Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fire load

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Fire load'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fire load"

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Lydersen, Jamie M., Brandon M. Collins, Eric E. Knapp, Gary B. Roller, and Scott Stephens. "Relating fuel loads to overstorey structure and composition in a fire-excluded Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 4 (2015): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13066.

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Although knowledge of surface fuel loads is critical for evaluating potential fire behaviour and effects, their inherent variability makes these difficult to quantify. Several studies relate fuel loads to vegetation type, topography and spectral imaging, but little work has been done examining relationships between forest overstorey variables and surface fuel characteristics on a small scale (<0.05 ha). Within-stand differences in structure and composition would be expected to influence fuel bed characteristics, and thus affect fire behaviour and effects. We used intensive tree and fuel measurements in a fire-excluded Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest to assess relationships and build predictive models for loads of duff, litter and four size classes of downed woody fuels to overstorey structure and composition. Overstorey variables explained a significant but somewhat small percentage of variation in fuel load, with marginal R2 values for predictive models ranging from 0.16 to 0.29. Canopy cover was a relatively important predictor for all fuel components, although relationships varied with tree species. White fir abundance had a positive relationship with total fine woody fuel load. Greater pine abundance was associated with lower load of fine woody fuels and greater load of litter. Duff load was positively associated with total basal area and negatively associated with oak abundance. Knowledge of relationships contributing to within-stand variation in fuel loads can increase our understanding of fuel accumulation and improve our ability to anticipate fine-scale variability in fire behaviour and effects in heterogeneous mixed species stands.
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Vermeire, Lance T., and Matthew J. Rinella. "Fire Alters Emergence of Invasive Plant Species from Soil Surface-Deposited Seeds." Weed Science 57, no. 3 (June 2009): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-08-170.1.

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Restoration of historic fire regimes is complicated by concerns about exotic plant invasions, yet little is known of how the two may interact. Seeds of Japanese brome, spotted knapweed, Russian knapweed, and leafy spurge were subjected to fire at six fuel loads (100 to 700 g m−2) and a nonburned control. Fires were simulated with field-cured grass and time–temperature profiles were developed from thermocouples at the soil surface. Emergence was determined by species and fuel load in growth chambers. Fuel load explained 98% of variation in mean heat dosage and emergence decreased with increasing fuel load across species. Emergence was reduced 79 to 88% relative to nonburned treatment with 100 g m−2of fuel and at least 97% with 200 g m−2of fuel. Emergence probabilities were less than 0.01 for all species but spotted knapweed with a 300 g m−2fuel load. Results indicate high potential for fire to disrupt the life cycle of invasive species through direct seed mortality. The relationship between fuel load and seedling emergence provides good predictability of fire effects on surface-deposited seeds. A single fire is unlikely to eradicate many invasive species because they often produce abundant seeds and some will undoubtedly escape fire. However, abrupt reductions in seedling emergence with relatively light fuel loads indicate that fire may be an effective tool for increasing mortality of invasive plant seed across a broad range of habitats.
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Zhang, Qian, Wen-yu Wang, Song-song Bai, and Ying-hua Tan. "Response analysis of tunnel lining structure under impact and fire loading." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 3 (March 2019): 168781401983447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019834473.

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Accidents and fires in tunnels hinder traffic and threaten the safety of personal and material resources, moreover, impact and temperature effects often cause damage to structures, affect structural performance, and shorten the service life of structures. In this article, the response behavior of the tunnel lining under the action of vehicle impact and fire load is simulated and analyzed. As the failure criterion of the lining dome settlement and the sidewall convergence displacement, the system compares the two interaction effect of the load, namely, the influence of the fire load on the impact resistance of the lining and the influence of the impact load on its fire resistance. The results show that the fire load reduces the impact resistance of the lining. Compared with the initial static load, the impact of temperature on the impact resistance is more significant; the impact load has an adverse effect on the fire resistance of the lining, when the tunnel lining is subject to explosion first. After the impact load working on the fire, the fire resistance of the lining will be significantly reduced with the increase of the static load ratio and the dynamic load ratio. The research can provide the reference for the design of fire protection and explosion protection parameters of tunnel support structures.
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Melinek, S. J. "The distribution of fire load." Fire Safety Journal 20, no. 1 (January 1993): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(93)90013-g.

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Hardin, Richard. "Fire Hydrant Lift Eases Load." Opflow 35, no. 9 (September 2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2009.tb02325.x.

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Kumar, Sunil, and C. V. S. Kameswara Rao. "Fire load in residential buildings." Building and Environment 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(94)00043-r.

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Džolev, Igor, Mirjana Laban, and Suzana Draganić. "Survey based fire load assessment and impact analysis of fire load increment on fire development in contemporary dwellings." Safety Science 135 (March 2021): 105094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105094.

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Liu, Yong Jun, Chao Li, and When Jun Zhou. "Numerical Analysis on Tensile Properties of Grout-filled Splice Sleeve Rebars under ISO 834 Standard Fire." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 03036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183803036.

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This paper presents some numerical simulation results of tensile properties of reinforcing bars spliced by grout-filled coupling sleeves under fire conditions to identify the effect of load ratio on fire resistance time of spliced reinforcing bars, which provide a useful base for predicting structural behaviors of pre-cast reinforced concrete buildings in fires. A spliced rebar system investigated in this paper consists of two equal-diameter steel reinforcing bars with 25mm diameter and a straight coupling sleeve with 50mm outer and 45mm inner diameters. As a result, the thickness of grout between steel bars and sleeves are 20mm. Firstly, the temperature distributions in steel bars connected by grout- filled coupling sleeves exposed to ISO 834 standard fire were calculated utilizing finite element analysis software ANSYS. Secondly, the stress changes in heated steel bars connected by grout-filled coupling sleeves under different constant tensile loads were calculated step by step until the rebar system failed due to fire. Thus, the fire resistant time of rebar spliced by grout-filled coupling sleeves under different axial tensile loads can be determined, further, the relationship between fire resistance time and axial tensile loads ratio can could be obtained. Finally, the fire resistant times versus axial tensile load ratios curve of grout-filled splice sleeve rebars exposed to ISO 834 standard fire is presented.
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Cruz, Miguel G., Andrew L. Sullivan, James S. Gould, Richard J. Hurley, and Matt P. Plucinski. "Got to burn to learn: the effect of fuel load on grassland fire behaviour and its management implications." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 11 (2018): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18082.

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The effect of grass fuel load on fire behaviour and fire danger has been a contentious issue for some time in Australia. Existing operational models have placed different emphases on the effect of fuel load on model outputs, which has created uncertainty in the operational assessment of fire potential and has led to end-user and public distrust of model outcomes. A field-based experimental burning program was conducted to quantify the effect of fuel load on headfire rate of spread and other fire behaviour characteristics in grasslands. A total of 58 experimental fires conducted at six sites across eastern Australia were analysed. We found an inverse relationship between fuel load and the rate of spread in grasslands, which is contrary to current, untested, modelling assumptions. This result is valid for grasslands where fuel load is not a limiting factor for fire propagation. We discuss the reasons for this effect and model it to produce a fuel load effect function that can be applied to operational grassfire spread models used in Australia. We also analyse the effect of fuel load on flame characteristics and develop a model for flame height as a function of rate of fire spread and fuel load.
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Kawohl, Anne Katherine, and Jörg Lange. "TESTS ON 10.9 BOLTS UNDER COMBINED TENSION AND SHEAR." Acta Polytechnica 56, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2016.56.0112.

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Prior investigations of the load-bearing capacity of bolts during fire have shown differing behaviour between bolts that have been loaded by shear or by tensile loads. A combination of the two loads has not yet been examined under fire conditions. This paper describes a series of tests on high-strength bolts of property class 10.9 both during and after fire under a combined shear and tensile load.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fire load"

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SOLTANI, GHULAM H. "BUCKLING AND POST-BUCKLING RESPOSNE OF SINGLE CURVATUE BEAM-COLUMNS UNDER THERMAL (FIRE) LOADS." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2147.

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The main objective of this research was to study the buckling and post-buckling response of axially restrained beam-columns under thermal loading. Also the effects of slenderness ratios on pre-buckling and post-buckling behavior which is neglected in AISC specification was examined. The results of this study indicate that: a) Both the deflection and end moment amplification factors are significantly smaller for the restrained beam-columns subjected to temperature increase than the corresponding unrestrained beam-columns subjected to (mechanical) axial loads. b) The deflection amplification factors tend to decrease with decreasing ratio of end moments. However, reverse seems to occur for the moment amplification factors and as the moment amplification factors tend to increase with decreasing moment ratio particularly in the pre-buckling and the initial post-buckling range (0.1 < T/Tcr < 1.5). c) The thermal amplification factors tend to be smaller than the AISC values even in the pre-buckling range with those for the slender beam-columns significantly smaller than those for the shorter beam-columns.
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Ferreira, Michael J. "Barrier Performance Utilizing Normalized Heat Load as Part of an Engineering Based Building Fire Protection Analysis Method." Digital WPI, 2004. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1074.

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"The objective of this thesis is to examine the methods of barrier analysis used in the Building Fire Safety Engineering Method (BFSEM), and to develop the areas of the analysis which currently rely almost exclusively on subjective judgment rather than quantitative measures. The use of the Normalized Heat Load to quantify heat energy impact on a barrier is examined in detail. Procedures are developed which apply the properties of a normal statistical distribution to barrier failures times, for use in simplifying the construction of barrier catalog curves. A framework is also developed to help standardize the selection of barrier effectiveness factors. Finally, this thesis outlines the procedure for developing barrier performance curves to allow easy implementation of the barrier analysis into the general framework of the BFSEM. A design example is presented to illustrate the analysis procedures."
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Lilja, Andreas. "Temperature analysis of fire exposed load-bearing structures of mono glazed balconies." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81730.

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Previous to the now acting construction regulations EKS and Eurocode, the fire resistance of the load-bearing structures of mono glazed balconies were designed with a fire test called the SP fire 105. In 2011, when EKS replaced the previous construction regulations called Boverkets konstruktionsregler, BKR, the SP fire 105 was no longer the requirement for mono glazed balconies. Instead, EKS prescribed that the load-bearing structures of mono glazed balconies should be determined by the use of nominal fire exposure or a natural fire model. EKS and Eurocode have previously prescribed that the standard temperature-time curve (ISO 834) was to be used when determining the fire resistance of structural elements according to nominal temperature-time curves. But an agreement made between Balkongföreningen and Boverket in 2011, established that the external temperature-time curve could be used for determination of the fire resistance of the structural elements of mono glazed balconies. The external temperature-time curve means a design temperature of the structural members of approximately 680 °C for a fire-resistance class R30, instead of a temperature of 842 °C for the standard temperature-time curve. In 2019, EKS 11 was introduced with a slight change in the regulation. The new regulation specifically implies that building parts placed within glazed balconies should not be considered as external. Due to the formulation in EKS 11, it is no longer possible to use the external temperature-time curve for verification of the fire resistance of structural elements of mono glazed balconies. The formulation says that building parts placed within glazed balconies should not be considered as external, which means that the standard temperature-time curve must be applied. The present research tries to clarify the more reasonable temperature-time curve of the standard fire curve and the external fire curve, or if neither of the curves is realistic. 16 scenarios were analysed in this study. Using CFD simulations in FDS, the adiabatic surface temperature of the structural parts could be established. The adiabatic surface temperatures were then used as input in the FEM calculation program TASEF to calculate the temperatures of structural elements of a mono glazed balcony during a fire. The results imply that the max temperatures of the steel members of the mono glazed balcony analysed are generally lower than the temperatures of the external temperature-time curve. In a worst-case scenario where the structural member is located just adjacent to the fire source, the max temperature can be higher than the temperature of the standard temperature-time curve. The balcony slab reaches max temperatures between the external temperature-time curve and the standard temperature-time curve. The temperature within the slab is below 500 °C at a depth of 15 mm and according to the 500 °C isotherm method presented in SS-EN 1992-1-2, concrete that has a temperature lower than 500 °C has not been damaged by the fire. Further studies are needed to establish whether the external temperature-time curve or the standard temperature-time curve is to be used when designing the fire resistance of the load-bearing structure of mono glazed balconies. A suggestion for further studies is to conduct fire tests of a fire within a mono glazed balcony. Such results could then be compared to the results of this study and hopefully, lead to conclusions that are needed for a complete establishment of which temperature-time curve that should be used.
Under det tidigare gällande regelverket boverkets konstruktionsregler, BKR, dimensionerades brandmotståndet för den bärande konstruktionen av enkelinglasade balkonger med testmetoden SP fire 105. När BKR ersattes av boverkets föreskrifter och allmänna råd om tillämpning av europeiska konstruktionsstandarder, EKS, tillsammans med Eurokoderna, slutade man att använda SP fire 105 och började istället använda nominella temperatur-/tidförlopp. I tidigare versioner av EKS föreskrevs det att dimensionering enligt klassificering ska utföras med en brandexponering enligt standardtemperatur/-tidkurvan (ISO 834). Men i och med upphörandet av BKR år 2011, genomfördes en överenskommelse mellan Balkongförening och Boverket där man bestämde att den bärande konstruktionen för enkelinglasade balkonger och öppna balkonger skulle få dimensioneras med exponeringskurvan för utvändig brand istället för standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan. Dimensionering enligt exponeringskurvan för utvändig brand resulterar i en dimensionerande temperatur på 680 °C för brandteknisk klass R30, istället för en temperatur på 842 °C vid dimensionering med standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan. Vid införandet av EKS 11 år 2019 skedde en förändring i föreskrifterna gällande branddimensionering av bärande konstruktioner. I EKS 11 framgår det explicit att byggnadsdelar vilka är placerade inom inglasade balkonger inte bör betraktas som utvändiga byggnadsdelar. Detta medför att den bärande konstruktionen för enkelinglasade balkonger inte längre kan dimensioneras enligt exponeringskurvan för utvändig brand, utan måste dimensioneras enligt standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan. Denna studie syftar till att klargöra vilken temperatur som är rimlig att använda vid dimensionering av den bärande konstruktionen för enkelinglasade balkonger. Är den tidigare exponeringskurvan för utvändig brand mer rimlig, eller är föreskriften om att använda standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan motiverad? I studien har 16 scenarion analyserats med hjälp av CFD beräkningar i simuleringsprogrammet FDS, och med hjälp av FEM beräkningar i simuleringsprogrammet TASEF. Med FDS beräknades den adiabatiska yttemperaturen för den bärande konstruktionen, vilken sedan användes som indata i TASEF för att beräkna temperaturen i den bärande konstruktionen. Maxtemperaturen på konstruktionselementen som utgörs av stål uppnår generellt temperaturer som understiger temperaturen för exponeringskurvan vid utvändig brand. I ett ”worst-case” scenario där brandkällan står i direkt anslutning till en stålkonstruktion, kan temperaturer uppnås vilka överstiger temperaturen i standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan. Maxtemperaturen på balkongplattan är högre än temperaturen i exponeringskurvan vid utvändig brand, men lägre än temperaturen i standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan. 15 mm in i balkongplattan understiger temperaturen på betongen 500 °C. Enligt 500 °C isotermmetoden som är publicerad i SS-EN 1992-1-2 innebär detta förenklat att all betong på ett djup överstigande 15 mm har kvar sin fulla bärförmåga. En slutsats är att det krävs vidare studier för att kunna fastställa vilket nominellt temperatur-/tidförlopp som borde användas vid dimensionering av den bärande konstruktionen för enkelinglasade balkonger. Ett förslag på vidare studier är att utföra brandtester på en enkelinglasad balkong, varav resultaten sedan kan jämföras med resultaten i denna studie. Sådana resultat skulle förhoppningsvis möjliggöra ett fastställande av vilket nominellt temperatur-/tidförlopp som bör användas vid dimensionering av den bärande konstruktionen för enkelinglasade balkonger.
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Bregulla, Julie. "Investigation into the fire and racking behaviour of structural sandwich panel walls : a methodology to assess load bearing sandwich panels in fire." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2003. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807/.

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Stanton, Rebekah L. "Fire and Rodent Consumer Effects on Plant Community Assembly and Invasion in North American Deserts." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9172.

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This dissertation explores the differential effects of fires and rodent communities on native and invasive desert plant communities. Chapter one examines the impacts of fire and repeat fires on fuel loads in two different Utah desert sites, one in the cool Great Basin Desert and one in the hyper-arid Mojave Desert, over the course of four years. We found that both desert sites responded with varying intensities to a single burn, but the effects of a reburn were not as pronounced. We also found that our Great Basin Desert site had a stronger response to fire than our Mojave Desert site, producing a higher plant fuel loads that could potentially exacerbate the changing fire regimes. These data can be used to help map the effects that climate change may have on fuel loads and the fire potential of these deserts. Chapter two uses a full factorial experimental design to compare the effects of rodent herbivory and fire on native versus invasive seedlings at our Mojave Desert field site. We found that rodent herbivory has a more negative impact on the survival of native seedlings than invasive seedlings. This could be because the invasives are grasses that tend to tolerate herbivory better than the native shrubs and forbs. Chapter three again uses a full factorial experimental design to assess the impacts of rodents and fire on the fate of native and invasive seeds at our field site in the Mojave Desert. We found that rodents removed seeds, and they did show preferences for some species of seed over others, but these preferences were not different between native and invasive seeds or seed mass. We propose that the preferences may be influenced by other seed traits such as water content, handling time or physical and chemical defenses. As with the seedlings in chapter two, fire did not have any impact on rodent seed preferences. These data highlight the importance of considering rodent effects on seeds used in restoration effects following wildfires.
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Andersson, Anna, and Eva-Sara Carlson. "Structures in underground facilities : Analysis of a Concrete Column’s Capacity to Withstand Extraordinary Fire Loads." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-18114.

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The report present a Master of Science in engineering work carried out at Mälardalen’s University, made this work within the research project METRO. The work is a part of the research project METRO. The focus of the METRO project is on the protection of underground rail mass transport systems e.g. tunnels and subways stations. The aim with this work was to determine if a concrete column placed close to the tracks at a subway station can withstand the effect and temperature of a fire in a burning train comparable to the effects and temperatures that showed at the full scale test carried out within the METRO project. A literature review was made previous to the following case study. The results from this show that the column is negligible affected by the fire.
METRO project 2009-2012
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Graham, Earl Vincent. "Developing a remotely-sensed framework for fire monitoring in the Western Cape, South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8334.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
For a long time, fire dynamics has been misunderstood and viewed as either a destructive force or an ecological necessity. The Western Cape Province in South Africa experiences the frequent occurrence of fires, due to the prevailing Mediterranean climatic conditions. This climate is known for its hot and dry summers and its cold and wet winters, which, along with the highly flammable indigenous flora of the Western Cape, provide suitable conditions for the occurrence of fires. However, the local environmental and ecological variables that influence the occurrence of fires and that could assist with fire management practices remain poorly understood. The development of an integrated operational monitoring framework is therefore imperative for detecting and mapping the occurrence of fires in the Western Cape, South Africa.
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Kayili, Serkan. "Effect Of Vehicles&#039." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611290/index.pdf.

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Road and railways tunnels are constructed for decreasing the transportation time inside city or intercity. The fire safety systems are mounted for the safe use of tunnels. Therefore, it is important to accurately predict the fire-induced air velocity,temperature and smoke concentrations in tunnel fires in order to design efficient fire protection systems. To this end, scaled tunnel models are used and experiments are carried to understand the phenomena on these tunnel models. In addition, the studies for investigating the tunnel fire phenomena and their methods of modeling techniques for fire experiments are mentioned. In the literature, there is no sufficient information about vehicles'
blockage effect on heat release rate and temperature distribution inside tunnel with different ventilation velocities. As a result, in order to research this subject, the scaled model tunnel is constructed in Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Based on the Froude number scaling, wood sticks with different configuration inside the model tunnel are burned in a controlled environment. The heat release rate measurement, sampling of gases after combustion, mass loss rate of burning models and temperature distribution along the tunnels with different longitudinal ventilation velocities are measured to investigate the effect of different cross-sectional areas of the burning substances. Furthermore, the model vehicles having a square base area are built according to wood crib theory. The results are investigated with statistical techniques called "
Analysis of Variance"
and general results have been tried to be reached. It is determined that the variation of air velocity inside tunnel is not so effective, but model vehicle'
s cross sectional area is directly proportional to heat release rate.
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Le, Phung Van. "Assessment of Fire Safety for Intermediate Floors in the New Zealand Acceptable Solution C/AS1." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3942.

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This research project aims to investigate the level of risk/safety inherent in intermediate floors of buildings designed to the Compliance Document for the New Zealand Building Code, Fire Safety Clauses C1, C2, C3, C4 (C/AS1), and develop guidance for Fire Engineers on designing fire safety for firecells containing intermediate floors. The project also aims to develop a new set of prescriptive fire safety requirements for intermediate floors and proposes an outline of a verification method for designing fire safety for intermediate floors. This study includes a literature review of the fire safety requirements for intermediate floors (mezzanines) of prescriptive requirements in New Zealand and other countries such as USA, Canada, UK and Australia. The results of this literature review found that the intermediate floor size is limited and varies with country. An intermediate floor that has an area exceeding the limit set out by the prescriptive requirements is considered as a storey in all the countries prescriptive requirements reviewed including the New Zealand prescriptive requirements prior to 1991. Since 1991, in New Zealand Acceptable Solutions, the intermediate floor that has an area exceeding the limit will not be treated as a storey, however, a smoke control system is required. The level of risk was quantified using a factor of safety (FoS) - the ratio of Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) to Required Safe Egress Time (RSET). Two fire models; BRANZFIRE and FDS were used to calculate ASET and SIMULEX, an evacuation program, was used to calculate movement times of the occupants of the studied buildings. Unlike the traditional method in which RSET and FoS are assessed using single value, in this project the distribution of RSET and FoS were assessed using the @RISK software package. The analysis showed that the level of risk to the occupants of the firecells containing intermediate floors is always higher than that of the equivalent firecells without intermediate floors with the same occupant load and the differences in FoS range from 10% to 60%. The analysis also highlighted that the level of risk to the occupants of firecells having intermediate floors increases as the intermediate floor size increases, however, there are no clear cut-off points at which a higher level of fire safety precaution should be provided. The cut-off points in C/AS1 of 20% for a closed intermediate floor and 40% for an open intermediate floor, are not justified by this analysis. Occupant load has significant impact on the level of safety of the occupants of the firecells containing intermediate floors. The higher the occupant load the lower the level of safety is. The definitions for open and closed intermediate floors are proposed to which open and closed intermediate floors are clearly distinguished. The term “limited area intermediate floor” in the current C/AS1 is proposed be removed and all related clauses are proposed to be amended or deleted accordingly. A proposed new set of prescriptive fire safety requirements for intermediate floors has been developed based on the occupant load of intermediate floors and not the intermediate floor size in the form of a table similar to the current Table 4.1 of C/AS1. The occupant load and fire safety precautions (FSPs) of the intermediate floors are determined based on the occupant load and their required FSPs of the equivalent firecells without intermediate floors that have the same factor of safety with the firecells containing intermediate floors. With the proposed FSPs, a firecell with lower occupant load would require lesser fire safety requirements than a firecell with higher occupant load regardless of intermediate floor size. Moreover, with the proposed FSPs for intermediate floors, the level of safety of the occupants of the firecells having intermediate floors would be very similar to the level of safety of the equivalent firecells without intermediate floors. In addition to the proposed tables of FSPs, some clauses regarding the changes in the fire safety requirement and definitions for intermediate floors are proposed. Guidance for designers in designing fire safety for firecells containing intermediate floors in which the methods of modelling using BRANZFIRE and Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) are presented in detail, has been developed. The analysis has pointed out that the location of the exits is critical in designing fire safety for firecells containing intermediate floors and majority of exits from the lower floor should not be located under intermediate floors. Although one of the main objectives of this research project was to propose an outline of a verification method for designing fire safety for intermediate floors, the analysis showed that it is very difficult to develop a rational verification method for designing fire safety for firecells containing intermediate floors. Using the proposed FSPs for intermediate floors which are based on the occupant load of the intermediate floors in designing fire safety for firecells containing intermediate floors is recommended by this study. These recommendations do not preclude the use of specific fire engineering design for designing fire safety for firecells having intermediate floors.
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Öhrling, Emil. "Brandrisker i däckhotell : Är samhällets krav på byggnadstekniskt brandskydd tillräckligt?" Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83256.

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Syftet med studien är att undersöka de risker som finns i samband med brand i däckhotell, samt utvärdera om samhällets krav på byggnadstekniskt brandskydd är tillräckligt för att hantera risknivån. Samhällets krav i studien är Boverkets byggregler BFS 2011:6 med ändring till och med BFS 2020:4 (BBR) och den kravställning som sker i enlighet med förenklad dimensionering. Kraven i BBR har kvantifierats för att möjliggöra en jämförelse mellan BBR och de verkliga förutsättningar som återfinns på däckhotell. Studien behandlar enbart tre av de fem punkter som BBR baseras på. Utveckling och spridning av brand och rök inom byggnadsverket ska begränsas, spridning av brand till närliggande byggnadsverk ska begränsas och hänsyn ska tas till räddningsmanskapets säkerhet vid brand. Det finns erfarenheter kring bränder i däcklager men ingen samlad bild av hur däckhotell bör hanteras i regelverken, eller om det är förenligt med byggreglernas intention och räddningstjänstens praktiska erfarenheter att utföra insats. Hur ska då brandskyddet utformas i däckhotell för att samhällets krav ska vara uppfyllt? I ett däcklager kan det handla om flera tusen däck som lagras samtidigt. Metodval för att besvara frågeställningarna var att utifrån verkliga däckhotell tillsammans med forskning och studier inom området, genomföra en rad olika analyser. Detta för att kunna besvara frågorna kvantitativt och/eller kvalitativt. Alla frågeställningar krävde dock flera antaganden för att vara möjliga att besvara. För att erhålla något att basera antagandena mot, genomfördes en fallstudie på verkliga däckhotell. Därefter skapades fem olika geometriska modeller baserade på de verkliga byggnaderna av volym, konstruktionsmaterial och ventilationsmöjligheter. Fallstudien visade även på stor variation på antalet däck som fanns placerade i däckhotell. Dock kan det konstateras att brandbelastningen i ett däckhotell överskrider 1600 MJ/m2 golvarea. Det konstruktionsmaterial byggnaden är uppförd med har stor inverkan på temperaturen i brandrummet. Däckhotell uppförda med en betongkonstruktion ger bättre förutsättningar för de brandavskiljande komponenterna att upprätthålla den brandbegränsande funktionen, detta i jämförelse med ett däckhotell uppfört av plåt med isoleringskärna. En brandcellsgräns som utsätts för den temperaturutveckling som sker i byggnad med väggar och tak av plåt-/isoleringskonstruktion, kommer eventuellt inte att begränsa brandspridningen under avsedd tid. De två skyddsbarriärerna som anges i BBR för att begränsa brandspridning mellan byggnader är skyddsavstånd eller att ytterväggen utformas som en brandcellsgräns, men där funktionen av en brandcellsgräns blir beroende av byggnadens konstruktionsmaterial. Fungerande skyddsavstånd är under förutsättning att öppningarna i fasad är begränsade och inte är större än en normal garageport. Syftet med att skydda närliggande byggnader uppfylls därmed inte. Skyddsavståndet bör vara i relation till arean på möjliga öppningar istället för ett fast värde. Ska skyddsavståndet vara fast bör det ske reglering av arean på möjliga öppningar och begränsa storleken eller kritisk strålningsnivå som får uppkomma på närliggande byggnad. Granskning av räddningsmanskapets säkerhet var en jämförelse mellan BBR och intervjuer på hur en räddningsinsats skulle kunna genomföras. Det som diskuterades var vilka risker branden och byggnaden utgör, samt hur dessa kan påverka genomförandet av insatsen. Brandtekniska åtgärder för att ta hänsyn till räddningsmanskapets säkerhet vid insats finns inte i erforderlig omfattning, vid brandteknisk projektering enligt förenklad dimensionering. Utan tidig detektion är risken överhängande att branden är för omfattande för att användning av invändiga brandposter för begränsning ska kunna vara möjlig. Dock är den enskilt viktigaste åtgärden för räddningsmanskapets säkerhet är att säkerställa tillgången till rätt mängd släckvatten vid byggnaden. Däckhotell placerade i containers är den enda byggnadsgeometri vilken kan projekteras enligt förenklad dimensionering. Den lagringsmetoden ger bäst möjlighet till en lyckad räddningsinsats och låg riskbild, och de är den enda modellen där brandcellsgränser helt klart skulle uppfylla sitt syfte både i klass EI 30 och EI 60. Containers har normalt inga fönster eller andra likvärdiga öppningar.
The aim of the thesis is mainly to investigate the risks that exist in case of fire in tire hotels and to evaluate whether society's requirements for fire protection in buildings are enough to manage this level of risk. Society's requirements in the study are Boverket's building regulations, BFS 2011:6 with amendments up to BFS 2020:4, (BBR) and the requirements that takes place in accordance with simplified design. The requirements in BBR have been quantified to enable a comparison between BBR and the actual conditions found in tire hotels. The study only treats three of the five items which BBR is based on. Development and spread of fire and smoke within the construction works is limited, spread of fire to adjacent construction works is limited and consideration has been taken to the rescue team's safety in case of fire. It exists some experience of fires in tire storage, but not a general picture of how a tire hotel should be design according to the building regulations, nor if it´s compatible with the building regulations' intention or the rescue team's practical experience of carrying out a rescue operation. The question is how the fire protection should be designed in tire hotels so that society's requirements can be fulfilled? When it can be thousands of tires which are stored at the same time in a tire hotel. The method to answer the questions was to carry out a few different analyses based on real tire hotels, together with research and studies in this area, so the questions could be answered quantitatively and/or qualitatively. However, all questions required some assumptions to be answered. To obtain something to base the assumptions against, a case study on real tire hotels was conducted. Five different geometric models were therefore created based on the buildings in terms of volume, construction materials and ventilation openings. The case study also showed a great variation in the number of tires that were stored in the hotels. Even with the variation, it can be stated that the fire load in a tire hotel exceeds 1600 MJ/m2 per floor area. The buildings construction material has a big impact on the fire temperature in the room. Tire hotels with a concrete construction provide better conditions for the fire-separation components to maintain the limiting function, in comparison with a construction of metal sheets with a core of insulation. A fire compartment boundary that is exposed to a temperature rise that occur in a metal structure, may not have the function over time it supposed to limit the spread of fire to other rooms during the intended time. BBR specifies two protective barriers to limit the spread of fire to adjacent construction, which are safety distances or that an exterior wall is designed as a fire compartment boundary. The function to limited fire spread by a fire compartment boundary is dependent on the building's construction material to fulfill its purpose. For a safety distance to work, the openings in the facade must be limited and not larger than a normal garage door. The purpose of protecting adjacent construction is therefore not fulfilled. The safety distance should be in relation to the area of ​​ openings instead of a fixed value. If the safety distance is a fixed value, the areas of openings should be regulated, if not, the size of the critical radiation that occur on an adjacent construction should be limited. Examination of the rescue team's safety was a comparison between BBR and interviews on how a rescue operation could be carried out. Under the interviews it was discussed what type of risks that are caused by the fire and the building, and how these risks can affect the implementation of the operation. The fire technical arrangements do not fulfill its purpose, to create the level of safety that are required for the rescue team when the fire technical design is according to a simplified design. Without early detection, the risk is imminent that the fire is too large for a person to use an indoor fire hydrant. The most important arrangements for the safety of the rescue team are however to ensure access to the right volume of water near the building. Tire hotels placed in containers are the only type of building which can be projected according to simplified design. This storage method provides the best opportunity for a successful rescue operation with a low risk.  Containers are also the only geometric model where fire compartment boundary would clearly fulfill its purpose, in both class EI 30 and EI 60. Containers have normally no windows or other equivalent openings.
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Books on the topic "Fire load"

1

Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Fire lord. New York, NY: DAW Books, 1989.

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Foley, Gaelen. Lord of fire. London: Piatkus, 2005.

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The Lord of Fire. Edinburgh: Stoke Books, 2013.

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The Lord of Fire. Edinburgh: Barrington Stoke, 2010.

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Piggott, Michael R. Load bearing fibre composites. 2nd ed. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2002.

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Load bearing fibre composites. 2nd ed. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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Piggott, Michael R. Load bearing fibre composites. 2nd ed. Willowdale, Ont: MERP Enhanced Composites, 2001.

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Duncan, Dave. Lord of the Fire Lands. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.

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Structural fire loads: Theory and principles. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.

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Norkett, P. T. C. Building societies fact file. Harlow: Longman, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fire load"

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Fontana, Mario, Jochen Kohler, Katharina Fischer, and Gianluca De Sanctis. "Fire Load Density." In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 1131–42. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_35.

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Brunkhorst, Sven, and Jochen Zehfuß. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Fire Development in Compartment Fires with Immobile Fire Load." In Wood & Fire Safety, 185–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41235-7_28.

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Zhao, Han, Qingsong Wang, Yanfei Su, Yu Wang, Guangzheng Shao, Haodong Chen, and Jinhua Sun. "Experimental Investigation on Glass Cracking for Wind Load Combined with Radiant Heating." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 255–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_25.

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Xie, Philip, Anthony Abu, and Michael Spearpoint. "Comparison of Existing Time-Equivalence Methods and the Minimum Load Capacity Method." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 263–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_26.

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Makovicka Osvaldova, Linda, and Michaela Horvathova. "Effect of Thermal Load on the Heat Release Rate of the Selected Types of Wooden Floorings." In Wood & Fire Safety, 41–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41235-7_7.

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Mizukami, Tensei, and Takeyoshi Tanaka. "Determination of Design Fire Load for Structural Fire Safety in the Compartment Subdivided by Non-Fire-Rated Partitions." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 341–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_34.

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Morita, Takeshi, Heisuke Yamashita, Masuhiro Beppu, and Makoto Suzuki. "A Study on Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Walls Exposed to Hydrocarbon Fire Under Vertical Load." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 299–308. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_30.

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McNulty, Steven G., Sara E. Strickland, Erika Cohen, and Jennifer A. Moore Myers. "Climate Change and Fire impacts on Ecosystem Critical Nitrogen Load." In Remote Sensing and Modeling Applications to Wildland Fires, 237–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32530-4_17.

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Li, Chenfeng, Kun Zhang, Ziyang Wei, Xueqian Zhou, Huilong Ren, and Weijun Xu. "Thermal load and residual strength of vessels under cabin fire." In Developments in Maritime Technology and Engineering, 469–76. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003216582-53.

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Ho, San-Ping, Hue-Pei Chang, Chin-Feng Chen, Steven Chiang, Wei-Chih Fang, and W. K. Chow. "Safety Study on Load-Limiting Device for Rope Rescue." In The Proceedings of 11th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology, 309–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9139-3_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fire load"

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Razdolsky, Leo. "Probability Based Structural Fire Load." In Structures Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412848.224.

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Xiong, Yifang, Michail Diakostefanis, and Suresh Sampath. "Numerical simulations of containerized-load fire scenario for aircraft cargo fire safety." In AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-2759.

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Xiong, Yifang, Michail Diakostefanis, and Suresh Sampath. "Withdrawal: Numerical simulations of containerized-load fire scenario for aircraft cargo fire safety." In AIAA AVIATION 2021 FORUM. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-2759.c1.

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Burns, Lauren. "Fire-Under-Load Testing of Carbon Epoxy Composites." In 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-222.

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Viegas, D. X., D. Stipanicev, L. Ribeiro, L. P. Pita, and C. Rossa. "The Kornati fire accident – eruptive fire in relatively low fuel load herbaceous fuel conditions." In FOREST FIRES 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/fiva080361.

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He, Xuechao, Yuanyi Xie, Keheng Chen, Yanqiu Chen, Jing Liu, and Peng Wang. "The Influence of Fire Load Density and Smoke Curtain on Smoke Exhaust Efficiency of Commercial Complex." In 2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfsfpe48751.2019.9055828.

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Yang, Kuo-Chen, Hung-Hsin Lee, and Olen Chan. "Experimental Study on Ultimate Strength of H-Shaped Fire-Resistant Steel Columns under Fire Load." In Structures Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40753(171)56.

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Franssen, Jean-Marc, and Venkatesh Kodur. "Residual Load Bearing Capacity of Structures Exposed to Fire." In Structures Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40558(2001)89.

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Liu, Faqi, Hua Yang, and Sumei Zhang. "Fire and post-fire performance of circular steel tube confined reinforced concrete columns." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7002.

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Fire and post-fire behaviours of reinforced concrete columns confined by circular steel tubes, also known as circular steel tube confined reinforced concrete (STCRC) columns, are investigated in this paper. 5 full-scale specimens exposed to fire and 47 specimens after fire exposure were tested. Temperatures across the sections, displacement versus time curves, fire resistance, load versus displacement responses and load-bearing capacities were measured and discussed. A finite element (FE) model was developed using the program ABAQUS, and validated against the test results from the present study. Simplified design methods were proposed for predicting the fire resistance and residual load-bearing capacity of the STCRC columns under and after fire exposure, respectively.
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Siebert, Geralt. "Fire safe glazing with additional requirements." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1183.

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<p>An essential element of fire protection, in addition to the appropriate design of load‐bearing components (fire resistance), is the subdivision of buildings into fire compartments. In modern architecture is a demand for transparent fire‐resistant components, which are then made of glass. Verifications of the load‐bearing capacity against static loads such as wind usually are done by calculation whereas fire resistance is proofed by tests. In most cases, fire‐resistant glass has no further proof, transparent glass components are either classified for fire or to meet other special requirements such as fall protection (e.g. for floor‐ceiling façade elements) or “walk‐ on”. The paper gives an overview about the possibilities to fulfill the requirements for static glass design (including fall protection and walk‐on element) as well as for fire protection, respectively. To complete the picture, examples of realized projects are presented. For several types of vertical and horizontal fire‐protective glazing, testing to verify impact resistance were carried out. For a walk‐on‐overhead‐glazing installed in a subway station testing in a furnace against fire and in laboratory against walking people was done.</p>
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Reports on the topic "Fire load"

1

Hoehler, Matthew S., and Christopher M. Smith. Influence of fire on the lateral load capacity of steel-sheathed cold-formed steel shear walls - report of test. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8160.

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Heymsfield, Ernie, and Jeb Tingle. State of the practice in pavement structural design/analysis codes relevant to airfield pavement design. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40542.

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An airfield pavement structure is designed to support aircraft live loads for a specified pavement design life. Computer codes are available to assist the engineer in designing an airfield pavement structure. Pavement structural design is generally a function of five criteria: the pavement structural configuration, materials, the applied loading, ambient conditions, and how pavement failure is defined. The two typical types of pavement structures, rigid and flexible, provide load support in fundamentally different ways and develop different stress distributions at the pavement – base interface. Airfield pavement structural design is unique due to the large concentrated dynamic loads that a pavement structure endures to support aircraft movements. Aircraft live loads that accompany aircraft movements are characterized in terms of the load magnitude, load area (tire-pavement contact surface), aircraft speed, movement frequency, landing gear configuration, and wheel coverage. The typical methods used for pavement structural design can be categorized into three approaches: empirical methods, analytical (closed-form) solutions, and numerical (finite element analysis) approaches. This article examines computational approaches used for airfield pavement structural design to summarize the state-of-the-practice and to identify opportunities for future advancements. United States and non-U.S. airfield pavement structural codes are reviewed in this article considering their computational methodology and intrinsic qualities.
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Brown, Alexander, Dann A. Jernigan, and Amanda B. Dodd. Intermediate-scale Fire Performance of Composite Panels under Varying Loads. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177721.

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Mitchell, Richard A., Simone L. Yaniv, Kenneth Yee, and Otto K. Warnlof. Intercomparison of load cell verification tests performed by national laboratories of five countries. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.89-4101.

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Grol, Eric, Thomas J. Tarka, Paul Myles, Leonard M. Bartone, Jr, James Simpson, and Gianalfredo Rossi. Impact of Load Following on the Economics of Existing Coal-Fired Power Plant Operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1513827.

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Kirby, B. J. Using Five-Minute Data to Allocate Load-Following and Regulation Requirements among Individual Customers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/814471.

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Gerdes, John. Design of a Five-Axis Load Cell for Submerged Wing Testing in an Oil Tank. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada562393.

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Amiti, Mary, and David Weinstein. How Much do Idiosyncratic Bank Shocks Affect Investment? Evidence from Matched Bank-Firm Loan Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18890.

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Thomas, R. L. A review of potential turbine technology options for improving the off-design performance of direct coal-fired gas turbines in base load service. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5086915.

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Thomas, R. L. A review of potential turbine technology options for improving the off-design performance of direct coal-fired gas turbines in base load service. Second topical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10161825.

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