Journal articles: 'Fire Simulator'

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Trucchia, Andrea, Mirko D’Andrea, Francesco Baghino, Paolo Fiorucci, Luca Ferraris, Dario Negro, Andrea Gollini, and Massimiliano Severino. "PROPAGATOR: An Operational Cellular-Automata Based Wildfire Simulator." Fire 3, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3030026.

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PROPAGATOR is a stochastic cellular automaton model for forest fire spread simulation, conceived as a rapid method for fire risk assessment. The model uses high-resolution information such as topography and vegetation cover considering different types of vegetation. Input parameters are wind speed and direction and the ignition point. Dead fine fuel moisture content and firebreaks—fire fighting strategies can also be considered. The fire spread probability depends on vegetation type, slope, wind direction and speed, and fuel moisture content. The fire-propagation speed is determined through the adoption of a Rate of Spread model. PROPAGATOR simulates independent realizations of one stochastic fire propagation process, and at each time-step gives as output a map representing the probability of each cell of the domain to be affected by the fire. These probabilities are obtained computing the relative frequency of ignition of each cell. The model capabilities are assessed by reproducing a set of past Mediterranean fires occurred in different countries (Italy and Spain), using when available the real fire fighting patterns. PROPAGATOR simulated such scenarios with affordable computational resources and with short CPU-times. The outputs show a good agreement with the real burned areas, demonstrating that the PROPAGATOR can be useful for supporting decisions in Civil Protection and fire management activities.

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Lee, J., M. Lee, and C. Jun. "FIRE EVACUATION SIMULATION CONSIDERING THE MOVEMENT OF PEDESTRIAN ACCORDING TO FIRE SPREAD." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W9 (October 30, 2018): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w9-273-2018.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> A fire simulator and an evacuation simulator are generally used independently to diagnose the safety of a building in the case of the fire and evacuation. However, it is hard to provide highly accurate safety diagnosis with this method because it does not reflect the movement of pedestrians in the situation of a fire. Therefore, this study proposed a fire evacuation simulation technique that can describe the movement of pedestrians with considering the fire spread. The proposed simulation technique applies the fire spread data of the fire dynamics simulator (FDS) to the floor field model (FFM) and it models that pedestrians recognizes the fire and take a detour to a safe route. This study proposed a method to link the data between FDS and FFM and an improved FFM considering fire spread. Additionally, the proposed method was applied to a real building on a university campus. This study simulated evacuations under various scenarios. Simulation results showed that the number of evacuees escaping through each exit varied by the presence of fire. Moreover, it was found that the evacuation time was increased or decreased by the fire and bottleneck phenomenon was also worsened under fire situation.</p>

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Kelso, Joel K., Drew Mellor, Mary E. Murphy, and George J. Milne. "Techniques for evaluating wildfire simulators via the simulation of historical fires using the AUSTRALIS simulator." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 6 (2015): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14047.

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A methodology for validating fire spread simulation systems using historical fire data is presented. The key features of this methodology are (a) quantitative comparison between simulator-generated fire perimeters and fire perimeters from an independently produced fire reconstruction at multiple time points during the fire, and (b) extensive sensitivity analyses on simulation variables including simulation spatial resolution, weather, vegetation coverage and fire behaviour model selection to determine the effect of each simulation input on the simulation output. The methodology is demonstrated in a case study in which the ability of the Australis high-performance wildfire simulator to replicate a large wildfire in Western Australia was examined. Simulation accuracy was found to be lower in extreme fire danger conditions and exhibited under-prediction of the head fire rate of spread. This was caused by inaccuracies in at least one of wind speed data, vegetation data or the fire behaviour model applied; however, the source of the inaccuracy could not be further diagnosed with the available data. The gathering of accurate data during and after active wildfires would facilitate more rigorous simulator and fire behaviour model validation studies as well as more accurate prediction of ‘live’ wildfires.

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Johnston, Paul, Joel Kelso, and George J. Milne. "Efficient simulation of wildfire spread on an irregular grid." International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, no. 5 (2008): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf06147.

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A cell-based wildfire simulator that uses an irregular grid is presented. Cell-based methods are simpler to implement than fire front propagation methods but have traditionally been plagued by fire shape distortion caused by the fire only being able to travel in certain directions. Using an irregular grid randomises the error introduced by the grid, so that the shape of simulated fire spread is independent of the direction of the wind with respect to the underlying grid. The cell-based fire spread simulator is implemented using discrete event simulation, which is a much more efficient computational method than conventional wildfire simulation techniques because computing resources are not used in repeatedly computing small updates to parts of the fire whose dynamics change infrequently, namely those areas of a fire that move slowly. The resulting simulator is comparable in accuracy with traditional fire front propagation schemes but is much faster and can therefore be used as an engine for fire simulation applications that require large numbers of simulations, such as in the role of a risk analysis engine.

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Bao, Yan Qing. "Study on Fire Prevention Performance-Based Design of a Large Underground Banquet Hall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 2065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.2065.

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There is large fires risk and difficult evacuation in underground buildings, so it is necessary to study the development of fire and evacuation procedure in underground building. In this paper, a large underground banquet hall was chosen as an example, evacuation safety in the hall was analyzed by numerical simulation. First of all, fire model and two fire scenes were set up by using the software Fire Dynamics Simulator. Then the process of fire spread was reappeared by numerical simulation, and evacuation process was simulated by using the software PathFinderTM. By comparison with both result, it was proved that there is safe personnel evacuation in the case of effective fire-fighting facilities. According to the simulation results, reasonable recommendations about fire safety of the large banquet hall was proposed. The research will contribute to fire prevention and architecture design.

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Khan, Easir A., Mohammad Abir Ahmed, Emamul Haque Khan, and Suvash C. Majumder. "Fire Emergency Evacuation Simulation of a shopping mall using Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS)." Journal of Chemical Engineering 30, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v30i1.34795.

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Fire accident in a shopping mall, garments factory and other labor intensive industries nowadays has become a common incident in Bangladesh and poses a great threat to life, facilities and economy of our country. In this work, fire and evacuation simulation was performed for a single stored shopping complex utilizing computational fluid dynamic techniques. Fire Dynamic Simulator with evacuation (FDS+Evac) software was used to simulate a shopping mall fire and study the effects of fire on the emergency egress process of people. The shopping mall of area 64 m2 comprises of seven rooms with a pool fire at the center of the mall is modeled for simulation. The total evacuation time (TET) for a fixed population density were estimated with the change of heat release rate, soot yield, soot density and the design pattern or geometry of shopping mall. The evacuation of agents in different time and different design pattern of the mall has been assessed using the data obtained from the simulation. FDS+Evac provides an integrating platform where the interaction between fire growth and evacuees can be taken into account by simultaneous simulation allowing a full coupling of the fire conditions and human behavior. This makes FDS is an effective tool for simulating large and high density crowds where the movement dynamics of evacuees is affected by the crowd pressure. Full scale fire experiment is often quite difficult to study the fine and crowds evacuation behavior. This paper illustrates a promising application of fire dynamic simulator (FDS+Evac) for fire and evacuation modeling to predict the total evacuation time.Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2017: 32-36

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Valasek, Lukas, and Jan Glasa. "On Realization of Cinema Hall Fire Simulation Using Fire Dynamics Simulator." Computing and Informatics 36, no. 4 (2017): 971–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/cai_2017_4_971.

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Jahdi, R., M. Salis, A. A. Darvishsefat, M. A. Mostafavi, F. Alcasena, V. Etemad, O. Lozano, and D. Spano. "Calibration of FARSITE simulator in northern Iranian forests." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 3 (March 6, 2015): 443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-443-2015.

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Abstract. Wildfire simulators based on empirical or physical models need to be locally calibrated and validated when used under conditions that differ from those where the simulators were originally developed. This study aims to calibrate the FARSITE fire spread model considering a set of recent wildfires that occurred in northern Iranian forests. Site-specific fuel models in the study areas were selected by sampling the main natural vegetation type complexes and assigning standard fuel models. Overall, simulated fires presented reliable outputs that accurately replicated the observed fire perimeters and behavior. Standard fuel models of Scott and Burgan (2005) afforded better accuracy in the simulated fire perimeters than the standard fuel models of Anderson (1982). The best match between observed and modeled burned areas was observed on herbaceous fuel models. Fire modeling showed a high potential for estimating spatial variability in fire spread and behavior in the study areas. This work represents a first step in the application of fire spread modeling in northern Iran for wildfire risk monitoring and management.

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Jahdi, R., M. Salis, A. A. Darvishsefat, F. J. Alcasena Urdiroz, V. Etemad, M. A. Mostafavi, O. M. Lozano, and D. Spano. "Calibration of FARSITE fire area simulator in Iranian northern forests." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 6201–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-6201-2014.

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Abstract. Wildfire simulators based on empirical or physical models need to be locally calibrated and validated when used under conditions that differ from those where the simulators were originally developed. This study aims to calibrate FARSITE fire spread model considering a set of recent wildfires occurred in Northern Iran forests. Site specific fuel models in the study areas were selected by sampling the main natural vegetation type complexes and assigning standard fuel models. Overall, simulated fires presented reliable outputs that accurately replicated the observed fire perimeters and behavior. Standard fuel models of Scott and Burgan (2005) afforded better accuracy in the simulated fire perimeters than the standard fuel models of Anderson (1982). The best match between observed and modeled burned areas was observed on herbaceous type fuel models. Fire modeling showed a high potential for estimating spatial variability in fire spread and behavior in the study areas. This work represents a first step in the application of fire spread modeling on Northern Iran for wildfire risk monitoring and management.

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Santoni, Paul-Antoine, Jean-Baptiste Filippi, Jacques-Henri Balbi, and Frédéric Bosseur. "Wildland Fire Behaviour Case Studies and Fuel Models for Landscape-Scale Fire Modeling." Journal of Combustion 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/613424.

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This work presents the extension of a physical model for the spreading of surface fire at landscape scale. In previous work, the model was validated at laboratory scale for fire spreading across litters. The model was then modified to consider the structure of actual vegetation and was included in the wildland fire calculation system Forefire that allows converting the two-dimensional model of fire spread to three dimensions, taking into account spatial information. Two wildland fire behavior case studies were elaborated and used as a basis to test the simulator. Both fires were reconstructed, paying attention to the vegetation mapping, fire history, and meteorological data. The local calibration of the simulator required the development of appropriate fuel models for shrubland vegetation (maquis) for use with the model of fire spread. This study showed the capabilities of the simulator during the typical drought season characterizing the Mediterranean climate when most wildfires occur.

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Wang, Li Wen, Da Meng Yuan, and Hao Wang. "Study of Airport Crash Fire Vehicle Dynamics Simulation Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2268.

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By using forward modeling and backward modeling synthetically, a dynamics model, including engine module, powertrain module, fire control system module and velocity module, is established preliminarily for airport crash fire vehicle training simulator. Simulation is performed in the airport crash fire vehicle simulation test platform. Finally real vehicle test is carried on. By contrasting simulation with experiment result, it is concluded that the dynamics model is reasonable and feasible and could satisfy the need of airport crash fire vehicle training simulator.

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Zhang, Qingsong, Naiwen Jiang, Hanpeng Qi, and Xingna Luo. "Modified Fire Simulation Curve of Cabin Temperatures in Postcrash Fires for Fire Safety Engineering." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8978575.

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The fire simulation curve this paper presents is based on a curve which is proposed by Barnett in 2002. The curve is used to study the temperature change in a fire scenario in the interior of a rectangular compartment. However, it is not applicable to use in some long, limited spaces with arc boundaries, such as aircraft cabins. Some improvements and simplifications are made to the curve to solve this problem. A numerical simulation is conducted via the modified curve in a B737 fuselage during a postcrash fire. The result is compared with a fire dynamics simulator (FDS) simulation and a full-scale test undertaken by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The practicability and accuracy of the modified curve is proved through the relevant analysis and the main relative error analysis. The time to flashover is also predicted by the curve and the FDS simulation, respectively. Several parameters are chosen as influence factors to study their effect on the time to flashover in order to delay the occurrence of the flashover. This study may provide a technical support for the cabin fire safety design, safety management, and fire safety engineering.

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Filippi, Jean-Baptiste, Frédéric Bosseur, Xavier Pialat, Paul-Antoine Santoni, Susanna Strada, and Céline Mari. "Simulation of Coupled Fire/Atmosphere Interaction with the MesoNH-ForeFire Models." Journal of Combustion 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/540390.

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Simulating interaction between forest fire and atmospheric processes requires a highly detailed and computationally intensive model. Processing this type of simulations in wildland fires forbids combustion-based models due to the large amount of fuels to be simulated in terms of quantity and diversity. In this paper, we propose an approach that couples a fire area simulator to a mesoscale weather numerical model in order to simulate local fire/atmosphere interaction. Five idealized simulation cases are analysed showing strong interaction between topography and the fire front induced wind, interactions that could not be simulated in noncoupled simulations. The same approach applied to a real-case scenario also shows results that are qualitatively comparable to the observed case. All these results were obtained in less than a day of calculation on a dual processor computer, leaving room for improvement in grid resolution that is currently limited to fifty meter.

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Salis, Michele, Bachisio Arca, Fermin Alcasena, Margarita Arianoutsou, Valentina Bacciu, Pierpaolo Duce, Beatriz Duguy, et al. "Predicting wildfire spread and behaviour in Mediterranean landscapes." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 10 (2016): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15081.

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The use of spatially explicit fire spread models to assess fire propagation and behaviour has several applications for fire management and research. We used the FARSITE simulator to predict the spread of a set of wildfires that occurred along an east–west gradient of the Euro-Mediterranean countries. The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the overall accuracy of the simulator and to quantify the effects of standard vs custom fuel models on fire simulation performance. We also analysed the effects of different fuel models and slope classes on the accuracy of FARSITE predictions. To run the simulations, several input layers describing each study area were acquired, and their effect on simulation outputs was analysed. Site-specific fuel models and canopy inputs were derived either from existing vegetation information and field sampling or through remote-sensing data. The custom fuel models produced an increase in simulation accuracy, and results were nearly unequivocal for all the case studies examined. We suggest that spatially explicit fire spread simulators and custom fuel models specifically developed for the heterogeneous landscapes of Mediterranean ecosystems can help improve fire hazard mapping and optimise fuel management practices across the Euro-Mediterranean region.

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Shang, Chao, Ke Yin Wang, Hai Ying Huang, and Yu Kun Chen. "A Study of Forest Trees Fire Modeling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 444-445 (October 2013): 1559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.444-445.1559.

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The computer simulation has become an important means to study fire broke out and its law of development today. Fire Dynamics Simulator is three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics software based on LES. And it is widely used in the field of fire science. However, it is rarely used in the study of forest fires. Through the study of tree morphological parameters,combined with the modeling features of the pre and post-processing graphical software PyroSIM, this article explored a tree modeling method for FDS.

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Rahmani, Abdolrasoul, and Mohammad Salem. "Simulation of Fire in Super High-Rise Hospitals Using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)." Electronic Journal of General Medicine 17, no. 3 (March 21, 2020): em200. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/7848.

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Choi, Daehyun, Jaemoon Lee, and Sehong Min. "A Study on Analyzing the Operation Time of the Sprinkler Head near the Beam with Fire Simulation." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.1.265.

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In this study, the dangers surrounding vehicular fires were identified by means of statistical analysis of the national fire information system. The analysis was conducted on the operation time of the sprinkler fire extinguisher, which plays the most essential role during the initial fire extinguishing attempt, in case of a fire outbreak. A simulation was created using the application guidelines pertaining to a sprinkler head located close to a beam as provided in NFSC 103. The operation time of the sprinkler head was analyzed for the case of a parking lot fire where a fan was operated. Fire Dynamics Simulator was used as the simulation program. If the revised guidelines were applied to thesimulation, the sprinkler head located directly above the fire source was activated approximately 1 minin advance compared to the sprinkler head operating under current standards. Therefore, it was found that the revised guidelines were suitable and aided in early fire extinguishing attempts. In the case where a fan was operated along with the detector, during the outbreak of a fire, it was found that the operation of the sprinkler head located directly above the fire was delayed by two or more minutes compared to the simulated case where no fan was operated.

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Lee, Yohan, Jeremy S. Fried, Heidi J. Albers, and Robert G. Haight. "Deploying initial attack resources for wildfire suppression: spatial coordination, budget constraints, and capacity constraints." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 1 (January 2013): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2011-0433.

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We combine a scenario-based, standard-response optimization model with stochastic simulation to improve the efficiency of resource deployment for initial attack on wildland fires in three planning units in California. The optimization model minimizes the expected number of fires that do not receive a standard response — defined as the number of resources by type that must arrive at the fire within a specified time limit — subject to budget and station capacity constraints and uncertainty about the daily number and location of fires. We use the California Fire Economics Simulator to predict the number of fires not contained within initial attack modeling limits. Compared with the current deployment, the deployment obtained with optimization shifts resources from the planning unit with highest fire load to the planning unit with the highest standard response requirements but leaves simulated containment success unchanged. This result suggests that, under the current budget and capacity constraints, a range of deployments may perform equally well in terms of fire containment. Resource deployments that result from relaxing constraints on station capacity achieve greater containment success by encouraging consolidation of resources into stations with high dispatch frequency, thus increasing the probability of resource availability on high fire count days.

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Yang, Jun Tao, Yun Yang, and Jing Liang. "Full-Scale Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Fire in a High-Rise Residential Building." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 2251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2251.

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Fires in high-rise residential building were studied experimentally by using an actual building with similar inner structure. The temperatures in the building interior corridors, elevators and staircases exit were measured. At the same time the fires in this construction were simulated by using FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) software, the variance trends of the temperatures in different positions within high-rise residential building were studied and compared with the experiment results, and the results of this simulation are proved to be valid. The results can be used to support the study of effectively controlling of the smoke spread and evacuation in high-rise residential building.

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Centeno, F. R., and E. E. C. Rodrigues. "REDUCED-SCALE STUDY OF LIQUID FUEL STORAGE TANK FIRE USING FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 14, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v14i1.62112.

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Most of the accidents that occur in liquid fuel storage tank parks are caused by fire. This paper presents a numerical study using Large Eddy Simulation through Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for the simulation of liquid fuel (ethanol) storage tanks at different scales (real-scale 1:1, and reduced- scales, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8). This paper proposes correlations for flame height, and temperature profile and radiative heat flux profile in the region adjacent to the tanks. Correlations have as inputs the diameters of the tanks in real- and reduced-scale, temperature profiles and radiative heat flux profiles for a reduced-scale tank simulation, and then provide as outputs flame height and temperature profiles and radiative heat flux profiles for the tank in real- scale. Percentage errors of the correlations found in this study are lower than 2.0% and 0.6% for the maximum radiative heat flux and maximum temperature, respectively.

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Lin, Cherng Shing, Chia Chun Yu, and Shih Cheng Wang. "Numerical Investigation of Fire Dynamic Behavior for a Commercial Building Basement." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 2213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2213.

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In the past twenty years, many severe basement fires occurred and caused huge losses of human lives and damages to property in Taiwan. During a building fire, smoke at high temperatures and poisonous gases (such as CO) may easily spread through corridors and ventilation systems in the entire building. Therefore, protecting against the basement fires in commercial buildings is of important concern for Taiwan’s fire protection authority. This paper utilizes FDS (Fire Dynamic Simulator) to construct a computer simulation model for investigating the Cardon basement fire that occurred in Taipei (1993). The fire accident unfortunately caused tremendous property losses and heavy casualties (22 died and 7 were injured). The major important parameters of the flow field - such as speed to the spread of fire, smoke movement, upper layer temperature, and CO concentration are obtained to analyze and understand the fire dynamic characteristics. The computed results reasonably agree with post-accident reports. The simulation results obtained may be utilized to improve the better and safer designs for basement building fire protection capability. The information can also be valuable for the similar fire disaster prevention and mitigation in the future.

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Choi, C. B., Y. J. Jang, K. Lee, and K. S. Yang. "FIRE DYNAMIC SIMULATOR WITH MARKER PARTICLES." Journal of computational fluids engineering 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.6112/kscfe.2011.16.4.055.

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Braun, Willard J. "Assessing a Stochastic Fire Spread Simulator." Journal of Environmental Informatics 22, no. 1 (September 25, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3808/jei.201300241.

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Kowalewski, Jerzy, and Wojciech Chrobot. "SIMULATOR OF 12.7 MACHINEGUN WKM NSW TO ŚNIEŻNIK SYSTEM." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0278.

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The paper describes a new simulator of 12.7 mm wkm NSW large calibre machinegun prepared on the base of service gun to fire simulated shots on the training stands working together with the “ŚNIEŻNIK” training-practicing system for small arms. The main tactical and technical data of the machinegun wkm NSW and mechanical and electrical assumptions which were the basis for adapting the service gun to fire simulated shots and working out the simulator are presented in the paper. Some selected components of simulator design and questions encountered and solutions found at process of designing are shown.

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Yakovchuk Roman,, Kuzyk Andriy,, Skorobagatko Taras,, Yemelyanenko Sergiy,, Borys Olexander,, and Dobrostan Olexander,. "COMPUTER SIMULATION OF FIRE TEST PARAMETERS FAÇADE HEAT INSULATING SYSTEM FOR FIRE SPREAD IN FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR (FDS)." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 4, no. 442 (August 15, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.82.

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Sun, Ruiyu, Mary Ann Jenkins, Steven K. Krueger, William Mell, and Joseph J. Charney. "An evaluation of fire-plume properties simulated with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and the Clark coupled wildfire model." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2894–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-138.

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Before using a fluid dynamics physically based wildfire model to study wildfire, validation is necessary and model results need to be systematically and objectively analyzed and compared to real fires, which requires suitable data sets. Observational data from the Meteotron experiment are used to evaluate the fire-plume properties simulated by two fluid dynamics numerical wildfire models, the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and the Clark coupled atmosphere–fire model. Comparisons based on classical plume theory between numerical model and experimental Meteotron results show that plume theory, because of its simplifying assumptions, is a fair but restricted rendition of important plume-averaged properties. The study indicates that the FDS, an explicit and computationally demanding model, produces good agreement with the Meteotron results even at a relatively coarse horizontal grid size of 4 m for the FDS, while the coupled atmosphere–fire model, a less explicit and less computationally demanding model, can produce good agreement, but that the agreement is sensitive to surface vertical-grid sizes and the method by which the energy released from the fire is put into the atmosphere.

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King, Karen J., Robert M. de Ligt, and Geoffrey J. Cary. "Fire and carbon dynamics under climate change in south-eastern Australia: insights from FullCAM and FIRESCAPE modelling." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 4 (2011): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09073.

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This study used simulation modelling to investigate fire and carbon dynamics for projected warmer and drier climates in the south-eastern Australian high country. A carbon accounting model FullCAM and the landscape fire regime simulator FIRESCAPE were combined and used to simulate several fire management options under three climate scenarios – the recent climate (1975–2005); a moderate climate projected for 2070 (B1); and a more extreme climate projected for 2070 (A1FI). For warmer and drier climates, model simulations predicted (i) an increase in fire incidence; (ii) larger areas burned; (iii) higher mean fire intensities; (iv) shorter fire cycle lengths; (v) a greater proportion of fires burning earlier in the fire season; (vi) a reduction in carbon stores; (vii) a reduction in carbon sequestration rates; and (viii) an increase in the proportion of stored carbon emitted to the atmosphere. Prescribed burning at historical or twice historical levels had no effect on fire or carbon dynamics. In contrast, increasing the initial attack success (a surrogate for suppression) partially offset the adverse effects of warmer and drier climates on fire activity, but not on carbon dynamics. For the south-eastern Australian high country, simulations indicated that fire and carbon dynamics are sensitive to climate change, with simulated fire management only being able to partially offset the adverse effects of warmer and drier climate.

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Sharma, P. K., V. Verma, J. Chattopadhyay, and G. Vinod. "Large eddy fire simulation applications from nuclear industry." Kerntechnik 86, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kern-2020-0052.

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Abstract A computational study has been carried out for predicting the behaviour of a pool fire source using the field-model based code Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Time dependent velocity and temperature fields are predicted along with the resulting changes in the plume structure and its width. Firstly, a grid study was performed to find out the best grid size for this purpose. Then calculations were done which showed a very good agreement with earlier reported experimental based correlations for the temperature of the plume region. These studies have been extended to use this field-model based tools for modelling particular separate effect phenomena like puffing frequency and to validate against experimental data. There are several applications in nuclear industry like room fires, wildland fires, smoke or ash disposal, hydrogen transport in nuclear reactor containment, natural convection in building flows etc. In this paper the use of FDS with the advanced Large Eddy Simulation (LES) based CFD turbulence model is described for various applications: Fire simulation for Alpha storage, Bhabhatran teletherapy, pool fire for transport casks, fire PSA of a representative NPP, exhaust air fan buildings of a process plant and smoke dispersion in large fires around NPPs.

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Zeng, Sheng, Xiao Xiong Zha, Yi Yan Chen, and Rui Juan Jiang. "Safe Evacuation from Subway Station under Platform Train Fire." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 2023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2023.

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The environmental deterioration of the subway station and the safety of the personnel evacuation under platform train fire are researched. The critical fire danger condition is proposed and the time calculation method of evacuation is determined. A platform train fire in a subway station is simulated by the Fire Dynamics Simulator software. Then the available egress time can be got by analyzing the fire temperature and smoke concentration change with time. At the same time, the required egress time is studied through theoretical analysis and computer simulation by software Building Exodus. The results showed that smoke exhaust rate is very important to the smoke control under platform train fire. And the stair evacuation ability is the key to the whole evacuation.

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Kang, Dae Il, Kilyoo Kim, Seung-Cheol Jang, and Seong Yeon Yoo. "Risk assessment of main control board fire using fire dynamics simulator." Nuclear Engineering and Design 289 (August 2015): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.04.030.

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Sudheer, S., D. Saumil, and S. V. Prabhu. "Physical experiments and Fire Dynamics Simulator simulations on gasoline pool fires." Journal of Fire Sciences 31, no. 4 (January 29, 2013): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904112472953.

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Zhang, Yongwang, and Lu Wang. "Research on Flashover Prediction Method of Large-Space Timber Structures in a Fire." Materials 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 5515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195515.

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Due to the flammability of materials and the vastness of space, flashover fires of large-space timber structures pose a huge threat to lives as well as the structures themselves. Therefore, it is necessary to study the critical conditions, control factors and prediction methods of flashover fires. To address this issue, hundreds of design conditions were simulated by Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) with variations in space size, the heat release rate (HRR) of fire source and fire growth type. A temperature–time model of the maximum temperature of the smoke layer near the ceiling (Tmax) was established, and the critical condition that uses this model to predict the occurrence of flashover was determined. Furthermore, a mathematical formula was established that can accurately predict the flashover induction time when the Tmax exceeds 400 °C. This research can provide a reference for the performance-based fire safety design of large-space timber structures.

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Fernández-Alaiz, Florencio, Ana Maria Castañón, Fernando Gómez-Fernández, and Marc Bascompta. "Mine Fire Behavior under Different Ventilation Conditions: Real-Scale Tests and CFD Modeling." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 3380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103380.

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Fires in underground spaces are especially relevant due to their potential mortality. However, there is not much research in real-scale spaces done so far. In this study, several fire scenarios were analyzed in an underground drift, taking into account the main environmental variables: airflow, temperature, oxygen, and pollutants. The behavior before and after the fire load was determined, as well as the evolution of the fire over time throughout the drift and its cross-section, finding important trends of the fire based on the airflow–fuel load ratio. Furthermore, the five most representative scenarios were modeled using the fire dynamics simulator (FDS). Results obtained in the simulations, with the adjusted parameters, display a good correlation between simulated and experimental values, being able to extrapolate these values to know the performance of potential fires in other underground spaces or mines. The outcomes could also be a very useful tool to study the effectiveness of possible emergency measures or the potential impact of a fire in this type of environments.

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Nuianzin, Oleksandr, Mykola Kryshtal, Artem Nesterenko, Dmytro Kryshtal, and Taras Samchenko. "Investigation of the regularities of temperature regime of fire in cable tunnels depending on its parameters." MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823002022.

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Simulation, as a method of scientific research, makes it possible, without performing costly and labor-intensive field experiments on models, to carry out all necessary experiments to determine the temperature modes of fire in cable tunnels. The purpose of the research of this work was to determine the temperature regime of fire in a cable tunnel depending on its shape, size and fire load. Mathematical models of cable tunnels were created in one of the CFD software systems. Cable products are constantly evolving and improving. For tests on the fire resistance of building structures of cable tunnels, a standard temperature mode of fire is used which may not correspond to fire mode in a real cable tunnel. The computational experiments were carried out and the temperature regimes of fires in tunnels with different parameters were determined. The obtained results showed the parameters of cable tunnels, which influence the temperature regime of fire in tunnels most. In this paper the use of computational experiments for the study of heat and mass transfer processes in fires in cable tunnels was examined further. CFD Fire Dynamics Simulator 6.2 was used.

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Denham, Monica, Karina Laneri, Viviana Zimmerman, and Sigfrido Waidelich. "First steps towards a dynamical model for forest fire behaviour in Argentinian landscapes." Journal of Computer Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): e09. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/16666038.20.e09.

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We developed a Reaction Diffusion Convection (RDC) model for forest fire propagation coupled to a visualization platform with several functionalities requested by local firefighters. The dynamical model aims to understand the key mechanisms driving fire propagation in the Patagonian region. We'll show in this work the first tests considering combustion and diffusion in artificial landscapes. The simulator, developed in CUDA/OpenGL, integrates several layers including topography, weather, and fuel data. It allows to visualize the fire propagation and also to interact with the user in simulation time. The Fire Weather Index (FWI), extensively used in Argentina to support operative preventive measures for forest fires management, was also coupled to our visualization platform. This additional functionality allows the user to visualize on the landscape the fire risks, that are closely related to FWI, for Northwest Patagonian forests in Argentina.

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Penman, Trent D., Dan A. Ababei, Jane G. Cawson, Brett A. Cirulis, Thomas J. Duff, William Swedosh, and James E. Hilton. "Effect of weather forecast errors on fire growth model projections." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 11 (2020): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19199.

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Fire management agencies use fire behaviour simulation tools to predict the potential spread of a fire in both risk planning and operationally during wildfires. These models are generally based on underlying empirical or quasi-empirical relations and rarely are uncertainties considered. Little attention has been given to the quality of the input data used during operational fire predictions. We examined the extent to which error in weather forecasts can affect fire simulation results. The study was conducted using data representing the State of Victoria in south-eastern Australia, including grassland and forest conditions. Two fire simulator software packages were used to compare fire growth under observed and forecast weather. We found that error in the weather forecast data significantly altered the predicted size and location of fires. Large errors in wind speed and temperature resulted in an overprediction of fire size, whereas large errors in wind direction resulted in an increased spatial error in the fire’s location. As the fire weather intensified, fire predictions using forecast weather under predicted fire size, potentially resulting in greater risks to the community. These results highlight the importance of on-ground intelligence during wildfires and the use of ensembles to improve operational fire predictions.

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Hopkin, Charlie, Michael Spearpoint, and Adam Bittern. "Using experimental sprinkler actuation times to assess the performance of Fire Dynamics Simulator." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 4 (May 9, 2018): 342–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118772306.

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This article considers the predictive capabilities of Fire Dynamics Simulator for sprinkler actuation time when benchmarked against data from a series of 22 enclosure experiments. Sensitivity analyses have been undertaken for grid size, conductivity factor, radiative fraction and enclosure leakage areas. ‘Goodness of fit’ calculations indicate that Fire Dynamics Simulator is able to provide an average prediction of sprinkler actuation time within a Euclidean relative difference of 0.18. Comparisons to results determined in previous studies, using different modelling methods and Fire Dynamics Simulator versions, have also been made. The sensitivity analyses and comparisons indicate the importance of the decisions made by the modeller in representing fire scenarios, even when modelling ‘simple’ experiments where data for inputs such as the heat release rate, geometry and sprinkler characteristics are available. The comparisons therefore indicate that with the reduced degrees of freedom compared to other modelling studies, there is still potential for a range of assumptions and simulation results.

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Ryder, Noah L., Jason A. Sutula, Christopher F. Schemel, Andrew J. Hamer, and Vincent Van Brunt. "Consequence modeling using the fire dynamics simulator." Journal of Hazardous Materials 115, no. 1-3 (November 2004): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.06.018.

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Hsiao, Gary Li-Kai, Te-Chin Huang, Ching-Yuan Lin, and Tzu-Sheng Shen. "Simulation of Bus Fires in the Hsuehshan Tunnel, Taiwan, Using the Software Fire Dynamics Simulator." Journal of Applied Fire Science 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/af.23.1.c.

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Shi, Jianyong, Jicao Dao, Liu Jiang, and Zeyu Pan. "Research on IFC- and FDS-Based Information Sharing for Building Fire Safety Analysis." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (November 29, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3604369.

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With the development of computer processors, vast numerical simulation tools are widely used by fire engineers to determine the spread of fire and smoke. However, the fire modeling practices are often highly time-consuming and cost-intensive especially for building geometry information which does limit the further implementation of building fire safety analysis. Although nowadays building information modeling (BIM) has become a buzzword in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) field to facilitate information integration and interoperability, data sharing and exchange are still weak in the traditional interoperability between BIM applications and fire simulation software, since the data schema of them are totally different. In this paper, a quick and accurate approach for information sharing for building fire safety analysis between mainstream BIM applications and widely used fire simulation software has been successfully implemented, based on Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). And, both geometrical building information and sematic information can be shared by this approach through the transformation of coordinate systems, outer database, and IFC file extension. The BIM model restoring fire simulation results can support other performance-based design of building, such as structural fire-resistant design and evacuation design. And, all of the analysis results including building fire simulation, structure safety design, and evacuation simulation can be integrated in Autodesk Revit, establishing a framework of IFC- and FDS-based information sharing for building fire safety analysis successfully. A gymnasium has been taken as a case study to illustrate the capability of this framework.

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Lin, Cherng Shing, Chih Chung Lai, Ming En Wu, and Chia Chun Yu. "Firefighting Tactics during a Fire Event at a Textile Factory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 533 (February 2014): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.533.335.

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Many factories contain chemical substances, raw materials, and finished and semi-finished products; thus, a factory fire can cause substantial property losses and endanger lives. The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology was used in this study to simulate a fire event at a textile factory in Taiwan. The circumstances of a 2010 fire event in Zhubei City were recreated using data from the fire department and print media, exploring changes in temperature, smoke, and the concentrations of harmful gases (i.e., carbon monoxide; CO). Criteria were established for judging the firefighting techniques used during the fire event. In other words, simulated results of the FDS were used to analyze and assess the planning and use of firefighting tactics to enhance the efficiency of firefighting and rescue techniques, decrease casualties and property losses, and increase the reference value of this study in its application to fighting future factory fires.

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Burton, Chantelle, Richard Betts, Manoel Cardoso, Ted R. Feldpausch, Anna Harper, Chris D. Jones, Douglas I. Kelley, Eddy Robertson, and Andy Wiltshire. "Representation of fire, land-use change and vegetation dynamics in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator vn4.9 (JULES)." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-179-2019.

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Abstract. Disturbance of vegetation is a critical component of land cover, but is generally poorly constrained in land surface and carbon cycle models. In particular, land-use change and fire can be treated as large-scale disturbances without full representation of their underlying complexities and interactions. Here we describe developments to the land surface model JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) to represent land-use change and fire as distinct processes which interact with simulated vegetation dynamics. We couple the fire model INFERNO (INteractive Fire and Emission algoRithm for Natural envirOnments) to dynamic vegetation within JULES and use the HYDE (History Database of the Global Environment) land cover dataset to analyse the impact of land-use change on the simulation of present day vegetation. We evaluate the inclusion of land use and fire disturbance against standard benchmarks. Using the Manhattan metric, results show improved simulation of vegetation cover across all observed datasets. Overall, disturbance improves the simulation of vegetation cover by 35 % compared to vegetation continuous field (VCF) observations from MODIS and 13 % compared to the Climate Change Initiative (CCI) from the ESA. Biases in grass extent are reduced from −66 % to 13 %. Total woody cover improves by 55 % compared to VCF and 20 % compared to CCI from a reduction in forest extent in the tropics, although simulated tree cover is now too sparse in some areas. Explicitly modelling fire and land use generally decreases tree and shrub cover and increases grasses. The results show that the disturbances provide important contributions to the realistic modelling of vegetation on a global scale, although in some areas fire and land use together result in too much disturbance. This work provides a substantial contribution towards representing the full complexity and interactions between land-use change and fire that could be used in Earth system models.

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Kim, Esther, John P. Woycheese, and Nicholas A. Dembsey. "Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 4.0) Simulation for Tunnel Fire Scenarios with Forced, Transient, Longitudinal Ventilation Flows." Fire Technology 44, no. 2 (November 10, 2007): 137–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-007-0028-2.

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Anghel, Ion, J. Dusica Pesic, Silviu Codescu, Daniela Popescu, Valeriu Panaitescu, and Octavian Lalu. "3D Fire Dynamic Scenario for Training Systems Based on Immersive Virtual Reality for Firefighters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.793.

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Understanding fire behaviour indicators is very important, especially taking into account their integration in the primary fire evaluation process as part of the dynamic and continuous evaluation of risks to which people are exposed to. Construction fires are always characterised by certain critical behaviour factors such as smoke, air currents, heat and flames. Classical training methods for firefighters are practical exercises that are expensive and risky. The aim of the present article is to briefly present a new training method consisting of a dynamic 3D system based on immersive virtual reality. This paper presents results based on the characteristics and thermal values of the flashover in a case study. The phenomenon are simulated by using the Fire Dynamics Simulator, a computer program developed on a complex mathematical apparatus that can generate multiple output data (indicators such as temperatures, gas concentrations, speeds etc.). Results are validated by experimental tests in a testing metal facility from the Police Academy “A. I. Cuza”, Bucharest. The 3D graphic results offered by the simulation highlights the conditions and parameters to which the firefighters involved in putting-out a fire, in the presented training scenario, would be exposed.

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Lin, Cherng Shing, Te Chi Chen, and Tai Yi Lee. "Fire Computer-Simulated Fire Scene Verification of Entertainment Establishments." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.630.

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Entertainment establishments generally have a high volume of visitors and must pay special attention to enhance fire prevention and safety. In the past 30 years, many cases of serious fires have occurred in entertainment establishments in Taiwan, causing numerous casualties and significant property losses. Examples include the fire incidents at the Welcome Restaurant in Taichung City (64 people were dead) and at the Lunch in Restaurant and the Mythology World KTV in Taipei City (33 people were dead). Consequently, fire protection engineering research for entertainment establishments is extremely important. In this study, a specific bar-type entertainment establishment located in Taichung in 2011 was used as the research subject (9 people were dead).Field model-based fire dynamics simulator (FDS) software was used to reconstruct a numerical model for conducting a case study of the fire scene. Changes in the heat transfer, smoke flow, upper layer temperature, and CO concentration were investigated. This study also verified the fire field the evacuation of people. It is hoped that the results can provide a useful reference for fireproofing or prevention projects in similar entertainment establishments.

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Chi, Jen‐Hao, Sheng‐Hung Wu, and Chi‐Min Shu. "Using Fire Dynamics Simulator to Reconstruct a Hydroelectric Power Plant Fire Accident." Journal of Forensic Sciences 56, no. 6 (November 2011): 1639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01887.x.

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Cha, Moohyun, Soonhung Han, Jaikyung Lee, and Byungil Choi. "A virtual reality based fire training simulator integrated with fire dynamics data." Fire Safety Journal 50 (May 2012): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.01.004.

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Moghaddas, Jason J., Brandon M. Collins, Kurt Menning, Emily E. Y. Moghaddas, and Scott L. Stephens. "Fuel treatment effects on modeled landscape-level fire behavior in the northern Sierra Nevada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 9 (September 2010): 1751–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-118.

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Across the western United States, decades of fire exclusion combined with past management history have contributed to the current condition of extensive areas of high-density, shade-tolerant coniferous stands that are increasingly prone to high-severity fires. Here, we report the modeled effects of constructed defensible fuel profile zones and group selection treatments on crown fire potential, flame length, and conditional burn probabilities across 11 land allocation types for an 18 600 ha study area within the northern Sierra Nevada, California. Fire modeling was completed using FlamMap and FARSITE based on landscape files developed with high-resolution aerial (IKONOS) imagery, ground-based plot data, and integrated data from ARCFUELS and the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Under modeled 97th percentile weather conditions, average conditional burn probability was reduced between pre- and post-treatment landscapes. A more detailed simulation of a hypothetical fire burning under fairly severe fire weather, or “problem fire”, revealed a 39% reduction in final fire size for the treated landscape relative to the pre-treatment condition. To modify fire behavior at a landscape level, a combination of fuel treatment strategies that address topographic location, land use allocations, vegetation types, and fire regimes is needed.

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Burlacu, Dan, Ion Anghel, Constantin Popa, and Ionuţ Căşaru. "Fire Safety Evaluation of an Underground Car Park Using Numerical Simulation." Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmce-2018-0003.

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Abstract This paper presents a global fire risk assessment by using fire simulation in an existing underground parking. The simulation is conducted with the Fire Dynamics Simulator, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool and the simulations are performed on a threedimensional model of the parking. Multiple parameters and factors are taken into account in this complex assessment, such as geometry data, ventilation openings (both mechanical and natural), fire detection and fire suppression details. The output of the case study is represented by a large array of data: the time for sprinkler activation, maximum temperatures, smoke flow and overall fire evolution. The intention of the authors is to provide a global fire risk assessment of the parking, based on the fire safety engineering principles.

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Cruz, Miguel G., and Martin E. Alexander. "Assessing crown fire potential in coniferous forests of western North America: a critique of current approaches and recent simulation studies." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 4 (2010): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08132.

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To control and use wildland fires safely and effectively depends on creditable assessments of fire potential, including the propensity for crowning in conifer forests. Simulation studies that use certain fire modelling systems (i.e. NEXUS, FlamMap, FARSITE, FFE-FVS (Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator), Fuel Management Analyst (FMAPlus®), BehavePlus) based on separate implementations or direct integration of Rothermel’s surface and crown rate of fire spread models with Van Wagner’s crown fire transition and propagation models are shown to have a significant underprediction bias when used in assessing potential crown fire behaviour in conifer forests of western North America. The principal sources of this underprediction bias are shown to include: (i) incompatible model linkages; (ii) use of surface and crown fire rate of spread models that have an inherent underprediction bias; and (iii) reduction in crown fire rate of spread based on the use of unsubstantiated crown fraction burned functions. The use of uncalibrated custom fuel models to represent surface fuelbeds is a fourth potential source of bias. These sources are described and documented in detail based on comparisons with experimental fire and wildfire observations and on separate analyses of model components. The manner in which the two primary canopy fuel inputs influencing crown fire initiation (i.e. foliar moisture content and canopy base height) is handled in these simulation studies and the meaning of Scott and Reinhardt’s two crown fire hazard indices are also critically examined.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fire Simulator'

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