Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fire resistant polymers

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Fire resistant polymers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Fire resistant polymers"

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Bukharov, S. V., and A. S. Pan'shin. "Fibre-Reinforced Fire-Resistant Mineral Composites." International Polymer Science and Technology 32, no. 9 (September 2005): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0503200915.

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George, Philip, Shantanu Bhowmik, Mathew Abraham, PK Sriram, Mohan kumar Pitchan, and G. Ajeesh. "High-performance fire-resistant polymeric nanocomposite for aerospace applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420716660874.

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This investigation essentially highlights development of novel high-performance fire-resistant polymeric nanocomposite with respect to its orientation towards future generation aviation. Therefore, an attempt has been made to increase thermal stability and fire resistivity of phenolic/cotton fabric reinforced polymer composite, which is desirable for aircraft interiors. There is considerable increase in adhesion characteristics of phenolic fabric reinforced polymer composite due to atmospheric pressure plasma treatment. The phenolic fabric reinforced polymer is subsequently coated with nanosized calcium silicate reinforced polybenzimidazole composite in order to increase thermal stability and fire resistance property. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that polybenzimidazole-coated fabric reinforced polymer shows significantly better thermal stability than the uncoated phenolic fabric reinforced polymer. There is a significant increase in the limiting oxygen index characteristics of polybenzimidazole-coated fabric reinforced polymer when compared to the uncoated phenolic composite resulting in considerable improvement in fire resistivity of the polymers.
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Won, Jong-Pil, Seok-Won Choi, Chan-Gi Park, and Chang-Il Jang. "High Strength Polymer-Modified Repair Cementitious Composite for Fire Protection." Polymers and Polymer Composites 15, no. 5 (July 2007): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110701500505.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical performance and fire resistance of a high strength polymer-modified cementitious composite, to test its ability to repair concrete tunnel structures that are in danger of collapse due to cracks or deterioration. In particular, because existing repair materials are not fire-resistant and commercial fire-resistant materials have low strength, this study was aimed at increasing the water tightness and strength of a repair material and also making it resistant to fire. In addition, this study evaluated changes in internal temperature depending on the cover thickness of repair materials to determine the optimal cover thickness at which a high strength polymer-modified cementitious composite could protect existing concrete tunnel structures from fire. Results indicated that the high strength polymer-modified cementitious composite had superior strength and water tightness than commercial fire-resistant materials and it also provided good fire resistance. The high strength polymer-modified cementitious composite required to be applied in an optimal layer thickness of at least 40 mm to protect existing structures from fire.
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Bukharov, S. V., and V. I. Kostikov. "Fire-Resistant Composite Materials." International Polymer Science and Technology 32, no. 9 (September 2005): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0503200914.

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Sultigova, Zakhirat, Zareta Inarkieva, Arsen Kharaev, Rima Bazheva, and Maryam Parchieva. "Halogen-Containing Fire Resistant Copolyesters." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.17.

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Copolyarylates based on a mixture of 2,2-bis (4'-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 3,3-bis (4'-hydroxyphenyl) phthalide, terephthalic and isophthalic acid chlorides and 3,5-dibromo-p-hydroxybenzoic acid chloride were synthesized by low-temperature acceptor-catalytic polycondensation. To study the structure of the obtained polyesters and study the physical and mechanical properties, infrared spectroscopy, elemental, thermogravimetric, X-ray structural and thermomechanical analyzes were used. The obtained polymers have high values ​​of strength characteristics, thermal and heat resistance, good fire resistance.
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Tuleugaliyeva, E. S., and A. Z. Bekeshev. "EPOXY COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH FIRE-RESISTANT DIORITE." Vestnik of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, no. 2 (54) (July 7, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54596/2309-6977-2022-2-17-24.

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As a result of the work, the influence of the polyfunctional modifier oligo (resorcinol phenyl phosphate) and the dispersed mineral filler diorite with terminal phenyl groups on the physicochemical and deformation -strength properties of epoxy composites was studied. The effectiveness of using diorite epoxide as an active polymer filler has been proven. The effectiveness of using diorite as an active filler in epoxy polymers, which increases strength and changes the physicochemical properties of epoxy composites, has been proven. The optimal composition of diorite was selected as a structural additive and filler in the composition of an epoxy composite (0.1 and 50 parts by weight), which strengthens the epoxy diorite composite. It has been established that the addition of diorite to the epoxy composition leads to an increase in the heat resistance of Vicat from 132ºС to 140-188ºС and increases the thermal stability of the epoxy composite, which is expressed in a shift in the initial degradation. In addition, the thermal decomposition of the composite increases the yield of carbon structures (from 54 to 70-77% by weight), prevents the pyrolysis products from entering the gas phase, which leads to a decrease in its flammability. The effectiveness of diorite surface functionalization has been proven using APTES, which provides chemical interaction at the polymer matrix/filler interface and also prevents aggregation of diorite particles.
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Zielecka, Maria, Anna Rabajczyk, Łukasz Pastuszka, and Leszek Jurecki. "Flame Resistant Silicone-Containing Coating Materials." Coatings 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050479.

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The flame resistance of applied coating materials affects the safety of innovative technological solutions. Silicone-containing polymeric materials are one of the most economical solutions in the field of coatings due to the effect of the unique combination of very good thermal, resistance, and surface properties. The rich chemistry of silicon compounds, which results in their very good thermal stability, allows their use as flame-resistant coating materials or as flame retardants in polymer composites. In this review, the flame resistance of PDMS systems based on their thermal degradation data, as well as possible paths of thermal degradation depending on external conditions including the effect of additives, flame resistance of hybrid silicone-containing coating materials and most important innovative applications of these materials, are reviewed. Very good results from the use of organic silicon compounds as fire retardants in polymers obtained by many research teams are one of the promising ways of overcoming the health, safety, and availability concerns of traditional halogenated fire retardants.
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Reva, Olga Vladimirovna, Nikolai Mikhailovich Dmitrakovich, and Evgeny Vladimirovich Matskevich. "Development of composite fire-resistant light-reflective materials on a textile basis and testing of their properties." Technology of technosphere safety, no. 101 (2023): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2023.3.101.8-24.

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Introduction. At present, a large set of requirements is imposed on protective clothing, which is difficult to achieve for a single material and is implemented in a multilayer composite product on a textile basis. One of the promising ways to obtain heat-reflecting fabrics is the application of a plastic heat-resistant polymer layer, either containing metal particles, or subsequently metallized, to a fire-resistant or fire-resistant textile material. In addition, there are a number of problems in complex testing of the obtained composites, which do not meet the characteristics of both textile and bulk or film polymers and metals. State standards, which set out test methods for firefighters' protective clothing, are regularly supplemented, but contain a number of difficult-to-combine requirements. To ensure a set of requirements for protective clothing, composite layers of heat-resistant polyorganosiloxane resins modified with flame retardants of various chemical nature were applied to oxodiazole and silica fabrics and their fire resistance, mechanical strength and ability to reflect light and heat fluxes were studied. The purpose of the study is to study in a complex the dependence of the physical-mechanical, fire-retardant and reflective properties of composite textile materials on nature and the concentration of a flame retardant and functional additives in a metal-containing polyorganosiloxane resin applied to a textile base. Research methods. To obtain the results, we used a comparative system analysis of literature data and experimental results, complex tests of composite fire-resistant reflective products on a textile basis according to the methods of state standard Р 53264-2019. Research results. The conditions for obtaining new textile-based composite materials and their optimal composition have been developed, providing the product with high mechanical strength, incombustibility (oxygen index 29-32 %), high ability to reflect radiation and heat fluxes (IR radiation reflection coefficient 75-80 %). New materials fully meet the requirements of state standard for protective clothing. Conclusion. The tests carried out on certified equipment make it possible to determine the optimal composition of the modified polymer resin and the method of processing oxodiazole and silica fabrics to obtain a heat-, fire-resistant, light- and heat-reflecting material for protective clothing. Keywords: oxodiazole and silica fabric; fire resistance; light and heat reflection; metal-containing polymer binders; flame retardants.
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Lyon, Richard E., Louise Speitel, Richard N. Walters, and Sean Crowley. "Fire-resistant elastomers." Fire and Materials 27, no. 4 (2003): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.828.

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Petrakova, Viktoria V., Vyacheslav V. Kireev, Denis V. Onuchin, Igor A. Sarychev, Vyacheslav V. Shutov, Anastasia A. Kuzmich, Natalia V. Bornosuz, et al. "Benzoxazine Monomers and Polymers Based on 3,3′-Dichloro-4,4′-Diaminodiphenylmethane: Synthesis and Characterization." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091421.

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To reveal the effect of chlorine substituents in the ring of aromatic amine on the synthesis process of benzoxazine monomer and on its polymerization ability, as well as to develop a fire-resistant material, a previously unreported benzoxazine monomer based on 3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane was obtained in toluene and mixture toluene/isopropanol. The resulting benzoxazine monomers were thermally cured for 2 h at 180 °C, 4 h at 200 °C, 2 h at 220 °C. A comparison between the rheological, thermal and fire-resistant properties of the benzoxazines based on 3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane and, for reference, 4,4′-diaminodimethylmethane was made. The effect of the reaction medium on the structure of the oligomeric fraction and the overall yield of the main product were studied and the toluene/ethanol mixture was found to provide the best conditions; however, in contrast to most known diamine-based benzoxazines, synthesis in the pure toluene is also possible. The synthesized monomers can be used as thermo- and fire-resistant binders for polymer composite materials, as well as hardeners for epoxy resins. Chlorine-containing polybenzoxazines require more severe conditions for polymerization but have better fire resistance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fire resistant polymers"

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Demir, Hasan Ülkü Semra. "Synergistic effect of natural zeolites on flame retardant additives/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/kimyamuh/T000514.rar.

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Zhuge, Jinfeng. "Fire Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites: Materials Design and Thermal Degradation Modeling." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5591.

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Compared to conventional materials, polymer matrix composites (PMCs) have a number of attractive properties, including light weight, easiness of installation, potential to lower system-level cost, high overall durability, and less susceptibility to environmental deterioration. However, PMCs are vulnerable to fire such that they degrade, decompose, and sometimes yield toxic gases at high temperature. The degradation and decomposition of composites lead to loss in mass, resulting in loss in mechanical strength. This research aims to improve the structural integrity of the PMCs under fire conditions by designing and optimizing a fire retardant nanopaper coating, and to fundamentally understand the thermal response and post-fire mechanical behavior the PMCs through numerical modeling. Specifically, a novel paper-making process that combined carbon nanofiber, nanoclay, exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet, and ammonium polyphosphate into a self-standing nanopaper was developed. The nanopaper was then coated onto the surface of the PMCs to improve the fire retardant performance of the material. The morphology, thermal stability, flammability, and post-fire flexural modulus of the nanopaper coated-PMCs were characterized. The fire retardant mechanism of the nanopaper coating was studied. Upon successfully improving the structure integrity of the PMCs by the nanopaper coatings, a thermal degradation model that captured the decomposition reaction of the polymer matrix with a second kind boundary condition (constant heat flux) was solved using Finite Element (FE) method. The weak form of the model was constructed by the weighted residual method. The model quantified the thermal and post-fire flexural responses of the composites subject to continuously applied heat fluxes. A temperature dependent post-fire residual modulus was assigned to each element in the FE domain. The bulk residual modulus was computed by assembling the modulus of each element. Based on the FE model, a refined Finite Difference (FD) model was developed to predict the fire response of the PMCs coated with the nanopapers. The FD model adopted the same post-fire mechanical evaluation method. However, unlike the FE model, the flow of the decomposed gas, and permeability and porosity of the composites were taken into account in the refined FD model. The numerical analysis indicated that the thickness and porosity of the composites had a profound impact on the thermal response of the composites. The research funding from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and Federal Aviation Administration Center of Excellence for Commercial Space Transportation (FAA COE AST) is acknowledged.
ID: 031001281; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Jihua Gou.; Title from PDF title page (viewed February 26, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-198).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering
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Vaddi, Satya. "Flammability evaluation of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene and polyethylene with montmorillonite nanoclay additives." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/vaddi.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008.
Title from PDF title page (viewed Feb. 1, 2010). Additional advisors: Derrick R. Dean, Gregg M. Janowski, Selvum (Brian) Pillay (ad hoc). Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-82).
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Fox, David Christopher Alexander. "The fire performance of restrained polymer-fibre-reinforced concrete composite slabs." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17998.

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Composite slab flooring systems for steel-framed buildings consist of a profiled steel deck and a cast in-situ slab. The slab traditionally includes a layer of light gauge steel mesh reinforcement. This mesh is placed near the surface, which controls the early-age cracking caused by concrete drying and shrinkage. The steel mesh also performs a vital structural role at high temperatures. Structural fire tests and numerical investigations over the last 15 years have established that the mesh can provide enhanced fire resistance. A load-carrying mechanism occurs in fire with the mesh acting as a tensile catenary, spanning between perimeter supports. This structural mechanism is currently utilised regularly in the performance-based fire engineering design of steel-framed buildings. In a recent development, this mesh can be removed by using concrete with dispersed polymer fibre reinforcement to form the composite slab. The polymer-fibre-reinforced concrete (PFRC) is poured onto the deck as normal, and the fibres resist early crack development. For developers this technique has several advantages over traditional reinforcing mesh, such as lower steel costs, easier site operations and faster construction. However, to date the fire resistance of such slabs has been demonstrated only to a limited extent. Single element furnace tests with permissible deflection criteria have formed the basis for the fire design of such slabs. But these have not captured the full fire response of a structurally restrained fibre-reinforced slab in a continuous frame. The polymer fibres dispersed throughout the slab have a melting point of 160ºC, and it is unclear how they contribute to overall fire resistance. In particular, there has been no explanation of how such slabs interact with the structural perimeter to maintain robustness at high deflections. This project was designed to investigate the structural fire behaviour of restrained polymer-fibre-reinforced composite slabs. An experimental series of six slab experiments was designed to investigate the effects of fibre reinforcement and boundary restraint. A testing rig capable of recording the actions generated by the heat-affected slab was developed and constructed. Model-scale slab specimens were tested with different reinforcement and perimeter support conditions, to establish the contributions to fire resistance of the polymer fibres and applied structural restraint.
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Zhuge, Jinfeng. "PROCESSING, OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FIRE RETARDANT POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4246.

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Fiber reinforced polymeric composites (FRPC) have superior physical and mechanical properties, such as high specific strength, light weight, and good fatigue and corrosion resistance. They have become competitive engineering materials to replace conventional metallic materials in many important sectors of industry such as aircraft, naval constructions, ships, buildings, transportation, electrical and electronics components, and offshore structures. However, since FRPC contain polymer matrix, the polymer composites and their structures are combustible. FRPC will degrade, decompose, and sometimes yield toxic gases at high temperature or subject to fire conditions. The objective of this study is to design and optimize fire retardant nanopaper by utilizing the synergistic effects of different nanoparticles. A paper-making technique that combined carbon nanofiber, nanoclay, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, graphite nanoplatelet, and ammonium polyphosphate into self-standing nanopaper was developed. The fire retardant nanopaper was further incorporated into the polymer matrix, in conjunction with continuous fiber mats, through resin transfer molding process to improve fire retardant performance of structural composites. The morphology, thermal stability, and flammability of polymer composites coated with hybrid nanopaper were studied. The cone calorimeter test results indicated that the peak heat release rate of the composites coated with a CNF-clay nanopaper was reduced by 60.5%. The compact char material formed on the surface of the residues of the CNF-clay nanopaper was analyzed to understand the fire retardant mechanism of the nanopaper. The financial support from Office of Naval Research is acklowdged.
M.S.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering;
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering MSME
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Nguyen, Tien Thuy. "Lateral-torsional buckling resistance of pultruded fibre reinforced polymer shapes." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/64033/.

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The currently lack of design guidance for pultruded fibre-reinforced polymer member requires more study on their structural behaviours in order to provide structural designer with confidence when applying this material into civil engineering. Elastic lateraltorsional buckling is an important global instability mode of failure for flexure about the major axis of open sections which is characterised by a coupled elastic deformation of lateral deflection and twist about beam’s longitudinal axis. The key elements of this study are laboratory testing, finite element analysis and development of design guidance that is compatible with Eurocode 3 design procedure. 94 tests have been carried out on tensile coupons to characterise the four key material properties for longitudinal, transverse, shear moduli of elasticity and major Poission’s ratio that are required for the prediction of the buckling resistance using closed-form equations and by finite element analysis. 114 tests on the elastic lateral-torsional buckling of I and channel beams under various loading and displacement boundary conditions have been carried out to determine the buckling resistance. Finite element modelling methodology has been developed and both linear and nonlinear numerical analyses have been performed to show that the methodology is suitable. Further sensitivity analysis has been conducted to demonstrate that the buckling resistance is highly influenced by the combination of material, geometric and loading imperfection. A calibration has been implemented, based on the new test results, following the Eurocode 0’s approach to establish the material partial factor for the investigated instability mode of failure.
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Laik, Suzanne. "Investigation of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes for improved fire retardancy of hybrid epoxy-based polymer systems." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0126/document.

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Les matériaux composites à matrice polymère thermodurcissable interviennent dans de nombreux domaines d’application, parmi lesquels le secteur des transports. Ils présentent toutefois une faible tenue au feu qui limite leur utilisation pour des raisons évidentes de sécurité. De par les restrictions de plus en plus exigeantes de la Commission Européenne (REACH), il existe un réel besoin de se tourner vers des solutions alternatives. Des études récentes ont prouvé l’intérêt des Silsesquioxanes Oligomériques Polyhédriques (POSS) comme agents ignifuges, et particulièrement les POSS portant des ligands phenyl. L’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier comment la tenue au feu de réseaux hybrides époxy-amine pouvait être améliorée par l’ajout de POSS dans ces matériaux. En faisant varier la nature des comonomères époxydes et amines, ainsi que la structure des POSS sélectionnés, des éléments de réponse ont pu être apportés à la question : existe-t-il une relation structure-propriété en ce qui concerne le comportement au feu des réseaux époxydes ? Des POSS fonctionnels et inertes ont été choisis pour cette étude, et une attention particulière a été portée sur le trisilanolphenyl POSS (POSSOH), pour lequel différents procédés de dispersion ont été mis en œuvre. Il a été montré que l’état de dispersion des POSS était significativement influencé par le type de ligands de ces POSS, mais également par le type de prépolymère époxyde utilisé. En particulier, des structures complexes, jamais observées, ont été découvertes dans les réseaux hybrides basés sur la Tétraglycidyl(diaminodiphenyl) méthane (TGDDM). Des études cinétiques visant à comprendre les interactions développées par les POSS au sein des réseaux ont été menées. Un fort pouvoir catalytique de l’association POSSOH avec un composé à base d’aluminium sur les réactions de réticulation a notamment été mis en évidence. D’autre part, les propriétés thermomécaniques des réseaux finals n’ont pas été modifiées de manière significative par l’ajout de POSS. Finalement, une amélioration remarquable de la tenue au feu a été obtenue dans certains cas, notamment par l’ajout de POSSOH en combinaison avec le composé métallique. La tenue au feu des réseaux à base de TGDDM a été identifiée comme étant liée à un mécanisme d’intumescence
Thermoset polymer composite materials are used in a number of application domains, amongst which the transports sector, but they suffer from poor fire resistance which limits their use for obvious safety and security issues. With the increasingly demanding restrictions from the European Commission, there is a real need to seek for alternative solutions. Recent studies have found the Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) compounds interesting as fire retardant agents, particularly the POSS bearing phenyl ligands. The present work aimed at investigating how the fire retardancy of hybrid epoxy networks can be improved by incorporating Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS). In this study, the nature of the epoxy-amine comonomers was varied, as well as the POSS structure. An inert POSS and two multifunctional POSS were selected in order to generate various morphologies. The aim was to answer the question: does a structure-property relationship exist as concerns the fire behaviour of epoxy networks? Particular attention was dedicated to systems containing the trisilanolphenyl POSS (POSSOH) for which different processes of dispersion were implemented. The POSS dispersion state was shown to be greatly influenced by the type of POSS ligands, but also by the epoxy prepolymer nature in the case of the versatile POSSOH. In particular, intricate, never-observed morphologies were discovered in the networks based on Tetraglycidyl(diaminodiphenyl) methane (TGDDM) and containing POSSOH. The study of functional POSS-involving interactions and epoxy-amine kinetics in the model systems revealed the high catalytic power of the combined presence of POSSOH and an aluminium-based catalyst in the model epoxy networks, as well as the occurrence of homopolymerisation. The thermo-mechanical properties were not significantly modified by the addition of POSS. Finally, spectacular improvements in fire retardancy were obtained in some cases, in particular when the POSSOH and the Al-based catalyst were introduced in combination. The fire protection mechanism was attributed to intumescence in the TGDDM-based networks. The addition of POSSOH and the Al-catalyst was found to be efficient in all the epoxy-amine network types, which could not be clearly related to the POSSOH structures but was rather attributed to a chemical synergistic effect
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Elrikh, Axelle. "Revêtement anti-usure déposé par projection plasma sur matériaux composites fibres de carbones/matrice époxy pour applications aéronautiques." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0131/document.

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Les matériaux composites à matrice polymères renforcés aux fibres de carbone (PRFC) sont de plus en plus utilisés dans les avions, en raison de leur faible densité et de leurs propriétés mécaniques comparables aux alliages généralement utilisés. Ils sont cependant sensibles aux impacts répétés des particules solides et liquides intervenant au cours du cycle de vol d’un avion, et nécessitent d’être protégés. Cette thèse est inscrite dans ce contexte de protection des PRFC, plus particulièrement ceux à matrice époxy, par le biais de dépôts anti-usure réalisés par projection plasma sous air. De tels recherche ont été menées auparavant avec pour résultats des dépôts céramique et métallique peu adhérents, sur des composites fortement endommagés par le procédé. Les travaux de cette thèse ont donc été organisés autour de deux objectifs :- Objectif fondamental : comprendre les interactions entre les particules fondues et le composite. Grâce à une étude multiéchelles d’impacts de gouttes sur le composite, la résine époxy et sa dégradation thermique ont été identifiés comme responsable de la mauvaise adhérence des dépôts projetés par plasma sur les PRFC.- Objectif expérimental. Déterminer la faisabilité de réaliser un revêtement anti-usure par projection plasma sur PRFC. Deux traitements de surface avant dépôt ont été choisis puis testés, en conditions d’impacts de particules isolées et de formation de dépôts. Des dépôts d’alumine ont pu être obtenus, sans dégradation thermique ou mécanique du composite
Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) are increasingly used in aircraft structures, due to their good strength to weight ratio. However, they are more sensitive to the impacts of solid and liquid particles, occurring during the aircraft flight cycle, and thus need to be protected. This work focuses on the protection of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy by air plasma spraying (APS). Numerous studies have been conducted on applying such coatings, but the obtained metallic and ceramic coatings show poor adhesion strength, and the underlying composite material is damaged by the APS process. This PhD is organized around two objectives:- Fundamental objective: understand the interactions between molten particles and the composite. A multi-scale study of droplets impacts on the composite led to identify the epoxy resin as responsible for the poor adhesion strength of air plasma sprayed coatings on CFRPs.- Experimental objective: determine the feasibility of producing an anti-wear coating by plasma spraying on CFRP. Two surface treatments prior to APS were chosen and tested in single particles impacts and coating formation. Alumina coatings have been obtained, without thermal or mechanical degradation of the underlying composite
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Eldo, Danny. "Improving Interfacial Fracture Resistance of Sandwich Composite Structures by PES/CNT Nanofibres Interleaving and Z-pinning." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17125.

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Sandwich structure is one type of composite materials that has been widely used in automotive, marine and aerospace structures. It offers high specific modulus and specific strength. Sandwich structures consist of two thin face plates that enclose a thick core. The face plate is generally stiff enough to resist bending load, whilst the foam core is of lower modulus, lightweight yet it can transfer the shear and compressive loadings. Sandwich structures with composite faces have been applied to fabricate aerospace structures (e.g., engine cowling, floor panels, etc.) because of their excellent bending stiffness and their resistance to impact (good energy absorption). However, sandwich composites commonly suffer face-core interface failure that could lead to catastrophic failure of the whole structure. This failure would also give a significant increase on its maintenance and repair cost. To alleviate the interface failure between face materials and core, there are several techniques that have been proposed: (a) through-thickness reinforcement by inserting z-pins to connect the faces and the core; (b) insertion of an interleaf (thin layer) which acts as an adhesive between the faces and the core; and (c) matrix modification utilizing polymer nanocomposites (or nanofillers) on the facing materials (which the modified matrix is able to penetrate into the top surface of the core material) to improve face/core interface bonding. The aim of this research is to investigate the improvement level of the face/core interface strength by z-pinning and interleaving. Here, the role of z-pins and interleaves with nanofillers in changing the delamination resistance under mode I (opening mode) was investigated by the double cantilever beam (DCB) test. The results showed improvement in both reinforcement methods on mode I debonding fracture toughness. Cracked sandwich beam (CSB) test was carried out to study the enhancement of fracture resistance of the face-core interface of the structure under mode II (shear loading mode). Almost similar to mode I test, mode II tests also showed a significant improvement in mode II fracture toughness up to 9.5 times in z-pinning. Unlike z-pinning, interleaving did not show a significant result with only 11% improvement at most. Particularly on z-pinning, the increased mode I fracture toughness was achieved by the role of z-pin bridging on crack growth whose effect is controlled by the crack-wake bridging law. Pullout tests were performed to study the bridging law due to the z-pins. The results showed that pullout was dominantly from the face laminates and that the interface bonding between the z-pin and the foam-core was very small and neglected in the analysis. Computer simulation of mode I DCB tests with z-pins was done to compare the model predictions with obtained experimental data.
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Oliveira, Clayton Reis de. "Sistemas de proteção para concreto reforçado com CFRP em situação de incêndio." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258466.

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Orientador: Armando Lopes Moreno Junior
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:44:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_ClaytonReisde_D.pdf: 8877102 bytes, checksum: d8520eb5d1f0d3af309830281acd7dfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: A técnica de polímeros reforçados com fibras (FRP) vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada como alternativa de reforço estrutural, com o objetivo de aumentar a resistência e a ductilidade das estruturas de concreto armado. Entretanto, o desempenho desses sistemas em situação de incêndio é uma séria preocupação devido ao fato dos materiais de FRPs serem combustíveis. Informações a esse respeito ainda estão restritas à literatura internacional e, mesmo assim, ainda são escassas e limitadas. Assim, antes de serem utilizados, com segurança, em reforços estruturais no interior de edifícios, os FRPs devem ter seu comportamento avaliado em situação de incêndio, verificando tanto o cumprimento dos critérios de resistência ao fogo, especificados em códigos normativos nacionais, quanto procedimentos de dimensionamento dessas estruturas contra a ação do fogo. Este trabalho, inicialmente, reuniu informações disponíveis na literatura internacional sobre os principais efeitos da exposição à altas temperaturas de cada material componente do compósito e, na mesma linha, sobre o comportamento de elementos estruturais reforçados com fibra de carbono em situação de incêndio. A parte experimental do trabalho consistiu na avaliação em laboratório do comportamento de corpos de prova de concreto reforçados com fibra de carbono. As variáveis em análise foram a temperatura limite de exposição do reforço e o tipo de revestimento de proteção ao fogo desses elementos reforçados. Os resultados mostraram que o reforço perde sua eficiência já nos primeiros minutos de exposição ao fogo e que os materiais de proteção, usuais na proteção de elementos de aço, são ineficazes em manter a segurança do sistema FRP em situação de incêndio. Uma simulação computacional via Elementos Finitos, utilizando o software TCD foi feita. Ao final, os resultados deste trabalho confirmaram procedimentos normativos internacionais vigentes que, por unanimidade, enfatizam que durante o incêndio a resistência proporcionada pelo reforço de compósito FRP deve ser desprezada
Abstract: The fiber technique reinforced polymer (FRP) has been used as alternative of structural reinforcement, with the objective to increase the resistance and ductilidade of the reinforcement concrete structures. However, the performance of these systems in fire situation is a serious concern due to the fact of the FRP materials to be combustible. Information to this respect still remain restricted to international literature and, eventhose, still scarced and limited. Thus, before being used, with safety, in structural reinforcements in the interior of buildings, the FRPs must have its behaviour evaluated in fire situation. This paper analyzed the main effects of exposure to high temperatures in FRP systems and investigated this material at laboratory. The main parameter evaluated were the critical temperature of fire exposed and the type of fire coating. The results showed that the reinforcement has lost its efficacy in the first minutes of exposure to fire and protection materials evaluated were ineffective in maintaining the security of the system under fire. Using the software TCD, a computer simulation was generated. At the end, the study confirmed that current code procedures unanimously emphasize: the additional resistance provided by the FRP can not be considered on fire safety design concrete structures
Doutorado
Estruturas
Doutor em Engenharia Civil
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Books on the topic "Fire resistant polymers"

1

Conference on 'Fire and Cellular Polymers' (1984 London, England). Fire and cellular polymers. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1987.

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Efremovich, Zaikov Gennadiĭ, ed. Modern polymer flame retardancy. Utrecht: VSP, 2003.

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Nelson, Gordon L., C. A. Wilkie, and Alexander B. Morgan. Fire and polymers V: Materials and concepts for fire retardancy. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2009.

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Flame retardants - 101:basic dynamics (Spring conference) (March 24-27,1996 Baltimore, MD). Flame retardants - 101:basic dynamics: Past efforts create future opportunities. Lancaster, PA: The Association, 1996.

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Mirkamilov, T. M. Polimernye antipireny. Tashkent: Tashkentskiĭ gos. tekhn. universitet im. Aby Raĭkhana Beruni, 1993.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Flame retardation treatment of synthetic rubbers and synthetic fibers. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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A, Wilkie C., and Morgan Alexander B, eds. Fire retardancy of polymeric materials. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.

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A, Wilkie C., Nelson Gordon L. 1943-, American Chemical Society. Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering, and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Fire and polymers IV: Materials and concepts for hazard prevention. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2006.

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1943-, Nelson Gordon L., Wilkie C. A, American Chemical Society. Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering, and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Fire and polymers: Materials and solutions for hazard prevention. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2001.

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A, Wilkie C., Nelson Gordon L. 1943-, American Chemical Society. Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering., and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Fire and polymers: Materials and concepts for hazard prevention. Washington, D.C: American Chemical Society, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fire resistant polymers"

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Alger, M. S. M. "High-temperature and fire-resistant polymers." In Specialty Polymers, 38–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7894-9_4.

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Alger, M. S. M. "High-temperature and fire resistant polymers." In Specialty Polymers, 37–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0025-7_4.

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Donskoi, A. A., M. A. Shashkina, and G. E. Zaikov. "Chlorinated polymers as the base for materials with reduced combustibility." In Fire Resistant and Thermally Stable Materials Derived from Chlorinated Polyethylene, 41–66. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429070723-4.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Fire Resistance." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 306. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4971.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Fire-Resisting Finish." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 306. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4972.

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Khanh, Luong Quoc, Tran Hoang Phuc, Nguyen Dinh Quang, Pham Thi Hong Nga, Pham Quan Anh, Nguyen Thanh Tan, and Ho Thi My Nu. "The Effect of Glass Fiber on the Notched Izod Impact Strength of Polybutylene Terephthalate/Glass Fiber Blends’." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 524–30. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_49.

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AbstractImproving the fire resistance of polymer and construction materials is an urgent requirement today. This article aims to study the incorporation of Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), a versatile polymer used in most glass fiber (GF) combination fields, to study their fire resistance and impact resistance for manufacturing battery housings. We conducted injection molding and scanning electrode microscopy (SEM) and had the expected results. The impact strength of PBT/GF samples measured according to ASTM D256 is 4.69, 4.43, 3.71, 4.67, and 6.28 kJ/m2. The PBT/25% GF sample achieved the highest average impact range of 6.28 kJ/m2. The suitable GF content in the mixture is from 20–30%. Combined with SEM microstructure, it was found that the content and density of GF distribution have a positive effect on the mixture, making the bond between them remarkably tight and robust. Thanks to the property of GF, which is non-flammable, it makes the material more effective fire resistant. This research is the basis for scientific developments that help solve the problem of impact resistance of this new plastic in production and is a premise for other research purposes in the future.
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Harun-Ur-Rashid, Mohammad, Abu Bin Imran, and Md Abu Bin Hasan Susan. "Fire-Resistant Polymeric Foams and Their Applications." In ACS Symposium Series, 97–121. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2023-1440.ch005.

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Shuklin, S. G., D. S. Shuklin, and Alexander V. Vakhrushev. "Microstructure and Properties of Fire-Resistant Polymeric Materials." In Nanomechanics and Micromechanics, 97–119. Series statement: AAP research notes on nanoscience & nanotechnology: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429322440-6.

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Oromiehie, Ebrahim, Feleb Matti, Fidelis Mashiri, and Gangadhara B. Prusty. "Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Retrofitted Steel Profiles Using Automated Fibre Placement." In RC Structures Strengthened with FRP for Earthquake Resistance, 73–103. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0102-5_3.

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Kodur, Venkatesh Kumar R., S. Venkatachari, Vasant A. Matsagar, and Shamsher Bahadur Singh. "Fire Resistance Requirements for Bio-Based Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structural Members." In Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Materials and Sustainable Structures, 1–17. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8979-7_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fire resistant polymers"

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Storodubtseva, Tamara, A. Buryakova, and A. Rabotkin. "ENERGY SAVING OF WOOD DUE TO ITS MODIFICATION." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_340-344.

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Modified wood is wood that is improved with special modifiers in order to increase its strength, durability and water-, bio-, fire- and corrosion resistance, which, unlike natural wood, makes it more resistant to various environmental factors. This wood is good to use in construction, and it will be effective for further development, as the buildings will be used longer, and less likely to be subject to repair and reconstruction, which will reduce deforestation. The most popular methods of modification are thermomechanical modification with preliminary steaming of wood, its heating, or with preliminary impregnation with mineral oils; thermochemical modification; chemical modification; radiation-chemical modification. Each type of the above modifications differs in its properties, and also have their own impact on a particular type of wood. The most common and most effective method of modification is achieved by thermomechanical processing. Since it is when the wood is heated, after the introduction of the necessary modifiers into it, the polymers begin to heat up, due to which the vessels of the wood harden, which affects its density. To avoid the destruction of wood, it is very important to monitor the temperature and prevent it from reaching high heating levels.
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Asako, Y., T. Otaka, and Y. Yamaguchi. "Fire Resistance Characteristics of Fire Protection Materials With High-Water Content." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1557.

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Abstract It is well known that moist fire protection materials show good fire resistance characteristics. For this reason, these materials are usually made of mixtures of cement mortar and high-water content materials such as silica gels or moist perlites. The latent heat of water plays an important role in the resistance of heat propagation in these materials. In this study, the thermal conductivity of mixtures of perlite-mortar and super-absorbent polymer gel to increase its water storage capacity, were measured. Also, the water content of the test materials was measured. Using the measured thermal properties of such fire protection materials, the numerical simulation for the fire resistant test were conducted. The effects of mixing ratio of the gels and the perlite-mortar on the fire resistance characteristics are discussed.
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Jafarli, Ilgar, and Umesh-Haribhai Vavaliya. "Mechanical behavior of I-beams reinforced by unidirectional carbon fibre, unidirectional glass fiber and carbon fibre laminates." In 22nd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2023.22.tf144.

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Industry demands new engineering and material solutions. One of these solutions are fibre reinforced polymers. They are light and strong for application as a material for I-beams. An I-beam is the best section for a homogeneous material because of the highest resistance moment. The popularity of composite materials introduces wide use in most branches of engineering and mostly as fibre reinforced polymers (FRP). This paper presents numerical and analytical studies on the mechanical behaviour of the I-beams made of fibre reinforced polymers reinforced by glass fibres (GFRP) and carbon fibres (CFRP) comparing to the structural steel S235JR. Five I-beams with different composite structures and one steel I-beam were numerically tested. Four-point test according to ASTM C 78 – 02 was conducted. Numerical simulation made in SOLIDWORKS software in the Static simulation mode was used. The obtained results were analysed and an attempt to determine the optimal parameters for combination of different composite materials was conducted. As a result of numerical analysis values of deflection and normal stress were obtained for polymer I-beam reinforced by glass and carbon fibres comparing to the steel I-beam.
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Khayambashi, Mahsa, Fatemeh Mohammadi, and Mahdi Akbarshahi. "Fire-resistant HDPE fuel system through intumescent coating with sufficient adhesion." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 38TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE POLYMER PROCESSING SOCIETY (PPS-38). AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0205132.

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Sheikh, Shamim Ahmed, and Zahra Kharal. "Corrosion-resistant Reinforced Concrete Columns." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0946.

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<p>To address this issue of corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete, large scale columns reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars were tested under simulated earthquake loads. In addition to the moment - curvature and shear - deflection responses, ductility factors, and work and energy dissipation parameters were used to evaluate column performance. Twenty-five columns with circular and square sections can be compared to investigate variables such as axial load level, amount and type of reinforcement, i.e. GFRP vs steel. GFRP-reinforced columns were found to behave with stable post-peak response and achieved high levels of deformability and energy dissipation. The optimum solution with respect to column strength, stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation, and corrosion resistance appears to be a hybrid column with steel longitudinal bars and GFRP transverse reinforcement.</p>
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Haffke, Marcin M., Matthias Pahn, and Catherina Thiele. "Fire Tests on the Pre-cast Concrete Sandwich Walls with GFRP Connectors." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0759.

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<p>Precast concrete sandwich panels are known for their inherently good thermal, acoustic and structural properties. When using glass fibre reinforced polymeric (GFRP) connectors coupling the concrete layers, excellent thermal properties and high structural stiffness can be achieved. However lack of knowledge on fire resistance of sandwich panels and fire bahavior of GFRP connectors remain an important issue limiting their wider use in the construction. This paper presents results of fire tests performed on real size sandwich walls in terms of fire behavior of the GFRP connectors and its impact on fire resistance of the entire walls. All the three tested sandwich walls met the REI 120-M criteria for load-bearing fire walls. The connectors showed in general good fire resistance and did not contribute to fire spread. The tests delivered important information on structural behaviour of sandwich walls with GFRP connectors loaded with fire and vertical eccentric and impact load.</p>
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Alexandrescu, Laurentia, Mihai Georgescu, Maria Sönmez, Anton Ficai, Roxana Trusca, and Ioana Lavinia Ardelean. "Polyamide/Polyethylene/Carbon Fibre Polymer Nanocomposites." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.i.2.

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Polyamide and polyethylene are well known as engineering thermoplastic materials that are widely used in industrial applications for their good mechanical and thermal properties. The paper presents the study of the new nanostructured polymer composites based on polyamide/ compatibilizers/polyethylene/carbon fibres nanoparticles-PA/PE-g-MA/PE/CF in order to obtain, by injection, centre pivot liner, centre plates, and other components for the railway industry, with impact resistance higher than 5-8 kJ/m², abrasion resistance below 100 mm3, resistance to temperatures of -40 - 240°C, resistance to impact and to outdoor applications, with temperatures ranging from -40 to +60°C, in rain, snow or sunshine. The influence of carbon fibres nanoparticles (CF) on the rheological and physico-mechanical properties of the polyamide was studied. The nanocomposites based on polyamide/ compatibilizers/ polyethylene/carbon fibres nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared spectrum (FT-IR) and in terms of physico-mechanical properties. The studied nanocomposites have higher values compared to the blank samples, and the requirements of the railway of impact strength of 5 KJ/m2. Carbon fiber concentrations greater than 1.5% result in decreases in impact strength values, similar to traction resistance values, but not lower than standard values. This leads to the conclusion that the percentages of carbon fibers in the range of 0.1-1.5% achieve maximum values of physical-mechanical parameters.
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Lytvynenko, P. V., V. V. Barbashyn, and Lo Sammy. "NANOSTRUCTURED POLYMER BINDERS FOR BONDING BUILDING STRUCTURES OF INCREASED FIRE RESISTANCE." In ХXX Міжнародна науково-практична конференція студентів, аспірантів та молодих учених"Актуальні проблеми життєдіяльності суспільства". Кременчуцький національний університет імені Михайла Остроградського, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2222-5099.2023.11.8.

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Bria, Vasile, Iulian-Gabriel Birsan, Adrian Circiumaru, Victor Ungureanu, and Igor Roman. "Tribological Characterization of Particulate Composites." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-25302.

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Among composites, the polymer matrix ones are the cheapest and the easiest to form but they show major disadvantages such as poor electrical and thermal conductivity, low fire resistance etc. In the case of any composite, some of the properties may be designed, some of them may be obtained by using an appropriate forming technique and, at least, some of them may be improved by special treatments. In the case of polymer matrix composites the first two ways are recommended if we are taking into account the polymers’ properties while the last one will turn the PMC into an expensive material due to the costs of metal or oxide thin film deposition on polymeric surface. Is it possible to solve all the problems by material design and by developing a convenient forming technique? Powders are used as fillers in order to obtain bi-components composites. The most important aim is about the uniform distribution of particles in matrix. If the fillers’ particles are arranged into the polymer volume is possible to change the electro-magnetic behavior of the obtained composite making this one to act as a meta-material. The powders can be dielectric as talc, clay or ferrite can be magnetic active as ferrite, or electric active as CNT or carbon nano-fibers. All these powders have effects on the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical properties of the composite. This study is about the influence of fillers on the tribological behavior of particulate composites. Epoxy resin was used as matrix and various powders were used to fill the polymer: ferrite, zinc, clay. The materials were thermally treated in order to reach the best polymer properties. Pin on disk fixture on a CETR-UTM had been used to determine the friction coefficient for each filler concentration. The Wear resistance of each material had been evaluated using the same apparatus but with some modifications.
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Alblalaihid, Khalid, Saleh A. Alghamdi, Anas Alburayt, Abdulaziz Alharbi, Saad Aldoihi, Ahmed Alwahid, Meshal Abuobaid, et al. "Coating Glass Fibre Yarn with Conductive Materials for Real-Time Structure Sensing." In The 8th International Conference on Materials Science and Smart Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-hbgzq6.

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Nowadays, the demand for glass fibre-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) has increased in the industry owing to their low weight, high strength, corrosion resistance and low cost compared with other fibre-reinforced polymer composites. However, GFRP is anisotropic material with low interlaminar strength where the damage can occur without warning. Integrating a real-time damage detection process can mitigate this problem. Therefore, this paper presents the initial fabrication of an embedded capacitive sensor into the GFRP by using conductive electrodes inbetween its layers. To form the sensing electrodes, glass fibre yarns were coated with conductive material and braided into the fibregalss woven fabric. Two coating methods were considered to form embedded electrodes in this work which include aerosol spray coatings that were carbon based and gold-based physical vapour deposition, (PVD). It has been shown that spray coating has a weak bond and the carbon particles disperse during the molding process. In the PVD technique the nanoparticle (Au) distributed uniformly along the fibres and has a good resistance (≈100Ω). The capacitive sensor based on gold coating was exaimined using a three point bending test which demonstrate linear response toward the flexural load with a sensitivity of 25.1 fF/N.
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Reports on the topic "Fire resistant polymers"

1

Willis, C., F. Jorgensen, S. A. Cawthraw, H. Aird, S. Lai, M. Chattaway, I. Lock, E. Quill, and G. Raykova. A survey of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and antimicrobial resistance in frozen, part-cooked, breaded or battered poultry products on retail sale in the United Kingdom. Food Standards Agency, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xvu389.

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Frozen, breaded, ready-to-cook chicken products have been implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis. Some of these outbreaks can be large. For example, one outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis involved 193 people in nine countries between 2018 and 2020, of which 122 cases were in the UK. These ready-to-cook products have a browned, cooked external appearance, which may be perceived as ready-to-eat, leading to mishandling or undercooking by consumers. Continuing concerns about these products led FSA to initiate a short-term (four month), cross-sectional surveillance study undertaken in 2021 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in frozen, breaded or battered chicken products on retail sale in the UK. This study sought to obtain data on AMR levels in Salmonella and E. coli in these products, in line with a number of other FSA instigated studies of the incidence and nature of AMR in the UK food chain, for example, the systematic review (2016). Between the beginning of April and the end of July 2021, 310 samples of frozen, breaded or battered chicken products containing either raw or partly cooked chicken, were collected using representative sampling of retailers in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland based on market share data. Samples included domestically produced and imported chicken products and were tested for E. coli (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant E. coli) and Salmonella spp. One isolate of each bacterial type from each contaminated sample was randomly selected for additional AMR testing to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for a range of antimicrobials. More detailed analysis based on Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data was used to further characterise Salmonella spp. isolates and allow the identification of potential links with human isolates. Salmonella spp. were detected in 5 (1.6%) of the 310 samples and identified as Salmonella Infantis (in three samples) and S. Java (in two samples). One of the S. Infantis isolates fell into the same genetic cluster as S. Infantis isolates from three recent human cases of infection; the second fell into another cluster containing two recent cases of infection. Countries of origin recorded on the packaging of the five Salmonella contaminated samples were Hungary (n=1), Ireland (n=2) and the UK (n=2). One S. Infantis isolate was multi-drug resistant (i.e. resistant to three different classes of antimicrobials), while the other Salmonella isolates were each resistant to at least one of the classes of antimicrobials tested. E. coli was detected in 113 samples (36.4%), with counts ranging from <3 to >1100 MPN (Most Probable Number)/g. Almost half of the E. coli isolates (44.5%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 20.0% of E. coli isolates. E. coli isolates demonstrating the ESBL (but not AmpC) phenotype were detected in 15 of the 310 samples (4.8%) and the AmpC phenotype alone was detected in two of the 310 samples (0.6%) of chicken samples. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing showed that five of the 15 (33.3%) ESBL-producing E. coli carried blaCTX-M genes (CTX-M-1, CTX-M-55 or CTX-M-15), which confer resistance to third generation cephalosporin antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate demonstrated resistance to colistin and was found to possess the mcr-1 gene. The five Salmonella-positive samples recovered from this study, and 20 similar Salmonella-positive samples from a previous UKHSA (2020/2021) study (which had been stored frozen), were subjected to the cooking procedures described on the sample product packaging for fan assisted ovens. No Salmonella were detected in any of these 25 samples after cooking. The current survey provides evidence of the presence of Salmonella in frozen, breaded and battered chicken products in the UK food chain, although at a considerably lower incidence than reported in an earlier (2020/2021) study carried out by PHE/UKHSA as part of an outbreak investigation where Salmonella prevalence was found to be 8.8%. The current survey also provides data on the prevalence of specified AMR bacteria found in the tested chicken products on retail sale in the UK. It will contribute to monitoring trends in AMR prevalence over time within the UK, support comparisons with data from other countries, and provide a baseline against which to monitor the impact of future interventions. While AMR activity was observed in some of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. examined in this study, the risk of acquiring AMR bacteria from consumption of these processed chicken products is low if the products are cooked thoroughly and handled hygienically.
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