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Journal articles on the topic 'Fire Investigators'
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1
Woodard, Paul M. "Minimum requirements for wildfire investigations." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 3 (June 1, 2008): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84375-3.
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Provincial forest management agencies across Canada are attempting to recover suppression costs plus losses to real property due to human-caused fires when negligence is involved. These agencies are responsible for investigating these fires, and they commonly restrict all access to the fire origin area. These agencies commonly employ well trained fire investigators, who are well aware of standards for documenting wildland fires. However, in many cases, the quality of the investigations is poor, and the cost of finding this additional information is great. In this paper, I identify the minimum information required before an investigation file should be considered complete and charges can be laid. Key words: wildland fire, investigation, reports, litigation, standards
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Han, Dong-Hun, Sin-Woong Choi, and So Yun Lee. "Hazardous Gas Analysis during Fire Investigation." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.26c6d4ab.
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Various types of hazardous substances are generated at fire scenes. Firefighters usually use the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) during firefighting; however, SCBA is very inconvenient to use in other works (e.g., fire investigation and fire scene commands). Therefore, firefighters can be exposed to numerous chemicals. In this study, concentrations of hazardous gases were measured by utilizing gas analyzers with seven sensors during fire investigations. Six fire investigators measured the concentrations of hazardous gases directly as they worked. This included capturing the maximum concentrations of SO2 at seven places, HCHO at 29 places, NO2 at one place, HCN at 13 places, and CO at two places where the concentration exceeded the short-term exposure limit (STEL). When reconstruction experiments were performed, the maximum allowable concentrations for most hazardous chemicals fell below the STEL approximately 90 min after the fire occurrence. Therefore, we determined that fire investigators should wear proper respiratory protective equipment when working.
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Henneberg, Marika Linnéa, and Neil Richard Morling. "Unconfirmed accelerants." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 22, no. 1 (December 25, 2017): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365712717746419.
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Fire investigation is arguably one of the most difficult areas of investigation. The fire scene and available evidence has often been burnt, melted, smoke-stained, water-damaged and trampled on, but the fire investigator still has to make important distinctions between whether a fire was accidental or deliberate (arson). Modern fire investigations often rely on portable electronic detectors to identify ignitable liquid residue (ILR), or accelerant detection canines (ADCs), trained on a number of target substances. An analysis of cases from England and Wales, the United States of America (USA) and Canada demonstrates that sophisticated admissibility frameworks have not been effective in rejecting opinion testimony given by investigators and dog handlers that unconfirmed dog alerts where laboratory tests were negative provided proof of arson. This is problematic and controversial, and the authors conclude that such testimony is not compatible with modern forensic or scientific standards and should not be admitted into courts.
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Berrett, R. R., and C. F. Candy. "The training of fire investigators in the UK." Science & Justice 38, no. 3 (July 1998): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1355-0306(98)72104-5.
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Ovsepyan, G. M., and V. V. Korenyugin. "METHODS OF FIRE INVESTIGATION." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 6(72), no. 3 (2021): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2020-6-3-221-226.
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In the context of socio-economic transformations taking place in the Russian state, characterized by a difficult financial and economic situation, a serious problem is the fight against fires that cause significant harm to people’s lives and health, and huge economic and environmental damage. Modern advances in science and technology have made it possible to create numerous means of preventing fires, but these days, fires are not uncommon. The main reason for the low effectiveness of the disclosure and investigation of fire-related offenses is the ingrained and widespread practice of omissions when working at the fire site, when it is still objectively possible to collect all the necessary information about the fire. Therefore the special sharpness is got by a problem of improvement of professional skill of the persons investigating the fires. The lack of training of investigators in this regard leads to the fact that the investigation of fire cases does not give the desired results. This circumstance increases the importance of applying special knowledge in the field of natural and technical Sciences, allowing in a difficult situation to establish cause-and-effect relationships between elements of the mechanism of a criminal event, including both human actions and manifestations of objective laws of nature.
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Park, Jin-Young, and Eui-Pyeong Lee. "Analysis of a Fire Case Caused by Heat Generation due to Cu2O Breeding." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.c1d1f955.
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Although fires caused by heat generation due to Cu<sub>2</sub>O breeding in wire connections are well-known among fire investigators, there are few papers on the analysis and introduction of fire cases by heat generation due to Cu<sub>2</sub>O breeding. This study analyzed fire statistics caused by heat generation in electrical connections and the phenomena and features of heat generation due to Cu<sub>2</sub>O breeding. Then, a fire which occurred in the wire connection in a university lab by heat generation due to Cu<sub>2</sub>O breeding was analyzed in more detail. This fire case could reach a conclusion that heat generation due to Cu<sub>2</sub>O breeding caused a fire in the wire connection through the fire pattern investigation of fire origin, the visual investigation of wire connection, 3D CT, power-on-test, and stereoscopic microscopy, SEM and EDS analysis.
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Anderson, Kerry, Al Pankratz, Curtis Mooney, and Kelly Fleetham. "The Alberta smoke plume observation study." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-325-2018.
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Abstract. A field project was conducted to observe and measure smoke plumes from wildland fires in Alberta. This study used handheld inclinometer measurements and photos taken at lookout towers in the province. Observations of 222 plumes were collected from 21 lookout towers over a 6-year period from 2010 to 2015. Observers reported the equilibrium and maximum plume heights based on the plumes' final levelling heights and the maximum lofting heights, respectively. Observations were tabulated at the end of each year and matched to reported fires. Fire sizes at assessment times and forest fuel types were reported by the province. Fire weather conditions were obtained from the Canadian Wildland Fire Information System (CWFIS). Assessed fire sizes were adjusted to the appropriate size at plume observation time using elliptical fire-growth projections. Though a logical method to collect plume observations in principle, many unanticipated issues were uncovered as the project developed. Instrument limitations and environmental conditions presented challenges to the investigators, whereas human error and the subjectivity of observations affected data quality. Despite these problems, the data set showed that responses to fire behaviour conditions were consistent with the physical processes leading to plume rise. The Alberta smoke plume observation study data can be found on the Canadian Wildland Fire Information System datamart (Natural Resources Canada, 2018) at http://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/datamart.
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Shoaei, Mozhdeh, R. Maddahin, H. Afshin, and B. Farhanie. "Designing Fire Scenarios for Subway Stations and Tunnels Based on Regional Approach." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.983.
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Development of cities as well as population growth causes to development of public transportation especially subway lines. The high capacity besides the high speed in transportation makes them the popular transportation system. Fire is the one of the most important issues that may occur in subways. The difference in flame size, emissionheat, smoke and pollutants generation of subway fires attracts an especial attention of fire investigators. The emergency ventilation of subways in the case of fire should have the ability of discharging heat, smoke and pollutants from passenger escape route and preparing a safe place for a specific duration. The optimal performance of emergency ventilation system has a close relation with fire scenarios. In this research the fire scenarios of Tehran subway are designed based on regional approach. In order to show the performance of ventilation systems in emergency mode, the fire scenarios are simulated using computational fluid dynamics. Simulations are conducted for steady and unsteady modes. In transient simulations, a fast t2 growth curve is used for the heat and smoke release rate. Simulation results show that new regional scenarios could provide safe escape routes to evacuate passengers during the fire.
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Simeoni, Albert, Zachary C. Owens, Erik W. Christiansen, Abid Kemal, Michael Gallagher, Kenneth L. Clark, Nicholas Skowronski, et al. "A preliminary study of wildland fire pattern indicator reliability following an experimental fire." Journal of Fire Sciences 35, no. 5 (September 2017): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117720674.
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An experimental fire was conducted in 2016, in the Pinelands National Reserve of New Jersey, to assess the reliability of the fire pattern indicators used in wildland fire investigation. Objects were planted in the burn area to support the creation of the indicators. Fuel properties and environmental data were recorded. Video and infrared cameras were used to document the general fire behavior. This work represents the first step in the analysis by developing an experimental protocol suitable for field studies and describing how different fire indicators appeared in relation to fire behavior. Most of the micro- and macroscale indicators were assessed. The results show that some indicators are highly dependent on local fire conditions and may contradict the general fire spread. Overall, this study demonstrates that fire pattern indicators are a useful tool for fire investigators but that they must be interpreted through a general analysis of the fire behavior with a good understanding of fire dynamics.
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Lipinskas, Donatas, and Romualdas Mačiulaitis. "FURTHER OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD FOR FIRE ORIGIN PROGNOSIS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2005): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2005.9636361.
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After fire in buildings investigators start research. The purpose of it is to find the reason of fire, but this thing can be reliably determined only if the fire origin is fixed. The instrumental fire prognosis for wooden structures is currently the most widely applied method in Lithuania. But the analysis of charring of natural wood specimens and the completed tests have revealed some drawbacks of this method, because the method fails to fully estimate the properties of wood and its protection by fireproofing compounds, the impact of the fire load, etc. The obtained test results will help further resolve the problems of reliability of the above‐mentioned method.
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DeSisto, Marco, Jillian Cavanagh, and Timothy Bartram. "Bushfire investigations in Australia." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 41, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-07-2018-0270.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of collective leadership in emergency management organisations. More specifically, the authors investigate the conditions that enable or prevent collective leadership amongst key actors in the emergency management network in bushfire investigations. We also examine how chief investigators facilitate the conditions to effectively distribute leadership and the role of social networks within this process. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study approach was undertaken, and 18 semi-structured interviews were carried out with chief investigators, 6 at each of three agencies in Australia. A framework for understanding collective leadership (Friedrich et al., 2016) was used to examine key leadership constructs, baseline leadership and outcomes relative to bushfire investigations. Findings Findings demonstrate that there is no evidence of collective leadership at the network level of bushfire investigations. There is mixed evidence of collective leadership within bushfire investigation departments, with the Arson Squad being the only government agency to engage in collective leadership. The authors found evidence that government bureaucracy and mandated protocols inhibited the ability of formal leaders to distribute leadership, gauge a clear understanding of the level of skill and expertise amongst chief investigators and poor communication that inhibited knowledge of investigations. Research limitations/implications The study was limited to three bushfire investigative agencies. A future study will be carried out with other stakeholders, such as fire investigators and firefighters in the field. Practical implications For the government, emergency management agencies and other stakeholders, a key enabler of collective leadership within the emergency management network is the presence of a formal leader within a network. That leader has the authority and political ability to distribute leadership to other experts. Social implications The paper contributes to developing a better understanding of the efficacy and challenges associated with the application of collective leadership theory in a complex government bureaucracy. There are positive implications for the safety of firefighters, the protection of the broader community, their properties and livestock. Originality/value The authors address the lack of literature on effective leadership processes amongst emergency management agencies. The paper contributes to extending collective leadership theory by unpacking the processes through which leadership is distributed to team members and the role of institutions (i.e. fire investigation bureaucracy) on social networks within this integrative process. The authors provide new insights into the practice of collective leadership in complex bureaucratic organisations.
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Naser, Mohannad, Rami Hawileh, and Hayder Rasheed. "Performance of RC T-Beams Externally Strengthened with CFRP Laminates under Elevated Temperatures." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.1.1.
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This paper presents a numerical study that investigates the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams externally strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates when subjected to fire loading. A finite element (FE) model is developed and a coupled thermal-stress analysis was performed on a RC beam externally strengthened with a CFRP plate tested by other investigators. The spread of temperature at the CFRP-concrete interface and reinforcing steel, as well as the mid-span deflection response is compared to the measured experimental data. Overall, good agreement between the measured and predicted data is observed. The validated model was then used in an extensive parametric study to further investigate the effect of several parameters on the performance of CFRP externally strengthened RC beams under elevated temperatures. The variables of the parametric study include applying different fire curves and scenarios, different applied live load combinations as well as the effect of using different insulation schemes with different types and thicknesses. Several observations and conclusions were drawn from the parametric investigation. It could be concluded that successful FE modeling of this structural member when exposed to thermal and mechanical loading would provide a valid economical and efficient alternative solution to the expensive and time consuming experimental testing.
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Taubkin, I. S. "Determining the Temperature and Time of Wood Combustion from Char Layer Parameters: Methodological Guidelines for Fire Investigators." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2017-12-4-37-47.
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The paper offers a critical analysis of a methodology for determining combustion temperature and time in fire-exposed wood based on its char layer parameters. It demonstrates the possibility of using the charring rates for large cross section structural members (beams and columns) made of coniferous timber, as specified in SP 64.13330.2011, for the purposes of forensic fire investigation
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Sjöström, Mattias, Anneli Julander, Bo Strandberg, Marie Lewné, and Carolina Bigert. "O1D.1 Dermal PAH exposure in swedish firefighters and police forensic investigators – preliminary results from tape stripping on wrist and collarbone." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A9.1—A9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.23.
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ObjectivesFirefighters (FFs) and police forensic investigators (PFI) may be exposed to a wide range of particles and combustion products, such as the carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the dermal exposure to 32 different PAHs for FFs and PFIs.MethodsThe skin was sampled by tape stripping (three consecutive tapes) on lower wrist and collarbone area after end of work shift of 7 FFs (fire starters; team leaders inside the burning house; team leaders outside the burning house) during training fires (14 samples), 9 PFIs investigating the aftermath of fire events (10 samples) and 7 office workers/control persons (7 samples). We used semipermeable membrane dialysis for clean-up of the tape strip exctracts and analysed the PAHs by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.ResultsThe median sum 32 PAH dermal exposure of the measured groups was in the range of 2 to 16 ng/cm2 on the wrist and 2 to 4.6 ng/cm2 on the collarbone area. Both gaseous and particle-associated PAHs were present on skin with large variability in levels between specific PAHs. The most abundant PAHs were phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and chrysene. For sum 32 PAHs the exposure of the wrist was statistically significantly higher for FF fire starters and PFIs than for controls. FF fire starters had the highest exposure for benzo(a)pyrene. For the collarbone area, the FFs and PFIs had lower exposures than on the wrist and similar to the levels for control persons.ConclusionsThe dermal occupational PAH exposure for FFs and PFIs was generally higher on the wrist than on the collarbone area. Thus, the wrists seem to be less well protected by personal protective equipment than the collarbone area. On the collarbone area, the dermal PAH exposure levels were similar between FFs, PFIs and control persons.
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Liang, Axin, Yang Li, and Shu Yang. "Study on the rule of blister formation and identification technology of multi-cores copper wires in fire." Materials Express 10, no. 7 (October 1, 2020): 1040–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2020.1727.
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The common presence of the wire blisters in fire indicates that the wire was exposed to fire. Yet current overload happening before fire also causes some wire blisters. Most trace evidences on the wire from fire are required to examine melted blisters marks of the wire. Thus, it is critical to clearly identify and determine the differences between blisters merely exposure to fire and current overload for fire investigators. Two fire scenarios, fire heating and overcurrent, and 2.5 mm2 multi-cores copper wires were selected by this paper to make blisters. Then, the identification technology of blisters was studied. The experimental results suggested that the external appearance and metallographic structure taken on by blisters were not the precise evidences to identify whether blisters are merely exposed to fire or overcurrent. Therefore, the metallographical method of polarized light was used to analyse Cu2O content in blisters. Besides, such content was used to accurately identify two kinds of blisters. The content of Cu2O of the overcurrent blisters was larger than that of the fire heating blisters notably.
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Barrett, Stephen, and Stephen Arno. "Fire History of the Lamar River Drainage, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 13 (January 1, 1989): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1989.2821.
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This study's goal is to document the fire history of the Lamar River drainage, southeast of Soda Butte Creek in the Absaroka Mountains of northeastern Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Elsewhere in YNP investigators have documented very long-interval fire regimes for lodgepole pine forests occurring on rhyolitic derived soils (Romme 1982, Romme and Despain 1989) and short-interval fire regimes for the Douglas-fir/grassland types (Houston 1973). No fire regime information was available for lodgepole pine forests on andesitic derived soils, such as in the Lamar drainage. This study will provide managers with a more complete understanding of YNP natural fire history, and the data will supplement the park's Geographic Information System (GIS) data base. Moreover, most of the study area was severely burned in 1988 and historical tree ring data soon will be lost to attrition of potential sample trees.
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Taubkin, I. S. "Microbiological Self-Ignition as a Cause of Fire: Guidelines for Investigators and Forensic Examiners." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science, no. 4(44) (December 30, 2016): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2016-4-73-85.
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The paper presents a list of plant products prone to microbiological self-heating and spontaneous combustion. It examines the conditions and indicators of the emergence and development of these processes in hay and peat. An example from forensic casework describes fire in a haystack resulting from its microbiological spontaneous combustion. It is demonstrated that the “hay clinker” effect may arise both from spontaneous combustion and from an act of arson; therefore, it cannot be used as a differentiating feature of arson. Equations are proposed for the prediction of conditions leading to thermal self-ignition of hay and peat, with examples of calculations. The paper includes previously published data on the emission of heat by various materials at 20 °С, and their aeration, as well as data needed for the analysis of the causes of hay or peat fire resulting from their microbiological self-ignition.
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Yu, Li Li, and Shu Jun Liu. "Inspection and Determination of a Vehicle Arson Case According to Diesel Fuel and Gasoline." Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (July 2013): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.751.
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From a vehicle arson case, it briefly introduced the basic situation and investigation of fire, particularly discussed the inspection process of samples, even compared some main components with suspected criminal tool at length. The results showed that it was deteced gasoline composition in extracted material evidence of vehicle combustion residue,but the vehicle were diesel fuel car. Then it analysed in detail the difference of gasoline, diesel oil and mixture of gasoline and diesel oil on composition. Their composition characteristics were both have aromatic hydrocarbons, such as dimethylbenzene series, trimethylbenzene series, tetramethylbenzeneseries, methylindane, naphthalene series, But alkane composition and distribution was not the same, as diesel contained C11-C20 linear paraffin and branched paraffin which obviously normal distribution, even the content of alkanes was significantly higher than aromatic hydrocarbon.but gasoline was different , not only the alkane characteristics is not obvious, but also aromatic hydrocarbons high content; While the content of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbon were similar in mixture. By comparing the plastic drum left on scene with inspected samples, their gasoline characteristics were the same, Thus we can determine the plastic drum was criminal tool of setting fire, it could provide powerful evidence to solve cases for fire investigators and criminal investigators.
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Hill, Stephen M., David T. Sheppard, and Brian S. Grove. "Mechanism for localized floor burn-through." Journal of Fire Sciences 35, no. 5 (September 2017): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117721869.
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This article presents a series of experimental tests that demonstrated that localized floor burn-through can be caused by certain ordinary combustible materials. The article discusses the mechanisms required to obtain this burn-through phenomena. It also discusses the factors that fire investigators can look for to help determine whether this phenomenon may have occurred.
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Davis, Susan R., Xuguang Tao, Edward J. Bernacki, Amy S. Alfriend, and Mark E. Delowery. "Evaluation of a Bladder Cancer Cluster in a Population of Criminal Investigators with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives—Part 2: The Association of Cancer Risk and Fire Scene Investigation." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/986023.
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This study evaluated the association of bladder cancer risk and fire scene investigation within a cohort of white male criminal investigators with the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives that was found to be at increased risk for bladder cancer. Medical surveillance data were used in a nested case-control study to determine odds ratios (ORs) estimating the relative risk of the cancer associated with post-fire investigation. The study comprised seven bladder cancer cases and 1525 controls. Six of the cases reported holding assignments associated with post-fire investigation. The OR for bladder cancer was 19.01 (95% confidence interval = 1.94–186.39) for those holding any one or more of these assignments for one to four years versus zero years and 12.56 (1.14–138.58) for those holding any one or more of these assignments for five or more years versus zero years. The risk for bladder cancer is significantly elevated for those holding post-fire investigation assignments compared to those not holding these assignments.
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Jia, F., M. K. Patel, E. R. Galea, A. Grandison, and J. Ewer. "CFD fire simulation of the Swissair flight 111 in-flight fire – Part 1: Prediction of the pre-fire air flow within the cockpit and surrounding areas." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1103 (January 2006): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000004358.
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Abstract The SMARTFIRE computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to predict the ‘possible’ behaviour of airflow as well as the spread of fire and smoke within a Swissair configured McDonnell Douglas MD-11 commercial transport aircraft. This work was undertaken by the Fire Safety Engineering Group (FSEG) of the University of Greenwich as part of Transportation Safety Board (TSB) of Canada, Fire & Explosion Group’s investigation into the in-flight fire occurrence onboard Swissair Flight 111 (SR111): TSB Report Number A98H0003. The main aims of the CFD analysis were to develop a better understanding of the possible effects, or lack thereof, of numerous variables relating to the in-flight fire. This assisted investigators in assessing possible fire dynamics for cause and origin determination. In Part 1, the numerical analyses to pre-fire airflow patterns within the cockpit and its vicinity are presented. The pre-fire simulations serve two ends. One is to provide insight into the flow patterns within the cockpit and its vicinity and further supportive numerical evidence for the airflow flight test observations. The other is to provide plausible initial flow conditions for fire simulations. In this paper, some flow patterns at a number of primary locations within the cockpit and its vicinity are highlighted and the predicted flow patterns are compared with the findings from the airflow flight tests. The predicted patterns are found to be in good qualitative agreement with the experimental test findings.
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Yadav, Vijay Kumar, Abhimanyu Harshey, Tanurup Das, Kriti Nigam, Kapil Sharma, and Ankit Srivastava. "Effect of Different Matrices on the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Residue in Post Burn Arson Debris: A Multi-Derivative UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Approach." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 11 (2020): 2880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22902.
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Analysis of arson debris is the foremost challenging task to the forensic investigators. Identification of the ignitable liquid residues in the fire debris is one of the prime objectives of forensic quest. This study evaluates the potential of derivative ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric methods for the analysis and identification of ignitable liquid residues. In this work, arson was simulated using kerosene as an ignitable liquid on various matrices. Derivative UV spectra of kerosene were recorded in their neat state and compared with those obtained from simulated fire debris samples for the identification and detection of ignitable liquid residues. It was observed that different burnt substrates did not cause any interference. The obtained results indicated that the ignitable liquid absorption capacity of the substrate can play an important role in the extraction and identification of ignitable liquid from fire debris. The used technique proved to be rapid, easy, reproducible and efficient.
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Colwell, Jeff D., Rajiv K. Mongia, and Ali Reza. "Case Study on Evacuation Rates within the World Trade Center Towers on September 11, 2001." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 19 (September 2005): 1767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901903.
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While movement of people in crowds and fire drills has been studied by numerous investigators, little data exist for real fire evacuations. This is largely due to the difficulty in establishing an accurate position-time history for the evacuees. The evacuation of the World Trade Center North and South Towers on September 11, 2001 was unique in that major, catastrophic events occurred at distinct times during the evacuation. In this paper, 14 evacuation case studies are presented in which the evacuee reported their position at these known points in time to the media. From this position-time history, the descent rate of these evacuees could be determined. These descent rates are not necessarily representative of the evacuation population in general, but they do provide some distinct data points which are of value to the fire protection and building evacuation community in assessing evacuation from high-rise buildings.
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Stanton, N., R. Seville, S. Buskirk, S. Miller, D. Spildie, and J. Fowler. "Captures and Recaptures of Small Mammals to Assess Responses to Fire in a Coniferous Forest in the Greater Yellowstone Area." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 22 (January 1, 1998): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1998.3371.
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Natural fires are common in coniferous forests in the Rocky Mountains, and one of the largest fires in recent history occurred in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) in 1988 when over a million acres of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) burned. In the summers of 1989, 1990 and 1991 and again in 1997 and 1998, we trapped small mammals in two burned and two adjacent unburned forests in the Huckleberry Mountain fire in the Rockefeller Memorial Parkway, 0.5 km north of Grand Teton National Park (GTNP). Here we report on the captures and recaptures of the two most common species of small mammals, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) and the southern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi); and analyze retrapping frequency for each species in the burned and unburned forest. Our intent was to test the hypothesis that the probability of recapture is the same for both species in burned and unburned habitats. These capture/recapture data will be used by other co-investigators in additional publications to report on estimated population sizes and microhabitat associations.
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Caban-Martinez, Alberto, Kenny Fent, Casey Grant, Natasha Schaefer Solle, Elizabeth Jacobs, Sara Jahnke, Stephanie Griffin, et al. "P.2.03 Design, development and implementation of a national multi-site fire fighter cancer cohort study." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A88.1—A88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.239.
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Background and objective(s)Retrospective epidemiologic studies suggest a disproportionate burden in specific cancer incidence rates in U.S. fire fighters when compared to the general population. Exposure to hazardous chemicals and carcinogenic compounds during fire incident response may be contributing to these observed elevated cancer rates. Research studies that prospectively collect and integrate exposure, biomarker and health survey information within the fire fighter workforce are lacking. In the present study, we 1) describe the design and development of a multi-state prospective fire fighter cancer cohort study; and 2) discuss the collection of cancer biomarker data from the first fire department.MethodsIn July 2016, through FEMA-funding a national multi-state prospective study was designed with biomarker, exposure and data collection cores. Each core is comprised of a team of multidisciplinary investigators across governmental, industry and academic institutions with instrumentation and resources to collect field measurements across fire service departments. An oversight and planning board was empaneled with fire fighter department and union leadership and subject matter experts to guide the design, collection and analysis of integrated data streams.ResultsA total of 62 new recruits from a large U.S. large career Fire Department were consented and enrolled into the Fire Fighter Cancer Cohort Study in February 2018. Among consenting rookie firefighters 60 consented (response rate 60/62=96.8%) to the optional biomarker and exposure collection protocols as well as granted permission for follow up in the future. Two phlebotomists and an occupational health nurse at the training academy collected a total of 5 tubes from each firefighter (i.e., TEMPUS, PAXGENE RNA, Sterile Red Top, EDTA, and sodium citrate tube).ConclusionsThe newly established national prospective cancer cohort study infrastructure supports the collection of electronic consent, biomarker, exposure and health survey data. Expansion of the research protocol to other firefighter subgroups in needed.
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Babrauskas, Vytenis. "Effective heat of combustion for flaming combustion of conifers." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-253.
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The heat of combustion of burning trees is often used in forest-fire hazard modeling to relate mass-loss results to the heat produced; therefore reliable values are needed. Experimental results for the effective heat of combustion of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees are presented as a function of moisture content. It is also shown that during a forest fire, the effective heat of combustion does not correspond to the oxygen-bomb-test value. Instead, the value will always be lower, since the heat of combustion of char is higher than that of the pyrolysate vapors, and char mostly remains unburned during a forest fire. These are the first and only experimental results obtained from testing of actual trees. But results from benchmark testing and studies on wood products by other investigators are broadly consistent with our findings. It is further shown that moisture content has a major effect on the effective heat of combustion. A quantitative expression for the effective heat of combustion, as a function of moisture content, is obtained. Benchmark testing by earlier researchers established that generally there is only a slight species effect on the heat of combustion; therefore the present Douglas-fir results can be applied in more general forest-fire modeling.
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Abbas, Anwar Saad, and Mohammed Mansour Kadhum. "Impact of Fire on Mechanical Properties of Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete (SIFCON)." Civil Engineering Journal 6 (September 30, 2020): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-sp(emce)-02.
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This research aims to shed light on the fire flame effect on some mechanical properties of SIFCON samples, such as compressive strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity and comparing the results with CEN design curve and CEB. Higher temperature resistance is one of the most important parameters affecting the durability and service life of the material. This study comprised of casting and testing SIFCON specimens with 6% fiber volume before and after exposure to elevated temperatures. Two fire exposure duration of 1 and2 hours were investigate. In addition to room temperature, Silica fume was used as a partial replacement (10%) by weight of cement. It was found from the results achieved that after exposure to high temperatures, compressive strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus decreased. The drastically reduction of compressive strength took place with increasing temperature. The residual compressive strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus at 1010 °C were in the range of (58.4 to 80.1%), (81.6 to 78.7%) and (30.4 to 32.8%) respectively. The compressive strength test results of this study together with results obtained by other investigators were compared with CEB strength-reduction curve and that of CEN. It was noticed that the test results agreed with CEN design curve rather than with that of CEB.
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Burda, Katarina, Margaret Black, Suzanna Djulamerovic, Kathleen Darwen, and Kathryn Hollier. "Field test kits for collection of ignitable liquids and ignitable liquid residues used by the NSW fire scene investigators." Forensic Science International 264 (July 2016): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.018.
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MacKenzie, Cheryl, Donald Holmstrom, and Mark Kaszniak. "Human Factors Analysis of the BP Texas City Refinery Explosion." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 20 (October 2007): 1444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705102015.
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On March 23, 2005, the BP Texas City Refinery suffered one of the worst industrial disasters in recent U.S. history. An explosion and fire occurred during the startup of a process unit. Fifteen workers were killed and 180 others were injured when a distillation tower was overfilled and liquid and vapor hydrocarbons were released into the atmosphere. A vapor cloud formed, found an ignition source, and exploded. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) deployed a team to Texas City to conduct a root cause investigation. The authors of this paper, working as investigators for the agency, found several pre-existing latent conditions and safety system deficiencies that affected unit operators' decisions and actions on the day of the incident. This submission presents a summary of those deficiencies and the primary human factors issues of the case.
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Banerjee, Kushal, Manab Nandy, Chanchal Kumar Dalai, and Shah Newaz Ahmed. "The Battle against COVID 19 Pandemic: What we Need to Know Before we “Test Fire” Ivermectin." Drug Research 70, no. 08 (June 19, 2020): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1185-8913.
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AbstractThe world is faced with the dire challenge of finding an effective treatment against the rampaging COVID 19 pandemic. Amidst the crisis, reports of in vitro inhibitory activity of ivermectin, an approved anthelmintic, against the causative SARSCoV2 virus, have generated lot of optimism. In this article, we have fished and compiled the needed information on the drug, that will help readers and prospective investigators in having a quick overview. Though the primordial biological action of the drug is allosteric modulation of helminthic ion channel receptor, its in vitro activity against both RNA and DNA viruses is known for almost a decade. In the past two years, efficacy study in animal models of pseudorabies and zika virus was found to be favourable and unfavourable respectively. Only one clinical study evaluated the drug in dengue virus infection without any clinical efficacy. However, the proposed mechanism of drug action, by inhibiting the importin family of nucleus-cytoplasmic transporters along with favourable pharmacokinetics, warrants exploration of its role in COVID 19 through safely conducted clinical trials. Being an available and affordable drug, enlisted in WHO List of Essential Medicine, and a long track record of clinical safety, the drug is already in clinical trials the world over. As the pandemic continues to ravage human civilisation with unabated intensity, the world eagerly waits for a ray of hope emanating from the outcome of the ongoing trials with ivermectin as well as other drugs.
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Matasororo, Emily. "Standoff in Papua New Guinea: Students take issue over corruption." Pacific Journalism Review 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v22i2.71.
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Commentary: A widespread student national boycott of classes and protests against the government of Peter O’Neill in Papua New Guinea during May and June 2016, supported by many civil society groups and activists. The epicentre of these protests was the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) in the nation's capital, Port Moresby. Demonstrations stirred by allegations of corruption against Prime Minister O'Neill grew in intensity until police opened fire on peaceful protesters on June 8. The protests were largely organised by the elected UPNG Student Representative Council, which entered into alliances with other tertiary student bodies, especially at the University of Technology in Lae, and civil society groups such as UPNG Focus and the Community Coalition Against Corruption. The essential argument of the students was that instead of thwarting investigations into allegations that $30 million of fraudulent legal bills were paid to the legal firm Paraka Lawyers, O’Neill should resign from office and present himself to the police investigators for questioning as they had demanded. This article focuses on the student leadership’s role and critiques the coverage of two major national press outlets, the PNG Post-Courier and The National, leading to the temporary shutdown of the university. It argues that there were issues of ethics and integrity at stake with both students and the news media.
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Шебеко, Юрий Николаевич. "Normative documents on fire safety of infrastructure objects of hydrogen energetic." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 4(101) (December 7, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2020.101.4.003.
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Рассмотрены российские и международные нормативные документы, отражающие специфические требования к объектам инфраструктуры водородной энергетики, к числу которых следует отнести объекты получения газообразного (GH) и сжиженного (LH) водорода, хранилища водорода (газообразного, сжиженного и в виде гидридов металлов), автозаправочные станции с использованием GH и LH в качестве моторного топлива, энергетические установки с применением водорода, предприятия по обслуживанию автомобилей на водородном моторном топливе. Выявлено, что в настоящее время в Российской Федерации отсутствуют нормативные правовые документы, определяющие специфические требования к перечисленным выше объектам водородной энергетики, а нормативные документы в указанной области весьма немногочисленны. Среди международных нормативных документов в первую очередь следует отметить стандарт NFPA 2, детально регламентирующий требования пожарной безопасности для объектов инфраструктуры водородной энергетики. Представляется целесообразной разработка российских нормативных правовых и нормативных документов в рассматриваемой области, учитывающих передовой международный опыт. Nowadays many countries produce measures for a transfer of their economics to an application of a hydrogen energetics. Because of a high fire hazard of hydrogen it is very important to ensure fire safety of infrastructure objects of the hydrogen energetics. The infrastructure objects of the hydrogen energetics are the facilities for production and storage of hydrogen, transportation of gaseous (GH) and liquid (LH) hydrogen, application of hydrogen for an energy generation, car refuelling stations etc. Fire safety normative documents are based on scientific studies of Russian and foreign investigators. Russian normative documents in the area considered are analyzed in this work. A draft of the Technical Regulation on a safety of the facilities aimed at production, storage, transportation and application of hydrogen is the most important one. This document contains a lot of specific requirements which should be used independently of a type of the hydrogen facility. Therefore this document can be considered as extremely “rigid” for a practical application. A set of rules SP 162.1330610.2014 is aimed at the regulation of the safety requirements for the facilities using liquid hydrogen. The document PB 03-598-03 considers the safety requirements for a production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water. There was concluded that Russian normative basis is not sufficient for a development of the hydrogen energetics. The standard NFPA 2 can be considered as the most important normative document containing safety requirements for the facilities for production, storage, transportation and application of hydrogen in a gaseous and a liquid phase. This standard contains both general and specific requirements for the infrastructure objects such as car refuelling stations, storages of hydrogen in the gaseous and the liquid phase and also using metal hydrides, hydrogen production facilities, energy generation objects using hydrogen, technological equipment containing hydrogen, laboratory facilities, car parks for the cars using hydrogen as a fuel etc. A conclusion was made that the requirements of NFPA 2 can be used at the creation of the Russian normative basis for hydrogen energetics.
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Valenti, Micheal. "Restoring a Piece of History." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 04 (April 1, 1999): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-apr-5.
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This article discusses that the French have traditionally maintained the appearance of their historic buildings by using the same materials and techniques used by the artisans who originally constructed them. While this strategy guaranteed the architectural integrity of the structures, it also limited the use of the buildings after their restoration, because historic materials are often unable to withstand the stresses of 20th century use and cannot meet modern building codes. Monuments Historiques reasoned that using modern materials would speed up restoration, adapt a building to modern uses, and still preserve its historic appearance. They demonstrated the feasibility of this marriage of 20th-century materials and 17th-century building styles with the restoration of the Brittany Parliament in Rennes after it had been gutted by fire. Investigators assessing the damage said that 50 percent of the soft stone would have to be replaced, as well as 70 percent of the stone in the building’s southeast pavilion.
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Herlambang, Herlambang, Antory Royan, and Samhori Samhori. "PROCESS OF PROSPEROUS RESEARCH FILES IN THE CASE DETERMINING NEW INSTITUTIONS IN CRIMINAL MEASURES CORRUPTION." Bengkoelen Justice : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 10, no. 1 (June 8, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/j_bengkoelenjust.v10i1.11339.
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This thesis is the result of research on "Process Attorney Researcher Case file in Determine Suspect New on Corruption", specifically this thesis discusses the process of determining the new suspects by prosecutors investigators file corruption cases and factor inhibitors for Attorney Researcher Files Case to determine a suspect new in the case file corruption. In particular, this thesis examines several cases of corruption filed by Investigator Police Resort Arga Makmur District Attorney of Public Prosecutions to Arga Makmur. The results of the study illustrate that the Attorney Researcher in determining new suspects in the case files submitted by police investigators are using the instrument giving direct instructions by the prosecution team of researchers P 19 and the instrument exposes / his case subsequently prosecutors investigators case file gives instructions to the investigator to be fulfilled within 14 days after prosecutors clue investigators met by investigators, the case file is declared complete by prosecutors investigators (P21).
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Dubonis, Artūras. "The Case of the Chronicle of Rivius." Lithuanian Historical Studies 5, no. 1 (November 30, 2000): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-00501001.
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In his numerous works, in particular in Dzieje starozytne narodu litewskiego (Wilno, 1835-1841), Teodor Narbutt often referred to the Chronicle of Rivius, which he claimed to have found in Revel (Tallinn). Now the original (German) version of the Chronicle and its Polish translation are kept at the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. According to Narbutt, the Chronicle, which is to be dated back to 1697, contains fragments of Rotundus’ Lithuanian history, lost long ago. Rotundus, in his turn, must have possessed an analogue close to the Chronicle of Bychowiec, possibly based on the annals of a certain Pinsk monk Mitrofan. Unfortunately, the most important part of the Chronicle was lost in a fire in Narbutt’ s house. Due to many inconsistencies in the presentation of the biography of Rivius, fanciful descriptions of historical events, factual and chronological fallacies and drawings of various fictitious artefacts, allegedly related to the history of Lithuania, investigators have been treating the Chronicle of Rivius as a forgery initiated or produced by Narbutt. Without dismissing the Chronicle outright, though seriously doubting its authenticity as a historical record, the author of this article calls for a more thorough critical research of its provenance.
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Lai, Chi-Ming, Ming-Ju Tsai, and Ta-Hui Lin. "Experimental Investigations of Fire Spread from Movable to Fixed Fire Loads in Office Fires." Journal of Fire Sciences 28, no. 6 (April 19, 2010): 539–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904110365316.
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Sparks, Aaron M., Alistair M. S. Smith, Alan F. Talhelm, Crystal A. Kolden, Kara M. Yedinak, and Daniel M. Johnson. "Impacts of fire radiative flux on mature Pinus ponderosa growth and vulnerability to secondary mortality agents." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 1 (2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16139.
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Recent studies have highlighted the potential of linking fire behaviour to plant ecophysiology as an improved route to characterising severity, but research to date has been limited to laboratory-scale investigations. Fine-scale fire behaviour during prescribed fires has been identified as a strong predictor of post-fire tree recovery and growth, but most studies report these metrics averaged over the entire fire. Previous research has found inconsistent effects of low-intensity fire on mature Pinus ponderosa growth. In this study, fire behaviour was quantified at the tree scale and compared with post-fire radial growth and axial resin duct defences. Results show a clear dose–response relationship between peak fire radiative power per unit area (W m–2) and post-fire Pinus ponderosa radial growth. Unlike in previous laboratory research on seedlings, there was no dose–response relationship observed between fire radiative energy per unit area (J m–2) and post-fire mature tree growth in the surviving trees. These results may suggest that post-fire impacts on growth of surviving seedlings and mature trees require other modes of heat transfer to impact plant canopies. This study demonstrates that increased resin duct defence is induced regardless of fire intensity, which may decrease Pinus ponderosa vulnerability to secondary mortality agents.
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Voitovych, T. M., B. M. Gusar, V. V. Kovalyshyn, V. V. Koshelenko, and O. V. Grushovinchuk. "RESEARCH ON DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED FIRE-FIGHTING FOAM AGENTS FOR SUBSURFACE FIRE EXTINGUISHING." Fire Safety, no. 32 (August 13, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.32.2018.01.
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This research outlines the problems of fire extinguishing in tanks, and describes a projected model of an experimental installation for the vertical tank fire simulation. The research also describes a method of extinguishing fires of oil and petroleum products in vertical steel tanks by supplying low expansion foam to the tank base directly into the fuel layer. The time of diesel fuel and gasoline fires extinguishing with the help of general and special purpose fire-fighting foam agents was calculated. Experimental investigations on definition of the fire-extinguishing efficiency of domestically producted fire-fighting foam agents by subsurface fire extinguishing of tanks were carried out.
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Moshayedi, Ata Jahangir, Mahyar Gheibollahi, and Liefa Liao. "The quadrotor dynamic modeling and study of meta-heuristic algorithms performance on optimization of PID controller index to control angles and tracking the route." IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijra.v9i4.pp256-270.
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<p>In the last decade, because of the unique specification of vertical fliers, scientists and researchers had a special focus on them. The particular abilities of these fliers can be mentioned such as: high maneuver ability, low expenses, decrease in radar identifier and low threat for the human life. They also have no limitation in dimension. Moreover, because of some applications like photography, topography, news coverage, study of power lines and aerology analysis, they can be notable for using. These fliers also are significantly important because of monitoring in urban regions, agricultural harvest and spray poison, illegal imports, exports administration and fire distinction in order to control the fire. Besides, seek and rescue missing people and also natural disasters can be pre-determined which causes stimulus investigators to act and put different topics in front of them. One of these fields is using meta-heuristic algorithms with the capability of using in control systems. The PID controller as a classic model has some limitations, but by optimization of special index through meta-heuristic algorithms, it has shown acceptable results. In this study, first, the history of vertical fliers and quadrotor are investigated. Then, after a review of overused methods, the quadrotor control has been done. Afterward, the cinematic and dynamic of quadrotor is presented. Next by designing of PID controller, PID index optimization by nature inspired algorithm, particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithms (GA), and firefly algorithms (FA) have been studied. Dynamic system, controller and mentioned optimization methods of PID controller index have also been implemented in MATLAB software. Also, with due attention to the comparison criteria the PID-PSO controller has shown the best performance. Next, by applying challenging routes, the stability of controller in the simulation is evaluated. Then, making quadrotor is done in practice along with introducing the used implementation of PID-PSO controller results on the real robot, and its stability is evaluated practically.</p>
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Lai, Chi-Ming, Ming-Chin Ho, and Ta-Hui Lin. "Experimental Investigations of Fire Spread and Flashover Time in Office Fires." Journal of Fire Sciences 28, no. 3 (October 13, 2009): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904109347165.
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Shvaiko, Valerii, Olena Bandurka, Vadym Shpuryk, and Yevhen V. Havrylko. "METHODS FOR DETECTING FIRES IN ECOSYSTEMS USING LOW-RESOLUTION SPACE IMAGES." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.2576.
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The paper presents the methods for fire identification using low-resolution space images obtained from Terra Modis and NOAA satellites. There are lots of algorithms to identify potentially "fire pixels" (PF). They are based on the assessment of temperature in spectral ranges from 3.5–4 to 10.5–11.5 microns. One of the problematic aspects in the Fire Detection Method using low-resolution space images is "Cloud and Water Masking". To identify "fire pixels", it is important to exclude from the analysis fragments of images that are covered with clouds and occupied by water objects. Identification of pixels in which one or more fires are actively burning at the time of passing over the Earth is the basis of the algorithm for detecting potentially "fire pixels". The algorithm requires a significant increase in radiation in the range of 4 micrometers, as well as on the observed radiation in the range of 11 micrometers. The algorithm investigates each pixel in a scene that is assigned one of the following classes as a result: lack of data, cloud, water, potentially fire or uncertain. The pixels that lack actual data are immediately classified as "missing data (NULL)" and excluded from further consideration. Cloud and water pixels, defined by the cloud masking technique and water objects, belong to cloud and water classes, respectively. The fire detection algorithm investigates only those pixels of the Earth's surface that are classified as potentially fire or uncertain. The method was implemented using the Visual Programming Tool PowerBuilder in the data processing system of Erdas Imaging. As a result of the use of the identification method, fires in the Chornobyl exclusion zone, steppe fires and fires at gas wells were detected. Using the method of satellite fire identification is essential for the prompt detection of fires for remote forests or steppes that are poorly controlled by ground monitoring methods.
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Tinner, Willy, Britta Allgöwer, Brigitta Ammann, Marco Conedera, Erika Gobet, André F. Lotter, and Markus Stähli. "Ausmass und Auswirkungen der Waldbrände auf die Vegetation der Schweiz im Laufe der Jahrtausende | Relevance and effects of fire disturbance on vegetation in Switzerland during the past millennia." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 156, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2005.0325.
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New palaeoecological investigations (pollen, macrofossil, and charcoal analyses) provide important evidence on the fire history and the long-term fire ecology of different regions of Switzerland. The results from the Swiss plateau, the Northern and Central Alps and Southern Switzerland suggest that fire played a different role for the long-term vegetational development in the different regions. In the Northern Alps and Southern Switzerland anthropogenic fires led to the disappearance of entire forest communities. These fires especially affected the fire-sensitive speciesAbies alba. On the Swiss Plateau fire frequencies were markedly lower than in the Southern Alps. Nevertheless, fires probably led to a decline in the occurrence of fire-sensitive taxa such as Ulmus,Fraxinus excelsior or Tilia at lower altitudes (Fagus silvatica-Quercusbelt). First evidences from the Central Alps suggest that forest fires were naturally more frequent in this continental region and that the vegetation might be better fire-adapted than the original(partly or completely vanished) plant communities of the Swiss Plateau, the Northern Alps and Southern Switzerland.
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Kolesnikov, V. V. "CIRCUMSTANCES SUBJECTED TO PROOF IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES CONNECTED WITH FIRES." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 16 (November 30, 2016): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2016.10.
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The paper investigates the circumstances which should be proven in the criminal proceedings when investigating crimes related with fires. It is stated that in addition to general circumstances which characterize the fire event as a crime (place, time and soon), such information should contain: the situation which preceded the fire; circumstances of the fire emergence and growth; situation that has been formed after the fire.
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Bahr, Oliver. "A Study on the Conservativeness of ISO Standard Fire in Office Buildings." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.1.35.
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In fire safety engineering, the ISO standard fire often represents fire action. Nevertheless, it is often not clear how conservative the ISO standard fire is when compared to natural fires. Thus, numerical research on fires in office buildings was conducted. To assess the severity of the ISO standard fire, the author proposes a simple approach basing on the heat release rate. For two regarded office rooms, artificial heat release curves were established and used as input in the zone model ‘Ozone’. These heat release curves were adjusted in order to match gas temperatures defined by the ISO standard fire. Integration of these curves allows for determining the total energy released by the fire. If this energy is related to the compartment area, it becomes possible to compare the ISO standard fire to natural fires. Results from the limited investigations show that the ISO standard fire becomes more conservative for longer fire duration and that it is quite realistic for offices with moderate opening factors and fire durations of 60 min at most. Contrary, the ISO standard fire tends to be very conservative for offices with higher opening factors.
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Taubkin, I. S. "On Improvement of the Quality of Forensic Fire Investigations." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 14, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764//1819-2785-2019-14-4-98-116.
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Circumstances having a significant impact on the quality of the conduct of fire investigations in forensic organizations of various agencies are considered. This mainly follows from the shortcomings of inquest and investigation on this category of cases, inadequate number of verified and recommended for forensic practice methods and computer programs, rare use of existing programs, contradictions of legislative acts regulating fire and explosion safety of different objects, from some experts’ insufficient qualification. Absence of data banks on fires and forensic examinations conducted on them as well as of courts’ decisions is common; there is no experimental base to research the fire risk indicators and physical and chemical properties of substances and materials along with the characteristics of their ignition and combustion considering all the conditions of the fire.It is shown that further development of fire forensics and its effectiveness will largely depend on the progress in addressing the aforementioned shortcomings as well as on the success of the academic pursuits and of undertaking the necessary engineering research.
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Sukhodolov, Alexander, Polina Sorokina, and Alina Lebedeva. "Mathematical Model of Fight Against Forest Fires in Terms of Irkutsk Oblast: Computational Experiments in Terms of the Julia Language." Bulletin of Baikal State University 29, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2019.29(3).349-358.
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Forest fires extremely undermine the environment, cause serious damage to the forests, wildlife resources and national economy of the country. The issues of fight against forests fires and their prevention are especially important for Eastern Siberia with its huge spaces, low population density and poor development of the road network on the taiga territories. Organizing and delivering largescale fire prevention activities entails enormous financial and material and technical resources Therefore, ecological-mathematical modeling of situations arising from countering forest fires becomes relevant. The purpose of investigations of such models is to develop a fire fighting strategy that would ensure an acceptable environmental level and, at the same time, be economically effective. This article pays attention to solving the problem of optimal control of forest fire fighting, the prototype of which is the well-known model by G.M. Parks. To analyze the model, the modern programming language Julia is used, which is designed to perform mathematical calculations and numerical investigations. It mostly designed for mathematical calculations and numerical analysis of various problems. Irkutsk Oblast has been chosen as a model territory of research.
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Zhang, Jun Fang, and Shu Ping Wang. "Application of Virtual Reality Technology for Emergency Evacuation in High-Rise Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4941.
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A virtual reality system was developed to simulate emergency evacuations during fires. The spreading of the flame and smoke in the virtual fire was modeled based on numerical fire simulations, so that the conditions are similar to real life. The paper investigates a number of evacuation strategies in high-rise buildings and the set of human factors affecting high-rise evacuations. It also discusses the challenges that building occupants and fire departments face during a fire emergency.
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Zhou, Jun, and Lu Wang. "Repair of Fire-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Members with Axial Load: A Review." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11040963.
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It is common knowledge that structural fires have led to a great loss of buildings and damage to property in the past two decades. Therefore, there is a growing need to provide approaches for post-fire repair of structural members to enhance their structural safety. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the repair of fire-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) members with axial load. The investigations into the effects of loading method, physical dimension and bonding behavior on the residual strength of members are presented. In the meantime, the available experimental investigations on the performance of fire-damaged RC members with axial load repaired with concrete jacketing, steel jacketing and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing are summarized. Moreover, models for predicting the residual strength of fire- damaged columns are reviewed.
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Runefors, Marcus, and Finn Nilson. "The Influence of Sociodemographic Factors on the Theoretical Effectiveness of Fire Prevention Interventions on Fatal Residential Fires." Fire Technology 57, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 2433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01125-x.
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AbstractThe risk of fatal residential fires is known to be differentiated by sociodemographic factors. However, often prevention measures are introduced generally in a population, thereby perhaps affecting the effectiveness of these interventions. By using a 20-year high-quality register over fatal fires in Sweden and a previously validated Boolean expressions regarding the effectiveness for specific interventions, this study investigates the theoretical effectiveness of fire interventions in relation to different sociodemographic variables and fatal residential fires. The results show that the effectiveness of different fire-related prevention measures varies considerably in relation to different sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, municipal characteristics and living conditions. As such, the paper highlights the importance of matching the correct fire prevention measure to each individual depending upon sociodemographic risk factors in order to achieve maximal effectiveness.
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Scawthorn, Charles, Gilles Bureau, Craig Jessup, and Robert Delgado. "The Morgan Hill Earthquake of April 24, 1984—Fire-Related Aspects." Earthquake Spectra 1, no. 3 (May 1985): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585286.
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Fire following the April 24, 1984, Morgan Hill earthquake (M 6.2) was a primary cause of damage in the cities of Morgan Hill and San Jose, California. Delays in telephone dial tones, perceived as telephone outages, resulted in delayed reports of structural fires to fire departments. A fire at a shopping center in San Jose was the largest single loss in the earthquake, totaling approximately $1 million. Multiple non-fire specific incidents which fire departments were called upon to respond to, such as gas investigations, structural damage checks, downed power wires and medical aid, placed additional heavy demand on limited resources.