Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fire Investigators

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Fire Investigators'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fire Investigators"

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Woodard, Paul M. "Minimum requirements for wildfire investigations." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 3 (June 1, 2008): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84375-3.

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Provincial forest management agencies across Canada are attempting to recover suppression costs plus losses to real property due to human-caused fires when negligence is involved. These agencies are responsible for investigating these fires, and they commonly restrict all access to the fire origin area. These agencies commonly employ well trained fire investigators, who are well aware of standards for documenting wildland fires. However, in many cases, the quality of the investigations is poor, and the cost of finding this additional information is great. In this paper, I identify the minimum information required before an investigation file should be considered complete and charges can be laid. Key words: wildland fire, investigation, reports, litigation, standards
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Han, Dong-Hun, Sin-Woong Choi, and So Yun Lee. "Hazardous Gas Analysis during Fire Investigation." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.26c6d4ab.

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Various types of hazardous substances are generated at fire scenes. Firefighters usually use the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) during firefighting; however, SCBA is very inconvenient to use in other works (e.g., fire investigation and fire scene commands). Therefore, firefighters can be exposed to numerous chemicals. In this study, concentrations of hazardous gases were measured by utilizing gas analyzers with seven sensors during fire investigations. Six fire investigators measured the concentrations of hazardous gases directly as they worked. This included capturing the maximum concentrations of SO2 at seven places, HCHO at 29 places, NO2 at one place, HCN at 13 places, and CO at two places where the concentration exceeded the short-term exposure limit (STEL). When reconstruction experiments were performed, the maximum allowable concentrations for most hazardous chemicals fell below the STEL approximately 90 min after the fire occurrence. Therefore, we determined that fire investigators should wear proper respiratory protective equipment when working.
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Henneberg, Marika Linnéa, and Neil Richard Morling. "Unconfirmed accelerants." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 22, no. 1 (December 25, 2017): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365712717746419.

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Fire investigation is arguably one of the most difficult areas of investigation. The fire scene and available evidence has often been burnt, melted, smoke-stained, water-damaged and trampled on, but the fire investigator still has to make important distinctions between whether a fire was accidental or deliberate (arson). Modern fire investigations often rely on portable electronic detectors to identify ignitable liquid residue (ILR), or accelerant detection canines (ADCs), trained on a number of target substances. An analysis of cases from England and Wales, the United States of America (USA) and Canada demonstrates that sophisticated admissibility frameworks have not been effective in rejecting opinion testimony given by investigators and dog handlers that unconfirmed dog alerts where laboratory tests were negative provided proof of arson. This is problematic and controversial, and the authors conclude that such testimony is not compatible with modern forensic or scientific standards and should not be admitted into courts.
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Berrett, R. R., and C. F. Candy. "The training of fire investigators in the UK." Science & Justice 38, no. 3 (July 1998): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(98)72104-5.

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Ovsepyan, G. M., and V. V. Korenyugin. "METHODS OF FIRE INVESTIGATION." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 6(72), no. 3 (2021): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2020-6-3-221-226.

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In the context of socio-economic transformations taking place in the Russian state, characterized by a difficult financial and economic situation, a serious problem is the fight against fires that cause significant harm to people’s lives and health, and huge economic and environmental damage. Modern advances in science and technology have made it possible to create numerous means of preventing fires, but these days, fires are not uncommon. The main reason for the low effectiveness of the disclosure and investigation of fire-related offenses is the ingrained and widespread practice of omissions when working at the fire site, when it is still objectively possible to collect all the necessary information about the fire. Therefore the special sharpness is got by a problem of improvement of professional skill of the persons investigating the fires. The lack of training of investigators in this regard leads to the fact that the investigation of fire cases does not give the desired results. This circumstance increases the importance of applying special knowledge in the field of natural and technical Sciences, allowing in a difficult situation to establish cause-and-effect relationships between elements of the mechanism of a criminal event, including both human actions and manifestations of objective laws of nature.
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Park, Jin-Young, and Eui-Pyeong Lee. "Analysis of a Fire Case Caused by Heat Generation due to Cu2O Breeding." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.c1d1f955.

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Although fires caused by heat generation due to Cu<sub>2</sub>O breeding in wire connections are well-known among fire investigators, there are few papers on the analysis and introduction of fire cases by heat generation due to Cu<sub>2</sub>O breeding. This study analyzed fire statistics caused by heat generation in electrical connections and the phenomena and features of heat generation due to Cu<sub>2</sub>O breeding. Then, a fire which occurred in the wire connection in a university lab by heat generation due to Cu<sub>2</sub>O breeding was analyzed in more detail. This fire case could reach a conclusion that heat generation due to Cu<sub>2</sub>O breeding caused a fire in the wire connection through the fire pattern investigation of fire origin, the visual investigation of wire connection, 3D CT, power-on-test, and stereoscopic microscopy, SEM and EDS analysis.
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Anderson, Kerry, Al Pankratz, Curtis Mooney, and Kelly Fleetham. "The Alberta smoke plume observation study." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-325-2018.

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Abstract. A field project was conducted to observe and measure smoke plumes from wildland fires in Alberta. This study used handheld inclinometer measurements and photos taken at lookout towers in the province. Observations of 222 plumes were collected from 21 lookout towers over a 6-year period from 2010 to 2015. Observers reported the equilibrium and maximum plume heights based on the plumes' final levelling heights and the maximum lofting heights, respectively. Observations were tabulated at the end of each year and matched to reported fires. Fire sizes at assessment times and forest fuel types were reported by the province. Fire weather conditions were obtained from the Canadian Wildland Fire Information System (CWFIS). Assessed fire sizes were adjusted to the appropriate size at plume observation time using elliptical fire-growth projections. Though a logical method to collect plume observations in principle, many unanticipated issues were uncovered as the project developed. Instrument limitations and environmental conditions presented challenges to the investigators, whereas human error and the subjectivity of observations affected data quality. Despite these problems, the data set showed that responses to fire behaviour conditions were consistent with the physical processes leading to plume rise. The Alberta smoke plume observation study data can be found on the Canadian Wildland Fire Information System datamart (Natural Resources Canada, 2018) at http://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/datamart.
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Shoaei, Mozhdeh, R. Maddahin, H. Afshin, and B. Farhanie. "Designing Fire Scenarios for Subway Stations and Tunnels Based on Regional Approach." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.983.

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Development of cities as well as population growth causes to development of public transportation especially subway lines. The high capacity besides the high speed in transportation makes them the popular transportation system. Fire is the one of the most important issues that may occur in subways. The difference in flame size, emissionheat, smoke and pollutants generation of subway fires attracts an especial attention of fire investigators. The emergency ventilation of subways in the case of fire should have the ability of discharging heat, smoke and pollutants from passenger escape route and preparing a safe place for a specific duration. The optimal performance of emergency ventilation system has a close relation with fire scenarios. In this research the fire scenarios of Tehran subway are designed based on regional approach. In order to show the performance of ventilation systems in emergency mode, the fire scenarios are simulated using computational fluid dynamics. Simulations are conducted for steady and unsteady modes. In transient simulations, a fast t2 growth curve is used for the heat and smoke release rate. Simulation results show that new regional scenarios could provide safe escape routes to evacuate passengers during the fire.
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Simeoni, Albert, Zachary C. Owens, Erik W. Christiansen, Abid Kemal, Michael Gallagher, Kenneth L. Clark, Nicholas Skowronski, et al. "A preliminary study of wildland fire pattern indicator reliability following an experimental fire." Journal of Fire Sciences 35, no. 5 (September 2017): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117720674.

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An experimental fire was conducted in 2016, in the Pinelands National Reserve of New Jersey, to assess the reliability of the fire pattern indicators used in wildland fire investigation. Objects were planted in the burn area to support the creation of the indicators. Fuel properties and environmental data were recorded. Video and infrared cameras were used to document the general fire behavior. This work represents the first step in the analysis by developing an experimental protocol suitable for field studies and describing how different fire indicators appeared in relation to fire behavior. Most of the micro- and macroscale indicators were assessed. The results show that some indicators are highly dependent on local fire conditions and may contradict the general fire spread. Overall, this study demonstrates that fire pattern indicators are a useful tool for fire investigators but that they must be interpreted through a general analysis of the fire behavior with a good understanding of fire dynamics.
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Lipinskas, Donatas, and Romualdas Mačiulaitis. "FURTHER OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD FOR FIRE ORIGIN PROGNOSIS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2005): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2005.9636361.

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After fire in buildings investigators start research. The purpose of it is to find the reason of fire, but this thing can be reliably determined only if the fire origin is fixed. The instrumental fire prognosis for wooden structures is currently the most widely applied method in Lithuania. But the analysis of charring of natural wood specimens and the completed tests have revealed some drawbacks of this method, because the method fails to fully estimate the properties of wood and its protection by fireproofing compounds, the impact of the fire load, etc. The obtained test results will help further resolve the problems of reliability of the above‐mentioned method.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fire Investigators"

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Hawley, Robert L. "Borehole investigations of firn processes /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6796.

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Hashemzadeh, Majid. "Investigations into fibre laser cutting." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14057/.

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Fibre laser cutting of mild steel using oxygen and nitrogen is widely used in industries throughout the world. An IPG YLR-2000 Ytterbium fibre machine with a maximum power of 2 kW and a wavelength of 1.06 µm is used throughout this research. The effects of oxygen and nitrogen as assist gases on the feature of laser cutting process are different in terms of kerf width, surface roughness, heat affected zone and striation pattern. The kerf width in oxygen laser cutting is wider than that for nitrogen. The striation pattern on oxygen cut edge is smoother than that for the nitrogen cut edge. When using oxygen, the cut edge is covered by a fragile oxide layer while this feature is not seen on the nitrogen cut edge. After laser cutting with oxygen, the cut edge is dross free whilst nitrogen cut edge is drossy. Laser piercing is used to generate a starting point for laser cutting. The pierced hole is normally larger than the kerf width, which means that it cannot lie on the cutline. An experimental programme investigating the piercing process as a function of laser and assist gas parameters is presented. Oxygen and nitrogen were used as assist gases, with pressures ranging from 0.3 to 12 bar. The sizes, geometries and piercing time of the holes produced have been analysed. The pierced hole size decreases with increasing gas pressure and increasing laser power. Oxygen assist gas produced larger diameter holes than nitrogen. A new technique is presented which produces pierced holes no larger than the kerf with and would allow the pierced hole to lie on the cut line of the finished product – allowing better material usage. This uses an inclined jet of nitrogen when piercing prior to oxygen assisted cutting. Specific point energy (SPE) is a concept that has been successfully used in laser welding where SPE and power density determine penetration depth. This analysis allows welding carried out by different laser systems to be directly compared. This work investigates if the SPE concept can be applied to laser cutting. Laser cutting of various thicknesses of mild steel, two different optical set ups and three different delivery fibres with a range of powers and translation speeds is done to gain results for numerous different parameter combinations. It is found that the SPE concept is applicable to laser cutting and the following effects noted: for given material thickness and any given value of SPE, cost is decreased by using a larger beam diameter; for given cut sheet thickness, cutting efficiency increases with SPE; for given value of SPE, cutting efficiency increases as material thickness decreases.
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Pert, Alastair David. "The use of smoke residues in forensic fire investigations." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496076.

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Bahr, Oliver [Verfasser]. "Numerical and Experimental Investigations on Unbraced Composite Frames in Fire / Oliver Bahr." Aachen : Shaker, 2011. http://d-nb.info/107259241X/34.

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Williams, Eleri. "Experimental and theoretical investigations of nanosecond fibre laser micromachining." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/72916/.

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Pulsed ytterbium-doped fibre lasers based on a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) architecture possess attractive characteristics over their Q-switched diode-pumped solid-state counterparts. These include a relatively low cost of ownership and a flexible operating window with respect to the pulse duration, shape and repetition rate. For micro machining applications, given this inherent large processing window available with respect to the pulse characteristics, the effect of process parameters on particular machining outcomes needs to be investigated. The literature review conducted identified four important gaps in the knowledge surrounding the nanosecond fibre laser machining of materials. These gaps included the optimisation of the nanosecond fibre laser machining during milling operations, with the aim of obtaining both high surface quality and material removal rates, as well as the need for complimentary theoretical and experimental studies on the basic nanosecond laser material interaction for a wide range of engineering materials. In addition, the characterisation of the nanosecond laser machining of bulk metallic glasses, and the investigation of processing conditions leading to crystallisation of their amorphous structure, were identified as knowledge gaps that need to be addressed. The first knowledge gap was the focus of Chapter 3. The particular parameters under investigation in this study were the pulse duration and repetition frequency, the pulse overlap, the scanning strategy and the distance between linear machined tracks when processing aluminium. The results showed that, for each of the pulse durations studied, the specific frequency at which both the highest energy and average power are delivered leads to the maximum material removal rate (MRR) achievable, and to high values of surface roughness. It was also observed that the lowest surface roughness obtained corresponds to a specific frequency range which is common for all pulse durations. Following this, a design of experiments was conducted for a given pulse duration with the aim of identifying an optimum combination of parameters with respect to the attained surface roughness while operating at the frequency resulting in the highest MRR. This optimisation study resulted in a 60% decrease in the achieved surface roughness and also showed that the distance between machined tracks had the highest influence on the surface finish among the parameters considered. In the following chapter, a theoretical model was developed to predict the topographical evolution of the single pulse craters as a result of the time-dependent temperature rise in the processed materials when the laser beam is incident on its surface. In addition to this theoretical study, in an to attempt to understand the laser material interaction on a more fundamental level, single pulse experiments were conducted at varying laser fluence values and pulse durations leading to the formation of single craters on the surface of a number of materials namely, titanium, silicon and silicon carbide. In particular, different pulse lengths were investigated at decreasing values of fluence until no visible effect on the material surface could be observed. Based on this investigation, the fluence corresponding to the ablation threshold for each material at different pulse durations could be found whilst identifying the relationship between the laser processing parameters and the dimensions of the single craters. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the craters were also used to observe phenomena such as melt ejection as a result of varying the process parameters. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical predictions and a good agreement between both set of data was found with respect to the achieved depths and diameters of the craters. The additional knowledge gaps were the focus of Chapter 5. In particular, the characterisation of nanosecond laser machining of a zirconium-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) was conducted using the approach employed in Chapter 4. Similar conclusions were reached with regard to the single pulse material removal behaviour when varying the fluence and pulse duration. In addition, milling of the material with different parametric combinations was implemented to investigate the crystallisation behaviour of the BMG. To complement these experimental tests, the theoretical model reported in Chapter 4 was further developed to predict the heating and cooling rates of the milling process. From this study, it was found that varying the process parameters of the machining of BMG results in a variation in the critical cooling rate (from the melt temperature to the glass transition temperature) which may result in crystallisation of the material.
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Carter, Jeremy Nigel. "Investigations of rare earth doped fluorozirconate fibre lasers and amplifiers." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/399360/.

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This thesis presents the results of a three year study into the use of thulium and praseodymium doped fluorozirconate fibres as low threshold, potentially miniature laser sources at a variety of wavelengths from the visible to the infrared. Thulium doped fluorozirconate fibre is also investigated as a high gain optical amplifier at 810nm. Pumped at the semiconductor diode compatible wavelength of 790nm, laser emission has been demonstrated at 1.9µm, 2.3µm, 1.47µm and 810nm in thulium doped fluorozirconate fibres, with diode pumped operation achieved at 1.91µm. The transition at 810nm has been operated as an optical amplifier where single pass gains in excess of 22dB have been demonstrated for less than 60mW of pump power. The gain characteristics of this transition have been modelled and show good agreement with the experimentally observed performance. Operated as a laser emitting around 810nm, this transition has demonstrated both high efficiencies (> 70%), low thresholds (< 13mW of pump power) and tunability over 30nm. A Judd-Ofelt analysis has been carried out for thulium-doped fluorozirconate fibre to extract spectroscopic data for explanation of the system performance. In praseodymium doped fluorozirconate fibre, visible laser emission has been observed at 635nm, 605nm, 520nm and 491nm both when pumped by an argon ion laser at 472.7nm and by upconversion pumping when using two Ti:sapphire pump lasers tuned to 1.01µm and 835nm. An analytical model of the performance of these upconversion pumped visible fibre laser transitions is presented and shows good agreement with experiment. Pump power requirements for laser action on the high gain 635nm transition have been shown to be as low as 20mW from each pump laser and there exists, therefore, the possibility of semiconductor laser diode pumping.
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Wagner, Lara Suzanne. "Investigations of Upper Mantle Structure using Broadband Seismology." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1204%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Matei, Adriana. "Optical investigations of biological samples in far infrared." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11814266.

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Wu, C. M. L. "Theoretical investigations of stress concentrations in carbon fibre reinforced plastic structures." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.232791.

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Constantinou, Marios, and Michael Gehde. "Infrared welding of continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastics – Investigations on overlapping joints." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-226689.

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Continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastics often are offered as impregnated and consolidated semi-finished products which are known as organic sheets. The thermoplastic matrix leads to several advantages including the thermoformability and weldability. Parts made of organic sheets are frequently produced by forming the semi-finished product into half-shells and stiffening those shells in the course of the process e.g. by the injection moulding of ribs. Larger and more complex parts with hollow body structures can be manufactured e.g. by forming the semi-finished products into half-shells and joining the half-shells. However, the currently available manufacturing technologies for parts made of organic sheets have cap profile shaped joints which prevent the use of the reinforcing fibres across the joint plane. Investigations have proven that overlapping weld joints in organic sheets show much higher strengths than cap profile shaped joints which can be explained by the fibre use across the joint plane. Furthermore, the infrared welding technology was verified as an appropriate process for the welding of organic sheets since no need for additional welding material is given, short heating times can be realized and no contact of the infrared emitters to the joining parts is required. Therefore, the present study shall reveal the high potential of the overlapping welding of organic sheets. Influences on the weld strengths of infrared welded organic sheets are described and potential improvements concerning the materials to be welded as well as the welding process are shown.
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Books on the topic "Fire Investigators"

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Consuming fire. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

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Fire Lake. New York, N.Y: Delacorte Press, 1987.

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Lutz, John. Blood fire. London: Macmillan, 1991.

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Valin, Jonathan. Fire lake. London: Mysterious Press, 1989.

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Paretsky, Sara. Fire sale. Leicester: Charnwood, 2006.

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Fire horse. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1995.

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Copp on fire. New York: D.I. Fine, 1988.

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Pendleton, Don. Copp on fire. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Into the fire. New York: Onyx, 2004.

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Winslow, Don. California fire and life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fire Investigators"

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Prahlow, Joseph. "Burns and Fire-Related Deaths." In Forensic Pathology for Police, Death Investigators, Attorneys, and Forensic Scientists, 481–500. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-404-9_19.

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Pozharkova, Irina, Andrey Lagunov, Alexander Slepov, Maria Gaponenko, Eugeniy Troyak, and Alexander Bogdanov. "Virtual Reality Technology Application to Increase Efficiency of Fire Investigators’ Training." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 295–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51974-2_28.

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Merck, Melinda D., and Doris M. Miller. "Burn-, Electrical-, and Fire-Related Injuries." In Veterinary Forensics: Animal Cruelty Investigations, 139–50. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118704738.ch7.

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Campbell, Richard B., and David A. Dini. "Review of Select OSHA Investigations of Workplace Electrical Incidents." In SpringerBriefs in Fire, 55–67. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6508-3_4.

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Waller, Jason. "Four Preliminary Investigations." In Cosmological Fine-Tuning Arguments, 7–77. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in the philosophy of religion; 22: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315182537-2.

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Faber, Stine Thidemann, Annick Prieur, Lennart Rosenlund, and Jakob Skjøtt-Larsen. "Five Ways to Apprehend Classes." In Empirical Investigations of Social Space, 99–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15387-8_7.

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Barrios, Rita M., and Yuri Signori. "RAM and File Systems Investigations." In Springer’s Forensic Laboratory Science Series, 103–16. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-772-3_8.

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Blanchi, Raphaele, Alexander Maranghides, and Jacqueline R. England. "Lessons Learnt from Post-Fire Surveys and Investigations." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_46-1.

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Blanchi, Raphaele, Alexander Maranghides, and Jacqueline R. England. "Lessons Learnt from Post-Fire Surveys and Investigations." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 743–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_46.

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Weinert, Klaus, and Matthias Lange. "Machinability Investigations of Fibre Reinforced Magnesium." In Magnesium, 854–59. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527603565.ch133.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fire Investigators"

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Kinnes, G. M., and G. Hine. "203. Exposure Characterization of Fire Investigators at the Fire Scene." In AIHce 1998. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2762590.

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Lilley, David G. "Some Fundamentals of Explosions Related to the Power Industry." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88147.

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Fundamentals of pertinent information on fire dynamics of explosions are reviewed, with emphasis on technical aspects related to the power industry. Topics include: fundamentals, characterization, vapor cloud explosions, blast damage due to over-pressurization, procedure for estimating the overpressure, blast fragment missile damage, and energy of mechanical explosions. The text is imbued with examples to assist in understanding and applying the ideas in real-world situations. This material is designed especially for persons in fire-related occupations: fire service, insurance adjusters, fire investigators, forensic engineers and attorneys desiring further knowledge about technical aspects of explosions.
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Shelton, Christopher Michael, Jeffrey S. Vipperman, Edward T. Nykaza, and Dan Valente. "Six Noise Type Military Sound Classifier." In ASME 2012 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference at InterNoise 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2012-0326.

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Blast noise from military installations often has a negative impact on the quality of life of residents living in nearby communities. This, in turn, negatively impacts the military’s testing & training capabilities due to restrictions, curfews, or range closures enacted to address noise complaints. In order to more directly manage noise around military installations, accurate noise monitoring around bases has become a necessity. Although most noise monitors are simple sound level meters, more recent ones are capable of discerning blasts from ambient noise with some success. Investigators at the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) developed a more advanced noise classifier that can discern between wind, aircraft, and blast noise, while simultaneously lowering the measurement threshold. Here, more recent work between Pitt and the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center will be presented from the development of a more advanced classifier that identifies additional classes of noise such as machine gun fire, vehicles, and electronic noise. Additional signal metrics were explored given the increased complexity of the classifier. By broadening the types of noise the system can accurately classify and increasing the number of metrics, a new system was developed with increased blast noise accuracy, decreased number of missed events, and significantly fewer false positives.
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Ni, Shuna, Ruben Van Coile, Danny Hopkin, Negar Elhami Khorasani, and Thomas Gernay. "Sensitivity Studies of the Resilience of RC Columns to Various Fire Scenarios." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0732.

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<p>Reinforced concrete (RC) structures generally fare well under fire, but exhibit damage and residual deformations which require repairs. Besides the repair cost, the building downtime can also be expensive. However, current fire design approaches focus solely on life safety, and do not consider resilience. To improve post-fire performance of buildings, recover functionality, and facilitate fast reuse, an important step is to develop a predictive capability for the effect of a fire event on residual deformations and load-bearing capacity in structures. This research investigates the residual deformations in RC buildings after a fire, with a focus on the columns as one of the key structural members. The case study is a five-story RC frame building with a fire developing on the first story. Thermo-structural finite element analyses were used to analyze the columns performance under various fires. The sensitivity of the RC columns’ responses to main parameters related to fire characteristics, material properties and mechanical loading was analyzed. Based on the sensitivity studies, the most critical parameters were determined for the vulnerability of the RC columns to the different fire scenarios. These critical parameters will be used for the subsequent probabilistic damage evaluation of the RC columns and their design alternatives. The results will contribute to improved understanding of the effects of fire on the resilience of RC buildings and infrastructure, as well as the identification of designs which provide enhanced post-fire performance.</p>
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Lilley, David G. "Fire Modeling." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/cie-1349.

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Abstract The mathematical modeling approach to simulating fire development in a multi-room building complements the experimental approach and/or post-fire on-site investigations. Fire simulation models provide estimates of the amount and temperature of the smoke layer produced, the evolution of toxic gases, and the amount of time available from the onset of fire for the safe departure of occupants. Results can be used to determine the key features of the fire evolution and the corresponding danger to occupants. Studies of this type help to validate or deny the suggested fire scenario and witness statements. Fire modeling thus helps to discriminate between alternative fire scenarios by evaluating the consequences and comparing them with observations.
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Parrott, Kerry D., Pat J. Mattes, and Douglas R. Stahl. "Applying Advanced FMEA Methods to Vehicle Fire Cause Determinations." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65159.

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This paper proposes that the advanced Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) techniques and methodology currently used by the automotive industry for product and process design can be reversed and used as an effective failure/root cause analysis tool. This paper will review FMEA methodologies, explain the newest advanced FMEA methodologies that are now being used in the automotive industry, and will then explain how this methodology can be effectively reversed and used as a failure analysis and fire cause determination tool referred to as a “reverse FMEA” (rFMEA). This paper will address the application of these techniques and methodology to vehicle fire cause determination. This methodology is particularly suited to situations where multiple potential fire causes are contained within an established area of origin. NFPA 921 Guide for Fire & Explosion Investigations [1] and NFPA 1033 Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire Investigator [2], often referenced by the fire investigation community, prescribe following a systematic approach utilizing the scientific method for fire origin and cause determinations. The rFMEA methodology is proposed as a fire investigation tool that assists in that process. This “reverse FMEA” methodology will then be applied to a hypothetical, illustrative case study to demonstrate its application.
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Ferrone, Christopher, and Charles Sinkovits. "Fire and Explosion Investigations: Why Heavy Trucks May Burn." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13305.

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There is a basic misconception that diesel fuel does not explode and/or ignite upon a collision or impact. This particular chain of events, in fact, does occur. However, it is not always thoroughly investigated or understood. The purpose of this paper, through mechanical analysis and accident reconstruction, is to inform truck manufacturers and operators of this hazard. In addition, it will supply design alternatives that will aid in mitigating and/or preventing injuries altogether.
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Sathyan, Anoop, Manish Kumar, and Kelly Cohen. "Image Processing and Localization for Detecting and Tracking Wildland Fires." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9839.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are being used for a wide variety of applications including detecting and tracking wildland fires. Using UAVs for fire-fighting purposes reduces the human involvement for this high risk job. Such a mission involves locating the wildland fire, tracking the direction of spread of the fire and searching for human presence in the region. This paper investigates the algorithmic development for the use of UAVs to detect and track wildland fires. This would involve using the fuzzy toolbox in MATLAB along with MICRODEM, a software which provides the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the region. The objective of this research is to accomplish the following: 1) use genetic fuzzy based image processing tools to identify fire from the video feed obtained from the camera attached to the UAV in real time 2) look for human presence in the region and 3) estimate the location of the fire based on the geological data available for the region.
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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Preliminary Study of Fire Spread in Cities and Forests, Using PMMA Specimen as a Fuel in CFD Simulations." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10037.

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It is important to examine the behavior of forest fires and city fires to mitigate the property damages and victims by fires. There have been many previous studies on forest fires where the fire spreading patterns were investigated, utilizing artificial satellite pictures of forest fires, together with the use of corresponding weather data and GIS data. On the other hand, large area city fires are very scarce in the world, particularly in modern cities where high-rise concrete buildings are constructed with sufficient open spaces. Thus, the examples of city fires to be referred are few and detailed investigations of city fires are limited. However, there have still been existing old cities where traditional houses built with flammable material such as wood, maybe historically important, only separated with very small open spacing. Fires may freely spread in those cities, once a big earthquake happens there and then water supply for the fire brigade is damaged in the worst case along with the effect of strong wind. There are some fundamental differences between the forest fires and city fires, as the fuel may distribute either continuously or discretely. For instance, in forest fires, the dead fallen leaves, dry grasses and trees are distributed continuously on the ground, while the wooden houses in cities are discretely distributed with some separation of open spacing, such as roads and gardens. Therefore, the wooden houses neighboring the burning houses with some separation are heated by radiation and flames to elevate the temperatures, thus causing the ignition, and finally reaching a large city fire. The authors have studied the forest fire spread and are planning to start a laboratory experiment of city fire spreading. In the preliminary investigation, a numerical study is made to correlate with the laboratory experiment of city fire propagation, utilizing the three-dimensional CFD simulations. Based on the detailed experimental analysis, the authors are attempting to modify the three dimensional CFD code to predict the forest fires and city fires more precisely, taking into account the thermal heating and ignition processes. In this study, some fundamental information on the city fire propagation has been obtained, particularly to know the safe open spacing distances between the houses in the cities and also the wind speed.
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Sazanovich, Valentina M., and Ruvim S. Tsvyk. "Investigations of a convective column above the surface forest fire." In Eighth Joint International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics: Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gelii A. Zherebtsov, Gennadii G. Matvienko, Viktor A. Banakh, and Vladimir V. Koshelev. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.458437.

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Reports on the topic "Fire Investigators"

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Glover, J. M., and H. V. Rees. Radar Investigations of Firn Structures and Crevasses. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/133650.

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Syn, Hye Young, Hyosun An, Taeyong Lee, and Inseong Lee. A study on the design development of gloves for fire investigations. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-1753.

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Ferring, C. R., and Bonnie C. Yates. Archaeological Investigations at Five Prehistoric Sites at Lewisville Lake, Denton County, Texas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada352106.

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Carlson, Lisa. Marriage in the U.S.: Twenty-five Years of Change, 1995-2020. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-20-29.

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The marriage rate in the U.S. has fallen over the last 25 years, while the rate of premarital cohabitation has increased (Cherlin 2020; FP-17-05). In 1995, the marriage rate was about 45 per 1,000 women, falling to about 31 per 1,000 women by 2020 (FP-20-21). Using data from the 1995 and 2020 Current Population Survey, this family profile investigates 25 years of change in marriage among women aged 18-49. Updating FP-15-17, the profile also examines variation in the share of women ever married by age, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment.
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Chavez, Deborah J., and Joanne F. Tynon. A synthesis of five nationwide studies: perceptions of law enforcement and investigations in the USDA Forest Service. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-rp-260.

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ANALYSAS CORPORATION WASHINGTON DC. Final Work Plan for the Remediation Investigations and Feasibility Studies of the Helicopter Hangar Area and the Fire Training Area at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada460593.

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ANALYSAS CORPORATION WASHINGTON DC. Final Quality Assurance Plan for the Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies of the Helicopter Hangar Area and the Fire Training Area at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada461153.

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Dan Golomb, David Ryan, and Eugene Barry. Laboratory Investigations in Support of Carbon Dioxide-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Fine Particles for Ocean and Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/901202.

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Dan Golomb, Eugene Barry, and David Ryan. Laboratory Investigations in Support of Carbon Dioxide-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Fine Particles for Ocean and Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/892737.

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ANALYSAS CORPORATION WASHINGTON DC. Final Work Plan and Quality Assurance Project Plan Remediation Investigations and Feasibility Studies of the Helicopter Hangar Area and the Fire Training Area at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada461143.

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