Relevant bibliographies by topics / FIRE_M

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'FIRE_M'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "FIRE_M"

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Portier, Jeanne, Sylvie Gauthier, and Yves Bergeron. "Spatial distribution of mean fire size and occurrence in eastern Canada: influence of climate, physical environment and lightning strike density." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 12 (2019): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18220.

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In Canada, recent catastrophic wildfire events raised concern from governments and communities. As climate change is expected to increase fire activity in boreal forests, the need for a better understanding of fire regimes is becoming urgent. This study addresses the 1972–2015 spatial distributions of fire cycles, mean fire size (FireSz) and mean fire occurrence (mean annual number of fires per 100000ha, FireOcc) in eastern Canada. The objectives were to determine (1) the spatial variability of fire-regime attributes, (2) the capacity of FireSz and FireOcc to distinguish homogeneous fire zones and (3) the environmental factors driving FireSz and FireOcc, with some emphasis on lightning strikes. Fire cycles, FireSz and FireOcc greatly varied throughout the study area. Even within homogeneous fire zones, FireSz and FireOcc were highly variable. FireSz was controlled by moisture content in deep layers of the soil and by surficial deposits, whereas FireOcc was controlled by moisture content in top layers of the soil and by relief. The lack of a relationship between FireOcc and lightning-strike density suggested that the limiting effect of lightning-strike density on FireOcc could be operating only under certain circumstances, when interacting with other environmental factors.
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Craun, Sarah W., Paul J. Detar, and David M. Bierie. "Shots Fired: Firearm Discharges during Fugitive Apprehensions." Victims & Offenders 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2012.745459.

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Rachaniotis, Nikos P., and Costas P. Pappis. "Scheduling fire-fighting tasks using the concept of "deteriorating jobs"." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-267.

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In fire fighting, the time and effort required to control a fire increase if the beginning of the fire containment effort is delayed. Several demand-covering models have been proposed for the deployment of available fire-fighting resources so that a forest fire is attacked within a specified time limit. This paper considers the problem of scheduling a single fire-fighting resource when there are several existing fires to be controlled using a model specific to the fire's rate of spread. The problem is tackled using the concept of deteriorating jobs, that is, the model represents increasing value loss as fires remain unsuppressed and increasing time for fire suppression.
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Perryman, Holly A., Christopher J. Dugaw, J. Morgan Varner, and Diane L. Johnson. "A cellular automata model to link surface fires to firebrand lift-off and dispersal." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 4 (2013): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11045.

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In spite of considerable effort to predict wildland fire behaviour, the effects of firebrand lift-off, the ignition of resulting spot fires and their effects on fire spread, remain poorly understood. We developed a cellular automata model integrating key mathematical models governing current fire spread models with a recently developed model that estimates firebrand landing patterns. Using our model we simulated a wildfire in an idealised Pinus ponderosa ecosystem. Varying values of wind speed, surface fuel loading, surface fuel moisture content and canopy base height, we investigated two scenarios: (i) the probability of a spot fire igniting beyond fuelbreaks of various widths and (ii) how spot fires directly affect the overall surface fire’s rate of spread. Results were averages across 2500 stochastic simulations. In both scenarios, canopy base height and surface fuel loading had a greater influence than wind speed and surface fuel moisture content. The expected rate of spread with spot fires occurring approached a constant value over time, which ranged between 6 and 931% higher than the predicted surface fire rate of spread. Incorporation of the role of spot fires in wildland fire spread should be an important thrust of future decision-support technologies.
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Smith, Alistair M. S., and Martin J. Wooster. "Remote classification of head and backfire types from MODIS fire radiative power and smoke plume observations." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 3 (2005): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05012.

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The classification of savanna fires into headfire and backfire types can in theory help in assessing pollutant emissions to the atmosphere via relative apportionment of the amounts of smouldering and flaming combustion occurring, and is also important when assessing a fire’s ecological effects. This paper provides a preliminary assessment of whether a combination of visible and thermal satellite remote sensing can be used to classify fires into head and backfire categories. Remote determination of the fire radiative power, alongside assessments of the prevailing direction of the wind (through identification of the fire-related smoke plumes) and the fire front propagation (through its relation to the previously burned area) were used to infer the fire type category and to calculate ‘radiative’ fireline intensity (FLI). The ratio of radiative FLI for the head and backfire categories was found similar to that of in situ fireline intensity measurements, but the magnitudes of the radiative FLI values were around an order of magnitude lower. This agrees with other data suggesting that a fire’s radiative energy is around an order of magnitude lower than the fuel’s theoretical heat yield, and suggests that the remote measurement of radiative FLI and classification of headfire and backfire types is a realistic proposition for large wildfire activity.
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Price, O. F., and R. A. Bradstock. "The spatial domain of wildfire risk and response in the wildland urban interface in Sydney, Australia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 12 (December 23, 2013): 3385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-3385-2013.

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Abstract. In order to quantify the risks from fire at the wildland urban interface (WUI), it is important to understand where fires occur and their likelihood of spreading to the WUI. For each of the 999 fires in the Sydney region we calculated the distance between the ignition and the WUI, the fire's weather and wind direction and whether it spread to the WUI. The likelihood of burning the WUI was analysed using binomial regression. Weather and distance interacted such that under mild weather conditions, the model predicted only a 5% chance that a fire starting >2.5 km from the interface would reach it, whereas when the conditions are extreme the predicted chance remained above 30% even at distances >10 km. Fires were more likely to spread to the WUI if the wind was from the west and in the western side of the region. We examined whether the management responses to wildfires are commensurate with risk by comparing the distribution of distance to the WUI of wildfires with roads and prescribed fires. Prescribed fires and roads were concentrated nearer to the WUI than wildfires as a whole, but further away than wildfires that burnt the WUI under extreme weather conditions (high risk fires). Overall, 79% of these high risk fires started within 2 km of the WUI, so there is some argument for concentrating more management effort near the WUI. By substituting climate change scenario weather into the statistical model, we predicted a small increase in the risk of fires spreading to the WUI, but the increase will be greater under extreme weather. This approach has a variety of uses, including mapping fire risk and improving the ability to match fire management responses to the threat from each fire. They also provide a baseline from which a cost-benefit analysis of complementary fire management strategies can be conducted.
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Doumas, Sandra L., and John L. Koprowski. "Effect of heterogeneity in burn severity on Mexican fox squirrels following the return of fire." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 3 (2013): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12046.

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After decades of suppression, fire has returned to many forested areas of the western United States. Understanding responses of wildlife species to fire is essential to native species conservation because contemporary fires may not have the same effects as historical fires. Recent fires in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona provided an opportunity to investigate effects of fire heterogeneity on habitat selection of a native wildlife species. We used radiotelemetry to determine home ranges of Mexican fox squirrels (Sciurus nayaritensis chiricahuae) within fire-influenced forests. We then applied resource-utilisation functions to evaluate associations of use intensity within home ranges to heterogeneity of burn severity at two spatial scales. Squirrels used areas with moderate levels of burn heterogeneity at large scale more than areas of low or high heterogeneity. Squirrels used small (<0.5 ha) or narrow (<120 m) severely burnt patches, but incorporated only edges of large patches into home ranges. Use of burnt forests by Mexican fox squirrels demonstrates the complexities of fire’s effects on wildlife. Our results contribute to an understanding of the role and effect of fire in forest ecosystems and implications for wildlife conservation.
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Tanklevskiy, L. T., A. A. Tarantsev, I. A. Babikov, and D. V. Polyakov. "Calculated assessment of effectiveness of class B fire suppression using automatic fire sprinkler systems." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.03.88-98.

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Introduction. The problem of timely activation of fire sprinkler systems is highly relevant for effective fire suppression before the critical moment, when calculated values applied to extinguish the fire, become ineffective. A number of works address the problem of effective application of the fire sprinkler system to Class A fires. The application of such methods to Class B fires has not yet been considered.The model simulating a fire in a room with an automatic fire extinguishing system. The response time assessment model, developed by the co-authors for an automatic water-consuming fire sprinkler system, allows to identify the velocity of flame spreading over the surface of an HFL/CL spillage and the temperature rise rate in the ceiling area in the case of a B class fire.A sprinkler is triggered by the bulb bursting caused by the thermal effect produced by the ascending convection flow. A model has been developed to determine the response time of a fire sprinkler system exposed to the effect of a heat flow, caused by the Class B fire, on a heat-sensitive sprinkler bulb.Activation of a fire sprinkler system by the rate-of-rise heat detector. A model, designated for determining the activation time of a rate-of-rise heat detector, was developed.Examples. A number of examples, illustrating the response time of traditional, deluge, and forced launch fire sprinkler systems, are provided in the article.Conclusions. The obtained formula allows to quickly check the applicability of different types of fire sprinkler systems to ensure the effective protection of premises in which class B fires may break out.
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Lin, Cherng Shing, Te Chi Chen, Chia Chun Yu, and Shih Cheng Wang. "Simulation and Analysis on Mechanical Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beam Undergoing a Fire." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.809.

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Reinforced concrete is a common structure in buildings in Taiwan. Steel bars, concrete materials and the structural strength of the reinforced concrete deteriorate due to high temperature deriving from a fire. Therefore, it is essential to assess its structural safety and analyze whether the architectural structure will remain its design strength undergoing a fire. This study employs Fire Dynamics Simulation (FDS), fire simulation software, to construct model of thermal flow field. By integrating FDS with PHOENICS, thermal flow software, this study also calculates the effect of the fire’s thermal transmission on the building, investigates the effect of the fire size and the mode the beam undergoing a fire on change of the structural strength, and provides quantified data for safety assessment for buildings which have undergone fires.
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Sun, Ruiyu, Steven K. Krueger, Mary Ann Jenkins, Michael A. Zulauf, and Joseph J. Charney. "The importance of fire - atmosphere coupling and boundary-layer turbulence to wildfire spread." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 1 (2009): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07072.

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The major source of uncertainty in wildfire behavior prediction is the transient behavior of wildfire due to changes in flow in the fire’s environment. The changes in flow are dominated by two factors. The first is the interaction or ‘coupling’ between the fire and the fire-induced flow. The second is the interaction or ‘coupling’ between the fire and the ambient flow driven by turbulence due to wind gustiness and eddies in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In the present study, coupled wildfire–atmosphere large-eddy simulations of grassland fires are used to examine the differences in the rate of spread and area burnt by grass fires in two types of ABL, a buoyancy-dominated ABL and a roll-dominated ABL. The simulations show how a buoyancy-dominated ABL affects fire spread, how a roll-dominated ABL affects fire spread, and how fire lines interact with these two different ABL flow types. The simulations also show how important are fire–atmosphere couplings or fire-induced circulations to fire line spread compared with the direct impact of the turbulence in the two different ABLs. The results have implications for operational wildfire behavior prediction. Ultimately, it will be important to use techniques that include an estimate of uncertainty in wildfire behavior forecasts.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "FIRE_M"

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Mazzoli, Pietro. "Analisi termo-strutturale CHT-FEM di una testa motore." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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Il lavoro di tesi tratta un’analisi CHT di una testa motore di Ducati Motor Holding spa. Si è affrontato questo tema con l'intento di migliorare e rendere più accurata l'analisi di distribuzione delle temperature che si sviluppano nei componenti di una bancata motore in condizioni di potenza massima. Tale problematica nasce dagli sviluppi tecnologici degli ultimi decenni finalizzati a massimizzare nei motori a combustioni interna la potenza specifica, tenendo conto che questo crea un aumento significativo dei carichi termici sui componenti del motore. Una sempre maggiore precisione nell'analisi termica risulta quindi necessaria e, in questo lavoro di tesi, si è cercato di ottenerla grazie ad una simulazione CFD-CHT (Conjugate Heat Transfer), in cui si simula e calcola contemporaneamente la conduzione di calore nei componenti solidi accoppiati e combinati al trasferimento di calore per convezione in un fluido, ma anche grazie all'utilizzo di mesh poliedriche e non esaedriche. Queste due principali novità sono presenti nel nuovo codice AVL FIRE M, che è stato lo strumento principale di studio e di lavoro della tesi. Sono state eseguite diverse simulazioni, sia in regime stazionario che transitorio, cercando di ottenere una certa sensibilità su alcuni parametri fisici e sulla mesh poliedrica. L'analisi dei risultati è stata molto soddisfacente: si sono riscontrate distribuzioni di temperature nei componenti solidi molto simili a quelle ottenute da calcoli termici FEM precedentemente eseguiti dall'azienda. In futuro si cercherà di affinare l'analisi numerica del problema, eseguendo ulteriori prove, al fine di individuare i setting di best practice sia per quanto riguarda la generazione della mesh poliedrica sia per quanto riguarda il setup di calcolo.
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Chau, Kam-chiu Lawrence. "The ecology of fire in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18933798.

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Huang, Kai. "Population and building factors that impact residential fire rates in large U.S. cities /." View online version, 2009. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/287.

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Ierardi, James A. "A computer model of fire spread from engine to passenger compartments in post-collision vehicles." Link to electronic version, 1999. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-052499-135914/unrestricted/thesis.pdf.

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Steiner, Nicholas R. "Lessons from the investigation and analysis of real fires." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265355.

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Candy, Katherine. "Mapping fire affected areas in northern Western Australia - towards an automatic approach." Candy, Katherine (2004) Mapping fire affected areas in northern Western Australia - towards an automatic approach. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/500/.

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Wildfires across northern Australia are a growing problem with more than 2.5 million hectares being burnt each year. Accordingly, remote sensing has been used as a tool to routinely monitor and map fire histories. In northern Western Australia, the Department of Land Information Satellite Remote Sensing Services (DLI SRSS) has been responsible for providing and interpreting NOAA-AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data. SRSS staff utilise this data to automatically map hotspots on a daily basis, and manually map fire affected areas (FAA) every nine days. This information is then passed on to land managers to enhance their ability to manage the effects of fire and assess its impact over time. The aim of this study was to develop an algorithm for the near real-time automatic mapping of FAA in the Kimberley and Pilbara as an alternative to the currently used semimanual approach. Daily measures of temperature, surface reflectance and vegetation indices from twenty nine NOAA-16 (2001) passes were investigated. It was firstly necessary to apply atmospheric and BRDF corrections to the raw reflectance data to account for the variation caused by changing viewing and illumination geometry over a cycle. Findings from the four case studies indicate that case studies 1 and 2 exhibited a typical fire response (visible and near-infrared channels and vegetation indices decreased), whereas 3 and 4 displayed an atypical response (visible channel increased while the near-infrared channel and vegetation indices decreased). Alternative vegetation indices such as GEMI, GEMI3 and VI3 outperformed NDVI in some cases. Likewise atmospheric and BRDF corrected NDVI provided better performance in separating burnt and unburnt classes. The difficulties in quantifying FAA due to temporal and spatial variation result from numerous factors including vegetation type, fire intensity, rate of ash and charcoal dispersal due to wind and rain, background soil influence and rate of revegetation. In this study two different spectral responses were recorded, indicating the need to set at least two sets of thresholds in an automated or semi-automated classification algorithm. It also highlighted the necessity of atmospheric and BRDF corrections. It is therefore recommended that future research apply atmospheric and BRDF corrections at the pre-processing stage prior to analysis when utilising a temporal series of NOAAAVHRR data. Secondly, it is necessary to investigate additional FAA within the four biogeographic regions to enable thresholds to be set in order to develop an algorithm. This algorithm must take into account the variation in a fire's spectral response which may result from fire intensity, vegetation type, background soil influence or climatic factors.
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Berkley, Evelyn L. "Temporal and spatial variability of fire occurrence in Western Oregon, A.D. 1200 to present /." view abstract or download file of text, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p1402785.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 2000.
Computer optical disc in pocket of back cover titled: Animated time series of fire occurrence in Western Oregon, A.D. 1200-2000. Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-110). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to UO users.
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Archibald, Robert D. "Fire and the persistence of tuart woodlands /." Access via publisher's site, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20071130.140115.

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Kodandapani, Narendran. "Fire regimes and their ecological effects in seasonally dry tropical ecosystems in the Western Ghats, India." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.

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Pool, Christiaan Frederik. "The effect of modified fuel loads on fire behaviour in Pinus patula and Eucalyptus macarthurii stands in the Mpumalanga Highveld forestry region of South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010958.

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The effectiveness of harvesting slash treatments are questionable when wild fires, fuelled by post harvesting slash, burn out of control. In order to quantify effectiveness of various slash treatments, fire behaviour in Pinus patula and Eucalyptus macarthurii compartments in the Highveld area (Piet Retief) of Mpumalanga, South Africa, were assessed after application of five different post-harvesting slash treatments. Treatments included mulching, chopper rolling, windrowing, removal of slash (inter-windrowing) and broadcasting. Independent fuel and environmental variables were measured prior and during application of fire to the study areas and effects on fire behaviour were compared afterwards. Dependant fire behaviour variables such as the rate of spread, fire temperature and flame height were measured in respective slash treatment plots and compared. Results of the study indicated that fire behaviour assessed in mulched areas in both the P. patula and E. macarthurii compartments were significantly less intense when compared to fire behaviour in chopper roll, broadcast and windrow treatments. Fire behaviour in mulched plots compared favourably with areas where harvesting slash was removed (inter-windrow treatment). Comparisons between fuel loads of different treatments also indicated accelerated mineralization of organic material in mulched areas. Mulching of harvesting slash seems to be an effective method to restrict fire behaviour in post-harvesting compartments and should be considered as part of a fire management strategy.
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Books on the topic "FIRE_M"

1

Aloisi, Peter. Fire apparatus fighting fires. Lynnfield, Mass. (210 Broadway, Lynnfield 01940): Chariot Pub. Co., 1990.

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Worley, Howard V. Pittsburgh's vintage firemen, 1790-1915. Saxonburg, Pa: HowDy Productions, 1997.

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Fires ... accidental or arson?: Fire investigations. Denver, Colo: Outskirts Press, Inc., 2011.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology. Prevention of residential fire fatalities. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology. Prevention of residential fire fatalities: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session, October 9, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology. Prevention of residential fire fatalities: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session, October 9, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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(Nigeria), Cross River State. Conclusions of the government of Cross River State of Nigeria on the report of the Watt Market fire disaster investigation panel. Calabar: Govt. Printer, 1985.

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Kutbī, Zuhayr Muḥammad Jamīl. al- Taḥlīl al-makānī li-ḥawādith al-ḥarīq bi-madīnat Makkah al-Mukarramah. [Jiddah]: Z.M.J. Kutbī, 1994.

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The book of fire. Missoula, Mont: Mountain Press Pub., in cooperation with the National Park Foundation, 1989.

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Jiangsu dang dai xiao fang shi ye yan jiu: Jiangsu dangdai xiaofang shiye yanjiu. Hefei Shi: Hefei gong ye da xue chu ban she, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "FIRE_M"

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You, Zhanhong. "Fire Arrow and Projection Firearm." In Thirty Great Inventions of China, 777–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6525-0_29.

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Karsai, István, Thomas Schmickl, and George Kampis. "Forest Fires: Fire Management and the Power Law." In Resilience and Stability of Ecological and Social Systems, 63–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54560-4_4.

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Beyler, Craig L. "Fire Hazard Calculations for Large, Open Hydrocarbon Fires." In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2591–663. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_66.

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Swetnam, Tyson, Donald A. Falk, Amy E. Hessl, and Calvin Farris. "Reconstructing Landscape Pattern of Historical Fires and Fire Regimes." In Ecological Studies, 165–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0301-8_7.

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Merck, Melinda D. "Firearm Injuries." In Veterinary Forensics: Animal Cruelty Investigations, 151–68. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118704738.ch8.

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Bradley-Siemens, N., A. I. Brower, and R. Kagan. "Firearm Injuries." In Veterinary Forensic Pathology, Volume 1, 107–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67172-7_7.

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Maloney, Michael S. "Firearm Injuries." In Death Scene Investigation, 183–90. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315107271-23.

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Maloney, Michael S. "Firearm Injuries." In Death Scene Investigation, 191–96. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315107271-24.

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Jones, Eric L. "Fires." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 125–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44274-3_14.

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Brunkhorst, Sven, and Jochen Zehfuß. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Fire Development in Compartment Fires with Immobile Fire Load." In Wood & Fire Safety, 185–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41235-7_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "FIRE_M"

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Panduranga, Raghu, Yasser Alamoudi, and Azzeddine Ferrah. "A Novel Fire Resistant Material (“FIRESS') to Mitigate Fires in Wind Turbines." In 2020 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aset48392.2020.9118295.

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Bafford, R. Dean. "Automatic Fire Protection of Turbine-Generator Bearings at Joppa Generating Station." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88099.

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Electric Energy Inc.’s Joppa generating station has six 181 MW coal-fired units located on the bank of the Ohio river in Massac county, Illinois. The original GE turbine-generators were installed in the early 1950’s without any fire protection for the bearings. In 1998, Securiplex watermist systems were installed on units 5 & 6 to protect the bearing areas of those turbine-generators from fires. The fire detection was done using VESDA air sampling technology. In subsequent years, Securiplex watermist – VESDA systems were installed on the remaining four units to protect the bearing areas of those turbine-generators. This paper explains the factors that went into the decision to install this type of fire suppression technology as opposed to conventional sprinkler or deluge systems. Operating and maintenance experience with the Securiplex watermist systems and the VESDA fire detection systems will be discussed with reference made to real life events.
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Satoh, Kohyu, Liu Naian, Liu Qiong, and K. T. Yang. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Merging Fires in Square Arrays." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43220.

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In large-scale forest fires and city fires, merging fires and fire whirls have often been observed, which cause substantial casualties and property damages. It is important to know particularly where and under what conditions of weather such merging fires and fire whirls appear in cities or forests. However, there have been no adequate answers, since the detailed physical characteristics about them are not fully clarified yet, although previous studies have examined the phenomena of merging flames. Therefore, we have carried out preliminary studies and found that the merged tall fires can enhance the fire spread, and developed a method to analyze burn-out data of fire arrays. If sufficient knowledge can be obtained by relevant experiments and numerical computations, it may be possible to mitigate the damages due to merged fires and fire whirls. The objective of this study is to investigate the merging conditions of fires in square arrays in laboratory experiments and also by CFD numerical simulations, varying the size of square array, inter-fire distance and heat release rate, to judge ‘unmerged’ or ‘merged’ conditions in the fire array. It has been found that the fire merging is dependent on the inter-fire distance in the array and also on the total heat release rate of all fires surrounding the center region of the array. Also found that the experimental and simulated results on the merged and unmerged cases in the fire array, as affected by the total heat release rate and the inter-fire distance, which control the convective gas flow into the array, behave very similarly. Therefore, it can be concluded that the fire merging in array fires are highly based on the convection in the flow field due to fires and can be predicted by simple CFD simulations.
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Satoh, Kohyu, Shiro Kitamura, Kunio Kuwahara, and K. T. Yang. "An Analysis to Predict Forest Fire Danger and Fire Spread." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47357.

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Forest fires are of common occurrence all over the world, causing severe damages to valuable natural environment and loss of human lives. In order to reduce the damages by forest fires, it is useful to utilize a system, which can predict the occurrence of forest fires and the spread of fires. Well known is a system in USA, called NFDRS to predict forest fire occurrence and FARSITE to predict fire growth, based on the fire weather information taken from a network, combined with forest fuel conditions and land topography data, and processed by an algorithm to generate the various fire danger indices. In Japan the number of forest fires is roughly 3,000 per year, which is 1/30 times compared with USA, and there are very few fires exceeding 1000 ha burnt area, hence there has existed scant demand for this type of intelligent system. Although recently there is an increasing demand for such a system in Japan, the US system for forest-fire prediction is however not applicable to Japan, since the forest topology and weather conditions between Japan and USA are far different. Moreover, many fire weather stations have been installed in the US forests, but in Japan no such fire weather stations are installed in forests. Thus, as a first step to develop an intelligent system for Japan, we have analyzed the fundamentals of forest fire danger rating and the fire spread, based on the weather data and other information on forest fires. The objective of this study is to examine how the fundamentals, based on analyzing the past fire occurrences and CFD simulations particularly on “Katunuma Fire”, can predict the occurrence of forest fires and the spread of forest fires.
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Satoh, Kohyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Fire Whirl Generated in 15 × 15 Square Array Fires Placed in Cross Wind." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66865.

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Fire whirls in large city fires and forest fires, which are highly dangerous and destructive, can cause substantial casualties and property damages. It is important to examine under what conditions of weather and geography such merging fires and fire whirls are generated. However, detailed physical characteristics about them are not fully clarified yet. Therefore, we have conducted preliminary studies about merging fires and swirling fires and found that they can enhance the fire spread. If sufficient knowledge can be obtained by relevant experiments and numerical computations, it may be possible to mitigate the damages due to merged fires and fire whirls. The objective of this study is to investigate the swirling conditions of fires in square arrays, applying wind at one corner, in laboratory experiments and also by CFD numerical simulations. Varying the inter-fire distance, heat release rate and mass flow rate by a wind fan, ‘swirling’ or ‘non-swirling’ in the array were judged. It has been found that the fire whirl generation is highly affected by the inter-fire distance in the array, the total heat release rate and also the mass flow rate by a fan. We obtained the conditions of swirling fire generation in 15 × 15 square array for (1) the ratio between the upward mass flow rate vs. applied mass flow rate in the upward swirling plume and (2) a non-dimensional relationship between the heat flow rate in the swirling plume and the applied mass flow rate.
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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Preliminary Study of Fire Spread in Cities and Forests, Using PMMA Specimen as a Fuel in CFD Simulations." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10037.

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It is important to examine the behavior of forest fires and city fires to mitigate the property damages and victims by fires. There have been many previous studies on forest fires where the fire spreading patterns were investigated, utilizing artificial satellite pictures of forest fires, together with the use of corresponding weather data and GIS data. On the other hand, large area city fires are very scarce in the world, particularly in modern cities where high-rise concrete buildings are constructed with sufficient open spaces. Thus, the examples of city fires to be referred are few and detailed investigations of city fires are limited. However, there have still been existing old cities where traditional houses built with flammable material such as wood, maybe historically important, only separated with very small open spacing. Fires may freely spread in those cities, once a big earthquake happens there and then water supply for the fire brigade is damaged in the worst case along with the effect of strong wind. There are some fundamental differences between the forest fires and city fires, as the fuel may distribute either continuously or discretely. For instance, in forest fires, the dead fallen leaves, dry grasses and trees are distributed continuously on the ground, while the wooden houses in cities are discretely distributed with some separation of open spacing, such as roads and gardens. Therefore, the wooden houses neighboring the burning houses with some separation are heated by radiation and flames to elevate the temperatures, thus causing the ignition, and finally reaching a large city fire. The authors have studied the forest fire spread and are planning to start a laboratory experiment of city fire spreading. In the preliminary investigation, a numerical study is made to correlate with the laboratory experiment of city fire propagation, utilizing the three-dimensional CFD simulations. Based on the detailed experimental analysis, the authors are attempting to modify the three dimensional CFD code to predict the forest fires and city fires more precisely, taking into account the thermal heating and ignition processes. In this study, some fundamental information on the city fire propagation has been obtained, particularly to know the safe open spacing distances between the houses in the cities and also the wind speed.
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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Xiaodong Xie, and Wei Gao. "Numerical Study of Characteristics of Burning Phenomena in Equidistant Square Arrayed n-Heptane Fires." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37278.

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Merging of large-scale city fires and forest fires causes rapid acceleration of fire growth. Once a merging fire occurs, it becomes more difficult to suppress, with greater potential damages. In particular, merging fires may induce fire whirls in windy conditions. However, the details of interactions in multiple fires that cause fire merging have not been fully clarified. For the interactions in multiple fires, the inter-fire distance among fires greatly affects the merging phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to examine the detailed merging conditions, particularly the burning rate increase and total heat release rate, by numerical simulation of reduced scale fires. The burning behavior of n-heptane in n × n fire arrays is examined, using the fire simulation software, FDS by NIST. In addition, another simple model is employed. The number of array matrix, n, is varied, together with the inter-fire distance. The simulation results show that there are considerable differences between both simulations and experiments. However, the differences between the simpler simulation Method II and experiments are fewer than the simulation Method I. The following possibilities are considered: (1) The oil pan size affects the difference, but the results between simulations and experiments are so large. (2) The grid size for simulations may have some effects on the simulation results due to the resolution, (3) the experimental results may not always be precise, since the burning rates in the experiments are measured by the burn-out time and (4) the wind caused by merging fires may reduce the radiative heat flux to the adjacent fuel. The relationship between flame length and burning rate and the relationship between flame length and radiative heat flux are well-correlated.
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Satoh, Kohyu, Naian Liu, Ji Ping Zhu, and K. T. Yang. "Experiments and Analysis of Interaction Among Multiple Fires in Equidistant Fire Arrays." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72494.

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The study of dynamics of multiple fires is important to gain a physical insight of the conditions under which destructive phenomena could result in city fires such those caused by earthquakes. Particularly, heavy populated cities such as Tokyo are highly vulnerable. Unfortunately, previous studies on multiple fires and their dynamics are rather limited. An extensive experimental study has been carried out to examine the fire interactions among freestanding equidistant multiple fires in square arrays, to supplement the authors’ previous related studies. Four square arrays, namely, 5×5, 9×9, 15×15 and 17×17, with various inter-fuel pan distances were treated. The burnout time (BOT) from ignition at every fire in the array was experimentally recorded and expressed as multiples of the BOT of a single free-standing fire as a reference. Since the BOT at any fire location in an array is inversely proportional to an average burning rate (BR) at that location, the local BR can then be directly inferred, and their comparisons thus indications of the physical interactions as affected by the fire location, inter-fuel pan distance and size of the fire array. It is shown that all these parameters play remarkable roles in the interactions among multiple fires in square fire arrays.
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Hua, Nan, Anthony F. Tessari, and Negar Elhami-Khorasani. "Design Fire Scenarios for Railway Tunnel Fires." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0082.

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<p>Extreme fire events in tunnels may have catastrophic consequences, which include loss of lives, structural damage, and major socioeconomic impacts. One of the primary factors that influences the level of damage is the demand fire scenario in a tunnel. A few standard hydrocarbon fire temperature-time curves exist, but they are idealized and do not consider the actual fire duration and fire spread inside the tunnel. Risk-based decision-making frameworks and performance-based design of tunnel linings require a more realistic set of fire scenarios compared to the standard fire curves. This paper focuses on a traveling fire model for a railway tunnel to evaluate temperature evolution considering fire spread between train cars. In this study, a series of numerical simulations are conducted in Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), a computational fluid dynamics software package. A parametric study with varying ventilation velocity, amount of fuel, tunnel slope, ignition point and criteria for fire spread is performed. The outcome of this work can be used in future to establish guidelines for design temperature demands within risk-based frameworks to minimize economic losses in railway tunnels in case of fire.</p>
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Grants, Edvins. "A survey of statistics of building fires in Latvia." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.033.

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A survey of 8985 records on all fires in Latvia in 2019 gathered by State Fire and Rescue Service was performed to find out if gathered data is suitable and complete for establishment of statistical database for fire protection engineering. The purpose of the survey is to assess suitability of provided content for further studies of the characteristic building fire occurrence probabilities in different building occupancy classes and to obtain solid background for calculations of national values of fire activation partial safety factors which could be implemented in national annex of Eurocode 1 part 1–2. Study contains data about the total number of building fires with relevance to their occupancy types and review of recorded fire causes for residential buildings that provide overall insight on typical causes of fires in dwellings.
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Reports on the topic "FIRE_M"

1

Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.

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Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.
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2

Waller, Thomas G., and Jr. Fire and Thunder: Shaping the Battlespace with Operational Fires. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada312089.

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Andrews, Patricia L., and Larry S. Bradshaw. FIRES: Fire Information Retrieval and Evaluation System - A program for fire danger rating analysis. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-367.

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Manzello, Samuel L., and Sayaka Suzuki. Summary of Workshop for Fire-Structure Interaction and Large Outdoor Fires: Operation Tomodachi: Fire Research. National Institute of Standards and Technology, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.1189.

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Rothermel, Richard C., Roberta A. Hartford, and Carolyn H. Chase. Fire growth maps for the 1988 Greater Yellowstone Area Fires. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-304.

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Burnette, Parren F., Steven P. Wells, and John R. Hawk. Fire Extinguishing Performance of Firebane on JP-8 Jet Fuel Fires. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada562601.

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Granger, Dewey A. Coordination of Future Joint Fires: Do we need a Joint Fire Support Coordinator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada378438.

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Stephens, D. R. Fire-resistant pits: Reducing the probability of accidental plutonium dispersal from fuel fires. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7368764.

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Manzello, Samuel L., Sayaka Suzuki, and Tokiyoshi Yamada. Summary of workshop for fire-structure interaction and urban and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) fires. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.1137.

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Prasad, Kuldeep, Chiping Li, and K. Kailasanath. Numerical Modeling of Fire Suppression Using Water Mist. 4. Suppression of Liquid Methanol Pool Fires. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada357561.

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