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1
Ottesen, Niles. "A solicitation of the management of the City of Milwaukee to institute residential fire sprinkler requirements." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2004. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2004/2004ottesenn.pdf.
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Aghajani, Hamed. "Modelling the initial spray characteristics of fire sprinklers." Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/27787/.
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Sprinklers are automatically activated fixed installation suppression devices. They have found extensive applications due to minimum protection they provide for a wide range of applications including residential and warehouses. Modelling sprinkler atomization is a challenging task, due to the stochastic nature in impingement of water jets and the added complexity of sprinkler configuration. In the literature, a spray initiation framework has been developed to address the multidimensional stochastic complexity associated with fire sprinklers. The initial sprinkler spray is completely characterized in terms of the following main parameters: droplet spatial location (radius, elevation angle and azimuthal angle), droplet velocity, droplet diameter and the spatial volume flux. The present thesis aims to improve the prediction of the initial sprinkler spray characteristics through exploring different physics based modelling approaches. The sub-models for film flow and sheet trajectory adopted in the development of the fire sprinkler spray models are reviewed. Three new deterministic approaches for sprinkler atomization have been proposed by employing an existing film submodel and a detailed water sheet trajectory sub-model which has never been used for fire sprinkler applications. The developed methods simulate the orthogonal impingement of water jet to a deflecting disk, with the potential to be adapted for tilted deflectors. A comparative analysis is carried out between the three introduced methods and a reference model in terms of their predictions for droplet median diameter and initial droplet location for a range of ambient temperatures and water injection pressures. The developed methodologies have been further expanded by incorporating random behaviour to the spray formation procedure. The stochastically predicted mean velocity and volume median diameter have been compared against robust experimental data and empirical correlations. The improvements obtained by the developed methodologies are promising. In further steps, a dimensionless formulation for predicting spray characteristics, sheet breakup distance and droplet sizes, in impinging atomizers have been developed. The developed formulation is validated for impingements led the spray to occur in the rim breakup mode. Building on the proposed methodologies, a semi empirical model has been developed capable of predicting the near field spray characteristics such as spatial distribution of droplet sizes, velocities and spray volume flux from local volume fraction measurements. The research outcome would benefit the computation fluid dynamic packages to initialize the spray in a more realistic manner. The study undertaken would lead to more efficient fire suppression and/or water and fire interaction studies. In addition to this, the methodology could reduce the cost of experiments in order to quantify new sprinkler sprays.
3
Lin, Han. "Computational study of smoke suppression by using water mist and sprinkler fire protection system in high rise building fire." Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691674.
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Eber, Robert Mark. "Dry chemical fire suppression system discharge modeling and testing." Link to electronic thesis, 2001. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0104101-114046/.
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Stegman, Christiana E. "The Impact of Residential Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems: An Examination of the Opposition Toward the Implementation of Automatic Fire Extinguishing Equipment in Pennsylvania." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1374109997.
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Schifiliti, Robert P. "Use of Fire Plume Theory in the Design and Analysis of Fire Detector and Sprinkler Response." Digital WPI, 2000. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1155.
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This thesis demonstrates how the response of fire detection and automatic sprinkler systems can be designed or analyzed. The intended audience is engineers involved in the design and analysis of fire detection and suppression systems. The material presented may also be of interest to engineers and researchers involved in related fields. National Bureau of Standards furniture calorimeter test data is compared to heat release rates predicted by a power-law fire growth model. A model for calculating fire gas temperatures and velocities along a ceiling, resulting from power-law fires is reviewed. Numerical and analytical solutions to the model are outlined and discussed. Computer programs are included to design and analyze the response of detectors and sprinklers. A program is also included to generate tables which can be used for design and analysis, in lieu of a computer. Examples show how fire protection engineers can use the techniques presented. The examples show how systems can be designed to meet specific goals. They also show how to analyze a system to determine if its response meets established goals. The examples demonstrate how detector response is sensitive to the detector's environment and physical characteristics.
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Frank, Kevin Michael. "Fire Safety System Effectiveness for a Risk-Informed Design Tool." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resource Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8495.
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The purpose of this research is to identify how uncertainty in fire safety system effectiveness should be considered in a new risk-informed design fire tool, B-RISK. Specific objectives were to collect the available data on fire safety system effectiveness from the literature, investigate methods to improve fire safety system effectiveness data collection, develop the risk-informed design fire tool to propagate the uncertainties, and recommend methods to rank the sources of uncertainty for fire safety system effectiveness for appropriate model selection. The scope of the research is limited to the effects of systems on fire development and smoke spread and does not include the effects of the fire on systems (such as loss of structural integrity) or interactions with occupants. Sprinkler effectiveness data from recent New Zealand Fire Service data is included with a discussion of the uncertainty in this type of data and recommendations for improving data collection. The ability of the model to predict multiple sprinkler activations is developed in conjunction with a hydraulic submodel in B-RISK to include water supply pressure effects on sprinkler effectiveness. A new method of collecting reliability data on passive fire protection elements such as doors was developed. Data collected on the probability for doors in shared means of escape to be open and the time doors are open during occupant evacuation using this method is presented. Available data on smoke management system effectiveness is listed, along with a discussion of why there is more uncertainty associated with these systems compared with sprinkler systems. The capabilities of B-RISK for considering fire safety system effectiveness are demonstrated using Australasian case studies.
8
Pepper, James D. "The interactions of sprinklers and vents and their effects on hot fire gases." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288170.
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Ho, San-Ping. "Water spray suppression and intensification of high flash point hydrocarbon pool fires." Link to electronic thesis, 2003. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0829103-153046.
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Persson, Tobias, and Oscar Hannu. "Träfasader på höga hus : Brandtekniska möjligheter." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89027.
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1994 ändrades den svenska lagstiftningen så att trä blev tillåtet i byggnader över tvåvåningar. Det finns vissa funktionskrav som ska uppfyllas för brandsäkerhet. Dettaarbete innehåller intervjuer med aktörer från byggbranschen som berör deras ochandra aktörers kunskapsnivå i ämnet. Möjligheter att bygga högt med träfasadpresenteras. Studien visar att flera möjligheter för att använda träfasader i höga husges i Boverkets byggregler. Olika aktörerna i byggbranschen uppfattar att de självahar goda kunskaper men att kunskapsbrister i branschen gällande brandskyddskravfinns.<br>The Swedish legislation of building code was changed in 1994, allowingconstruction of wooden buildings over two floors. To do so there are certainfunctional requirements that must be fulfilled to obtain fire safety. This studydetermines the level of knowledge of different contractors in the constructionindustry in the subject through interviews. The possibilities of using wooden facadesin high-rise building are also presented. The study shows that several possibilities touse wooden facades i high rise buildings are possible according to the legislation.Contractors in the industry consider their knowledge to be sufficient but believesthere is a general lack of knowledge in the industry regarding fire safetyrequirements.
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Yegge, David Arnold. "Residential fire sprinklers requirement in single and multi-family homes: Survey of attitudes among the citizens of the city of Indio." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/42.
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Mohammadi, Adam, and Hampus Asp. "Boendesprinkler : Hur ska boendesprinkler projekteras och installeras för att undvika vattenskador och tillväxt av legionella?" Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127008.
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Rapporten är sammanställd av två kandidatstudenter vid Kungliga tekniska högskolan på högskoleingenjörsprogrammet Byggteknik och design, i samarbete med Säker Vatten AB. Efter tre års studier är detta en examinerande rapport för utbildningen. Rapporten är ämnad för alla typer av läsare, men utan byggingenjörsexamen likt vår, eller med motsvarande kunskapsnivå så kan läsare uppfatta rapporten som svårläst. Metoden för rapporten har varit så att författarna kontinuerligt intervjuat aktörer med olika intressen för hur branschen utvecklar sig. Aktörerna i fråga har alla mångårig erfarenhet eller en relevant utbildning bakom sig. Litteraturstudier har gjorts av föreskrifter, standarder, normer och rapporter som behandlar boendesprinkler, rörförläggningar, legionella och vattenskador. Tolkningar och utförande av detta baseras på kunskap som införskaffats som ingenjörsstudenter under utbildningens gång, allt för att så nyanserat som möjligt närma sig svaret på rapportens problemformulering: ”Hur ska boendesprinkler projekteras och installeras för att undvika vattenskador och tillväxt av legionella?” Som huvudsyfte har arbetet inneburit att fokusera på problemformuleringen. Problemformuleringen har i sin tur fördelats i tre frågor där varje fråga berört olika verksamheter och organisationer i branschen. Frågan specificerar vattenskadorna som kan uppkomma i samband med boendesprinkler. För att besvara den frågan har relevanta avsnitt i BBR, standarden SS 883001 samt branschregler Säker Vatteninstallation studerats. Frågan hanterar tillväxten av legionella i boendesprinkleranläggningar. Här har myndigheter och branschorganisationer såsom Smittskyddsinstitutet, Svenskt vatten och Stockholm Vatten varit till stor hjälp. Frågan har behandlat vilka krav som ställs på de som projekterar och installerar boendesprinkler idag. Utgångspunkten för fråga tre har varit normer från Svenska Brandskyddsföreningen som behandlar boendesprinkler, samt VVS-Företagens och Sprinklergruppens utbildning för sprinklermontörer. Förhoppningen är att den här rapporten ska fungera som underlag för skrivande av branschregler för projektering och installation av boendesprinkler. Branschregler som säkerställer att vattenskador och tillväxt av legionella undviks. Med korrekta branschregler så bör förståelsen för boendesprinkler och dess effekt öka. Antalet boendesprinkleranläggningar bör då också öka, vilket skulle resultera i ett mer brandsäkert Sverige.<br>The report was compiled by two graduate students at the Royal Institute of Technology, Bachelor of Science program Constructional Engineering and Design, in collaboration with Säker Vatten AB. After three years of study, this is a graded report for our education. This report is intended for all types of readers, but without education like ours, or equivalent level of knowledge, the report may be difficult to understand. The methodology for this report is that the authors continually interviewing actors with different interests in how the industry develops. The players in question all have many years of experience or relevant training behind. Studies of literature have been made of regulations, codes, standards, and reports dealing with residential sprinklers pipe laying, legionella and water damage. Interpretations and execution of this is based on the knowledge acquired as engineering students during their education, all to approach an answer so nuanced as possible to the problem report:" How should residential sprinklers be designed and installed in order to avoid water damage and legionella growth?” As the main work has meant to focus on the problem statement, which in turn is divided into three questions, each question touched on various businesses and organizations in the industry. This question specifies the water damage which may arise in connection with residential sprinklers. To answer that question, the relevant section of BBR, the standard SS 883001, as well as industry regulations plumbing safety studied. This question handles the growth of legionella in residential sprinklers. Here are authorities and industry organizations such as the Infectious Diseases Institute, Swedish Water and Stockholm Water were a great help. This question has dealt with the demands placed on the projecting and installing of residential sprinklers today. The starting point for question number three were standards from Swedish Fire Protection Association which deals with residential sprinklers, and training for installers of sprinkler. This report will hopefully serve as a basis for the writing of industry regulations for design and installation of residential sprinklers. Industry regulations which will ensure that water damage and the growth of Legionella will be avoided. With proper industry regulations will the understanding of residential sprinklers and its effect increase. The number of residential sprinkler installations should then also increase, which would result in a more fireproof Sweden.
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Jackman, L. A. "Sprinkler spray interactions with fire gases." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482025.
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Hoffmann, Nicole Andrea. "Computer simulation of fire-sprinkler interaction." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1990. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6369/.
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The research work presented herein addresses the problem of the mathematical modelling of fire and fire-sprinkler scenarios. This involved the numerical simulation of two-phase, three-dimensional, buoyant, turbulent, recirculating flows. The simulations were carried out in two successive and distinct stages. The first stage dealt with the modelling of buoyant hot turbulent gas flows generated by a fire within room-sized compartments. These single phase studies were based on the field modelling approach to fire simulation. The second part of the study involved the introduction of the cold water droplets through a single sprinkler head, thus, extending the scenario into the more complex two-phase regime. This led to expanding the single-phase fire model to take account of two concurrently present phases, ie. gas/liquid. The strategy used to model the twophase process was the Eulerian-Eulerian technique or volume-fraction method. In order to take into account the physics involved in this process, interphase friction or drag was considered. Furthermore, due to the large difference in temperatures between the hot gases and the cold water droplets it was necessary to introduce interphase heat transfer. Due to the subsequent evaporation of the water droplets interphase mass transfer was also accounted for. Models for both steady-state and time-dependent situations were developed, whereby experimental results of transient fire-sprinkler tests were used for validation. The simulations performed indicated the creation of extremely complex flow fields within the compartments both prior and during sprinkler activation. Phenomena such as the significant cooling of the hot combustion gases caused by the active sprinkler and the evaporation of water droplets have also been predicted. This has been verified by the experimental data. Thus, it can be concluded that the models outlined herein are capable of simulating the complex two-phase fire-sprinkler scenarios. The need for subsequent investigative studies into such areas as the effect of using different auxiliary relationships eg. heat transfer, sprinkler characteristics and gridspacing has been highlighted. In order to complete the validation process, further experimental data needs to be made available. This two-phase technique has proven to be very computationally intensive with simulations requiring days of CPU time. 'Mis is clearly unacceptable. However, it is suggested that parallel computing technology may provide a means for reducing the CPU time involved to hours. It can be concluded that though the model developed requires further investigation and refinements, it provides a basis for a practical and useful fire engineering tool.
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Radford, M. W. "An Investigation of the Effects of Sprinklers on Compartment Fires." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8289.
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The effects of automatic sprinklers on compartment fires has been investigated in this report. The interaction of a sprinkler spray with a buoyant hot upper layer has also been examined.
A model was developed to predict the rate of smoke production and hence the depth of a smoke layer that may be produced, for an uncontrolled growing fire. Flow out of vents was included in this model. The model compared well to the predictions of 'Firecalc'.
An method for the prediction of detector actuation has been used that is valid for growing fires, avoiding the quasi-steady assumption used in 'Firecalc' and 'FPEtool'. This method also includes the transport lag time of the fire signature from the source to the detector.
The interaction of a sprinkler spray with a fire induced hot upper layer is a very complex problem. The combining effects of drag induced on the upper layer and evaporative cooling by the sprinkler spray may cause the layer to fall to a lower level.
The model developed to predict the rate of smoke production, hence smoke layer depth, is only valid for uncontrolled fires. Time constraints prevented the effects of sprinklers on compartment fires to be incorporated into this model, although the theory of the effects is included with this report.
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Crocker, Jeremiah. "The effect of sprinkler sprays on fire induced mass flow rates." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2008. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-053008-142400/.
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Feeney, Martin. "Accounting for Sprinkler Effectiveness in Performance Based Design of Steel Buildings for Fire." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8267.
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For a specific range of building and occupancy types, this report examines the effectiveness of automatic sprinkler systems installed in New Zealand and Australia. The aim of the research is to quantify the likelihood of a fully developed fire occurring in sprinklered buildings. By deriving an annual probability of occurrence this can be compared with the accepted exceedance probabilities that exist for other limit state design actions for the design of steel structures.
Comprehensive data collated for the entire history of sprinkler installations in New
Zealand and Australia is analysed to obtain conditional probabilities that confirm the effectiveness of sprinklers to control fires. These probabilities correspond to the likelihood of fully developed fire occurring being classified as an extremely unlikely event. Passive fire protection is normally provided to protect a structure against a fully developed fire. It is therefore suggested that certain types of structural steel frames in
sprinklered buildings do not require passive fire protection to meet performance requirements of the Building Code.
The performance of steel frames without fire protection when exposed to fire following earthquake is assessed in a probabilistic framework. The likelihood of damage to the steel frame is not very different for the scenario of fire without earthquake.
This report also examines other aspects that affect sprinkler reliability, such as town main water supply, system isolation due to internal alterations and booster pump reliability. Most of these items do not have a major effect on sprinkler reliability.
Current literature describing the performance of steel framed multi-level buildings when subjected to fully developed fires is reviewed. The favourable behaviour of these real frames in natural fires confirms that the consequences are not usually serious if steel members without passive fire protection are exposed to severe fires.
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Gardiner, A. J. "The mathematical modelling of the interaction between sprinkler sprays and the thermally buoyant layers of gases from fires." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234279.
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HSU, I.-LANG, and 許壹郎. "Study on Thermal Response of Sprinklers in the Layer of Compartment Fire." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p42w23.
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碩士<br>吳鳳科技大學<br>消防研究所<br>105<br>The fire sprinkler system can extinguish fire quickly when the fire is
growing. Among all kinds of fixed fire extinguishing systems, the fire
sprinkler system has a good fire extinguishing effect and the cost is low.
Therefore, it is the most commonly used fire extinguishing system in
worldword. In terms of the fire responding speed of such a sprinkler, it is
determined by its temperature sensitivity, the installation height, and the
distance between the sprinkler and the source of fire.
The activation mechanism of sprinkler is based on the distribution of
ceiling turbulent flows and laminar flows from fire plumes generated in
indoor environments, while turbulent flow characteristics, thermal inertia of
the boundary layer, fire source heat release rate, sprinkler distance, and
opening-area rate are related. The study examined the effect of sprinkler
installation height and sprinkler-fire source distance on the sprinkler
activation time. It can be found from CFAST simulation that the compartment
opening-area rate and the sprinkler activation time are closely associated,
while hot smoke layer temperature distribution, as well as the sprinkler
location and the sprinkler installation height, affects the functional
relationship between sprinkler activation and the speed of activation in indoor
environments.
From the burning experiment in the container, it was found that that the
sprinkler activation temperature was about 100oC, which was much higher
than 68 oC, the labeled activation temperature. It took about 100 seconds to
activate the sprinkler, and a sprinkler that was 2.3m from the fire source,
regardless of whether it was on the ceiling or 30cm below the ceiling, failed
to activate normally in this experiment. This finding indicates that both
sprinkler installation height and sprinkler-fire source distance have an effect
on the sprinkler activation.
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Carvalho, Joana Raquel Rodrigues de Oliveira. "Meios de extinção de incêndio por água: análise regulamentar comparativa." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/47415.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Civil<br>Os incêndios são provavelmente das ocorrências que atingem maior número de pessoas e com maior regularidade do que seria desejável. A maior parte das vezes, a ocorrência de incêndios está relacionada com pequenas distrações (como uma ponta de cigarro mal apagada) ou com aspetos externos (exposição intensa e contínua ao sol) ou com fatores menos expectáveis (como o caso de um curto-circuito no quadro elétrico), entre outras causas. É, por isso, essencial atuar na temática, através de meios de controlo e extinção de incêndios, de maneira a obter um ambiente construído mais seguro para os utilizadores.
São diversas as maneiras de controlar um incêndio e, nos dias de hoje, felizmente, já existe regulamentação adequada para a elaboração de projetos SCIE (Sistemas de Combate a Incêndios em Edifícios) com rigor e eficácia suficiente, de forma a minimizar os danos materiais e humanos.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo dos meios de extinção de incêndios em edifícios, com maior enfase nos meios de extinção de incêndios por água.
A escolha do tema reside na importante revisão e alteração do Regulamento Geral de Segurança contra Incêndios em Edifícios (RGSIE), pois este encontra-se desatualizado e com algumas lacunas quando comparado com as atuais normas internacionais. Aliado a este aspeto, prende-se ainda o facto de algumas seguradoras internacionais não reconhecerem o dimensionamento de redes de segurança efetuadas com base na norma portuguesa.
Assim sendo, efetuou-se um apanhado geral das três principais normas utilizadas em Portugal: a regulamentação portuguesa, a norma europeia e a norma americana. Esta ação teve como objetivo a realização de um quadro resumo, onde se pode apurar as principais diferenças entre referidas normas.
Para além de um estudo teórico, foram ainda aplicados os diversos conceitos das várias normas, num dimensionamento do sistema de combate a incêndios para um edifício, utilizando as prescrições das três diferentes normas, permitindo, assim, realizar uma análise mais sustentada e coerente entre as diferenças entre elas.
Por fim, devido ao estudo destes diversos parâmetros, este trabalho torna-se vantajoso, pois permite averiguar qual das três normas é a mais conservativa e/ou dispendiosa.<br>Fires probably are one of the occurrences that affect more people with more regularity that would be desired. Most of the time, the occurrence of fires are related to small distractions (such as a badly off cigarette) or to external aspects (intense and continuous exposure to the sun) or by unexpected factors (like a short-circuit in the electric panel), among other causes. Therefore, it is essential to act on the subject, through the control and extinction of fires, with the aim to create a safe built environment for the users.
There are several ways to control a fire and today, fortunately, there is already suitable regulation for the development of Firefighting Systems in Buildings (SCIE) with sufficient accuracy and efficiency, in order to minimize material and human damages.
The present work has as objective the study of means to extinguishing fires in buildings, highlighting the means of fire extinguishing with water.
The choice of this theme lies in the important need for revision and amendment of the General Regulation on Fire Safety in Buildings (RGSIE), because most of them are outdated and with some shortcomings, when compared to the current international standards. In addition, some international insurers companies, do not recognize the safety design nets based on the Portuguese standard.
Thus, a general overview of the three main standards used in Portugal was made: the Portuguese regulation, the European standard and the American standard. The purpose of this action was to produce a summary table, where it is possible to find out the main differences between the standards.
Besides the theoretical study, several concepts from the different standards were also applied, in a fire fighting system design for a building, where the prescriptions of the three standards were used, allowing to perform a sustained and coherent analysis between them.
Finally, due to the study of these several parameters, this work has become helpful, since it allows to verify which of the three standards is the most severe.
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CHEN, KAI-SYUAN, and 陳凱炫. "Experimental Study on Fire Extinguishing Performance of Residential Sprinkler." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bw79zd.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>機械工程系<br>107<br>The fire-extinguishing performance of the sprinkler head depends on the amount of water sprinkled by the sprinkler head and the coverage of the sprinkler, and is affected by the installation location. In this study, the actual experimental method was used to investigate the sprinkler head that failed the combustion test. In the fire test of the UL1626 residential fire sprinkler head standard, whether the fire potential can be controlled or extinguished within the specified time and temperature.
The watering range and the amount of water sprinkled are the main elements of sprinkler fire in the fire. Different watering radii, response time, and watering amount will affect the start-up time of the sprinkler head. In different sprinkler specifications, the specified fire test is different. This experiment will explore different fire sprinkler system specifications, and the closed sprinkler head approval. Benchmarks, UL1626 residential sprinkler specifications and national fire codes, etc., compare and analyze the differences, and find out the fire safety standards that are most suitable for internal use.
In this study, firstly, the water-flow type small water sprinkler, the upper and lower dual-purpose sprinkler and the graceful sprinkler were used to carry out the experiment in the burning test of the UL 1626 residential sprinkler head specification. The sprinkler head used in the experiment did not pass the burning test. The experimental results show that the sprinkler head approved by Taiwan's closed sprinkler head not only cannot control the fire in the combustion test, but also makes the temperature in the fire field exceed the standard. The sprinkler head does not meet the specifications of the burning test.
The results show that at present, Taiwan has not set a combustion test. It is difficult to control the fire in every occasion only through the distribution test of water distribution, which makes the personal property threatened and worthy of consideration by the Taiwan fire authorities.
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Huang, Chiau-Jiun, and 黃喬俊. "A Study on the Earthquake Performance of Fire Sprinkler Systems." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82332150722421376699.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>建築學系碩博士班<br>91<br>Global earthquake experiences indicated that: fire suppression system takes a critical role of the post-earthquake building function in important buildings. In Taiwan, there is a growing demand of higher seismic resistant capacity of buildings after 921 earthquake, and so of the equipment in them. But due to the scarce research on the fire suppression system, there is a lack of standards in Taiwan. This thesis performed a basic study of the fire suppression system, and provided conclusions to relevant institutions.
To unearth the earthquake failure patterns of fire suppression system and to find a suitable method to improve its earthquake performance, this thesis investigated the earthquakes damage reports inside and outside Taiwan at first. A damage site survey of a parking building in Puli was performed. This building was completed but not operating yet before 921 earthquake. The damage situation of its fire system brings much valuable information. The analysis of reconnaissance reports of several earthquakes in the USA and Japan was performed next. These studies show that suspension systems are the main weak point of the whole fire system. That is, the function of the whole fire system could be improved effectively by reducing the relative movement of the suspension system alone.
This thesis studies the relative standards in the USA and Japan. The standard in the USA is NFPA 13 which is formulated by NFPA, and the standard in Japan is HASS. This thesis uses NFPA 13 primarily to design a method improving the earthquake performance of the fire system. NFPA 13 requires installing appropriate elements to reduce the relative movement of the suspension pipes.
In order to prove the NFPA 13 is good, this thesis performed a shaking table test which was designed according to Puli parking building’s fire system. The result of this test indicates that NFPA 13 method could reduce the relative displacement to a fifth to tenth. Finally, this thesis utilizes SAP 2000 to analyze the
earthquake performance of the fire suspension system.
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馮俊益. "Fire Safety Design for High Rack Storage- the Automatic Sprinkler System." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42971967302833473316.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>土木與防災技術研究所<br>90<br>With highly developed economy and the increase of logistics trade , rationalized space saving and laborsaving, the rack-storages that reduced the cost of logistics trade are becoming more and more popular . In order to increase storage efficiently, the trend of high-rack storage has been developed. In a high-rack storage goods are stacked in a high-density fashion. Packing material and movable goods pallets are made of wood and plastic and the close spacing left in between goods all contribute to a possible serious fire disaster. Fire in these cases cause an extreme loss of goods when the heat ignites the combustible racks and the fire will easily spread within seconds. According to studies conducted abroad the first choice for high-rack storage fire protection is to install the automatic sprinkler systems.
Our fire protective regulation about high-rack storage has been followed by Japan’s old regulations. The disastrous high-rack fire of Japan’s TUNG YAN canning factory in November 1995 could not be controlled by the automatic sprinkler system. The analyze, the reason might have been because of the automatic sprinkler system design or perhaps insufficiency of fire regulations.
The goal of my research is to provide fire safety design in high-rack storage facilities by installing the automatic sprinkler systems. First, I discuss the space characteristics of each facility being used for high-rack storage then analyze fire hazards, and review previous fire cases. The research methods used to sift out factors that affect fire safety design from characteristics are found in NFPA 13, and in both Taiwan and Japan’s fire codes. The research addressed here is to estimate the design factor and to fully understand the difference among various fire codes. We used AHP to get statistic from the specialist investigations. This helps us to make more suitable design draft and to offer another choice for the fire engineers. Finally, the objective of this research is to further improve the codes of automatic sprinkler system within our country.
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Lee, Tung-Lin, and 李東霖. "The study of piping layout for fire protection automatic sprinkler system." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ctj2ty.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>土木與防災研究所<br>94<br>The fire control project is the usually most complicated by automatic sprinkler system during the course of designing, because classification of occupancies , place height , place kind , environment temperature of place , set up position ,etc. factor, and those factor affect design way. So designers must choose the proper design parameter and grade of equipment , enable the system to give play to its best efficiency of fire suppression .
The initial point of thesis is to make comparative analysis of sprinkler system design principle among Taiwan, mainland and U.S.A.. Secondly, to establish arborescent (Tree)、ring-type (Loop)、netted (Grid), three kinds of different piping layout as the foundation and to select three kinds of different hazard occupancies which are slight (Light)、moderate (Ordinary)、serious (Extra) type, and to sum up two sprinkler head types which are standard /quick response type for one kind; The large drop type for the other kind, conclude above components to build 15 kinds of research models to make the analysis unit. Then verified via hydraulic calculation software（HASS）, to prove the design on the basis of specification is economic design or should be modified. And use the cost analysis software to obtain the material and labor cost of 15 kinds of research models. Finally, make comparative analysis among three kinds of different piping layout based on cost.
Finally, to strengthen and break through the inertia and stray of the fire fighting engineering designer of Taiwan by verifying the result, when carry out and design automatic sprinkler system, should not adhere rigidly to tree type piping layout and pipe schedule method, and should verify and apply with the software, in order to obtain optimization and the most economic design and result. From the result of thesis , we learn that sprinkler system protect target is ordinary hazard class or extra hazard class, no matter sprinkler head is standard type or large drop type, considering according to cost, its lower cost as grid type piping layout, are different from domestic and habitual tree type piping layout. In material cost, the grid type is more cheap than the tree type about 25.8 %~ 44.4%, in the cost respect of the man-hour, the grid type is more cheap than the tree type about 9.5%~18.5%, in total cost, the grid type is more cheap than the tree type about 14.1%~ 25.2%. Therefore, it is at protection target for ordinary hazard class or extra hazard class place, in fact, the grid type piping layout is the best choice by fire fighting engineering designer. The result is the greatest meaning of thesis.
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Hu, Pei-Wen, and 胡佩文. "Seismic Fragility Analysis of Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Hospital." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89996154439471740524.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>土木工程學研究所<br>103<br>According to the concept of the performance design, the damage caused by earthquake will not necessary result in the damage to the structure. However, the earthquake disaster will cause the non-structural instruments break. The break of the fire protection sprinkler system will result in death, the working error of the medical equipment and even the expense on repairing the equipment. Therefore, evaluating the seismic design of the fire protection sprinkler system to the performance design level is extraordinary.
The common failures of the fire protection sprinkler system are from the damage of the threaded joint leading to the leakage of the pipe water, or the collapse of the ceiling. The research expecting to conduct the non-structural fragility curves in the hospital. And take NTU hospital Yunlin branch as an example to demonstrate a fragility analysis procedure. The abstract of each chapter in the research are:
1. The ambient vibration test in the case hospital: Use the velocimeters to conduct the ambient vibration test to clarify the characteristics of the structure.
2. The simplified numerical model of the fire protection sprinkler system in the case hospital: Use the numerical analysis software SAP2000 v.15 to build the piping system in the hospital. And suggest the parameter of the threaded joint, partition wall and the ceiling.
3. The fragility analysis of the fire protection sprinkler system in the case hospital: Conduct the seismic fragility curves of the fire sprinkler components in the hospital and predict the damage situation under Chia-Shen earthquake. Finally, suggest the fragility analysis procedure.
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TU, YA-CHU, and 凃雅筑. "The Application of Fire Exhaust and Sprinkler System for Parking Tower." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c47z45.
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碩士<br>長榮大學<br>職業安全與衛生學系碩士班<br>107<br>Currently, there are no clear norms of the law on local fire safety equipment and fire risk factors with regard to hermetic sheet metal buildings, parking towers, oil tanks, and fuel tanks. Article 190 of the Standards for Installation of Fire Safety Equipment Based on Use and Occupancy stipulates that premises need not be equipped with smoke control equipment. In this domestic study, eight parking towers have been surveyed to understand their internal structure, the fire extinguishing equipment, the installation of the detectors, and so on. It was found that there was no smoke-detecting equipment installed in any 8 of them, of which only 5 had air vents for heat dissipation and even the legislation does not clearly define the number of such installations. The current situation of parking towers in the whole nation was investigated by questionnaire survey. It was found that more than 90% of the fire extinguishing equipment used was the CO2 fire extinguishing equipment and the detectors were of the differential air tube type.
Most of the parking towers were above 30 meters in height or even as high as 50 meters. In the event of a fire, the smoke layering distribution would be different from that of ordinary buildings and the presence or absence of air vents will affect the smooth venting of billowing smoke during such outbreak. Therefore, this study carried out a reduced scale experiment to observe the distribution of plumes and temperature according to the ignition sources. The result was whether the parking tower had dissipation air vents or not, smoke layering will settle in the vicinity of a fire source position. In order to locate the point of origin, the fire services are recommended to use the smoke layering distribution method to determine it. In the reduced scale experiment, by observing the smoke path, the location of the detector was detected and it was found that the temperature above the fire source was the highest, followed by the walls of the car parking. From the experiment, it was found that the fire flow would soar up from both sides of the parking plate. Thus, in future, the location of the detector can be suggested. FDS computer simulated whether CO2 can successfully extinguish a fire in a parking tower and the results obtained was that CO2 has been effective at lowering temperature at different location of the fire source. Part of the full-scale experiment was divided into fire practice and water sprinkler distribution. Since the interior of the car is mostly combustible (such as sponge foam), the fire will rapidly spread and the glass destroyed. When the temperature reaches 800 ℃, the sidewall-type fire suppression sprinkler is activated, to extinguish the fire. When the front and rear windshields are broken, the distribution of water is started. Most of the water-collecting trays can immediately reach 10 Lpm/m2 and extinguish the fire immediately.
Keywords: Hermetic sheet metal building, parking tower fire, FDS, reduced-scale experiment, full-scale experiment.
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Lin, Fan-Ru, and 林凡茹. "Seismic Evaluation Methods for Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Buildings." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89250601970130503737.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>土木工程學研究所<br>105<br>Based on recent earthquakes experiences in Taiwan, losses do not necessarily result from damages of building structures but non-structural components. For instance, the leakage of the fire protection sprinkler systems in hospitals during small earthquakes could results in shortage of medical function and fire protection, and malfunction and repairs of medical equipment. The break of sprinkler systems caused by strong earthquakes could even harm the life safety. Taking a medium-scale hospital as an example, this research aims to conduct a simplified seimic evaluation method to to improve seismic performance of the fire protection sprinkler system in critical buildings. The content of this research is summarized below:
1. Assessment procedure for seismic performance of nonstructural systems: Based on the FEMA P-58 performance evaluation framework, in order to decrease the uncertainty of the assemsment results of the seismic behaviors of nonstructural system in buildings during extremely strong motions, modified assessment procedures for calculations of seismic performance and fragility analysis of nonstructural systems are proposed in this study.
2. Numerical model of the sample sprinkler piping system: a simplified numerical model of the fire protection sprinkler system in the sample hospital was established for fragility analysis with SAP2000 v.15 software. Proper parameters to simulate the threaded joint of piping and the gap between adjacent partition walls or ceiling systems were proposed and verified by the results of component tests and shaking table tests. Ambient vibration tests in the sample hospital were conducted with velocimeters to clarify the structural characteristics of the building structure and the sprinkler piping system.
3. Fragility analysis of sprinkler piping systems: seismic fragility curves the fire protection sprinkler system in the sample hospital were conducted according to a mount of detailed analysis results and verified by the real damage state under Chia-Shen earthquake. The effects of parameters on fragility results are discussed, and a simplified fragility analysis procedure for sprinkler piping systems in buildings was suggested for engineers as well.
4. Simplified seismic evaluation method for sprinkler piping systems: according the tests and detailed analysis results, the seismic behavior of typical sprinkler piping systems in hospitals can be estimated by the information obtained from in-situ survey. The conservative level and accuracy of simplified evaluation results were verified by fragility analysis results.
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Wu, Chien-Wei, and 吳健瑋. "Actuation Analysis of Close Sprinkler Heads in Fires." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48968826698534562435.
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碩士<br>吳鳳科技大學<br>光機電暨材料研究所<br>100<br>The automatic sprinkler systems of buildings protect the safety of people and property. In Taiwan, closed sprinkler heads must be qualified by the standard testing procedures of Approval Criteria for Close Sprinkler Head. However, the environmental conditions of the verification process of criteria are different than the actual situations during a fire. The close sprinkler heads are actuated by the natural convection heat accumulated under the ceiling. In this study, the Response Time Index of the Factory Mutual Research Corporation is adopted as the assessing indicators of heat transfer theories. The sensitivity analysis of sprinkler heads are operated in FDS software and many experiments, including the standard type sprinkler, the flush type sprinkler, and concealed sprinkler under different convection transfer coefficients（h）and different air flow velocity（V）. The results of the study showed that real actuation situations are significantly different from the test environments of Approval Criteria for Close Sprinkler Head. The phenomenon of the burning rate of a fire significantly affects the actuated time of the sprinkler heads.
The effectiveness of the heat collection plate is also analyzed by comparing the effects between enhanced and normal types in this study. With regard to maintaining the same burning rate of a fire source, the results indicated that, high temperature air is hindered, and the actuated time of the sprinklers are delayed, due to the inappropriate installation of the heat collection plate. The experimental results showed that the heat accumulation effect could be enhanced by an improved plate, and the rupture time will occur earlier about one-third of the time.
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Tsai, Yung-An, and 蔡詠安. "Seismic Performance Assessment of Strengthened Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Hospitals." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zx69r2.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>土木工程學研究所<br>106<br>Based on the popularization of performance design concepts for structures of critical building (e.g. hospitals and schools) in recent years, non-structural seismic damages (e.g. sprinkler piping systems) are more common than structural ones. Fire protection sprinkler systems plays important roles to prevent fire disasters and ensure occupant safety.However, failure of fire protection sprinkler system will result in not only threat to occupant safety but also the shut down of medical function and relating expense on repairing. Therefore, an accurate assessment method to evaluate the seismic ability of fire protection system is necessary.
The common seismic failures resulted from fire protection sprinkler systems are impact damages of ceiling boards, leakages of 1″threaded joints and breaks of hangers. In order to understand the seismic ability of components mentioned above more accurately, this research revise the detailed numerical analysis method (Method A) and the simplified assessment method (Method C) in Yeh (2016)[29]. Referring to NFPA13[5], this study proposes three strengthened cases of piping system. It take NTU Hospital Yunlin branch as an example to conduct the fragility analysis of the component in fire protection sprinkler system.
The main results are briefly described below:
1. Performance design method for piping systems: Referring to FEMA P58[1], only when building structures are judged as reparable will assessment of sprinkler piping be meaningful. Therefore, in this study, seismic performance of sprinkler piping will be evaluated only when the structure is reparable.
2. Category of floor response time history: This research select two method to get floor time history. One is inputing original far-field earthquake and near-fault earthquake in a nonlinear numerical model of the RC structure of the example hospital building which established using MIDAS software. The other is referring to AC156[25], using RRS to compatible floor response time history.
3. A detailed numerical model of the horizontal sprinkler piping system was established using SAP2000 software to simulate nonlinear behaviors of hangers and the nonlinear relationship between piping and ceiling systems or partition walls (Method A). There are four configurations, original configuration and three configurations installed strengthened components. The fragility parameters of three seismic performance of piping system were than obtained through incremental dynamic analyses.
4. According to the dynamic characteristics of the sprinkler piping system, a simplified assessment method (Method C) are proposed in this study. Method C is provided to be engineers an additional choice that a rapid but rough judgment in the seismic performances of sprinkler piping systems can be made based on in-situ observations and the floor response spectrum. The fragility results of Method C are more conservative than Method A.
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YANG, CHING-YUAN, and 楊卿源. "Study on Design of Fire Sprinkler Piping System by Iterative Calculation Method." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pj3q6j.
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碩士<br>大葉大學<br>環境工程學系碩士在職專班<br>105<br>The sprinkler water release pressure affects its water release capacity and the pipe diameter, flow velocity and the supply of water release capacity of sprinkler determine the friction loss of this pipe section. When the sprinkling pipe system is calculated layer by layer and zone by zone, the water release pressure of sprinkler is often used as the initial value of mathematical calculation to gain the solution; in combination with the different pipe section directions, the friction loss and potential-energy difference are calculated to gain the pressure value of each node. For each node, finite difference method is applied to determine pressure value and then the convergency value of iterative computation is gained through repeated calculation. In order to save the time consumed by repeated mathematical calculation, this research systematically compared iterative programmed hydraulic calculation tool of AUTOCAD secondary development and the calculation standard of friction loss according to the calculation result of Hazen-Williams formula. After confirming the iterative programmed instrumental validity and its applicability to the topic of this research, the case study was conducted against the overground 7-story buildings. The case study results show that after iterative hydraulic calculation program is used to calculate and adjust the pipe layer by layer and zone by zone, about 33,425 kg steel can be saved and 39,442 kg carbon dioxide emissions are reduced and the reduction rate is 24.35%. In terms of sprinkling system, when the iterative calculation method is adopted to conduct hydraulic calculation and the review that layer by layer and zone by zone, it is possible to reduce usage amount of steel, lower the pipe materials and the cost of pipe fitting and lessen the demand for construction and operation space as well as the carbon dioxide emissions. To be specific, the application of iterative programmed calculation tool has the positive effect of the sprinkling pipe system design on its safety, economy and environmental protection.
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CHEN, LI-YING, and 陳力纓. "Establishment of Cost Estimating System for Automatic Fire Sprinkler Equipment of Buildings." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2344sr.
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碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>環境與安全衛生工程系消防與防災工程碩士在職專班<br>106<br>In the past, most of research on the project cost estimation and unit price analysis of buildings focused on civil engineering items, and the cost analysis and estimation research of mechanical and electrical engineering are often not taken seriously. The study of the estimating methods on fire safety equipment was rare. However, fire safety equipment is one of the important building facilities for the whole project, especially for high-rise buildings. At present, fire safety engineering companies are mostly small and medium enterprises in Taiwan. Due to the high turnover rate of professionals, engineers' valuation capabilities are not easily cultivated. The automatic sprinkler system is the subject in this study. The research method is based on the statistics of the existing cases, and 15 fifteen-storey residential buildings are analyzed. Since the planning stage of the case, this paper has carried out the cost analysis of the automatic sprinkler system. A set of cost valuation method was established to obtain accurate cost estimates in the short term. Based on actual engineering cases, a set of systems that contribute to the engineering cost estimate is established. Research results contribute to the practical cost estimate.
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Chen, Wei-Yu, and 陳威羽. "Numerical Study on the Environmental Influence by Using Sprinkler in Underground Station Fire." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bme2h5.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班<br>102<br>The purpose of this study is to simulate the effect on changes of temperature and visibility and Carbon monoxide concentration which coursed by sprinkler system in underground station by numerical method. Besides, change water quantity, particle diameter , exhaust airflow to investigates the changes of variable of the influences in underground station fire. This study adopted Computational fluid dynamics software FDS. The simulated model is built from the real construction plan and utilize smoke barrier to separate the fire district. Besides approximately 700,000 Hex Mesh are used to calculate the discrete fire area. The size of fire is referred to the reference, one person can carry 20 liter of gas which the rate of heat release is 3.6MW within six minutes. The moment to be set to turn on the Blow is when the Addressable Photoelectric Smoke Detector’s visibility is deteriorated below 20m. Moreover, when the sensor detect the temperature higher than 68℃, sprinkler will be turned on. The result shows that the variable of sprinkler’s changes do not influence the time to turn on the exhaust system. When the sprinkler’s water quantity increase, the effect of cooling is better. According to the data of sensor shows that 80LPM is 48.1℃, 100LPM is 46.7℃and 120LPM is 45.1℃. However, excessive water quantity may cause flood and hard to repair. The size of spray particle is mainly influenced by rate of water evaporation. The bigger particle slow down the rate of heat absorption which caused the temperature rise rapidly in fire. 400μm is 49.1℃, 100μm is 48.1℃and 50μm is 47.5℃. Although the small particle’s effect of cooling is better than big one, the nozzle, spray small particle, cost more money. So the costs need to be considered. By changing amount of exhaust airflow is the most effective way to increase the visibility, reduce amount of high temperature smoke and Carbon monoxide concentration. The relationship between amount of exhaust airflow and fire field temperature are: 30CMS is 42.0℃, 60CMS is 38.8℃and 90CMS is 35.5℃. Moreover, increasing 30CMS approximately create 30 seconds to escape. However, it need to investigate more that unlimited increasing exhaust airflow whether cause other influences.
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Chen, Ting-Yu, and 陳亭宇. "A Study on Seismic Behavior of Stengthened Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping System in Hospital." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f8n6md.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>土木工程系土木與防災博士班<br>105<br>Medical services of hospitals are extremely important to continue operating after strong earthquakes. However, from abroad and domestic experiences of seismic damages, it can be observed that the seismic performance of fire protection sprinkler systems in hospitals is quite inadequate, cause leaking during strong earthquake so that the medical function of hospitals cannot continue as usual. Based on the above observations, this study aims to investigate seismic behavior of stengthened fire protection sprinkler piping system in Hospital.This study establishes a numerical model of the stenerghened piping sub-system with the numerical analysis software (SAP2000) to execute dynamic analysis and observe weakness point in system. In order to simulate the behavior of 1〃 pipe which impacts on partition walls,component tests of partition walls were completed to define stiffness of the wall element. Using the stenerghened piping sub-system and piping system model with simplified input motion, a well designed proposed considering performances of piping system was presented in this study.
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郭聰誠. "Fire suppression performance analysis of sprinkler systems in the snow-mountain (the hsueshan) tunnel." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hcy422.
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Chih-YaoSu and 蘇芷瑤. "The Case Studies of Single-Room Fires with Automatic Sprinkler System." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05364740342853629941.
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蘇家彥. "Environmental analysis of tunnel fires upon the actuation of sprinkler systems." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gu76us.
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李育昇. "Rotor Design and Testing of a Micro-Hydraulic Turbogenerator Used in a Fire Sprinkler System." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70219445421962827676.
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Chen, Yu-Ren, and 陳裕仁. "Research Performance and Trade-offs between Fire Safety Measure-- A study of automatic sprinkler system." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t2np2m.
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Huang, Jhen-Gang, and 黃振綱. "A Study on Seismic Behavior of Joints of Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Hospital." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73193104569719025235.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>土木工程學研究所<br>101<br>The Emergency Medical Care Law indicates that the emergency care responsibility hospitals must provide patients with medical care for 24 hours continuously. However, the earthquake experiences show that once the first leak occurs in fire protection sprinkler system, amount of water will flow out and cause flooding, secondary injury, and loss of medical function. From the earthquake experiences of sprinkler piping systems, the one-inch threaded joints usually fail in earthquake. To improve the seismic performance of piping system, this research suggests using mechanical joints at critical position instead of threaded joints. Assuming that the damage of threaded joints is controlled by flexure failure, the pure bending tests were completed to obtain the seismic behavior and capacity of joints. In the end, the experiment results were compared with the seismic demands from static and dynamic analyses to evaluate the seismic performance of joints. Summary of research results is as follows:
1. Flexibility testing of mechanical joints: The flexibility of rigid and flexible mechanical joints in three different diameters was tested according to FM 1920. All of the mechanical joints achieved the flexible requirement of NFPA 13.
2. Pure bending testing: The four-point flexural tests were executed under monotonic and cyclic loading. There is a little difference between the seismic capacity of rigid and flexible mechanical joint. When the diameter get small, it’s hard to distinguish the rigid mechanical joint from flexible joint in seismic behavior and capacity. On the other hand, the capacity of mechanical joints at the first-leak state has better results compared with threaded joints.
3. Static analyses: The moment and rotation demands were calculated based on the Seismic Design Specifications and Commentary of Buildings, the NFPA 13 and ASCE 7-10 respectively. Both the threaded and mechanical joints satisfied the requirements according to the pure bending testing results.
4. Dynamic analyses: In order to obtain the seismic demands of piping joints, a hospital sprinkler piping system was simulated which was damaged at one-inch threaded elbow in Jiashian earthquake. The weakest point of the model happened at the T-joint due to flexure failure but not at the real damaged position. To obtain the real seismic demands, it is suggested that the effect of suspended ceiling systems should be considered in dynamic analyses of piping systems
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Chen, Jam hou, and 陳皓然. "Comparative Studies on Fire Suppression Performance of Water Mist and Conventional Sprinkler in Machinery Space." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/477bsf.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>機械工程系所<br>92<br>A series of full-scale fire tests subjected to various fire protection systems under natural ventilation condition are carried out based on the test standard of machinery space by FMRC fire test protocol. Two fire source scenarios, which are shielded and unshielded pool fires, respectively, are used. In the shielded pool fire tests, the results show that the pool fire can be extinguished by the conventional sprinkler and high-pressure water mist suppression systems. However, the extinguishing time for conventional sprinkler protection system is longer. For 6-nozzle and 4-nozzle tests in the water mist system, they take 44s and 73s as well as 23.21 L and 25.01 L of water quantity to extinguish the shielded pool fires, respectively. For the comparison between shielded and unshielded pool fire tests, the extinguishing times for the use of 4-nozzle are 73s and 89s, whereas they are 44s and 40s for 6-nozzle. Apparently, the obstruction seems to have no obviously influence on the fire suppression effectiveness.
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LIU, JIA-HONG, and 劉家宏. "A Study of the Effects Sprinkler Water Droplet Sizes on Smoke Flow in a Tunnel Fire." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j95d96.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>能源與冷凍空調工程系<br>107<br>In this research, the different droplet size (≤1000μm) and different flow rates (80LPM and 160LPM) of the automatic sprinkler system were used to investigate the change of the smoke flow in the 20MW tunnel fire without wind field. Establish a whole tunnel 3D model; including fire source, tunnel structure, automatic fire sprinkler system, etc. The three dimensional computer models were built using Fire Dynamic Simulation. The fire is simulated in the center of the tunnel, while the situation is simulated without the influence of the wind and smoke exhaust system. According to the simulation results, the effects of water droplets with different sizes on the smoke flow are reviewed and considered as fire field strategies.
This research applies FDS and adopts log-normal and Rosin-Rammler distribution in combination with the droplet size distribution to suppress the fire of the tunnel fire and the diffusion of smoke. And considers the parameters as following: (1). Volume flow rate (2). medium volumetric droplet diameter. As a result ,when the water flow rate is large, the fire suppression and cooling faster, which is more conducive to personnel escape. When the flow rate is fixed, the smaller particle size is harmful for fire suppression,and make low visibility. Because the tunnel is a high-risk space, it is not easy to rescue and escape. If the automatic sprinkler system can be quickly extinguished in the early stage, avoiding long-term combustion and causing structural collapse, it can ensure the safety of personnel and reduce economic losses.
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Hsu, Che Yu, and 許哲瑜. "The effect of sprinkler design on fire suppression and smoke diffusion in a high-tech fab." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ne453s.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>能源與冷凍空調工程系<br>106<br>The market demand for semiconductor industry has been increasing in Taiwan and abroad, resulting in quick expansion of high-tech fabs. The water sprinkler system is then has an important role protecting the both the safety and property loss of high-tech fabs. The design parameters of the sprinkler system analyzed in this study are the volume flow rate and the medium droplet diameter, on fire suppression and smoke diffusion in a clean room.
This research applies FDS to analyze the flow field due to fire, smoke exhaust and that due to the sprinklers action. This study adopts logarithmic normal / Rosin-Rammler distribution for the sprinkler’s droplet size. In all the parameters considered include (1) sprinkler operating pressure (volume flow rate), (2) medium droplet diameter, (3) droplet velocity, and finally the spacing between sprinklers. It has been found that for sprinkler’s spacing of 2m, higher sprinkler pressure (larger flow rate), the fire suppression is faster and so does the temperature cooling rate. The smoke will spread quickly across the entire clean room. The optimum medium diameter of the sprinkler at 0.5 bar is in the range of 600 μm ~ 800 μm. But when the spray nozzle is at 10.5 bar the optimum medium droplet diameter is in the range of 100 μm ~ 300 μm. Finally, the fire heat release rate, fire temperature and smoke diffusion are discussed in terms of flow visualization. Fire extinguishing time due to different operating parameters are presented. These results presented may be of use in the fire engineering design.
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Yeh, Chang-Chen, and 葉昶辰. "Seismic Evaluation and Simplified Methodology of Fragility Analysis for Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Hospitals." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31350506785875833237.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>土木工程學研究所<br>104<br>Based on the popularization of performance design concepts for structures of critical building (e.g. hospitals and schools) in recent years, non-structural seismic damages (e.g. sprinkler piping systems) are more common than structural ones. Fire protection sprinkler systems plays important roles to prevent fire disasters and ensure occupant safety.However, failure of fire protection sprinkler system will result in not only threat to occupant safety but also the shut down of medical function and relating expense on repairing. Therefore, an accurate assessment method to evaluate the seismic ability of fire protection system is necessary.
The common seismic failures resulted from fire protection sprinkler systems are impact damages of ceiling boards, leakages of 1″threaded joints and breaks of hangers. In order to understand the seismic ability of components mentioned above, this research propose several assessment methods and take NTU Hospital Yunlin branch as an example to conduct the fragility analysis of the component in fire protection sprinkler system.
The main results are briefly described below:
1. Performance design method for piping systems: Referring to FEMA P58[1], only when building structures are judged as reparable will assessment of sprinkler piping be meaningful. Therefore, in this study, seismic performance of sprinkler piping will be evaluated only when the structure is reparable.
2. In order to investigate the effects of characteristics of input motion on the fragility analysis of piping systems, a nonlinear numerical model was established using MIDAS software for the RC structure of the example hospital building.
3. A detailed numerical model of the horizontal sprinkler piping system was established using SAP2000 software to simulate nonlinear behaviors of hangers and the nonlinear relationship between piping and ceiling systems or partition walls (Method A). The fragility parameters of three seismic performance of piping system were than obtained through incremental dynamic analyses.
4. According to the dynamic characteristics of the sprinkler piping system, a partial detailed analysis method (Method B) and a simplified assessment method (Method C) are proposed in this study. Comparing to the result of Method A, the one of Method B is more conservative but through a more efficient process. Method C is provided to be engineers an additional choice that a rapid but rough judgment in the seismic performances of sprinkler piping systems can be made based on in-situ observations and the floor response spectrum. The fragility results of Method C are very close to those of Method B in terms of median values but are with quite low divergence.
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HUANG, YI-MING, and 黃奕銘. "A Study of the Effects of Discharge Sprinkler Droplet Size and Distribution on Smoke Flow in Fire." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5kxst3.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>能源與冷凍空調工程系<br>107<br>The fire-extinguishing system applying automatic discharge sprinklers for ceiling height above 10 meters has been studied. The focus is on the phenomenon about the effects of the water droplet size and the size distribution of the discharge sprinklers. The effects of discharge droplets on the smoke flow were also. A full-scale experiment was setup to observe the physical phenomena. A 3D modeling was further undertaken to simulate the fire, smoke exhaust, smoke flow and interaction of water droplets and smoke flow. This research applied FDS in the 3D simulation.
This study adopted logarithmic normal / Rosin-Rammler distribution for the sprinkler’s droplet size. All the parameters considered include (1) droplet size distribution, and (2) medium droplet diameter. It has been found that the discharge water droplets would induce the downward flow of smoke and has adverse effect on the visibility of smoke. Smaller water droplet size would take longer time to extinguish the fire, specifically for medium size at 1000 μm. The smaller size water droplet would evaporate faster and has to overcome the buoyancy force of fire. At this droplet size, smoke visibility was lower. Three medium droplet size, 1000μm, 1300μm, and 2000μm were studied. With equal fire extinguishing performance 2000μm droplet had a higher smoke visibility. When the sprinklers are actuated quicker in early fire and with less smoke generation, better smoke visibility would be expected so to have better fire safety.
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Tsai, Jheng-Tin, and 蔡政廷. "Utilize FDS to Simulate the Effect of Different Height and Droplet Size of the Sprinkler on the Fire Extinguish Efficiency of a Hypermarket Building Fire." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32460160758157210386.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>環境與安全衛生工程系<br>102<br>Warehouse is used to store materials. In order to use limited land effectively, goods often stacked very closely and upward. If one day warehouse catch fire, it will turn into a hard situation because of high fire load and harm to people and properties seriously.
Generally, automatic sprinkler systems can used to reduce the indoor fire hazard. However, in the face of such high fire load and floor height warehouse, regulations specification of sprinkler equipment design parameters (such as particle size, mounting height) is still slightly imperfect. This study use Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS) for different mounting height (height or distance from the fire source) and droplet size of sprinkler equipment to explore the mechanism and efficiency of fire-controll carried on nearly confined space. Next, Sprinkler equipment design concepts from this conclusion apply to hypermarket of full-scale fire simulations to verify the theoretical consistency. The purpose of this study are as follows:(1) discussion different mounting height and diameter of the sprinkler mechanism and performance and providing design guidelines for subsequent scholars as a reference; (2) Preliminary assessment of the fire hazard posed by the severity of the hypermarket, providing escape and sprinkler design plan.
The results show that: (1) In nearly confined space which with small amount of ventilation, the particle size for the source of fire extinguishing time from fast to slow sequence of 5000 μm, 1000 μm, 700 μm, 500 μm, 300 μm, 100 μm, fast to slow cooling sequence was 100 μm, 300 μm, 500 μm, 700 μm, 1000 μm and 5000 μm;(2) No ventilation in a completely sealed case, the particle size of the source of fire extinguishing time from fast to slow sequence then becomes 100 μm, 300 μm, 500 μm, 700 μm, 1000 μm and 5000 μm; cooling sequence unchanged, can know whether the ventilation for water mist fire extinguishing great impact;(3) In the absence of sprinklers, the temperature inside the hazard at 400 s in the hypermarket are exceed 66 ℃, and the ceiling temperature and more than 400 ℃, the oxygen concentration is less than 12% at 600 s, 200 s visibility below 4 m, the exterior of the hypermarket entrance area and staff warehouse harmful effects slower, so when the fire broke out in the bedding and furniture area, evacuation should be directed to the entrance area and the main staff warehouse and escape ladder escape direction; (4) Installation of an automatic sprinkler mechanism at hypermarket in hazard mitigation equipment there are two forms. The first one is the suppression of the fire growth to reduce heat and hazardous substances generate, the second is smoke and other hazards the limitations and accumulate in the sprinkler area, and to other areas can be affected by slower; (5) 5000 μm sprinklers for the purposes of this study in the first mechanism mainly, 1000 μm of mitigation mechanisms of the study design places the second effect is more significant. In case of ignore the hazards of fire source, droplet size 1000 μm of sprinkler equipment will the fire reduction of harm other areas has a better performance compared to without sprinklers, it increase 243% extension of time before damaged.
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Yi-RenLai and 賴翊仁. "The Influence of Room Flows on the Actuation of Detectors and Sprinkles in Fires." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19146002054667903759.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>機械工程學系碩博士班<br>100<br>This thesis is focused on the effects of frequently-found room flows (air-condition vent flow or ceiling fan flow) on the detector and sprinkler actuation time. First, we studied the actuation time based on the different action principle of the detector and sprinkler. Then, we use full scale experiments and simulation software FDS to explore the influence of air-condition flow on detector and sprinkler actuation time. Finally, we studied the detector and sprinkler actuation time as affected by the ceiling fan.
The study results show that the detector and sprinkler actuation conditions are affected by the distance to the fire location. If a detector is closer to the fire, sooner will the actuation be. At the same time, we find that smoke detectors are easier to actuate than heat detectors and glass-bulb sprinklers are easier to actuate than fusible-alloy sprinklers. The air-condition vent and ceiling fan definitely affect the detector and sprinkler actuation time. The effects from the ceiling fan was more profound than those from the air-condition flow. Finally, comparison between the results of full size experiments and FDS show similar trends of actuation time.
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Hsieh, Pin-Ping, and 謝品蘋. "A Site Investigation Study and Fire Suppression Performance Analysis for Automatic Sprinkler Systems on AS/RS in Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73e4hw.
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碩士<br>中央警察大學<br>消防科學研究所<br>106<br>With the development of economy in Taiwan, the logistics industry will continue to prosper nowadays and beyond. People tend to have a variety requirement of material. In order to satisfy the supply demand, saving human power and increase the effectiveness of transportation, the introduce of large-scale AS/RS to store commodities in the factories has become a trend. This kind of large-scale AS/RS often exist in many public or private industrial area. The increased density of the stored commodities has the potential of causing a fire. However, merely general specifications were presented in the Standard for Installation of Fire Safety Equipment Based on Use and Occupancy. This study has figure out the warehouse fire scenarios through domestic and foreign regulation comparison and literature review. On the other hand, collecting warehouse fire cases in different places to verify with the above fire characteristic mentioned, moreover, trying to realize why the damage still happened when the Automatic Sprinkler System active confidently. Pick out few representative AS/RS warehouse storages in Taiwan, and investigate their individual sprinkler layout and parameters setting. The comparison within different AS/RS warehouse storages shows the on-site design criteria don’t always coincide with regulations. After on-site investigation, continuing to set up rack-storage model to simulate fire scenario by installing different position of in-rack sprinklers to see the fire extinguishing performance. Finally, with the comparison of regulations and simulation consequences from each warehouse, some conclusions of rack-storage configuration could be made and design options could be provided for AHJ.
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Tsai, Rong-Feng, and 蔡榮鋒. "The study of activated mechanism of sprinklered system and detector on fire suppression effect in buildings." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77103020195963445097.
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博士<br>雲林科技大學<br>工程科技研究所博士班<br>99<br>The performance-based fire safety design in buildings has been studied for a long period of time in Taiwan. A precise method for measuring the smoke layer height is developed by the patent “Development and Research the Method of Measure Smoke Layer”. This method avoids false alarms due to uncertainty of smoke movement. This project applied the technology to the detector-sprinkler system and intended to understand the fire suppression effect by a short sprinkler activation time.
Generally, the smoke will be detected earlier than heat and fire. Therefore, smoke detector response correct and provide signal to activate sprinkler system. However, sometimes the grass ball did not break at the design temperature and the smoke was larger enough to obstruct the evacuation. Thus, a modified try-sprinkler system was investigated in this thesis.
Important parameters of smoke detector were studied first including the smoke, light and fire. The laser beam detectors were used in this project to increase the accuracy of the operation time.
The laser beam detector is coupled with the try-sprinkler system may provide a better fire suppression effect during a fire. The close type sprinkler can control the fire but not suppress it. Using the new development, the accurate smoke detector signal may provide a correct sprinkler activated time to suppress a building fire.
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Salgado, Samuel Marques. "Development and closed-loop control of an active water-cooled fire-proof barrier." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/92532.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>Os desastres ocorridos durante o Verão devido aos fogos florestais, e a sua consequente devastação, com mais incidência de ocorrência nos últimos anos, devem-se às alterações climáticas, assim como ao insuficiente conhecimento sobre os padrões de comportamento do fogo em qualquer circunstância.Com o intuito de desenvolver conhecimento sobre esta temática, vários trabalhos de investigação têm sido realizados no DEM. Um desses resultou no protótipo de uma barreira anti-fogo, a ser instalada à volta de uma estrutura, protegendo-a do avanço das chamas. A esta barreira foi instalado um flat spray para arrefecer a tela composta por fibra de vidro e coberta por uma película de alumínio (material altamente refletivo, essencial para refletir o calor). Os testes realizados com o protótipo arrefecido a água apontaram para a capacidade de travar o avanço do fogo.O argumento abordado nesta dissertação consiste em implementar um sistema de funcionamento automático de atuação de uma válvula em função da temperatura na superfície da tela, otimizando o consumo de água incidente na barreira. Assim, a metodologia explorada consiste na programação da válvula que controla a produção do spray incidente na barreira, programar devidamente os componentes envolvidos e verificar a viabilidade desta solução através de testes experimentais.Nos testes experimentais, realizados com fogo, procurou-se verificar a distribuição de temperatura na barreira, comparar o estado da tela após o término da combustão e avaliar o consumo de água. Dos ensaios conclui-se que a autonomia gerada pelo controlo do consumo de água representa uma poupança da água entre 35 a 50%, aumentando o tempo de ação do sistema, caso o fornecimento provenha de um depósito com uma quantidade de água disponível limitada.<br>The disasters that occurred during the summer due to forest fires, and their consequent devastation, with more incidence of occurrence in recent years, are due to climate change, as well as insufficient knowledge about the patterns of fire behavior in any circumstances.In order to develop knowledge on this topic, numerous research works have been carried out in DEM. One of these resulted in the prototype of a fire-proof barrier to be installed around a structure, protecting it from the flames advance. To this barrier was added a flat spray to cool the fabric composed of fiberglass and covered by an aluminum tissue (highly reflective material, essential to reflect heat). The tests with the water-cooled prototype pointed to the ability to stop the fire advancing.The argument addressed in this dissertation consists of implementing an automatic operating system to manage a valve as a function of the fabric surface temperature, optimizing the water consumption. Thus, the methodology explored consists of programming the valve that controls the production of the incident spray in the barrier, correctly programming the components involved, and verifying the feasibility of this solution through experimental tests.In the experimental tests, carried out with real fire, we tried to verify the temperature distribution in the barrier, compare the state of the fabric after the end of combustion, and evaluate water consumption. From the tests, it was concluded that the autonomy generated by the water consumption control represents a saving of water between 35 to 50%, increasing the action time of the system if the supply comes from a tank with a limited amount of water available.
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Txung-LiangHuang and 黃聰良. "A Study on Seismic Retrofit of Suspension Piping Systems in Buildings:A Case Study of Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping System." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m2ehf9.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>建築學系<br>106<br>This study investigates foreign specification of piping system seismic design as foundation to develop Taiwamese piping system seismic design specification. First, confirming the structure analysis model is reasonable through model test, then use different pipng system cases to run the seismic design in foreign specification. Finally, dynamic timehistory analysis on the structure analysis model are executed. Discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the foreign specification in different cases. The results show piping system design to specification of NFPA 13, performed better, but it still have some amendable items. Finally, this study proposes the specification amendment, and use the analysis model to be authenticated. Analysis results show the proposed method can raise the piping system’s seismic performance.