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1
Husar, B., V. Kovalyshyn, V. Marych, R. Lozynskyi, and P. Pastukhov. "COMBINED EXTINGUISHING OF CLASS D, CLASS A AND CLASS B FIRES." Fire Safety 35 (February 26, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.35.2019.05.
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The scope of magnesium and aluminium and their alloys in industry, construction and life are expanding over time. As a rule, there are no clean fires of class D, which include combustion of magnesium, aluminium and their alloys. The problem is that the temperature of combustion of magnesium and its alloys can rise above 2800 Celsius degree. Magnesium burns even in the atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide and such fire is very difficult to extinguish. When water contacts the magnesium or other light metals, the area of fire expands.
The main purpose of this work is to study the combined extinguishing of light metals fires, Class A fires and class B fires with a special dry chemical powder and high resistance foaming agent.
The problem of extinguishing fires at objects with the using of light metals (magnesium, aluminium) and their alloys has been explored. Class D fires usually lead to class A and class B fires. They occur at high temperatures, and may cause explosions. Scenarios for the development of fires can be as follows: burning of light metals or solid combustible materials ad initium and light metal fire that requires combined extinguishing methods afterwards. Dry chemical powder formulation for extinguishing class A, B, D and and electrical installations under voltage, which includes: sodium chloride, blast furnace slag, ammophos, aerosol has been developed. Testing of this powder has been carried out in the laboratory using chips of magnesium and aluminium alloys. The combustion area in all experiments has been equal to 2.85 × 10-2 sq. m. The quality of the powder has been evaluated by the intensity of the D class fire and the extinguishing time of the B class fier. Dry chemical powder KM-2 has been tested for extinguishing fires 21B, 1A. and for magnesium alloy chips fires. Combined extinguishing tests were conducted on class D, class A and class B fires in field conditions. Method of combined extinguishing with the dry chemical powder followed by covering the entire burning area with high-expansion foam has been proposed (the fire with total area of 2.5 square meters has been extinguished for 45 s). Extinguishing methods have been tested on model fires. Safety measures for light metal extinguishing have been developed.
Conclusions: formulation for universal KM 2 dry chemical powder for extinguishing class D, A, B fires, which consists of sodium chloride, ammophos, slag, aerosil, has been developed. Successful extinguishing of class D and B fires has been carried out succesfully; technology of combined fire fighting D and A has been substantiated.
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Izydorczyk, Daniel, Bartłomiej Sędłak, Bartłomiej Papis, and Piotr Turkowski. "Doors with Specific Fire Resistance Class." Procedia Engineering 172 (2017): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.010.
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Khamichonok, V. V., N. G. Matveev, I. A. Mirochnik, and E. V. Chinоikalov. "Elaboration of a technology of class A500 reinforcing bar production with a complex of additional properties as per GOST 34028–2016 at JSC EVRAZ ZSMK." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 6 (July 26, 2019): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-6-711-717.
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On 01.01.2019 the interstate standard GOST 34028–2016 “Reinforcing bars for concrete structures. Technical specifications” will come into force, which will replace the standards GOST R 52544 (in the part of A500S class), GOST 10884 and GOST 5781. The new standard will introduce a complex of additional properties for reinforcing bars of A500 class to provide reliability of its application in the high rise construction, in areas of increased seismic activity, in aggressive media (sea areas) and in bridges construction (increased cyclic loads). In view of this a complex of work accomplished at JSC EVRAZ ZSMK to elaborate technologies of production A500 reinforcing bars, completely meeting the requirements of GOST 34028 regarding base characteristics (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, technological ductility) as well as additional ones (corrosion resistance, endurance, high ductility). In addition, an evaluation of fire resistance and fire safety of the A500 class rebar (the characteristics not present in the standard) accomplished. To determine the additional characteristics the following tests done: for tensile and bending for rebar of high ductility (class A500E), for corrosion resistance (class A500K), for endurance (class A500У), for fire resistance and fire safety (class А500С and А500Е). As a result of the work accomplished it was determined, that reinforcing bars of trial production of 18Г2С steel, micro-alloyed by vanadium, meet the requirements of GOST 34028–2016 to A500E class. Also determined that the reinforcing bars of trial production of class А500К and А500Е, made of steel grades Ст3Гпс, Ст3Гсп and 18Г2С meet the requirements of GOST 34028 regarding corrosion resistance for their application in structures without preliminary strain. Besides it was shown, that the reinforcing bars of regular production made of Ст3пс and Ст3Гсп steel grades meet the requirements of GOST 34028–2016 to class A500У regarding to resistance against fatigue multiple repeating cyclic loads. The experiment data regarding the fire resistance and fire safety obtained for trial and regular production enabled to determine the heating temperature effect on the rebar mechanical properties depending on the steel chemical composition and the bar diameter.
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Podolski, Dmitrij, and Mindaugas Grigonis. "THE FIRE RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT OF PROTECTED STEEL ELEMENTS USING VARIOUS FIRE PROTECTION MATERIALS AND DIFFERENT HEATING CONDITIONS / METALINIŲ KONSTRUKCIJŲ, APSAUGOTŲ ĮVAIRIOMIS PRIEŠGAISRINĖMIS MEDŽIAGOMIS, ATSPARUMO UGNIAI ĮVERTINIMAS SKIRTINGOMIS BANDYMŲ SĄLYGOMIS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 3, no. 2 (June 7, 2011): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.038.
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The problem of the resistance to fire of metal constructions is examined and different fire resistance furnaces are overviewed. Testing conditions and testing methods by which the elements were tested resistance to fire were performed and provided. The article describes the behaviour of different fireproof materials during the tests and it analyzes the influence of different heating conditions to element’s fire resistance class. The tests’ results, findings, advices are also included.
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Richardson, L. R., and R. A. McPhee. "Fire-resistance and Sound-transmission-class Ratings for Wood-frame Walls." Fire and Materials 20, no. 3 (May 1996): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1018(199605)20:3<123::aid-fam564>3.0.co;2-7.
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Richardson, L. R., R. A. McPhee, and M. Batista. "Sound-transmission-class and fire-resistance ratings for wood-frame floors." Fire and Materials 24, no. 1 (January 2000): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1018(200001/02)24:1<17::aid-fam694>3.0.co;2-z.
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Lubloy, Eva. "How does concrete strength affect the fire resistance?" Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-10-2019-0035.
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Purpose The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of concrete strength on the fire resistance of structures. At first, it may seem contradictory that higher concrete strengths can decrease the fire resistance of building structures. However, if the strength of the concrete exceeds a maximum value, the risk of spalling (the detachment of the concrete surface) significantly. Design/methodology/approach Prefabricated structural elements are often produced with higher strength. The higher concrete strengths generally do not cause a reduction in the load bearing capacity, but it can have serious consequences in case of structural fire design. Results of two prefabricated elements, namely, one slab (TT shaped panel) and one single layer wall panel, were examined. Results of the specimen with the originally designed composition and a specimen with modified concrete composition were examined, were polymer fibres were added to prevent spalling. Findings As a result of the experiments, more strict regulations in the standards the author is suggested including more strict regulations in the standards. It has been proved that to ensure the fire safety of the reinforced concrete structures, it is required after polymer fibres even in lower concrete strength class than prescribed by the standard. In addition, during the classification and evaluation of structures, it is advisable to introduce an upper limit of allowed concrete strength for fire safety reasons. Originality/value As a result of the experiments, the author suggests including more strict regulations in the standards. It has been proved that to ensure the fire safety of the reinforced concrete structures, it is necessary to require the addition of polymer fibres even in lower concrete strength class than prescribed by the standard. In addition, during the classification and evaluation of structures, it is advisable to introduce an upper limit of allowed concrete strength for fire safety reasons.
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Park, Woo Chang, and Chang Yong Song. "Meta-Models and Genetic Algorithm Application to Approximate Optimization with Discrete Variables for Fire Resistance Design of A60 Class Bulkhead Penetration Piece." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 2972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072972.
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A60 class bulkhead penetration piece is a fire-resistance apparatus installed on bulkhead compartments to protect lives and to prevent flame diffusion in case of fire accident in ships and offshore plants. In this study, approximate optimization with discrete variables was carried out for the fire-resistance design of an A60 class bulkhead penetration piece (A60 BPP) using various meta-models and multi-island genetic algorithms. Transient heat transfer analysis was carried out to evaluate the fire-resistance design of the A60 class bulkhead penetration piece, and we verified the results of the analysis via a fire test. The design of the experiment’s method was applied to generate the meta-models to be used for the approximate optimization, and the verified results of the transient heat transfer analysis were integrated with the design of the experiment’s method. The meta-models used in the approximate optimization were response surface model, Kriging, and radial basis function-based neural network. In the approximate optimization, the bulkhead penetration piece length, diameter, material type, and insulation density were applied to discrete design variables, and constraints that were considered include temperature, productivity, and cost. The approximate optimum design problem based on the meta-model was formulated such that the discrete design variables were determined by minimizing the weight of the A60 class bulkhead penetration piece subject to the limit values of constraints. In the context of approximate accuracy, the solution results from the approximate optimization were compared to actual analysis results. It was concluded that the radial basis function-based neural network, among the meta-models used in the approximate optimization, showed the most accurate optimum design results for the fire-resistance design of the A60 class bulkhead penetration piece.
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Sędłak, Bartłomiej, Paweł Roszkowski, and Paweł Sulik. "Fire Insulation of Aluminum Glazed Partitions Depending on the Infill Solution of Framework Profiles." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 26, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2017-0038.
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Abstract This paper presents the main problems related to the fire resistance of aluminium glazed partitions. It discusses technical solutions used in partition systems with a specific fire resistance class, as well as a procedure and the general principles of classification of fire resistance for structures of this type. Moreover, the paper presents the comparison of fire resistance test results of glazed partition test specimens, depending on the volume of insulation inserts placed inside the aluminium structure profiles. To made the comparison the specimens with the same transom - mullion structure were tested with two filling solutions - with same profiles filled only in the middle part and fully filled.
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Dobrostan, O., S. Novak, and V. Drizhd. "FIRE RESISTANCE OF STEEL AIR DUCTS WITH COMBINED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM." Scientific bulletin: Сivil protection and fire safety 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33269/nvcz.2020.1.52-65.
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The results of research of fire resistance of steel air ducts with the combined system of fire protection in the conditions of fire influence according to the standard temperature regime according to DSTU B V.1.1-4 are resulted. Steel air ducts were investigated, in the design of which two fire protection systems were used, in which passive fire protection material material (fiberglass "IPS-T-1000") and reactive fire protection material materials ("Endotherm HT-150" and "Endotherm 250103") were used. The research method is applied, which is based on the provisions of DSTU B V.1.1-16. The essence of this technique is that the samples of steel ducts are installed in the vertical support structure of the furnace and exposed to fire. According to the obtained experimental data, the integrity and thermal insulation capacity of air ducts are evaluated. According to the results of the research, the peculiarities of temperature distribution on the unheated surface of air ducts in the conditions of fire influence and characteristics of fire resistance of steel air ducts with the combined fire protection system are determined. It is shown that the temperature is most important on the unheated surface of the duct near the place of its compaction in the vertical enclosingstructure. The temperature on the surface of the duct at a distance of 325 mm from the enclosing structure is several tens of degrees lower than the temperature on the surface of the duct at a distance of 25 mm from it. The period of time to achieve the loss of thermal insulation capacity of air ducts and the class of their fire resistance, which is EI 45. The direction of further researches which are focused on revealing of dependencesbetween a time interval before achievement of loss of thermal insulation capacity and thickness of layers of the combined system of fire protection for steel air ducts is defined. This detection will determine the optimalparameters of the combined fire protection system for steel air ducts, acceptable to ensure their fire resistance for a wide range of duration of fire exposure at a standard temperature.
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Ferrandez-Garcia, Cristina C., Teresa Garcia-Ortuño, Maria T. Ferrandez-Garcia, Manuel Ferrandez-Villena, and Clara E. Ferrandez-Garcia. "Fire-resistance, physical, and mechanical characterization of binderless rice straw particleboards." BioResources 12, no. 4 (September 28, 2017): 8539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.8539-8549.
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Binderless rice straw particleboards were successfully manufactured by hot pressing at low temperatures (110 °C) while under pressure (2.6 MPa) using a three-step process. Two particle sizes were used: 0.25 to 1.00 mm and 0.00 to 0.25 mm. Three pressing times (15 min, 30 min, and 60 min) were studied. Eighteen types of boards were made. The physical and mechanical properties were assessed in accordance with the European Standards for wood-based particleboards, namely density, thickness swelling, water absorption, thermal conductivity, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bonding strength, and reaction to fire. Two panels exceeded the requirements for general uses. The panels had a low thermal conductivity (0.076 W/mK to 0.091 W/mK). The panels were classified in the same class as the fire retardants (class Bd0, according to EN ISO 11925-2:2002).
12
Marych, V., V. V. Kovalyshyn, Ya Kyryliv, V. Kovalchyk, B. Gusar, and V. Koshelenko. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE DRY CHEMICAL POWDERS’ COMPOSITION FOR CLASS D1 FIRES EXTINGUISHING." Fire Safety, no. 32 (August 14, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.32.2018.07.
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During the researches, carried out in the article, sodium chloride recommended itself as the best fire-extinguishing substance. In order to give it the properties of a fire extinguishing powder, two more components were added to it, namely ground slag and aerosil. These components were chosen according to their physical and chemical properties. As evidenced by the corresponding quenching parameters, the optimal composition of the fire extinguishing powder was established on the basis of performed experiments and obtained dependences. The properties of the fire extinguishing powder were improved by adding ground slag and aerosil. These additives increase the heat resistance, insulating and anti-caking ability, fluidity and fire-extinguishing efficiency of the powder. The best results were obtained after using the extinguishing powder of such composition: sodium chloride - 73.5%, ground slag - 25%, aerosil - 1.5%. Experimental-empirical dependence for determination the extinguishing intensity according to the extinguishing parameters and the fire-extinguishing composition was developed.
13
Novak, S., O. Dobrostan, V. Drizhd, and P. Illyuchenko. "RESEARCH OF FIRE RESISTANCE OF CABLE PUNCHES WITH THE APPLICATION OF REACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION MATERIAL "ENDOTHERM HT-150"." Scientific bulletin: Сivil protection and fire safety 1, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33269/nvcz.2019.2.3-13.
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The results of the study of fire resistance of cable penetrations, in the design of which used a reactive fire protection material "Endotherm HT-150". The research methodology based on the provisions of DSTU B B.1.1-8, DSTU-N B EN 1991-1-2, DSTU-N B EN 1992-1-2 has been applied. The essence of this technique is that samples of cable penetrations are installed in a vertical support structure of the furnace. At the stage of fire exposure under the standard temperature regime and at the stage of cooling the furnace, temperature is measured on the unheated surface of the specimens, and their behavior is observed (cracks, holes, flames appear on the unheated side of the specimens). According to the experimental data, the integrity and thermal insulation capacity of cable penetrations are evaluated. According to the results of the research, the characteristics of fire resistance of cable penetrations with the use of reactive fire protection material "Endotherm HT-150" were determined. It is established that the design parameters of these cable penetrations significantly affect their fire resistance. So the cable penetrations, in which the cables are laid in steel boxes with reactive fire protection coating, correspond to the class of fire resistance EI 150. Cable penetration, in which cables with a reactive fire protection coating directly pass through the enclosure structure, corresponds to the class of fire resistance EI 90. Under fire conditions, the temperature on the unheated surface is of the lowest value for the cable penetration, in which the structural steel boxes are used. For a cable duct with a solid steel box, this temperature is several tens of degrees higher. The highest temperature on the unheated surface is provided by the cable penetration, in the construction of which no steel box is used. The direction of further researches which are focused on revealing of influence of parameters of a steel cable box, a protective structure, fire protection lining with application of reactive fire protection material and brands of cables on the fire resistance of cable penetrations is determined.
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Song, Chang Yong, and Young Hun Kim. "Identification of fire resistance characteristics of bulkhead penetration pieces for A-0 class compartment." Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology 44, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jamet.2020.44.6.414.
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Song, Chang Yong, and Young Hun Kim. "Identification of fire resistance characteristics of bulkhead penetration pieces for A-0 class compartment." Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology 44, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jamet.2020.44.6.414.
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Sędłak, Bartłomiej, and Paweł Sulik. "The impact of reinforcing profiles on the fire resistance of aluminium glazed partitions Part 1." BUILDER 280, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4432.
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The inner walls of a building, which do not constitute its structure and therefore do not have loadbearing properties, are called partition walls. The main task of this type of element is the separation of rooms in a building, which is why they should be designed and constructed in a way that ensures, among others, compliance with fire safety requirements, including those related to fire resistance. There are many types of fire-resistant partition walls both on the European and global construction market, among which the most impressive effect is achieved by those using glass elements in their structure. These include aluminium glazed partitions, which are the subject of this paper. These structures are usually made of special fire-resistant glass positioned in three chamber profiles, made of two aluminium sections, connected by a thermal break, usually made of glass fibre reinforced polyamide. The chambers created in this way are filled with special insulating inserts, and the degree of filling depends on the expected fire resistance class, which is determined by an appropriate test. Large wall-height profiles of this type are usually further reinforced by screwing to them additional, special aluminium profiles. In this paper, the impact of using this type of additional profiles on the fire resistance of a glazed wall was analysed. The results of two walls with identical external dimensions and the same static scheme, made on the basis of the same glazing, from the same aluminium profiles have been compared, with additional reinforcing profiles applied in one of the tests. This article discusses the results obtained and the conclusions from the tests conducted.
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Sędłak, Bartłomiej, and Paweł Sulik. "The impact of reinforcing profiles on the fire resistance of aluminium glazed partitions Part 2." BUILDER 281, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4675.
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The inner walls of a building, which do not constitute its structure and therefore do not have loadbearing properties, are called partition walls. The main task of this type of element is the separation of rooms in a building, which is why they should be designed and constructed in a way that ensures, among others, compliance with fire safety requirements, including those related to fire resistance. There are many types of fire-resistant partition walls both on the European and global construction market, among which the most impressive effect is achieved by those using glass elements in their structure. These include aluminium glazed partitions, which are the subject of this paper. These structures are usually made of special fire-resistant glass positioned in three chamber profiles, made of two aluminium sections, connected by a thermal break, usually made of glass fibre reinforced polyamide. The chambers created in this way are filled with special insulating inserts, and the degree of filling depends on the expected fire resistance class, which is determined by an appropriate test. Large wall-height profiles of this type are usually further reinforced by screwing to them additional, special aluminium profiles. In this paper, the impact of using this type of additional profiles on the fire resistance of a glazed wall was analysed. The results of two walls with identical external dimensions and the same static scheme, made on the basis of the same glazing, from the same aluminium profiles have been compared, with additional reinforcing profiles applied in one of the tests. This article discusses the results obtained and the conclusions from the tests conducted.
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Semerak, M., D. Kharyshyn, N. Ferents, and T. Berezhanskyi. "INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STEEL TUBE CONFINEMENT CONCRETE PILLARS PROTECTION BY FIRE-RETARDANT MATERIALS." Fire Safety, no. 33 (December 31, 2018): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.13.
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Currently, in Ukraine and abroad for the construction of high-rise buildings and structures using pipe-like structures. Wide application of pipe concrete columns is due to their high carrying capacity at relatively smaller overall dimensions due to the blocking of cracking in concrete by a steel clasp. The advantages of concrete columns should include more simplified conditions of technology of manufacturing and installation on their basis of bearing structures of floor covering.
Piping constructions consist of steel shells and concrete core. Since the steel pipe mainly provides the bearing capacity of the concrete column, its failure or reduction of stiffness, which is characteristic of the fire under the influence of its thermal factors, leads to destruction. Investigation of fire resistance of concrete structures, which are not protected by flame retardant coatings, showed that a steel clasp during a fire after 15 minutes is heated to a critical temperature of 500 ° C.The use of flame retardant coatings is an effective method of fire protection of concrete constructions, which prevents the rapid heating of steel welds and provides a normalized fire resistance limit for such structures. In this work, studies were carried out on the effectiveness of fire protection of concrete columns with different types of fire-retardant materials - mineral wool slabs, special flame retardants and flame-retardant coatings. For fire protection mineral wool materials were used ROCKWOOL plates of the series "Conlit SL150". Mineral wool plates "Conlit SL 150" consist of fibers of rocks of a basalt group, they can withstand, without melting, temperature more than 1000 ° С. The silica-based adhesive "Conlit Glue" can withstand temperatures above 900 ° C, has good adhesion when bonding Conlit SL 150 mineral wool slabs with protective structures. From the second type of fire-retardant materials, the fire-proof composition "Naktresk" was chosen on the basis of gypsum. The coating is formed in the process due to hardening of the mixture on protected surfaces. The third type of flame retardant materials is the flame-retardant intumessent coating "Pyro-Safe Flammoplast SP-A2".It has been established that with the use of fire protection systems on the basis of mineral wool plates "Conlit SL150" and fire retardant "Nutresc", the fire resistance class of reinforced concrete columns increases from R 15 to R 180. The fire protection system on the basis of the painted paint "Pyro-Safe Flammoplast SP-A2" »Increases fire resistance from R 15 to R 75
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Stepina, Irina. "Fire protection of timber building structural units by mono-and di-ethaholamine-(N→B)- phenyl borates." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819303016.
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Fire protection of timber is represented by the combination of methods and techniques that allow maintaining bearing and other design properties of building structural units when exposed to fire during certain period of time. The variety of factors, such as an access of oxygen, air draft, and projected fire intensity should be taken into account while choosing efficient methods and techniques of fire protection. Along with that, when applying various methods of fire protection, it’s crucial to preserve natural properties of timber determining comfortable indoor climate. Within this context, “soft” timber modification is preferable. Thus, finding methods lowering combustibility of timber, while preserving its unique natural properties, represents the goal of this study. The present paper studies fire-proof efficiency of compounds based on mono-and di-ethanolamine-(N→B)-phenyl borates by means of ‘ceramic pipe’ method. Durability of shielding effect of the designed compositions was assessed by the method of determining ageing resistance. It was established that “soft” surface modification by the compositions based on mono-and di-ethanolamine-(N→B)-phenyl borates allows upgrading timber to the class of flash-resistant materials and enables to increase fire resistance significantly (period of fire resistance accounts for 90 min), along with that, protective effect remains after accelerated ageing of timber.
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Rybakov, Vladimir, Anatoly Seliverstov, and Oybek Vakhidov. "Fire resistance of lightweight steel-concrete slab panels under high-temperature exposure." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126402003.
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Lightweight steel concrete structures (LSCS) - an innovative energy-efficient building structure type that can be used both as load-bearing and as enclosing one. They consist of profiled steel - usually galvanized and cold-bent - filled with a monolithic foam concrete with a 400kg/m3 density and with fiber cement sheets sheathing. These structures can be used in industrial and civil buildings as internal and external bearing and enclosing wall structures and as slabs, energy-efficient roof covering. According to the LSCS production method, prefabricated panels (walls and slabs) and building site performed constructions are distinguished. The paper presents the testing results with the aim to determine the fire resistance limit of a slab panel fragment by bearing capacity (R), loss of integrity (E), loss of heat insulating capability (I) and fire hazard class. Two samples of a slab panel fragment were selected for the fire resistance high-temperature tests. The actual fire resistance limit of samples of the slab panel fragment is at least REI 60 with a uniformly distributed load 4 kN/m2.
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Teslík, Jiří, Markéta Hošťálková, and Nikola Vavřínová. "Ignitability small attack flame fire test of gypsum composite reinforced with natural fibres." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 10, no. 1 (June 2019): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2019.0009.
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Ignitability is one of the parameters that characterize the behaviour of building materials on flame action. The Ignitability Small Attack Flame fire test is used for the classification of building products by their reaction to fire. On the basis of the Ignitability fire test it can be determined that the tested material will be classified into the class E by reaction to fire. The Ignitability Small Attack Flame fire test precede the Single Burning Item fire test, that is used for classification of building products to class D, C, B, A2. The results of the Ignitability fire test were carried out as part of the research on the properties of gypsum composite with natural fiber reinforcement. As part of the research series of ignitability tests on two types of gypsum composite were carried out. The first type was a gypsum composite reinforced with straw fibres. The second type was composite reinforced with wooden fibres. Developed composite materials could be used in the future as board materials and therefore the determination of their fire parameters is a very important part of research. The results of the fire tests have shown that the developed material has a very good flame resistance.
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Yan, Kai, Wen Zhong Zheng, and Ying Wang. "Modelling and Analysis of the Bottom Frames of Multi-Story Masonry Buildings Exposed to Fire." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.704.
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The multi-story masonry buildings with reinforced concrete frames on ground floors collapse more easily than pure frames when bottom frames exposed to fire, for reasons that fire load of its ground floors is relatively large, and the ratio of dead load to the total loads is also large, deformations of joists caused by fire produce adverse effect on arch mechanism of masonry. For the purpose of loading temperature on steel bars and concrete for fire resistance analysis of reinforced concrete structures in ABAQUS, separated loading method is proposed firstly in this article. The Hill yield criterion for compression and the Rankine yield criterion for tension are adopted to establish anisotropic elasto-plastic material model for masonry. The process simulation from temperature rises to buildings collapse is realized. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects on fire resistance of the bottom frames when the bottom floors exposed to fire due to the change in effective load ratio, section size and reinforcement ratio. The study shows that the failure mode of the bottom frames exposed to fire is mainly due to columns collapse. Bottom fames designed with seismic class I and II have relatively more safety storage than non-seismic designed bottom frames to resist the fire load effect, and they can satisfy time limits of fire resistance.
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Behnam, Behrouz, and Hamid Ronagh. "A Post-Earthquake Fire Factor to Improve the Fire Resistance of Damaged Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Structures." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.4.4.207.
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Post-earthquake fire (PEF) is considered as one of the most problematic potentially possible disasters in urban areas, as it may result in a conflagration. Most standards and criteria, however, ignore the possibility of fire after earthquake and therefore, majority of conventional buildings are not designed to resist thermal loading after an earthquake. Thus, there is high likelihood of rapid collapse for those buildings damaged partially after an earthquake, which are subjected immediately to a following fire. An investigation based on sequential analysis inspired by FEMA356 is performed in this paper on two RC frames; three and five stories at the Life-Safety performance level and designed to the ACI 318-08 code after they are subjected to a spectral PGA of 0.35g. This is followed by a five-hour fire analysis of the weakened structures, from which the time it takes for the damaged structures to collapse is calculated. As a point of reference, the fire resistance is also determined for undamaged structures and before the occurrence of earthquake. The results show that the structures previously damaged by the earthquake and exposed to PEF are more vulnerable than those that are not damaged. A CPEF greater than 1 is then introduced as a function of fire extinguishing or evacuating time that can be multiplied by the base shear at the time of design in order to increase members sizes and thus improve the PEF resistance. Whilst the investigation is for a certain class of structures (ordinary buildings, intermediate reinforced concrete structure, three and five stories), the results confirm the need for the incorporation of post earthquake fire in the process of analysis and design, and provides some quantitative measures on the level of associated effects.
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Park, Se-Hwi, Min Lee, Eun-Chang Kang, Sang-Min Lee, and Kugbo Shim. "Manufacture of semi non-combustible wood-fiber insulation boards by inorganic fire-retardant treatment." BioResources 15, no. 4 (September 14, 2020): 8235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.8235-8248.
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Fire-retardant performance was imparted to the existing wood-fiber insulation boards (WIB) via internal and external treatment with silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants. The combustion and smoke characteristics were investigated using a cone calorimeter. Based on combustion for 600 s, the weight loss and shrinkage of WIBs decreased due to fire-retardant treatment. The time to ignition was delayed to more than 400 s on the WIBs treated internal and external fire- retardant (WIB-IEs), whereas that of WIB with only internal treatment (WIB-I) was 5 s. The overall heat release rate (HRR), HRRpeak, and total heat release (THR) of WIB-IE specimens decreased, and the fire resistance standard Class II was satisfied. The WIB-IE2 showed higher fire resistance performance, with a HRRmean level of 6.7 kW/m2 and a THR of 1.3 MJ/m2. The WIB-I showed extremely low total smoke release (TSR) compared to the external fire-retardant treated specimen. However, the externally treated WIB-IEs had an increased TSR of 165 to 256 m2/m2 due to the increase in incomplete combustion caused by the fire-retardant. After fire-retardant treatment, CO2 generation decreased because the rate of complete combustion decreased, but CO emission increased slightly. Therefore, silica- and phosphorus-based fire-retardants by internal and external treatments were suitable for WIBs.
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Yew, M. C., N. H. Ramli Sulong, M. K. Yew, M. A. Amalina, and M. R. Johan. "Fire Propagation Performance of Intumescent Fire Protective Coatings Using Eggshells as a Novel Biofiller." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/805094.
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This paper aims to synthesize and characterize an effective intumescent fire protective coating that incorporates eggshell powder as a novel biofiller. The performances of thermal stability, char formation, fire propagation, water resistance, and adhesion strength of coatings have been evaluated. A few intumescent flame-retardant coatings based on these three ecofriendly fire retardant additives ammonium polyphosphate phase II, pentaerythritol and melamine mixed together with flame-retardant fillers, and acrylic binder have been prepared and designed for steel. The fire performance of the coatings has conducted employing BS 476: Part 6-Fire propagation test. The foam structures of the intumescent coatings have been observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. On exposure, the coated specimens’ B, C, and D had been certified to be Class 0 due to the fact that their fire propagation indexes were less than 12. Incorporation of ecofriendly eggshell, biofiller into formulation D led to excellent performance in fire stopping (index value,(I)=4.3) and antioxidation of intumescent coating. The coating is also found to be quite effective in water repellency, uniform foam structure, and adhesion strength.
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Park, Woo Chang, and Chang Yong Song. "Evaluation on Sensitivity and Approximate Modeling of Fire-Resistance Performance for A60 Class Deck Penetration Piece Using Heat-Transfer Analysis and Fire Test." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 35, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26748/ksoe.2021.012.
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EVRENOSOĞLU, Yasemin, Adalet MISIRLI, Hikmet SAYGILI, Emre BİLEN, Özlem BOZTEPE, and Nihal ACARSOY. "Evaluation of Susceptibility of Different Pear Hybrid Populations to Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora)." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39, no. 1 (May 30, 2011): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha3915619.
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Fire blight disease caused by pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is the serious disease of pear, and there is not a certain chemical management against this disease except antibiotic-type compounds such as streptomycin. It is very important to improve new fire blight resistant cultivars in case of integrated disease management. With this purpose, different crosses have been made between Pyrus communis varieties that have good fruit characteristics and resistant cultigens. Besides, self and open pollination treatments have been carried out in maternal plants. The disease resistance level of the hybrids obtained from these combinations was determined by artificial inoculations by Erwinia amylovora in greenhouse conditions. A total of 3284 hybrids were inoculated, and 2631 of them survived and were distributed to different susceptibility classes. 19.88% of the inoculated hybrids was killed by Erwinia amylovora. Total distribution of the hybrids to susceptibility classes was as 6.18% in class “A- slightly susceptible”, 3.11% in class “B- less susceptible”, 8.89% in class “C- mid-susceptible”, 20.28% in class “D- susceptible”, and 61.54% in class “E- very susceptible”. Majority of class “A- slightly susceptible” hybrids were obtained from ‘Magness’ x ‘Ankara’ combination. ‘Kieffer’ x ‘Santa Maria’, ‘Kieffer’ open pollination, ‘Magness’ x ‘Akça’, ‘Magness’ x ‘Kieffer’, ‘Magness’ x ‘Santa Maria’, ‘Mustafa Bey’ x ‘Moonglow’ treatments displayed good results with respect to “A- slightly susceptible” character. It is very important to evaluate these hybrid pear populations through different fruit and tree characteristics in the future.
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Junek, Vladimír, Tomáš Micka, Jiří Kolísko, Martin Kroc, and Isabela Bradáčová. "Fire-Resistant Structures for Tunnels Using Light Concrete II." Solid State Phenomena 249 (April 2016): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.249.33.
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The subject of the article is to inform the experts about results of a set of fire resistance tests of light concretes designed for traffic and tunnel structures. In addition to commonly used recipe C 30/37 FX4, corresponding version of light concrete class LC 35/38/XF 4 was tested. One of the goals of the tests was verification of behaviour of “road” (XF4) concretes under the most demanding conditions of fire, especially in road tunnels. In addition to standard curve, the hydrocarbon and Eureka curves were used for the fire tests. The loading curves differ from normally used standard curve especially in the temperature rise speed (temperatures over 1,000°C are reached within a couple of minutes). In this case, real concrete moisture and possibility to remove water steams from a component are substantially important for the fire safety (integrity).
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Litovchenko, Daria, Igor Burmistrov, Lydia Panova, Anna Yu Godymchuk, and Natalia Kosova. "Acrylate Hydrogel Modification Using a Cross-Linking Agent for Increasing Multilayer Glazing Flame Resistance." Advanced Materials Research 1085 (February 2015): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1085.265.
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The design of layers for multilayer flame-resistant glass is a vital task in terms of upgrading fire resistance of window glass units. This paper describes chemical modification of flame-proof acrylate hydrogel layers and shows experimentally how a cross-linking agent — hexamethoxymethylmelamine ether – influences the kinetics of hydrogel polymerization and the enhancement of carbonated structures yield. It has been determined that adding HMMM to the hydrogel composition raises the coke residue yield from 10 % to 35 % and increases the 19 mm thick glass flame resistance class from EI30 to EI50.
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Pham, Linh Thi Thuy, Hien Thi Thu Nguyen, and Quy Thi Dong Hoang. "Fire retardancy of wood plastic composite using triphenylphosphate." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.797.
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Wood - plastic composites (WPCs) represent a growing class of materials used in the residential construction industry and the furniture industry. However, WPCs are extremely flammable materials. There is a need to improve the flame resistance of the wood-flour/poly(vinyl chloride) composite (WF-PVC). The effect of triphenylphosphate (TPP) on flammable, thermal and mechanical properties of the studied composite was determined. V-0 rating is achieved at 2.5 wt % loading of TPP and the LOI value is 25. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results reveal that the presence of TPP generates an amount of volatiles which are radical capturing species and actively quench the flame. In comparison with WPC, the modulus and strength values of WF-PVC/TPP increase by 10.2 % and 1.8 %, respectively. The above results show that the flame retardancy of WF-PVC could be enhanced remarkably by using TPP flame retardant.
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Kim, Seungwon, and Cheolwoo Park. "Flexural Behavior of High-Volume Steel Fiber Cementitious Composite Externally Reinforced with Basalt FRP Sheet." Journal of Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2857270.
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High-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCCs) are characterized by unique tensile strain hardening and multiple microcracking behaviors. The HPFRCC, which demonstrates remarkable properties such as strength, ductility, toughness, durability, stiffness, and thermal resistance, is a class of fiber cement composite with fine aggregates. It can withstand tensile stresses by forming distributed microcracks owing to the embedded fibers in the concrete, which improve the energy absorption capacity and apparent ductility. This high energy absorbing capacity can be enhanced further by an external stiff fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). Basalt fabric is externally bonded as a sheet on concrete materials to enhance the durability and resistance to fire and other environmental attacks. This study investigates the flexural performance of an HPFRCC that is externally reinforced with multiple layers of basalt FRP. The HPFRCC considered in the study contains steel fibers at a volume fraction of 8%.
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Santos, Leandra P., Douglas S. da Silva, Thais H. Morari, and Fernando Galembeck. "Environmentally Friendly, High-Performance Fire Retardant Made from Cellulose and Graphite." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152400.
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Many materials and additives perform well as fire retardants and suppressants, but there is an ever-growing list of unfulfilled demands requiring new developments. This work explores the outstanding dispersant and adhesive performances of cellulose to create a new effective fire-retardant: exfoliated and reassembled graphite (ERG). This is a new 2D polyfunctional material formed by drying aqueous dispersions of graphite and cellulose on wood, canvas, and other lignocellulosic materials, thus producing adherent layers that reduce the damage caused by a flame to the substrates. Visual observation, thermal images and surface temperature measurements reveal fast heat transfer away from the flamed spots, suppressing flare formation. Pinewood coated with ERG underwent standard flame resistance tests in an accredited laboratory, reaching the highest possible class for combustible substrates. The fire-retardant performance of ERG derives from its thermal stability in air and from its ability to transfer heat to the environment, by conduction and radiation. This new material may thus lead a new class of flame-retardant coatings based on a hitherto unexplored mechanism for fire retardation and showing several technical advantages: the precursor dispersions are water-based, the raw materials used are commodities, and the production process can be performed on commonly used equipment with minimal waste.
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Liu, Yu Gui, Yuan Lin Ren, and Er Ying Dong. "Development of Enviromental Friendly Flame Retardants for Wood Plastic Composites (WPC)." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1880.
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Wood-plastic composites (WPC), a fast growing class of material used by the furniture and building industry for its excellent mechanical performance and functionality. However, WPC is easily combust because the raw material of it, i.e. wood and plastic burns so easily which result in more fire dangers of WPC. Unfortunately, in the case of WPC, few researchers have carried out to reduce its flammability which still has a long way to go. In this paper, the current development of halogen-free flame retardant WPC at domestic and abroad was reviewed. Especially, the fire retarded WPC with phosphorus, nitrogen, boron, silicon and other flame retardant elements, the fire retarded mechanism, the problems, such as poor compatability, bad resistance to heat and limitation of wood adding quantity, and the solution to the problems were emphasized.
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Bolaño, Cristian, Sabrina Palanti, Luigi Benni, and Diego Moldes. "Enhancement of Wood Biological Resistance and Fire Retardant Properties after Laccase Assisted Enzymatic Grafting." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081102.
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Several treatments of wood, based on laccase assisted grafting, were evaluated in this paper. Firstly, the efficacy of lignosulfonate and kraft lignin from Eucalyptus spp. as a wood preservative was assessed. Both ligno products were anchored to wood surfaces via laccase treatment in order to avoid leaching. Moreover, some of these wood preservative treatments were completed with the addition of silver nanoparticles. For comparison, a commercial product was also analyzed in terms of its fungal decay resistance during surface application, in accordance to use class 3, CEN EN 335. Secondly, the anchoring of a flame retardant based on tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) was attempted, to limit the dispersion of this toxic substance from treated wood. In both cases, kraft lignin and lignosulfonate showed an improvement in wood durability, even after leaching. However, the addition of silver nanoparticles did not improve the efficacy. On the other hand, the efficacy of TBBPA as a flame retardant was not improved by grafting it with laccase treatment or by adding O2, a co-factor of laccase.
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Sathujoda, Prabhakar, Paul Arnell, and Andrew Deans. "Mechanical integrity of gas turbine enclosure doors under fire test conditions for A0 fire rating." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-12-2017-0045.
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PurposeAs fire doors are passive fire protection parts, the doors have to be certified through standard fire tests. It is usual practice to perform the standard fire testing on the components which require the fire certification. However, some gas turbine enclosure doors are too large to test at the test facility and hence the fire resistance test is practically not possible. The purpose of this paper is to develop a reliable finite element model, validate the model using the specimen door test results and extend the method to actual gas turbine enclosure doors to support the fire certification.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the standard fire testing on enclosure door test specimen was carried out. Second, the finite element analysis model was built and tuned to match the standard fire test deflections, and finally, the same modelling technique was extended to model the actual gas turbine enclosure door to verify the results for fire certification process.FindingsGap analysis, a method of post processing is suggested for result analysis. It was found suitable to verify the gap openings which are required for A0 rated fire certification according to fire test procedure code and also to check the mechanical integrity of the enclosure door frame assembly.Originality/valueThe method presented in this work could be used as support information along with the test specimen results for A0 class fire rating certification of the doors according to International Maritime Organization Resolution MSC.307 (88) Annexure 1: Part 3.
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Vogman, L. P., A. V. Iliychev, E. E. Prostov, and D. V. Dolgikh. "Calculation and Analytical Substantiation of the Limiting Values of Ammonium Nitrate Mass During Storage in the Warehouses and Terminals." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 8 (August 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-8-20-26.
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On the basis of theory of stationary thermal explosion of A.D. Frank-Kamenetsky, depending on the temperature of the critical size of the ammonium nitrate embankment, the calculations were performed, which show that it can be stored in the large volumes at the temperatures up to 30 °C. On the contrary, at the temperatures above 100 °C (for example, at 200 °C), the decomposition of nitrate occurs with acceleration and can lead to an explosion. Based on the studies performed, it is shown that the changes and additions to the fire safety requirements for ammonium nitrate storage in the buildings and structures should be determined by the requirements for fire resistance of buildings (at least II degree of fire resistance), for the purity of the product and its packaging, for the exclusion of contacts with organic substances and materials, storage conditions. Additional fire safety requirements were developed for inclusion in the normative document regarding ammonium nitrate storage. Ammonium nitrate is allowed to be stored in one-story warehouse buildings of at least II degree of fire resistance, structural fire hazard class C0. The floor area within the fire compartment should not exceed 10 500 m2. Between the fire-fighting walls of the 1st type, it is allowed to store no more than 25 000 tons of nitrite in bulk or in the special bags, as well as in the soft specialized containers for bulk products in accordance with GOST 2—2013.The conditions for placing ammonium nitrate in the stacks should be accepted in accordance with the requirements of SP 92.13330.2012. Temperature in the storage room of ammonium nitrate should not exceed 30 °C with a relative humidity of not more than 60 %. Warehouses for storing ammonium nitrate should be equipped with general exchange supply and exhaust and (or) emergency ventilation, in order to exclude the formation of a fire and explosion hazardous environment in the room during the decomposition of ammonium nitrate. Warehouses for storing ammonium nitrate in an amount of not more than 5 thousand tons may be separated from other premises, including from the warehouses for fertilizers and pesticides, by solid (without openings) type 2 fire walls.
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Huo, Liang, Xi Qiang Lin, Guo You Li, and Tao Zhang. "Effect of Fiber on Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistance of C100 Ultra High Strength Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.245.
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It used conventional techniques and materials prepared high strength fiber reinforced concrete whose strength class is above C100 and it studied the effect of fiber content on the mechanical properties and elastic modulus. It also studied the fire resistance of fiber reinforced concrete. Results suggest that the strength of 28d concrete is above 100MPa and the highest strength is 126.4MPa. Under the same ratio conditions, the greater the volume content of steel fiber concrete flexural strength, the splitting tensile strength is higher. The steel fiber volume only affect elastic modulus of concrete little. When it heats to 300 °C, the no fiber concrete comminuted burst while the fiber concrete does not damaged at elevated temperatures up to 300 °C and continue to heat up, the crushing damage occurs at about 460 °C. Has not been damaged concrete specimens at 300 °C, the quality have emerged about 3% decline, while the compressive strength increased by 35%-52%, the highest strength reached 180.3MPa.
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Peng, Changhai, and Jianqiang Yang. "Structure, Mechanism, and Application of Vacuum Insulation Panels in Chinese Buildings." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1358072.
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Thermal insulation is one of the most used approaches to reduce energy consumption in buildings. Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are new thermal insulation materials that have been used in the domestic and overseas market in the last 20 years. Due to the vacuum thermal insulation technology of these new materials, their thermal conductivity can be as low as 0.004 W/(m·K) at the center of panels. In addition, VIPs that are composites with inorganic core and an envelope out of commonly three metallized PET layers and a PE sealing layer can provide B class fire resistance (their core materials are not flammable and are classified as A1). Compared with other conventional thermal insulation materials, the thermal insulation and fire resistance performances form the foundation of VIP’s applications in the construction industry. The structure and thermal insulation mechanism of VIP and their application potential and problems in Chinese buildings are described in detail.
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Ronova, I. A., and S. S. A. Pavlova. "The Effect of Conformational Rigidity on Several Physical Properties of Polymers." High Performance Polymers 10, no. 3 (September 1998): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/10/3/007.
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The phenomenological dependences of several physical properties such as the softening temperature, friction coefficient, elasticity modulus, fire-resistance parameters and quantum luminescence yield on the conformational rigidity of a polymeric chain are revealed for polyheteroarylenes. The contribution of the conformational rigidity of a polymer chain to the physical properties of this class of polymers is shown to be significant. It should be taken into account in estimation of the above-mentioned properties together with the contribution of intermolecular interactions.
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Beh, Jing Han, Ming Chian Yew, Ming Kun Yew, and Lip Huat Saw. "Fire Protection Performance and Thermal Behavior of Thin Film Intumescent Coating." Coatings 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9080483.
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This paper presents the heat release characteristics, char formation and fire protection performance of thin-film intumescent coatings that integrate eggshell (ES) as an innovative and renewable flame-retardant bio-filler. A cone calorimeter was used to determine the thermal behavior of the samples in the condensed phase in line with the ISO 5660-1 standard. The fire resistance of the coatings was evaluated using a Bunsen burner test to examine the equilibrium temperature and formation of the char layer. The fire propagation test was also conducted according to BS 476: Part 6. On exposure, the samples X, Y, and Z were qualified to be Class 0 materials due to the indexes of fire propagation being below 12. Samples Y and Z reinforced with 3.50 wt.% and 2.50 wt.% of ES bio-filler, respectively, showed a significant improvement in reducing the heat release rate, providing a more uniform and thicker char layer. As a result, the addition of bio-filler content has proven to be efficient in stopping the fire propagation as well as reducing the total heat released and equilibrium temperature of the intumescent coatings.
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Schirp, Arne, and Jan Dannenberg. "Durability of Flame-Retarded, Co-Extruded Profiles Based on High-Density Polyethylene and Wheat Straw Residues." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 3217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113217.
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At present, little information is available in the scientific literature related to the durability (weathering resistance) of fire-retarded wood and natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. In this work, thermoplastic profiles for façade applications based on high-density polyethylene, wheat straw particles, and fire-retardants were extruded and their reaction-to-fire performance before and after artificial weathering evaluated. Profile geometries were either solid or hollow-core profiles, and fire-retardants (FR) were added either in the co-extruded layer or in the bulk. Various FR for inclusion in the co-extruded layer were screened based on UL-94 tests. For profile extrusion, two types of FR were chosen: a coated intumescent combination based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and an APP coated with melamine and without formaldehyde. Before weathering, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release (THR), which were determined using cone calorimeter measurements, were reduced by up to 64% and 67% due to the FR. However, even before weathering, pHRR of the profiles was relatively high, with best (lowest) values between 230 and 250 kW/m2 under the test conditions. After 28 days of artificial weathering, changes in reaction-to-fire performance and color were evaluated. Use of the APP in the co-extruded layer worsened color change compared to the formulation without APP but the pHRR was not significantly changed. The influence of weathering on the fire behavior was small compared to the difference between fire-retarded and non-fire-retarded materials. Results from the cone calorimeter were analyzed with regard to ETAG 028, which provides requirements related to the durability of fire performance of building products. In many formulations, increase in THR was less than 20% compared to before weathering, which would place some of the profiles in class C or better (EN 13501-1). However, due to the high pHRR, at best, class D was obtained under the conditions of this study. In addition to cone calorimeter measurements, results from the single flame source test, limiting oxygen index determination and thermogravimetric analysis, are shown and discussed. Strength properties, water uptake and swelling of the profiles, thermal conductivity, and energy dispersive X-ray data are also presented.
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Schlangen, Karin, Heidi Halbwirth, Silke Peterek, Christian Gosch, Alexandra Ringl, Thilo C. Fischer, Dieter Treutter, Gert Forkmann, Brigitte Kopp, and Karl Stich. "Transient Induction of Antimicrobial 3-Deoxyflavonoids does not Affect Pharmacological Compounds in Hawthorn." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 8 (August 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300805.
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Hawthorn ( Crataegus sp.) is a traditional medicinal plant, which shows a broad spectrum of health-related effects. Drug preparation is based on material collected from wild growing plants, which usually show variability in their secondary metabolite composition and concentration. Plantations of selected hawthorn genotypes could form the basis of a consistent homogeneous source of top-quality hawthorn drugs. However, as hawthorn is a member of the Rosaceae family, such plantations would be threatened by the bacterial disease fire blight, which currently causes dramatic economic losses in apple and pear orchards. We show that prohexadione-Ca induces the formation in Crataegus monogyna leaves of the rare class of 3-deoxyflavonoids, which are responsible for better fire blight resistance and that the quality and quantity of the health related ingredients are not negatively influenced by prohexadione-Ca treatment.
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Anania, Laura, Antonio Badalà, and G. D’Agata. "The Strengthening of the Bridge Deck Plates by P.B.O-F.R.C.M Composite Materials." Advanced Materials Research 548 (July 2012): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.548.58.
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This paper demonstrates how advanced composite materials as F.R.C.M. (fiber reinforced cementicius matrix) can offer high advantages for repairing ageing infrastructures. The FRCM strengthening system can be considered alternative to the well-known fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) system. The FRCM system, in fact, permits the elimination of some disadvantages related to the use of organic resin, such as lack of fire resistance and low compatibility with the concrete substrate. In this study, a data comparison between non-reinforced and reinforced models is discussed. The specimens simulated a part of a bridge deck to repair or strengthen. The samples were no. 6 plates 70x70 cm ² long and 10 cm thick realized by a mix design concrete [1] of 30/35 class and reinforced by steel bars. The strengthening system consists in applying the composite biaxial sheet at the intrados of the deck in two layers orthogonal to each other.
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Park, Woo-Chang, and Chang Yong Song. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of Bulkhead Penetration Piece for A60 Class Compartment II: Fire Resistance Test for Piece Material and Insulation Types." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 33, no. 4 (August 31, 2019): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26748/ksoe.2019.027.
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Park, Woo-Chang, and Chang Yong Song. "Approximate Optimization with Discrete Variables of Fire Resistance Design of A60 Class Bulkhead Penetration Piece Based on Multi-island Genetic Algorithm." Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 20, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2021.20.06.033.
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Franssen, Jean-Marc, Bin Zhao, and Thomas Gernay. "Experimental tests and numerical modelling on slender steel columns at high temperatures." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-03-2016-003.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to gain from experimental tests an insight into the failure mode of slender steel columns subjected to fire. The tests will also be used to validate a numerical model. Design/methodology/approach A series of experimental fire tests were conducted on eight full-scale steel columns made of slender I-shaped Class 4 sections. Six columns were made of welded sections (some prismatic and some tapered members), and two columns were made of hot rolled sections. The nominal length of the columns was 2.7 meters with the whole length being heated. The load was applied at ambient temperature after which the temperature was increased under constant load. The load was applied concentrically on some tests and with an eccentricity in other tests. Heating was applied by electrical resistances enclosed in ceramic pads. Numerical simulations were performed with the software SAFIR® using shell elements. Findings The tests have allowed determining the appropriate method of application of the electrical heating system for obtaining a uniform temperature distribution in the members. Failure of the columns during the tests occurred by combination of local and global buckling. The numerical model reproduced correctly the failure modes as well as the critical temperatures. Originality/value The numerical model that has been validated has been used in subsequent parametric analyses performed to derive design equations to be used in practice. This series of test results can be used by the scientific community to validate their own numerical or analytical models for the fire resistance of slender steel columns.
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Wei, Gang, Min Xiao, Heng Yi Xia, Lin Yao, and Yue Lin Tang. "Mobile Maintenance Room of GIS Equipment at the Voltage Class of 220kV." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 1360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1360.
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According to data about GIS breakdown maintenance in Maintenance Branch of State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company during recent years, GIS accident of Chongqing Electric Power Company that happens every year is internal fault of local air chambers (such as breaker, PT and bus) in most cases. Once accident happens, a high requirement will be proposed for water prevention and damp prevention at the site during either on-site inspection for the accident cause or replacement for the damaged equipment. In order to effectively cover the first hole of the opened GIS air chamber and make the operation environment meet rain-proof and damp-proof requirements during internal examination for GIS air chamber, a design scheme of mobile GIS maintenance room is proposed in this paper. SF6 detection equipment as well as temperature and humidity examination equipment is installed in the maintenance room, so as to measure multiple parameters and to guarantee light transmission, ventilation and fire resistance. It is convenient for installation and disassembly, and the space can be adjusted. It is suitable for GIS equipment maintenance at the voltage class of 220kV.
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Kudryashova, I. A., T. N. Vakhnina, and A. A. Titunin. "Experimental substantiation of method for increasing fire protection of wood composites with secondary polyethylene tereftalate." FORESTRY BULLETIN 25, no. 3 (June 2021): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-3-118-125.
Full textAbstract:
The expediency of involvement of the waste in the production of composite materials in the form of secondary polyethylene terephthalate is shown. The results of the experimental researches for justification of technological regimes of production of wood-polymer composite possessing the required thermal and water resistance are presented. The way of its flammability reduction by means of introduction of fire retardant into the binder composition is offered. In the course of experimental studies on increasing fire protection of wood composites with the addition of secondary polyethylene terephthalate, mathematical models reflecting the relationship of controllable factors (specific pressing time, the share of flame retardant addition) and operational indicators of the composite (strength, water and fire resistance) were obtained. Statistical processing of the experimental results confirmed the homogeneity of dispersions of all output values and the adequacy of the obtained mathematical models of the wood composite production process. It was shown that 17 % aluminochromophosphate introduced into the composite at a specific pressing time of 0,53 min/mm ensures a water-resistant composite with the required bending strength and weight loss during the fire action, corresponding to the flammability class G1. It is concluded that a further increase in the specific pressing time is inexpedient because the strength of the wood-polymer composite decreases due to destructive phenomena caused by prolonged heating of the wood component, and the release of a vapor-gas mixture from the aluminochromophosphate. The reduction to a minimum of — 4,8 % of the swelling of the composite in thickness for 2 hours at such a pressing duration was established. The recommendations for technological parameters of the production process, providing obtaining of composite with polyethylene terephthalate additive with the necessary physical and mechanical indicators and reduced loss of mass during combustion were developed.
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EL Alouani, Marouane, Saliha Alehyen, Mohammed EL Achouri, Abdelowahed Hajjaji, Chouaib Ennawaoui, and M’hamed Taibi. "Influence of the Nature and Rate of Alkaline Activator on the Physicochemical Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 21, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8880906.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of alkali cations on mix design of geopolymers is essential for their mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance. This research investigated the influence of alkali cation type on microscale characteristics and mechanical, dielectric, and thermal properties of fly ash-based geopolymer matrices. The geopolymers were elaborated via class F fly ash from the thermal plant Jorf Lasfar, El Jadida (Morocco), and several alkaline solutions. Morphological, structural, mechanical, dielectric, and thermal characteristics of materials synthesized via fly ash with different proportions of KOH and NaOH aged 28 days were evaluated. The physicochemical properties of class F fly ash-based geopolymers were assessed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) analyses. Based on readings of the results obtained, XRD and FTIR analysis detected the creation of semicrystalline potassium/sodium aluminate-silicate hydrate (KASH/NASH) gel in the elaborated matrices after the geopolymerization reaction. The SEM analysis proved the formation of alkali alumina-silicate hydrate gel in the raw material particles after the polycondensation stage. Experimental compressive strength data indicated that the highest compressive strength (39 MPa) was produced by the alkaline activator (75% KOH/25% NaOH). The dielectric parameters values of the elaborated materials changed depending of the mass ratios KOH/NaOH. Dielectric findings demonstrated that geopolymers containing 100% NaOH have better dielectric performances. The fire resistance study revealed that the geopolymer binders induced by KOH are stable up to 600°C. Based on these results, it can be deduced that the formulated geopolymer concrete possesses good mechanical, dielectric, and fire resistance properties.
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Łach, Michał, Kinga Pławecka, Agnieszka Bąk, Katarzyna Lichocka, Kinga Korniejenko, An Cheng, and Wei-Ting Lin. "Determination of the Influence of Hydraulic Additives on the Foaming Process and Stability of the Produced Geopolymer Foams." Materials 14, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 5090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175090.
Full textAbstract:
The research described in this article was aimed at determining the influence of hydraulic additives on the foaming process and the stability of the produced geopolymer foams. These foams can be used as insulation materials to replace the currently commonly used insulations such as expanded polystyrene or polyurethane foams. Geopolymers have low thermal conductivity, excellent fire- and heat-resistant properties, and have fairly good mechanical properties. Research on foamed materials shows that they have the highest class of fire resistance; therefore, they are most often used as insulation products in construction. Geopolymer foams were made of aluminosilicate materials (fly ash) and foaming agents (H2O2 and Al powder), and the stabilizers were gypsum and portland cement. Additionally, surfactants were also used. It was found that better foaming effects were obtained for H2O2—it is a better foaming agent for geopolymers than Al powder. When using a hydraulic additive—a stabilizer in the form of cement—lower densities and better insulation parameters were obtained than when using gypsum. Portland cement is a better stabilizer than gypsum (calcium sulfates), although the effect may change due to the addition of surfactants, for example.