Academic literature on the topic 'Fire resistance class'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fire resistance class"
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Husar, B., V. Kovalyshyn, V. Marych, R. Lozynskyi, and P. Pastukhov. "COMBINED EXTINGUISHING OF CLASS D, CLASS A AND CLASS B FIRES." Fire Safety 35 (February 26, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.35.2019.05.
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The scope of magnesium and aluminium and their alloys in industry, construction and life are expanding over time. As a rule, there are no clean fires of class D, which include combustion of magnesium, aluminium and their alloys. The problem is that the temperature of combustion of magnesium and its alloys can rise above 2800 Celsius degree. Magnesium burns even in the atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide and such fire is very difficult to extinguish. When water contacts the magnesium or other light metals, the area of fire expands.
The main purpose of this work is to study the combined extinguishing of light metals fires, Class A fires and class B fires with a special dry chemical powder and high resistance foaming agent.
The problem of extinguishing fires at objects with the using of light metals (magnesium, aluminium) and their alloys has been explored. Class D fires usually lead to class A and class B fires. They occur at high temperatures, and may cause explosions. Scenarios for the development of fires can be as follows: burning of light metals or solid combustible materials ad initium and light metal fire that requires combined extinguishing methods afterwards. Dry chemical powder formulation for extinguishing class A, B, D and and electrical installations under voltage, which includes: sodium chloride, blast furnace slag, ammophos, aerosol has been developed. Testing of this powder has been carried out in the laboratory using chips of magnesium and aluminium alloys. The combustion area in all experiments has been equal to 2.85 × 10-2 sq. m. The quality of the powder has been evaluated by the intensity of the D class fire and the extinguishing time of the B class fier. Dry chemical powder KM-2 has been tested for extinguishing fires 21B, 1A. and for magnesium alloy chips fires. Combined extinguishing tests were conducted on class D, class A and class B fires in field conditions. Method of combined extinguishing with the dry chemical powder followed by covering the entire burning area with high-expansion foam has been proposed (the fire with total area of 2.5 square meters has been extinguished for 45 s). Extinguishing methods have been tested on model fires. Safety measures for light metal extinguishing have been developed.
Conclusions: formulation for universal KM 2 dry chemical powder for extinguishing class D, A, B fires, which consists of sodium chloride, ammophos, slag, aerosil, has been developed. Successful extinguishing of class D and B fires has been carried out succesfully; technology of combined fire fighting D and A has been substantiated.
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Izydorczyk, Daniel, Bartłomiej Sędłak, Bartłomiej Papis, and Piotr Turkowski. "Doors with Specific Fire Resistance Class." Procedia Engineering 172 (2017): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.010.
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Khamichonok, V. V., N. G. Matveev, I. A. Mirochnik, and E. V. Chinоikalov. "Elaboration of a technology of class A500 reinforcing bar production with a complex of additional properties as per GOST 34028–2016 at JSC EVRAZ ZSMK." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 6 (July 26, 2019): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-6-711-717.
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On 01.01.2019 the interstate standard GOST 34028–2016 “Reinforcing bars for concrete structures. Technical specifications” will come into force, which will replace the standards GOST R 52544 (in the part of A500S class), GOST 10884 and GOST 5781. The new standard will introduce a complex of additional properties for reinforcing bars of A500 class to provide reliability of its application in the high rise construction, in areas of increased seismic activity, in aggressive media (sea areas) and in bridges construction (increased cyclic loads). In view of this a complex of work accomplished at JSC EVRAZ ZSMK to elaborate technologies of production A500 reinforcing bars, completely meeting the requirements of GOST 34028 regarding base characteristics (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, technological ductility) as well as additional ones (corrosion resistance, endurance, high ductility). In addition, an evaluation of fire resistance and fire safety of the A500 class rebar (the characteristics not present in the standard) accomplished. To determine the additional characteristics the following tests done: for tensile and bending for rebar of high ductility (class A500E), for corrosion resistance (class A500K), for endurance (class A500У), for fire resistance and fire safety (class А500С and А500Е). As a result of the work accomplished it was determined, that reinforcing bars of trial production of 18Г2С steel, micro-alloyed by vanadium, meet the requirements of GOST 34028–2016 to A500E class. Also determined that the reinforcing bars of trial production of class А500К and А500Е, made of steel grades Ст3Гпс, Ст3Гсп and 18Г2С meet the requirements of GOST 34028 regarding corrosion resistance for their application in structures without preliminary strain. Besides it was shown, that the reinforcing bars of regular production made of Ст3пс and Ст3Гсп steel grades meet the requirements of GOST 34028–2016 to class A500У regarding to resistance against fatigue multiple repeating cyclic loads. The experiment data regarding the fire resistance and fire safety obtained for trial and regular production enabled to determine the heating temperature effect on the rebar mechanical properties depending on the steel chemical composition and the bar diameter.
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Podolski, Dmitrij, and Mindaugas Grigonis. "THE FIRE RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT OF PROTECTED STEEL ELEMENTS USING VARIOUS FIRE PROTECTION MATERIALS AND DIFFERENT HEATING CONDITIONS / METALINIŲ KONSTRUKCIJŲ, APSAUGOTŲ ĮVAIRIOMIS PRIEŠGAISRINĖMIS MEDŽIAGOMIS, ATSPARUMO UGNIAI ĮVERTINIMAS SKIRTINGOMIS BANDYMŲ SĄLYGOMIS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 3, no. 2 (June 7, 2011): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.038.
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The problem of the resistance to fire of metal constructions is examined and different fire resistance furnaces are overviewed. Testing conditions and testing methods by which the elements were tested resistance to fire were performed and provided. The article describes the behaviour of different fireproof materials during the tests and it analyzes the influence of different heating conditions to element’s fire resistance class. The tests’ results, findings, advices are also included.
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Richardson, L. R., and R. A. McPhee. "Fire-resistance and Sound-transmission-class Ratings for Wood-frame Walls." Fire and Materials 20, no. 3 (May 1996): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1018(199605)20:3<123::aid-fam564>3.0.co;2-7.
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Richardson, L. R., R. A. McPhee, and M. Batista. "Sound-transmission-class and fire-resistance ratings for wood-frame floors." Fire and Materials 24, no. 1 (January 2000): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1018(200001/02)24:1<17::aid-fam694>3.0.co;2-z.
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Lubloy, Eva. "How does concrete strength affect the fire resistance?" Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-10-2019-0035.
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Purpose The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of concrete strength on the fire resistance of structures. At first, it may seem contradictory that higher concrete strengths can decrease the fire resistance of building structures. However, if the strength of the concrete exceeds a maximum value, the risk of spalling (the detachment of the concrete surface) significantly. Design/methodology/approach Prefabricated structural elements are often produced with higher strength. The higher concrete strengths generally do not cause a reduction in the load bearing capacity, but it can have serious consequences in case of structural fire design. Results of two prefabricated elements, namely, one slab (TT shaped panel) and one single layer wall panel, were examined. Results of the specimen with the originally designed composition and a specimen with modified concrete composition were examined, were polymer fibres were added to prevent spalling. Findings As a result of the experiments, more strict regulations in the standards the author is suggested including more strict regulations in the standards. It has been proved that to ensure the fire safety of the reinforced concrete structures, it is required after polymer fibres even in lower concrete strength class than prescribed by the standard. In addition, during the classification and evaluation of structures, it is advisable to introduce an upper limit of allowed concrete strength for fire safety reasons. Originality/value As a result of the experiments, the author suggests including more strict regulations in the standards. It has been proved that to ensure the fire safety of the reinforced concrete structures, it is necessary to require the addition of polymer fibres even in lower concrete strength class than prescribed by the standard. In addition, during the classification and evaluation of structures, it is advisable to introduce an upper limit of allowed concrete strength for fire safety reasons.
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Park, Woo Chang, and Chang Yong Song. "Meta-Models and Genetic Algorithm Application to Approximate Optimization with Discrete Variables for Fire Resistance Design of A60 Class Bulkhead Penetration Piece." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 2972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072972.
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A60 class bulkhead penetration piece is a fire-resistance apparatus installed on bulkhead compartments to protect lives and to prevent flame diffusion in case of fire accident in ships and offshore plants. In this study, approximate optimization with discrete variables was carried out for the fire-resistance design of an A60 class bulkhead penetration piece (A60 BPP) using various meta-models and multi-island genetic algorithms. Transient heat transfer analysis was carried out to evaluate the fire-resistance design of the A60 class bulkhead penetration piece, and we verified the results of the analysis via a fire test. The design of the experiment’s method was applied to generate the meta-models to be used for the approximate optimization, and the verified results of the transient heat transfer analysis were integrated with the design of the experiment’s method. The meta-models used in the approximate optimization were response surface model, Kriging, and radial basis function-based neural network. In the approximate optimization, the bulkhead penetration piece length, diameter, material type, and insulation density were applied to discrete design variables, and constraints that were considered include temperature, productivity, and cost. The approximate optimum design problem based on the meta-model was formulated such that the discrete design variables were determined by minimizing the weight of the A60 class bulkhead penetration piece subject to the limit values of constraints. In the context of approximate accuracy, the solution results from the approximate optimization were compared to actual analysis results. It was concluded that the radial basis function-based neural network, among the meta-models used in the approximate optimization, showed the most accurate optimum design results for the fire-resistance design of the A60 class bulkhead penetration piece.
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Sędłak, Bartłomiej, Paweł Roszkowski, and Paweł Sulik. "Fire Insulation of Aluminum Glazed Partitions Depending on the Infill Solution of Framework Profiles." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 26, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0038.
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Abstract This paper presents the main problems related to the fire resistance of aluminium glazed partitions. It discusses technical solutions used in partition systems with a specific fire resistance class, as well as a procedure and the general principles of classification of fire resistance for structures of this type. Moreover, the paper presents the comparison of fire resistance test results of glazed partition test specimens, depending on the volume of insulation inserts placed inside the aluminium structure profiles. To made the comparison the specimens with the same transom - mullion structure were tested with two filling solutions - with same profiles filled only in the middle part and fully filled.
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Dobrostan, O., S. Novak, and V. Drizhd. "FIRE RESISTANCE OF STEEL AIR DUCTS WITH COMBINED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM." Scientific bulletin: Сivil protection and fire safety 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33269/nvcz.2020.1.52-65.
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The results of research of fire resistance of steel air ducts with the combined system of fire protection in the conditions of fire influence according to the standard temperature regime according to DSTU B V.1.1-4 are resulted. Steel air ducts were investigated, in the design of which two fire protection systems were used, in which passive fire protection material material (fiberglass "IPS-T-1000") and reactive fire protection material materials ("Endotherm HT-150" and "Endotherm 250103") were used. The research method is applied, which is based on the provisions of DSTU B V.1.1-16. The essence of this technique is that the samples of steel ducts are installed in the vertical support structure of the furnace and exposed to fire. According to the obtained experimental data, the integrity and thermal insulation capacity of air ducts are evaluated. According to the results of the research, the peculiarities of temperature distribution on the unheated surface of air ducts in the conditions of fire influence and characteristics of fire resistance of steel air ducts with the combined fire protection system are determined. It is shown that the temperature is most important on the unheated surface of the duct near the place of its compaction in the vertical enclosingstructure. The temperature on the surface of the duct at a distance of 325 mm from the enclosing structure is several tens of degrees lower than the temperature on the surface of the duct at a distance of 25 mm from it. The period of time to achieve the loss of thermal insulation capacity of air ducts and the class of their fire resistance, which is EI 45. The direction of further researches which are focused on revealing of dependencesbetween a time interval before achievement of loss of thermal insulation capacity and thickness of layers of the combined system of fire protection for steel air ducts is defined. This detection will determine the optimalparameters of the combined fire protection system for steel air ducts, acceptable to ensure their fire resistance for a wide range of duration of fire exposure at a standard temperature.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fire resistance class"
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Ehlig, Daniel, Frank Jesse, and Manfred Curbach. "Stahlbetonplatten verstärkt mit Textilbeton unter Brandbelastung." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244050720109-69672.
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Im Rahmen experimenteller Untersuchungen wurden Stahlbetonplatten hergestellt, mit verschiedenen textilen Bewehrungen verstärkt, mit 125 % Gebrauchslast vorgeschädigt und anschließend unter Gebrauchslast mit einer Brandbelastung nach der Einheitstemperaturkurve (ISO-834, Cellulosic curve) beaufschlagt. Alle Platten hielten der Brandbelastung bei gleichzeitiger Biegebeanspruchung mehr als 60 Minuten stand und zeigten weder Betonabplatzungen noch andere optische Schädigungen auf. Die für dieses überraschend positive Ergebnis verantwortlichen Mechanismen werden diskutiert, sind aber noch nicht vollständig verstanden. Eine Schlüsselrolle spielt dabei vermutlich das gute Rissverhalten von Textilbeton und interne Umlagerungen zwischen Textil und Stahlbewehrung.
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Hsieh, Chien-Hsiang, and 謝建祥. "Application of Modified Clays:(1) Study on the Fire Resistant and Characterization of Novolac Cured Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposites with Clays Modified by Different Types of Fullerene(2) Study on the Process of Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Containing the Modif." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77505812351487385082.
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碩士中原大學
化學研究所
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In this study, clays, as dispersed template, were modified by different types of fullerene materials, such as carbon 60 and carbon nanocapsules as one of intercalants. The enhanced effects of fire retardant come from clays with barrier and fullerene with free radical capture. Clays were modified by organic compounds and functionalized C60 and carbon nanocapsules (CNC). The modified clays were characterized by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to confirm the inclusion of modified agent into clay layers. The dispersion morphology of clay in the novolac cured epoxy resin was analyzed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used to study the thermal and mechanical properties. Finally, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimeter test were applied to evaluate the flammability of these nanocomposites. The best composition of modified clay nanocomposite was selected to make printed circuit board (PCB) and discussed the properties and flammability. Furthermore, the slurry, containing the modified clay as the precursor of plasma, was deposited on the surface of the substance and formed the film by the technology of the atmospheric-pressure plasma (AP plasma). Then study its characteristic. CL120_PI/C60-O/BEN 3wt% nanocomposite has shown the best flammability. Apply this result to make the printed circuit board which has passed the UL94-V1 test. The modified clays could be deposited on the surface of the substance and formed the film by the process of the atmospheric-pressure plasma (AP plasma).
Books on the topic "Fire resistance class"
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Summary report for consortium on fire resistance and sound insulation of floors: Sound transmission class and impact insulation class results. [Ottawa]: CMHC, 2000.
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Hammack, Phillip L. Social Psychology and Social Justice: Critical Principles and Perspectives for the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.1.
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This introduction presents the concept of social justice as an idea (and ideal) linked to Enlightenment philosophies and their realization in modern democracies. The historical emergence of social psychology as a discipline is discussed in relation to twentieth-century movements for postcolonial independence and civil rights, the demise of the eugenics movement, and challenges to ideologies of ethnic hierarchy. Five principles of a social psychology of social justice for the twenty-first century are proposed, orienting empirical work toward (1) a critical ontological perspective, (2) assumption of a normative stance toward justice, (3) alliance with the subordinate, (4) analysis of resistance, and (5) commitment to public science and scientific activism. Chapters within the volume are situated in relation to six areas of inquiry: (1) critical ontologies, paradigms, and methods; (2) race and ethnicity; (3) gender and sexuality; (4) class and poverty; (5) globalization and conflict; and (6) intervention, advocacy, and social policy.
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Yamin, Rebecca, and Donna J. Seifert. The Archaeology of Prostitution and Clandestine Pursuits. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056456.001.0001.
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The archaeological study of prostitution in nineteenth-century American contexts grew out of the discovery of brothels in the 1990s during large urban projects done in compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act. This book provides an overview of many of those projects as well as detailed discussions of a brothel found at Five Points in New York City and several parlor houses found in Washington, D.C. The large artifact assemblages recovered in combination with detailed primary and secondary historical research have produced a complex picture of commercial sex, which the book discusses in both nineteenth-century and twenty-first century perspectives. Agency theory is used to link the practice of prostitution with other forms of clandestine behavior that have come to light through archaeology. Issues of gender, class, and race run through the archaeological study of clandestine behavior, which includes acts of resistance in public—from drinking on the job to piracy—and acts in private—from hiding caches of artifacts in vulnerable places to scratching inscrutable designs on ceramic pots. The book ends with questions that touch on the age-old conundrum of passing judgment. Should prostitution be decriminalized? Should the efficacy of spiritual practices be questioned? The value of anomalous artifacts and their interpretation is stressed as crucial to recognizing brothels and evidence of clandestine pursuits.
Book chapters on the topic "Fire resistance class"
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Saage-Maaß, Miriam. "Legal Interventions and Transnational Alliances in the Ali Enterprises Case: Struggles for Workers’ Rights in Global Supply Chains." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 25–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_3.
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AbstractThis article highlights the persistence of exploitative working conditions in global supply chains resulting from the constant need to externalise costs and increase consumption with a view to sustaining the “imperial lifestyle” of people in the Global North. While the law structures today’s global value chains and is designed to secure the economic interests of Global North companies that sit at the top of most of such chains, it also bears considerable potential for transformation and empowerment. The different legal interventions around the 2012 Ali Enterprises factory fire demonstrate that law is not only a direct product of dominant class interests, but that it can also open up opportunities for resistance and emancipatory struggle. Written from the perspective of one of the actors closely involved in the legal struggle for justice that followed the Ali Enterprises factory fire, both in terms of building transnational alliances as well as in the litigation itself, this chapter critically reflects on the achievements of the legal interventions carried out and also attempts to develop criteria for a holistic approach to what is often called strategic litigation.
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"relevant fire resistant class." In Tubular Structures V, 129. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482271355-57.
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Gharzouni, Ameni, Clément Alizé, and Sylvie Rossignol. "Fire Resistant Geopolymers Based on Several Clays Mixtures." In Clay and Clay Minerals [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98566.
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This chapter aims to highlight the effect of clay mixture mineral composition and alkali concentration of potassium alkaline solutions on the thermal behavior of geopolymer materials. For this, three mixtures composed of kaolin (pure, impure kaolin or mixture of both), calcium carbonate, sand and potassium feldspar and three potassium alkaline silicate solutions with different concentrations were used (5, 6 and 7 mol.L−1). At first, the effect of rotary calcination parameters at 750°C such as the dwell time (30, 60, 120 and 180 min) and weight powder (100, 400 and 500 g) was investigated. It was demonstrated that the kaolin dehydroxylation is quasi complete (> 90%) and do not significantly depend on the dwell time and powder weight. Whereas the carbonate decomposition degree increases with the increase of dwell time and the decrease of powder weight but still not complete (<80%). These differences influence the feasibility of consolidated materials. Indeed, a flash setting occurs for samples based mixtures with high calcium carbonate decomposition degree (> 50%) and low wettability values (500 μL/g) for the three used alkaline solutions. The thermal behavior at 1000°C depends on the chemical composition of the aluminosilicate source and the concentration of alkaline solution. A conservation of the compressive strength at 43 MPa after thermal treatment at 1000°C of geopolymers based on mixture of pure and impure kaolin and a low potassium concentration solution (5 mol.L−1) was evidenced.
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White, Robert E. "Soil Quality in Vineyards." In Soils for Fine Wines. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141023.003.0009.
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The soil must provide a favorable physical environment for the growth of vines—their roots and beneficial soil organisms. Some of the important properties contributing to this condition are infiltration rate, soil strength, available water capacity, drainage, and aeration. Ideally, the infiltration rate IR should be >50 mm/hr, allowing water to enter the soil without ponding on the surface, which is predisposed to runoff and erosion. The range of infiltration rates for soils of different texture and structural condition is shown in table 7.1. Typically, the soil aggregates should have a high degree of water stability so that when the soil is subjected to pressure from wheeled traffic or heavy rain, the aggregates do not collapse, nor do the clays deflocculate. Some of the problems associated with the collapse of wet aggregates and clay de-flocculation, and the formation of hard surface crusts when dry, are discussed in section 3.2.3. Pans that develop at depth in the soil profile, as a result of remolding of wet aggregates under wheel or cultivation pressure, can be barriers to root growth. Soil strength is synonymous with consistence, which is the resistance by the soil to deformation when subjected to a compressive shear force (box 2.2). Soil strength depends on the soil matrix potential m and bulk density BD, as illustrated in figure 7.1. In situ soil strength is best measured using a penetrometer, as discussed in box 7.1. The soil strength at a ψm of −10 kPa (FC ) should be <2 MPa for easy root penetration and should not exceed 3 MPa at –1500 kPa (PWP). As shown in figure 7.1, when ψm is between −10 and −100 kPa, the soil strength increases with BD. The BD of vineyard soils can increase, particularly in the inter-row areas because of compaction by machinery, such as tractors, spray equipment, and harvesters. Typically, compaction occurs at depths between 20 and 25 cm and is more severe in sandy soils than in clay loams and clays (except when the clays are sodic; see section 7.2.3). Figure 7.2 shows the marked difference in soil compaction, measured by penetration resistance, under a wheel track and under a vine row on a sandy soil in a vineyard.
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Nash, June. "CHAPTER FIVE. Cultural Resistance and Class Consciousness in Bolivian Tin-Mining Communities." In Power and Popular Protest, 182–202. University of California Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520352148-009.
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Nixon, Angelique V. "Negotiating Tropical Desires in Social and Physical Landscapes." In Resisting Paradise. University Press of Mississippi, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781628462180.003.0005.
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Chapter five offers another case study of a tourist dependent economy and local resistance to paradise discourse in Jamaica while focusing on the negotiations of what Krista Thompson describes as a “tropical landscape of desire.” This chapter examines the multifaceted approach to challenging neocolonialism and participation in “resistance culture” by Jamaican writer, activist, and scholar Erna Brodber. Brodber utilizes both creative work and cultural activism to resist exploitative consumption of the Caribbean; in the novel Myal and research project Blackspace and Educo-tourism. This chapter also considers the work of Jamaican filmmaker Esther Figueroa in her documentary Jamaica For Sale about tourism, unsustainable development, and the impact on the environment and working class Jamaicans. In comparing these two very different responses to the burden of paradise, this chapter offers an analysis of how environment and class work to complicate cultural and political activism and desire for ethical and non-exploitative relations within and through a tourism dependent economy.
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"Chapter Five. The “Second Battle of Atlanta”: Massive Resistance and the Divided Middle Class." In White Flight, 131–60. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400848973-008.
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Özatalay, Cem, Gözde Aytemur Nüfusçu, and Gülistan Zeren. "The Use of Blood Money in the Establishment of Non-Justice: Necrodomination and Resistance." In Turkey's Necropolitical Laboratory, 160–86. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450263.003.0008.
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The use of blood money by powerful people during the judicial process following different kinds of homicides (workplace homicides, state homicides, gun homicides and so on) has become commonplace within the neoliberal context. Based on data obtained from five cases in Turkey, this chapter shows, on the one hand, how the use of blood money serves as an effective tool in the hands of powerful people to consolidate power relations, particularly necropower, as well as the relationship of domination, which rests upon class and identity-based inequalities. The analysis indicates that the blood money offers made by powerful people allows them to minimize potential penalties within penal courts and also to keep their privileged positions in the social hierarchy by purchasing the ‘right to kill’. On the other hand, the resistance of the oppressed and aggrieved people to the subjugation of life to the power of death is analysed with a particular focus on the role of power asymmetries between perpetrators and victims and their unequal positions in the social hierarchy. This conflictual relationship, which we qualify as an expression of necrodomination, offers novel insights into Turkey’s historically shaped system of domination.
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Melzer, Mark. "Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Treatment (OPAT)." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0058.
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Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is the provision of intravenous (IV) antibiotics to patients in the community or an ambulatory care setting. It was first used to treat children with cystic fibrosis in the 1970s but did not become part of adult services in the UK until the 1990s. OPAT facilitates hospital admission avoidance and decreased lengths of inpatient stay. It is associated with high levels of patient satisfaction. Recent clinical guidelines on the provision of OPAT services in the UK and US have recently been published Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), in particular lower limb cellulitis, are the commonest medical conditions referred to OPAT services. Patients are typically treated for three to five days with IV antibiotics but patients with lymphoedema or underlying skin conditions typically require longer courses. Increasingly, multidrug-resistant urinary tract infections (UTIs) may be treated in the community with IV antibiotics, although oral options such as fosfomycin are now available. Patients with bone and joint infection invariably require prolonged parenteral antibiotic courses, whether this be vertebral osteomyelitis or native or prosthetic joint infection. Other less common examples, where careful patient selection is required, include infected diabetic foot ulcers (with or without osteomyelitis), infective endocarditis, empyema, liver, and tubo-ovarian and brain abscesses. Patients are recruited on the basis of clinical syndromes (e.g. lower limb cellulitis) or laboratory referral (e.g. multidrug-resistant UTIs). Active recruitment (e.g. attendance at acute assessment unit board rounds or orthopaedic multidisciplinary teams, MDTs) compared to passive recruitment (waiting for clinical referrals) increases the yield of patients. The suitability of a patient to receive treatment out of hospital or in an ambulatory care setting needs careful assessment and is dependent upon age, comorbidities, and severity of infection. OPAT also requires patients to engage actively and reliably with therapy. Therefore, IV drug users and patients with serious mental health problems are generally not suitable. Commonly used antibiotics are those given once daily as these reduce nursing time, although some nursing teams can administer IV antibiotics up to three times per day. It is imperative to take a drug allergy history and seek an alternative class of antibiotics when a patient complains of severe penicillin allergy.
Conference papers on the topic "Fire resistance class"
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Chen, Xuedong, Zhibin Ai, Zhichao Fan, Rongrong Li, Peng Xu, and Huifeng Jiang. "Integrity Assessment of Pressure Vessels and Pipelines Under Fire Accident Environment." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78222.
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In recent years, fire accidents take place frequently in Chinese oil refining plants. More and more attentions have been paid to the safety assessments of pressure vessels and pipelines exposed to high temperature of the fire scene. In this paper, combining with several integrity assessment cases of pressure vessels and pipelines after fire accidents in China, the effects of thermal exposure temperature, duration time and cooling rate on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and fatigue fracture behavior were studied by simulation test research and field inspection. Based on analysis and study of API 579 standard, a method of integrity assessment is proposed under the condition that the information on fire accident is not clear, the thermal exposure zone cannot be classified and the field sampling is limited. This assessment method is based on the similarity of hardness and metallographic structure of the material during the fire accident, by which the like material was treated by thermal simulation tests to obtain the similar damage material with similar hardness and metallographic structure to one obtained in the field examination, and the similar damage material is used to obtain various properties of the materials, and then the integrity assessment of the equipment experiencing the fire accident can be completed. The thermal simulation process to obtain similar damage materials is in fact the reproduction process of thermal exposure temperature, duration time, and cooling rate of the metal in the fire accident. This integrity assessment method is faster and simpler compared to API 579 standard and is suitable for the equipment subject to severe fire accident and in high-class thermal exposure zone.
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Murtagian, Gregorio R., Guillermo L. Fitzsimons, Juan C. González, Irina S. Kotova, and Nikoli I. Anenkov. "Arctic Linepipe With High Resistance to Crack Propagation and HIC." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1820.
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Linepipe steels for sour, arctic and offshore applications, form a class of material by themselves. These linepipes are originated in the need to fulfill several special characteristics like adequacy for induction bending, toughness requirement at very low temperature to prevent a unstable crack propagation, and hydrogen induced cracking resistance. These kind of linepipes are produced through clean steel practice, resulting in a low residuals content and a low non metallic inclusions rating. It is also very important to get a fine and uniform microstructure to guarantee good performance under sour environments, arctic and offshore conditions. In the present paper, a practical test to assess fitness for service of special linepipes is presented. Two linepipes with diameters between 219 and 273 mm and Diameter/thickness (D/t) ratios from 10 to 20, intended for arctic service were studied. While linepipe of both large Diameter and D/t (above 50), have been studied, there has been very little work done for diameters below 420 mm and D/t ratios in the range of 10–20. Full scale burst tests at −40°C and −60°C were carried out under controlled conditions. Actual crack propagation speed during burst tests at temperatures below −60°C, was tracked through an oscilloscope-computer data acquisition system. Weldability and hydrogen induced cracking performances were also studied.
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Alagarsamy, Karthik, Aleksandra Fortier, Rajiv Mishra, and Nilesh Kumar. "Investigation of Thermo-Mechanical Processing and Mechanical Properties of CoCrFeNiMn High Entropy Alloy for Peripheral Vascular Stent Application." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8770.
Full textAbstract:
High entropy alloys (HEAs) are a new class of metallic materials with five or more principal alloying elements. Due to this distinct concept of alloying, the HEAs exhibit unique properties compared to conventional alloys. The outstanding properties of HEAs include increased strength, superior wear resistance, high temperature stability, increased fatigue properties, good corrosion and oxidation resistance. Such characteristics of HEAs have generated significant interest among the scientific community however, their application is yet to be explored. This paper discusses the mechanical and microstructural behavior of CoCrFeNiMn HEA subjected to thermo-mechanical processing, and its potential application in peripheral vascular stent implants that are prone to high failure rate. Results show that CoCrFeNiMn has characteristics that can potentially find use in peripheral vascular stent implants and extend their life-cycle.
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Molter, L. "FAUSST – bridging the gap between steel and fibre reinforced materials." In 14th International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition. IMarEST, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2515-818x.2018.015.
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For a variety of applications, such as shipbuilding or automotive, a variety of materials is used in order to meet certain design constraints or certification limitations. Within ship building for international waters, different design codes are distinguished for civil and naval use. While the SOLAS (safety of life at seas) ship code and the HSC (high speed craft) code have strict regulation in the use of composite materials, some naval rules enable such materials already leading to ship designs e.g. the Visby or Zumwalt class. However, the joining of multi-material structures remains challenging from a technical and regulative point of view. Composite materials aboard of ships has a variety of benefits, such as weight reduction, fuel reduction, increased corrosion resistance and the ability to use different innovative design solutions. Nevertheless, these benefits have to be pondered against the higher material and process costs. Moreover, strict design rules according to naval requirements, e.g. shock resistance, impact, etc. need to be met for the materials as well as their joints. The presented developments focus on one of the process challenges needed, being the joining of a steel structure and a composite material. Within the shipbuilding industry the preferred joining mechanism is welding, whereas other procedures such as bonding or riveting are complex in several manners, e.g. approval. To overcome this challenge FAUSST, a joint based on a hybrid knitted fabric, has been developed. This fabric is composed of steel and glass fibres in a way that a transition element is created, thereby effectively bridging both materials. It can be welded on one side to a metallic structure and integrated on the other side into a FRP. Depending on the design of the transition element loads of up to 240 kN per meter joint can be transferred in the presented design with an overlap length of only 10 mm. This transition element, therefore, may lead to more sophisticated designs using composite materials.
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Yu, Je-Yong, Ji-Ho Kim, Hyung Huh, Myong-Hwan Choi, and Dong-Seong Sohn. "Development of Control Rod Position Indicator Using Seismic-Resistance Reed Switches." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75092.
Full textAbstract:
The system-integrated reactor currently under development at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute is being designed with a soluble boron free operation and the use of a nuclear heating for the reactor start-up. These design features require a Control Element Drive Mechanism (CEDM) for the integral reactor to have a fine-step movement capability as well as a high reliability for a fine reactivity control. Also the reliability and accuracy of the information for the control rod position is very important to the reactor safety as well as the design of the core protection system. The position indicator is classified as a Class 1E component because the rod position signal of the position indicator is used in the safety related systems. Therefore it will be separated from the control systems to the extent that a failure of any single control system component of a channel and will have sufficient independence, redundancy, and testability to perform its safety functions assuming a single failure. The position indicator is composed of a permanent magnet, reed switches and a voltage divider. Four independent position indicators around the upper pressure housing provide an indication of the position of a control rod comprising of a permanent magnet with a magnetic field concentrator which moves with the extension shaft connected to the control rod. The arranged reed switches are positioned along a line parallel to the path of the movement of the permanent magnet and it is activated selectively when the permanent magnet passes by. The traditional reed switch is sealed in a glass tube filled with an inert gas. So it is easily damaged during an assembly and test. Therefore, this research adopts seismic-resistance reed switches to the position indicator in order to reduce the damages or impacts during the handling of the position indicator and earthquake. The control rod position indicator having a seismic-resistance characteristic for the integral reactor was developed and tested. The performance test of a position indicator with a compact arrangement of the seismic-resistance reed switches for a high resolution was successfully carried out. The results of this study have shown that a position indicator including seismic-resistance reed switches and a compact arrangement can be applied effectively to the integral reactor CEDM after the environmental tests.
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Robertson, Taylor, Xiao Huang, and Richard Kearsey. "Mullite Whisker Reinforced Zirconia Toughened Alumina for High Temperature Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25590.
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Particulate enhanced oxide ceramics are an attractive class of materials for high temperature applications because they possess many of the high temperature capabilities of monolithic ceramics but also have enhanced mechanical properties due to their multi-phase structure. High temperature structural ceramics have the potential to operate above at higher temperatures than current super alloys; however, processing costs and lack of reliability has prevented their commercialization. In this work a particulate reinforced ceramic composed entirely of oxides is proposed as a more oxidation resistant and cost effective structural ceramic which will have potentially improved resistance to environmental degradation. Zirconia Toughened Alumina (ZTA), as the matrix, has enhanced toughness, strength, and creep resistance over single phase alumina or zirconia. ZTA can further be strengthened by the incorporation of SiC type whiskers; however, these whiskers are prone to deterioration at temperatures above 1000°C through oxidation. In this work Mullite, in whisker form, is proposed as the reinforcement to ZTA due to its stability in oxidizing atmospheres at high temperatures. Mullite whiskers are grown through the molten salt method and incorporated into the ZTA matrix using a colloidal processing route in this study. The composition of the ZTA matrix is 15wt% Yttria stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), 85 wt% α-Alumina. The Mullite whiskers make up 20 vol% of the composite, yielding a final composition of 71.6 wt% Alumina, 12.7 wt% YSZ, and 15.6 wt% Mullite. The green compacts are fired in a two stage sintering process incorporating atmospheric pressure sintering to 92% density (seal the pore channels) and then hot isostatic pressure pressing (HIP) to increase the density. Samples have been tested for room temperature flexural strength using a three point bend test and fracture toughness through Gong’s Vickers indentation method. The results of microstructure study and mechanical tests are reported in this paper.
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Ito, Minoru, Michio Kaneko, Seiji Nishimura, and Hidehiko Sato. "Development of Corrosion Resistant Steel for Bottom Plates of Crude Oil Tankers and Onboard Evaluation Results." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83821.
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Pitting corrosion on the bottom plates of cargo oil tanks (COT) in very large crude carriers (VLCC) is very serious problem. Each tank may suffer up to 1,000 pits, with some reaching a depth of as much as 10 mm. As a result, the workload of repairing such pitting corrosions in periodical dock inspection is extremely heavy. Many studies have already been conducted to clarify the mechanism of pitting corrosion, but it has yet to be fully understood. We have clarified the pitting corrosion mechanism through onboard research on some VLCCs and various corrosion tests, in addition to the findings obtained by previous studies. Based on our understanding of the mechanism, we developed a corrosion test method to simulate the corrosive environment within the pits. Furthermore, we developed a new corrosion resistant steel (CRS) with trace amounts of alloying elements. The corrosion rate for CRS is less than one-fifth of conventional steels. Due to its very low alloy content, the weldability and mechanical properties of CRS remain similar to conventional steels. This CRS has already been applied to several VLCCs and we have examined its corrosion resistance through onboard investigations of the two VLCCs. One was for all its uncoated COT bottom plates, which were built of CRS, at the first docking (after 2.5 years). No pits deeper than 4 mm were found in the bottom plates of any COTs. Also, only about twenty pits of 2∼4-mm depth were found. The other was for the bottom plates of six unpainted COTs built of CRS at her first and second dockings (after 2.3 and 5 years). At five years, tens of pits deeper than 4 mm were found in all, but the pit count was much lower than that of VLCCs constructed of conventional steel. Thus, the good corrosion resistance of CRS was confirmed. In addition, it was also revealed through onboard research during a dock inspection that pit growth halted on VLCCs with more than five years service. SOLAS II-1 Cargo Oil Tank Corrosion Protection, which adopts the test method developed by us as the qualification test for bottom plates, comes into effect in 2013. In addition, CRS has already been certified by Class NK as corrosion resistant steel for COT bottom plates. CRS is set to play its part in the safe navigation of oil tankers. Furthermore, CRS does not require a protective coating of paint, which also benefits the global environment by reducing the use of volatile organic compounds.
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Rytter, Jan. "Qualification Approach to Unbonded Flexible Pipes With Fibre Reinforced Armour Layer." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51175.
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The future water depth capabilities for unbonded flexible pipes is being pushed by NKT Flexibles I/S through the development of an innovative flexible pipe structure, taking full advantage of the material characteristics of metallic, polymeric and fibre reinforced materials. The fluid tight liner and possible insulation of this pipe structure are supported by an inner armour, capable of carrying the external hydrostatic pressure, clamp and crushing loads, as well as axial compression load, and an outer armour, consisting of two cross wound layers of carbon/epoxy composites, carrying the internal pressure as well as end cap forces and applied tension. A permeable and radially flexible outer layer protects the composite armour. Combining known and well-proven flexible pipe technologies and new solutions for materials, structure and functionality of the flexible pipe, positions this future product outside the present industry standards for flexible pipes, e.g. API-17J. The analysis tools used for the conventional flexible pipes are validated by NKT according to the API-17J specification. The API-17J describes load cases and corresponding allowable utilization ratios, stated as design criteria. However, this approach is not directly applicable to the composite pipe, where the same analysis tools will be used, but the material in one of the two primary load bearing layers is made of fibre reinforced polymer, a material class not covered by the API allowable utilization factors. The DNV offshore standard DNV-OS-C501 considers any offshore structure in which the load bearing material is a composite. An accompanying Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F202 for composite risers has also been issued, but is not applicable to the composite flexible pipe. The design equations of the DNV standard are formulated in the so-called Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format, where partial safety factors are applied to the load effects and to the resistance variables that enter the design equations. The DNV standard DNV-OS-C501 covers composite materials and composite metal interfaces of a structure, metal parts should be designed according to other relevant standards. The API standard can therefore be used for the metal parts. One of the challenges in using this combined approach is the different ways loads are defined in the two standards. In short, this will result in a conventional API design check of the inner armour, the polymer layers, and the secondary layers, whereas the composite tensile armour, special intermediate layers and the interfaces will be analyzed with composite specific tools based on the criteria derived from the DNV standard. The qualification procedure is described and exemplified in the following.
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Falsone, Jesse. "Model Tests of the PACT Base America's Cup Hull in Following Seas." In SNAME 13th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium. SNAME, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/csys-1997-011.
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Model tests were conducted at the Davidson Laboratory to investigate the effect of following seas on the added resistance of the PACT (Partnership for America's Cup Technology) base America's Cup hull. A 1 :8 scale model of an International America's Cup Class yacht was provided by Team Dennis Conner and was refinished with funding from US Sailing to its original lines as the PACT base hull. Using this hull (canoe body with no appendages), model tests were conducted in the following seas condition. Upright, resistance tests were carried out at constant speed in both smooth water and regular waves of varying length and slope. The model was free to heave and pitch while restraining all other degrees of freedom. The data analysis revealed that at wavelengths approximately greater than two model lengths, the added resistance of the model is negative. A negative added resistance implies that the average drag force of the model in a particular following sea is less than the still-water drag of the model at the same speed. At wavelengths below this point, the added resistance of the model is greater than the still-water resistance. Furthermore, the form of the data suggests that at waves longer than were tested in this experiment (wavelengths greater than five model lengths), the added resistance of the model converges to the stillwater resistance. The experiment also verifies that the added resistance is proportional to the square of the wave height. The pitch and heave characteristics of the model as expressed in the form of response amplitude operators are independent of wave slope. This is to say that for a particular motion, the response amplitude operators for each wave slope overlap one another. The results of these model tests were to be used as a database for the IMS Pitching Moment Project established in an attempt to quantify the sensitivity of radius of gyration on yacht performance. Also, these results were to be used to validate CFD estimates of added resistance.
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Lau, Michael. "Model-Scale/Full-Scale Correlation of NRC-OCRE’s Model Resistance, Propulsion and Maneuvering Test Results." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42114.
Full textAbstract:
There are a variety of model ices and test techniques adopted by model test facilities. Most often, the clients would ask: “How well can you predict the full scale performance from your model test results?” Model-scale/full-scale correlation becomes an important litmus test to validate a model test technique and its results. This paper summarizes the model-scale/full-scale correlation performed on model test data generated at the National Research Council - Ocean, Coastal, and River Engineering’s (NRC-OCRE) test facility in St. John’s. This correlation includes ship performance predictions, i.e., resistance, propulsion and maneuvering. Selected works from NRC-OCRE on the USCGC icebreaker Healy, the CCGS icebreaker Terry-Fox, the CCGS R-Class icebreakers Pierre Radisson and Sir John Franklin and the CCGS icebreaker Louis S. St. Laurent were reviewed and summarized. The model tests were conducted at NRC-OCRE’s ice tank with the correct density (CD) EGADS model ice. This correlation is based on the concept that a “correlation friction coefficient” (CFC) can be used to predict full-scale ship icebreaking resistance from model test data. The CFCs have been compared for correlation studies using good-quality full-scale information for the five icebreaker models in the NRC-OCRE’s model test database. The review has shown a good agreement between NRCOCRE’s model test predictions and full-scale measurements. The resistance and power correlation were performed for five sets of full-scale data. Although there is substantial uncertainty on ice thickness and ice strength within the full scale data sets that contributes to data scattering, the data suggest a conservative estimate can be obtained to address reasonably this uncertainty by increasing the model prediction by 15% that envelopes most data points. Limited correlation for maneuvering in ice was performed for the USCGC icebreaker Healy. Selected test conditions from the sea trials were duplicated for the maneuvering tests and turning diameters were measured from the arcs of partial circles made in the ice tank. Performance predictions were then compared to the full-scale data previously collected. Despite some discrepancy in ice strength and power level between the model tests and sea trial, the model data agree well with the sea trial data except for three outliers. Otherwise, the maneuvering data show a good correlation between the model test and sea trial results.