of use.

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Pitri, Novita. "Kesiapsiagaan Perpustakaan Dalam Menghadapi Bencana Kebakaran di Dinas Perpustakaan Dan Arsip Daerah Provinsi Jambi." Baitul 'Ulum: Jurnal Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi, September 12, 2020, 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/baitululum.v3i1.37.

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Introduction. The purpose of this study is to find out how library preparedness in facing fire disasters in the Regional Library and Archives Service of Jambi Province, what are the factors that hamper the library to make preparedness in facing fire disasters and what are the supporting factors to overcome obstacles to library preparedness in facing fire disasters at the Jambi Provincial Library and Archives Service. Data collection method. This research is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach with data collection techniques used, namely interviews, observation and documentation. The subjects of this study were the Head of the Library, the Secretary, the Librarian, the Head of the Kasubbid Program for the Preservation of Library Materials and the Fire Service Officer and firefighters. The sampling technique used in this study is purposive sampling to determine the sampling with characters in accordance with the objectives of the study. Analysis data. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction analysis, data presentation and conclusions. Result and Discussion. The results of this study that preparedness in the face of fire disaster Jambi Provincial Library and Archive Service at the prevention stage are routine inspections of buildings, routine inspections of fire fighting equipment, marking and securing very important collections, not providing training to staff, not insuring buildings and collection and has conducted a fire disaster risk analysis. At the planning stage, which has not made guidelines and policies for fire disaster management, has not selected and determined staff members of the fire disaster management team, identified and secured collections that are important and rare, has not made a list containing the names of experts, consultants and institutions authorities, both government and private, must be contacted immediately in the event of a fire disaster and have not renewed and regularly checked insurance agreements. The factors that hamper Jambi Province to prepare in the face of a fire disaster are the budget, human resources and fire fighting equipment. Supporting factors to overcome the obstacle of library preparedness in facing fire disaster in the Jambi Provincial Library and Archives Service is to utilize the existing budget. Conclusions. There are two stages of the library in disaster preparedness, namely, the prevention and planning stages. It is hoped that the library can maximize the implementation of fire disaster preparedness, especially at the prevention and planning stages.

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Serra-Llobet, Anna, John Radke, G. Mathias Kondolf, Larry Gurrola, J. David Rogers, Sarah Lindbergh, and Johnny Douvinet. "Risk as a process: a history informed hazard planning approach applied to the 2018 post-fire debris flows, Montecito, California." Frontiers in Environmental Science 11 (July 31, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1183324.

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Historical information about floods is not commonly used in the US to inform land use planning decisions. Rather, the current approach to managing floods is based on static maps derived from computer simulations of the area inundated by floods of specified return intervals. These maps provide some information about flood hazard, but they do not reflect the underlying processes involved in creating a flood disaster, which typically include increased exposure due to building on flood-prone land, nor do they account for the greater hazard resulting from wildfire. We developed and applied an approach to analyze how exposure has evolved in flood hazard zones in Montecito, California, an area devastated by post-fire debris flows in January 2018. By combining historical flood records of the past 200 years, human development records of the past 100 years, and geomorphological understanding of debris flow generation processes, this approach allows us to look at risk as a dynamic process influenced by physical and human factors, instead of a static map. Results show that floods after fires, in particular debris flows and debris laden floods, are very common in Montecito (15 events in the last 200 years), and that despite policies discouraging developments in hazard areas, developments in hazard zones have increased substantially since Montecito joined the National Flood Insurance Program in 1979. We also highlight the limitation of using conventional Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) to manage land use in alluvial fan areas such as Montecito. The knowledge produced in this project can help Montecito residents better understand how they came to be vulnerable to floods and identify action they are taking now that might increase or reduce their vulnerability to the next big flood. This science-history-centric approach to understand hazard and exposure evolution using geographic information systems (GIS) and historical records, is generalizable to other communities seeking to better understand the nature of the hazard they are exposed to and some of the root causes of their vulnerabilities, in other words, both the natural and social processes producing disasters.

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Saar, Indrek, and Helle Koitla. "Quantifying the social costs and benefits of tobacco in Estonia." Tobacco Control, May 7, 2020, tobaccocontrol—2019–055419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055419.

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BackgroundThe tobacco cost literature has predominantly focused on estimating direct healthcare costs and productivity losses from morbidity and mortality. This study places a greater focus on the effects that arise through the fiscal system, illicit trade and fire accidents to estimate the social costs and benefits of tobacco use in Estonia in 2018.MethodsA prevalence-based cost-of-illness approach was used, relying on data from the 2017–2018 period. Age-specific tobacco-attributable fractions were employed to estimate the costs and benefits of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Data on mortality, morbidity and healthcare costs were received from the National Institute of Health Development and the Estonian Health Insurance Fund. We used data for offences and fires from the Estonian Rescue Board and the Estonian Tax and Customs Board.ResultsIt was estimated that the total social cost attributable to tobacco in Estonia in 2018 was €174 million, representing 0.67% of the nation’s GDP. If future benefits are also considered, the net social cost is €78 million. While the greatest cost components are productivity losses from mortality and morbidity, the level of tobacco-related law enforcement costs are comparable to direct healthcare costs, both of which exceed €10 million annually.ConclusionsDespite the substantial social benefits arising through the fiscal system, tobacco-related costs outweighed these benefits in Estonia in 2018. In addition, a considerable portion of the economic burden of tobacco is associated with illicit trade. Therefore, the healthcare and law enforcement sectors would both benefit from effective tobacco control policies.

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O.O., Banmore,, Adefulu, A.D., and Makinde, G. O. "Claims Management and Firm Performance of Insurance Companies in Nigeria: Moderating Effect of Marketing Factors." JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES 06, no. 06 (June 30, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v6-i6-67.

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The study aims to analyse the effect of claims management on firm performance of insurance companies through marketing factors. The data was collected from 776 of management, senior and junior (frontline) staff of selected Insurance companies in Lagos State using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. Respondents were selected from the the 20 registered insurance companies across composite, general and life Insurance businesses in Lagos State through a stratified ransom sampling technique. The collected data were analysed using hierarchical regression analysis (HRA) to test hypothesis and evaluates the regression model specified. The collected data were analysed using hierarchical regression analysis (HRA) to test hypothesis and evaluates the regression model specified. The findings indicates that marketing factors significantly moderated the effect of claims management practices on firm performance of selected Insurance Companies (β = -0.009, R2∆ = 0.002; F∆ = 17.928, p < 0.05). The study concludes that marketing factors moderated the effect of claims management practices on firm performance of selected Insurance Companies in Lagos State. The study therefore recommends that the management of selected insurance companies in Lagos State focus on creating a positive marketing factor that bolsters claims management practices to achieve a sustainable performance in the industry. This may involve developing marketing policies and training that encourage employee involvement, job satisfaction, and a positive working environment.

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Mehrolhassani, Mohammad Hossein, Vahid Kohpeima Jahromi, Reza Dehnavieh, and Mahla Iranmanesh. "Underlying factors and challenges of implementing the urban family physician program in Iran." BMC Health Services Research 21, no. 1 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07367-3.

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Abstract Background The family physician program was launched in 2005 in rural areas of Iran and then piloted in 2012 in the cities of Fars and Mazandaran provinces due to insufficient health coverage in these cities. However, despite its pivotal role in the health system, this program has not progressed according to the policies. This study aimed to explain the underlying factors and challenges of implementing the urban family physician program in Iran. Methods This qualitative study was conducted on 44 policy-makers and managers at national and provincial levels selected via snowball and purposive sampling with maximum variation. The data were managed in MAXQDA 2020 and analyzed by directed content analysis. A triangulation method was adopted for this purpose. Results A total of 10 categories, 18 sub-categories, and 29 codes were formed. Most challenges related to underlying factors included precipitancy, economic sanctions, belief in traditional medicine, belief in the expertise of previous physicians, and global ranking of countries. For program implementation, most challenges included a diversity of insurance organizations, budget allocation, referral system, electronic file, educational system, and culture building. Conclusions The major challenges pertaining to underlying factors included international pressure for reforms and precipitancy in program implementation due to management changes. The challenges associated with program implementation included budget provision and interaction with insurance organizations. Therefore, to expand this program to other provinces in Iran, the identified factors should be carefully considered so that sufficient confidence and commitment can be guaranteed for all stakeholders.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fire insurance policies'

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