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1
Portier, Jeanne, Sylvie Gauthier, and Yves Bergeron. "Spatial distribution of mean fire size and occurrence in eastern Canada: influence of climate, physical environment and lightning strike density." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 12 (2019): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18220.
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In Canada, recent catastrophic wildfire events raised concern from governments and communities. As climate change is expected to increase fire activity in boreal forests, the need for a better understanding of fire regimes is becoming urgent. This study addresses the 1972–2015 spatial distributions of fire cycles, mean fire size (FireSz) and mean fire occurrence (mean annual number of fires per 100000ha, FireOcc) in eastern Canada. The objectives were to determine (1) the spatial variability of fire-regime attributes, (2) the capacity of FireSz and FireOcc to distinguish homogeneous fire zones and (3) the environmental factors driving FireSz and FireOcc, with some emphasis on lightning strikes. Fire cycles, FireSz and FireOcc greatly varied throughout the study area. Even within homogeneous fire zones, FireSz and FireOcc were highly variable. FireSz was controlled by moisture content in deep layers of the soil and by surficial deposits, whereas FireOcc was controlled by moisture content in top layers of the soil and by relief. The lack of a relationship between FireOcc and lightning-strike density suggested that the limiting effect of lightning-strike density on FireOcc could be operating only under certain circumstances, when interacting with other environmental factors.
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Craun, Sarah W., Paul J. Detar, and David M. Bierie. "Shots Fired: Firearm Discharges during Fugitive Apprehensions." Victims & Offenders 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2012.745459.
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Rachaniotis, Nikos P., and Costas P. Pappis. "Scheduling fire-fighting tasks using the concept of "deteriorating jobs"." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-267.
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In fire fighting, the time and effort required to control a fire increase if the beginning of the fire containment effort is delayed. Several demand-covering models have been proposed for the deployment of available fire-fighting resources so that a forest fire is attacked within a specified time limit. This paper considers the problem of scheduling a single fire-fighting resource when there are several existing fires to be controlled using a model specific to the fire's rate of spread. The problem is tackled using the concept of deteriorating jobs, that is, the model represents increasing value loss as fires remain unsuppressed and increasing time for fire suppression.
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Perryman, Holly A., Christopher J. Dugaw, J. Morgan Varner, and Diane L. Johnson. "A cellular automata model to link surface fires to firebrand lift-off and dispersal." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 4 (2013): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11045.
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In spite of considerable effort to predict wildland fire behaviour, the effects of firebrand lift-off, the ignition of resulting spot fires and their effects on fire spread, remain poorly understood. We developed a cellular automata model integrating key mathematical models governing current fire spread models with a recently developed model that estimates firebrand landing patterns. Using our model we simulated a wildfire in an idealised Pinus ponderosa ecosystem. Varying values of wind speed, surface fuel loading, surface fuel moisture content and canopy base height, we investigated two scenarios: (i) the probability of a spot fire igniting beyond fuelbreaks of various widths and (ii) how spot fires directly affect the overall surface fire’s rate of spread. Results were averages across 2500 stochastic simulations. In both scenarios, canopy base height and surface fuel loading had a greater influence than wind speed and surface fuel moisture content. The expected rate of spread with spot fires occurring approached a constant value over time, which ranged between 6 and 931% higher than the predicted surface fire rate of spread. Incorporation of the role of spot fires in wildland fire spread should be an important thrust of future decision-support technologies.
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Smith, Alistair M. S., and Martin J. Wooster. "Remote classification of head and backfire types from MODIS fire radiative power and smoke plume observations." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 3 (2005): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05012.
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The classification of savanna fires into headfire and backfire types can in theory help in assessing pollutant emissions to the atmosphere via relative apportionment of the amounts of smouldering and flaming combustion occurring, and is also important when assessing a fire’s ecological effects. This paper provides a preliminary assessment of whether a combination of visible and thermal satellite remote sensing can be used to classify fires into head and backfire categories. Remote determination of the fire radiative power, alongside assessments of the prevailing direction of the wind (through identification of the fire-related smoke plumes) and the fire front propagation (through its relation to the previously burned area) were used to infer the fire type category and to calculate ‘radiative’ fireline intensity (FLI). The ratio of radiative FLI for the head and backfire categories was found similar to that of in situ fireline intensity measurements, but the magnitudes of the radiative FLI values were around an order of magnitude lower. This agrees with other data suggesting that a fire’s radiative energy is around an order of magnitude lower than the fuel’s theoretical heat yield, and suggests that the remote measurement of radiative FLI and classification of headfire and backfire types is a realistic proposition for large wildfire activity.
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Price, O. F., and R. A. Bradstock. "The spatial domain of wildfire risk and response in the wildland urban interface in Sydney, Australia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 12 (December 23, 2013): 3385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-3385-2013.
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Abstract. In order to quantify the risks from fire at the wildland urban interface (WUI), it is important to understand where fires occur and their likelihood of spreading to the WUI. For each of the 999 fires in the Sydney region we calculated the distance between the ignition and the WUI, the fire's weather and wind direction and whether it spread to the WUI. The likelihood of burning the WUI was analysed using binomial regression. Weather and distance interacted such that under mild weather conditions, the model predicted only a 5% chance that a fire starting >2.5 km from the interface would reach it, whereas when the conditions are extreme the predicted chance remained above 30% even at distances >10 km. Fires were more likely to spread to the WUI if the wind was from the west and in the western side of the region. We examined whether the management responses to wildfires are commensurate with risk by comparing the distribution of distance to the WUI of wildfires with roads and prescribed fires. Prescribed fires and roads were concentrated nearer to the WUI than wildfires as a whole, but further away than wildfires that burnt the WUI under extreme weather conditions (high risk fires). Overall, 79% of these high risk fires started within 2 km of the WUI, so there is some argument for concentrating more management effort near the WUI. By substituting climate change scenario weather into the statistical model, we predicted a small increase in the risk of fires spreading to the WUI, but the increase will be greater under extreme weather. This approach has a variety of uses, including mapping fire risk and improving the ability to match fire management responses to the threat from each fire. They also provide a baseline from which a cost-benefit analysis of complementary fire management strategies can be conducted.
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Doumas, Sandra L., and John L. Koprowski. "Effect of heterogeneity in burn severity on Mexican fox squirrels following the return of fire." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 3 (2013): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12046.
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After decades of suppression, fire has returned to many forested areas of the western United States. Understanding responses of wildlife species to fire is essential to native species conservation because contemporary fires may not have the same effects as historical fires. Recent fires in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona provided an opportunity to investigate effects of fire heterogeneity on habitat selection of a native wildlife species. We used radiotelemetry to determine home ranges of Mexican fox squirrels (Sciurus nayaritensis chiricahuae) within fire-influenced forests. We then applied resource-utilisation functions to evaluate associations of use intensity within home ranges to heterogeneity of burn severity at two spatial scales. Squirrels used areas with moderate levels of burn heterogeneity at large scale more than areas of low or high heterogeneity. Squirrels used small (<0.5 ha) or narrow (<120 m) severely burnt patches, but incorporated only edges of large patches into home ranges. Use of burnt forests by Mexican fox squirrels demonstrates the complexities of fire’s effects on wildlife. Our results contribute to an understanding of the role and effect of fire in forest ecosystems and implications for wildlife conservation.
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Tanklevskiy, L. T., A. A. Tarantsev, I. A. Babikov, and D. V. Polyakov. "Calculated assessment of effectiveness of class B fire suppression using automatic fire sprinkler systems." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.03.88-98.
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Introduction. The problem of timely activation of fire sprinkler systems is highly relevant for effective fire suppression before the critical moment, when calculated values applied to extinguish the fire, become ineffective. A number of works address the problem of effective application of the fire sprinkler system to Class A fires. The application of such methods to Class B fires has not yet been considered.The model simulating a fire in a room with an automatic fire extinguishing system. The response time assessment model, developed by the co-authors for an automatic water-consuming fire sprinkler system, allows to identify the velocity of flame spreading over the surface of an HFL/CL spillage and the temperature rise rate in the ceiling area in the case of a B class fire.A sprinkler is triggered by the bulb bursting caused by the thermal effect produced by the ascending convection flow. A model has been developed to determine the response time of a fire sprinkler system exposed to the effect of a heat flow, caused by the Class B fire, on a heat-sensitive sprinkler bulb.Activation of a fire sprinkler system by the rate-of-rise heat detector. A model, designated for determining the activation time of a rate-of-rise heat detector, was developed.Examples. A number of examples, illustrating the response time of traditional, deluge, and forced launch fire sprinkler systems, are provided in the article.Conclusions. The obtained formula allows to quickly check the applicability of different types of fire sprinkler systems to ensure the effective protection of premises in which class B fires may break out.
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Lin, Cherng Shing, Te Chi Chen, Chia Chun Yu, and Shih Cheng Wang. "Simulation and Analysis on Mechanical Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beam Undergoing a Fire." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.809.
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Reinforced concrete is a common structure in buildings in Taiwan. Steel bars, concrete materials and the structural strength of the reinforced concrete deteriorate due to high temperature deriving from a fire. Therefore, it is essential to assess its structural safety and analyze whether the architectural structure will remain its design strength undergoing a fire. This study employs Fire Dynamics Simulation (FDS), fire simulation software, to construct model of thermal flow field. By integrating FDS with PHOENICS, thermal flow software, this study also calculates the effect of the fire’s thermal transmission on the building, investigates the effect of the fire size and the mode the beam undergoing a fire on change of the structural strength, and provides quantified data for safety assessment for buildings which have undergone fires.
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Sun, Ruiyu, Steven K. Krueger, Mary Ann Jenkins, Michael A. Zulauf, and Joseph J. Charney. "The importance of fire - atmosphere coupling and boundary-layer turbulence to wildfire spread." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 1 (2009): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07072.
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The major source of uncertainty in wildfire behavior prediction is the transient behavior of wildfire due to changes in flow in the fire’s environment. The changes in flow are dominated by two factors. The first is the interaction or ‘coupling’ between the fire and the fire-induced flow. The second is the interaction or ‘coupling’ between the fire and the ambient flow driven by turbulence due to wind gustiness and eddies in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In the present study, coupled wildfire–atmosphere large-eddy simulations of grassland fires are used to examine the differences in the rate of spread and area burnt by grass fires in two types of ABL, a buoyancy-dominated ABL and a roll-dominated ABL. The simulations show how a buoyancy-dominated ABL affects fire spread, how a roll-dominated ABL affects fire spread, and how fire lines interact with these two different ABL flow types. The simulations also show how important are fire–atmosphere couplings or fire-induced circulations to fire line spread compared with the direct impact of the turbulence in the two different ABLs. The results have implications for operational wildfire behavior prediction. Ultimately, it will be important to use techniques that include an estimate of uncertainty in wildfire behavior forecasts.
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Mueller, Sean, Leland Tarnay, Susan O’Neill, and Sean Raffuse. "Apportioning Smoke Impacts of 2018 Wildfires on Eastern Sierra Nevada Sites." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090970.
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The summer of 2018 saw intense smoke impacts on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in California, which have been anecdotally ascribed to the closest wildfire, the Lions Fire. We examined the role of the Lions Fire and four other, simultaneous large wildfires on smoke impacts across the Eastern Sierra. Our approach combined GOES-16 satellite data with fire activity, fuel loading, and fuel type, to allocate emissions diurnally per hour for each fire. To apportion smoke impacts at key monitoring sites, dispersion was modeled via the BlueSky framework, and daily averaged PM2.5 concentrations were estimated from 23 July to 29 August 2018. To estimate the relative impact of each contributing wildfire at six Eastern Sierra monitoring sites, we layered the multiple modeled impacts, calculated their proportion from each fire and at each site, and used that proportion to apportion smoke from each fire’s monitored impact. The combined smoke concentration due to multiple large, concurrent, but more distant fires was on many days substantially higher than the concentration attributable to the Lions Fire, which was much closer to the air quality monitoring sites. These daily apportionments provide an objective basis for understanding the extent to which local versus regional fire affected Eastern Sierra Nevada air quality. The results corroborate previous case studies showing that slower-growing fires, when and where managed for resource objectives, can create more transient and manageable air quality impacts relative to larger fires where such management strategies are not used or feasible.
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Hilton, J. E., C. Miller, J. J. Sharples, and A. L. Sullivan. "Curvature effects in the dynamic propagation of wildfires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 12 (2016): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16070.
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The behaviour and spread of a wildfire are driven by a range of processes including convection, radiation and the transport of burning material. The combination of these processes and their interactions with environmental conditions govern the evolution of a fire’s perimeter, which can include dynamic variation in the shape and the rate of spread of the fire. It is difficult to fully parametrise the complex interactions between these processes in order to predict a fire’s behaviour. We investigate whether the local curvature of a fire perimeter, defined as the interface between burnt and unburnt regions, can be used to model the dynamic evolution of a wildfire’s progression. We find that incorporation of curvature dependence in an empirical fire propagation model provides closer agreement with the observed evolution of field-based experimental fires than without curvature dependence. The local curvature parameter may represent compounded radiation and convective effects near the flame zone of a fire. Our findings provide a means to incorporate these effects in a computationally efficient way and may lead to improved prediction capability for empirical models of rate of spread and other fire behaviour characteristics.
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Coen, Janice L., Marques Cameron, John Michalakes, Edward G. Patton, Philip J. Riggan, and Kara M. Yedinak. "WRF-Fire: Coupled Weather–Wildland Fire Modeling with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 1 (January 2013): 16–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-023.1.
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AbstractA wildland fire-behavior module, named WRF-Fire, was integrated into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) public domain numerical weather prediction model. The fire module is a surface fire-behavior model that is two-way coupled with the atmospheric model. Near-surface winds from the atmospheric model are interpolated to a finer fire grid and are used, with fuel properties and local terrain gradients, to determine the fire’s spread rate and direction. Fuel consumption releases sensible and latent heat fluxes into the atmospheric model’s lowest layers, driving boundary layer circulations. The atmospheric model, configured in turbulence-resolving large-eddy-simulation mode, was used to explore the sensitivity of simulated fire characteristics such as perimeter shape, fire intensity, and spread rate to external factors known to influence fires, such as fuel characteristics and wind speed, and to explain how these external parameters affect the overall fire properties. Through the use of theoretical environmental vertical profiles, a suite of experiments using conditions typical of the daytime convective boundary layer was conducted in which these external parameters were varied around a control experiment. Results showed that simulated fires evolved into the expected bowed shape because of fire–atmosphere feedbacks that control airflow in and near fires. The coupled model reproduced expected differences in fire shapes and heading-region fire intensity among grass, shrub, and forest-litter fuel types; reproduced the expected narrow, rapid spread in higher wind speeds; and reproduced the moderate inhibition of fire spread in higher fuel moistures. The effects of fuel load were more complex: higher fuel loads increased the heat flux and fire-plume strength and thus the inferred fire effects but had limited impact on spread rate.
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Gould, Jim S., and Andrew L. Sullivan. "Two methods for calculating wildland fire rate of forward spread." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 3 (2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19120.
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Accurate estimation of a wildland fire’s progression is critical for the development of robust fire spread prediction models and their validation. Two methods commonly used to determine spread rate are the cumulative spread rate, calculated as the total distance travelled by a fire divided by the total time of travel, and the interval spread rate, calculated using the minimum time and maximum distance between observations. This paper analyses the differences between these two methods using experimental fires conducted in dry eucalypt forest leaf litter in either a combustion wind tunnel or large (4ha) field sites. Fires were ignited from a point, 400-mm and 800-mm line ignitions in the wind tunnel, and point and 120-m line ignitions in the field experiments. A total of 312 and 397 observations of distance travelled and time taken were made during the laboratory and field experiments respectively, along with associated environmental variables. Mean spread rates and standard deviations were significantly greater for the interval method than those of the cumulative method for all the laboratory data and the field point ignition fires, and the difference between them varied with distance and time since ignition. These findings have important implications for fire spread and acceleration model development.
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Johnston, Joshua M., Martin J. Wooster, Ronan Paugam, Xianli Wang, Timothy J. Lynham, and Lynn M. Johnston. "Direct estimation of Byram's fire intensity from infrared remote sensing imagery." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 8 (2017): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16178.
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Byram’s fire intensity (IB,tot; kWm–1) is one the most important and widely accepted metrics for quantifying wildfire behaviour. Calculation of IB,tot requires measurement of fuel consumption, heat of combustion and rate of spread; existing methods for obtaining these measurements are either inexact or at times impossible to obtain in the field. This paper presents and evaluates a series of remote sensing methods for directly deriving radiative fire intensity (IB,rad; kWm–1) using the Fire Radiative Power (FRP) approach applied to thermal infrared imagery of spreading vegetation fires. Comparisons between the remote sensing data and ground-sampled measurements were used to evaluate the various estimates of IB,tot, and to determine the radiative fraction (radF) of a fire’s emitted energy. Results indicate that the IB,tot along an advancing flame front can be reasonably estimated (and agrees with traditional methods of estimation (R2=0.34–0.73)) from appropriately collected time-series of remote sensing imagery without the need for ground sampling or ancillary data. We further estimate that the radF of the fire’s emitted energy varies between 0.15 and 0.20 depending on the method of calculation, which is similar to previous estimates.
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POTOČNIK, VIKTOR. "KONCEPT EŠALONIRANJA OGNJEV IN SISTEMI OGNJENE PODPORE V SLOVENSKI VOJSKI." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2016/ ISSUE 18/1 (May 30, 2016): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.18.1.5.
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V članku se ukvarjamo s konceptom ešaloniranja ognjev. Zmogljivosti sistemov za ognjeno podporo pri majhnih vojskah so omejene, zato je pravilna in smotrna upraba koncepta ešaloniranja ognjev bistvena za uspeh na bojišču. Hkrati pa predvsem manjše članice Nata upravičeno pričakujejo, da bodo v operacijah zavezništva deležne tudi učinkov sistemov združene ognjene podpore, ki jih imajo na voljo velike države. Vnadaljevanju predstavimo koncept ešaloniranja ognjev in njegov vpliv na oblikovanje dobrega sistema ognjene podpore na taktični ravni, od ravni voda do brigade. Nazadnje pa pogledamo na zmogljivosti Slovenske vojske in njenih sistemov za posredne ognje znotraj širšega sistema ognjene podpore Slovenske vojske in združene ognjene podpore zavezništva ter navedemo nekaj ključnih ugotovitev, ki bi lahko služile kot premislek pri nadaljnji gradnji zmogljivosti Slovenske vojske. The article discusses the concept of echelonment of fires. Small armed forces such as the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) have a limited joint fires capability. Therefore, in order to succeed on the battlefield, they have to correctly apply the principles of echelonment of fires. Additionally, smaller NATO members rightfully expect to receive some of the Joint Fires Effects from larger member armies in the Joint Operational Environment. The article looks at the Joint Fire Support and indirect fire systems, and what the terms mean for small NATO member states with limited capabilities. It then goes on to present the concept of echelonment of fires and some key terms within the concept. Lastly, it looks at SAF capabilities through the echelonment of fires concept and Indirect Fire Systems. The author also puts forward some suggestions for future development of SAF capabilities.
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Podur, Justin, and B. Mike Wotton. "Defining fire spread event days for fire-growth modelling." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 4 (2011): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09001.
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Forest fire managers have long understood that most of a fire’s growth typically occurs on a small number of days when burning conditions are conducive for spread. Fires either grow very slowly at low intensity or burn considerable area in a ‘run’. A simple classification of days into ‘spread events’ and ‘non-spread events’ can greatly improve estimates of area burned. Studies with fire-growth models suggest that the Canadian Forest Fire Behaviour Prediction System (FBP System) seems to predict growth well during high-intensity ‘spread events’ but tends to overpredict rate of spread for non-spread events. In this study, we provide an objective weather-based definition of ‘spread events’, making it possible to assess the probability of having a spread event on any particular day. We demonstrate the benefit of incorporating this ‘spread event’ day concept into a fire-growth model based on the Canadian FBP System.
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Ghaderi, Mohsen, Maryam Ghodrat, and Jason J. Sharples. "LES Simulation of Wind-Driven Wildfire Interaction with Idealized Structures in the Wildland-Urban Interface." Atmosphere 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010021.
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This paper presents a numerical investigation of the impact of a wind-driven surface fire, comparable to a large wildfire, on an obstacle located downstream of the fire source. The numerical modelling was conducted using FireFOAM, a coupled fire-atmosphere model underpinned by a large eddy simulation (LES) solver, which is based on the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) combustion model and implemented in the OpenFOAM platform (an open source CFD tool). The numerical data were validated using the aerodynamic measurements of a full-scale building model in the absence of fire effects. The results highlighted the physical phenomena contributing to the fire spread pattern and its thermal impact on the building. In addition, frequency analysis of the surface temperature fluctuations ahead of the fire front showed that the presence of a building influences the growth and formation of buoyant instabilities, which directly affect the behaviour of the fire’s plume. The coupled fire-atmosphere modelling presented here constitutes a fundamental step towards better understanding the behaviour and potential impacts of large wind-driven wildland fires in wildland-urban interface (WUI) areas.
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Hanousek, Jan, Evžen Kočenda, and Anastasiya Shamshur. "Efficiency of European Firms." Politická ekonomie 62, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.953.
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Bush, M. B., M. R. Silman, C. McMichael, and S. Saatchi. "Fire, climate change and biodiversity in Amazonia: a Late-Holocene perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1498 (February 11, 2008): 1795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0014.
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Fire is an important and arguably unnatural component of many wet Amazonian and Andean forest systems. Soil charcoal has been used to infer widespread human use of landscapes prior to European Conquest. An analysis of Amazonian soil carbon records reveals that the records have distinct spatial and temporal patterns, suggesting that either fires were only set in moderately seasonal areas of Amazonia or that strongly seasonal and aseasonal areas are undersampled. Synthesizing data from 300 charcoal records, an age–frequency diagram reveals peaks of fire apparently coinciding with some periods of very strong El Niño activity. However, the El Niño record does not always provide an accurate prediction of fire timing, and a better match is found in the record of insolation minima. After the time of European contact, fires became much scarcer within Amazonia. In both the Amazonia and the Andes, modern fire pattern is strongly allied to human activity. On the flank of the Andes, forests that have never burned are being eroded by fire spreading downslope from grasslands. Species of these same forests are being forced to migrate upslope due to warming and will encounter a firm artificial fire boundary of human activity.
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Klassen, M., and J. P. Gore. "Temperature and soot volume fraction statistics in toluene-fired pool fires." Combustion and Flame 93, no. 3 (May 1993): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(93)90108-f.
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Penman, Trent D., Dan A. Ababei, Jane G. Cawson, Brett A. Cirulis, Thomas J. Duff, William Swedosh, and James E. Hilton. "Effect of weather forecast errors on fire growth model projections." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 11 (2020): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19199.
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Fire management agencies use fire behaviour simulation tools to predict the potential spread of a fire in both risk planning and operationally during wildfires. These models are generally based on underlying empirical or quasi-empirical relations and rarely are uncertainties considered. Little attention has been given to the quality of the input data used during operational fire predictions. We examined the extent to which error in weather forecasts can affect fire simulation results. The study was conducted using data representing the State of Victoria in south-eastern Australia, including grassland and forest conditions. Two fire simulator software packages were used to compare fire growth under observed and forecast weather. We found that error in the weather forecast data significantly altered the predicted size and location of fires. Large errors in wind speed and temperature resulted in an overprediction of fire size, whereas large errors in wind direction resulted in an increased spatial error in the fire’s location. As the fire weather intensified, fire predictions using forecast weather under predicted fire size, potentially resulting in greater risks to the community. These results highlight the importance of on-ground intelligence during wildfires and the use of ensembles to improve operational fire predictions.
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Jiang, W., F. Wang, Q. Meng, Z. Li, B. Liu, and X. Zheng. "IMPROVING THE INTEROPERABILITY OF DISASTER MODELS: A CASE STUDY OF PROPOSING FIREML FOR FOREST FIRE MODEL." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-673-2018.
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This paper presents a new standardized data format named Fire Markup Language (FireML), extended by the Geography Markup Language (GML) of OGC, to elaborate upon the fire hazard model. The proposed FireML is able to standardize the input and output documents of a fire model for effectively communicating with different disaster management systems to ensure a good interoperability. To demonstrate the usage of FireML and testify its feasibility, an adopted forest fire spread model being compatible with FireML is described. And a 3DGIS disaster management system is developed to simulate the dynamic procedure of forest fire spread with the defined FireML documents. The proposed approach will enlighten ones who work on other disaster models' standardization work.
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Roberts, D. C., and D. L. Turcotte. "Fractality and Self-Organized Criticality of Wars." Fractals 06, no. 04 (December 1998): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x98000407.
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This paper considers the frequency-size statistics of wars. Using several alternative measures of the intensity of a war in terms of battle deaths, we find a fractal (power-law) dependence of number on intensity. We show that the frequency-size dependence of forest fires is essentially identical to that of wars. The forest-fire model provides a basis for understanding the distribution of forest firest in terms of self-organized criticality. We extend the analogy to wars in terms of the initial ignition (outbreak of war) and its spread to a group of metastable countries.
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Badlan, Rachel L., Jason J. Sharples, Jason P. Evans, and Rick H. D. McRae. "Factors influencing the development of violent pyroconvection. Part I: fire size and stability." International Journal of Wildland Fire 30, no. 7 (2021): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf20040.
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Violent fire-driven convection can manifest as towering pyrocumulus (pyroCu) or pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) clouds, which can have devastating impacts on the environment and society. Their associated fire spread is erratic, unpredictable and not generally suppressible. Research into large pyroconvective events has mainly focused on the atmospheric processes involved in normal atmospheric convection, or on surface fire weather and associated fuel conditions. There has been comparatively less attention paid to the role of the fire itself in these coupled fire–atmosphere events. This paper draws on recent insights into dynamic fire propagation and extreme wildfire development to investigate how the fire influences the occurrence of violent pyroconvective events. A static heat source of variable dimension and intensity is used. This is accompanied by a companion paper that extends the analysis by including the effect of fire geometry on the pyroconvective plume. The analyses indicate that the spatial expanse and intensity of large fires are critical factors driving the development of pyroconvective plumes and can override the influence of the stability of the atmosphere. These findings provide motivation for further investigation into the effect of the fire’s attributes on the immediate atmosphere and have the potential to improve forecasting of blow-up fire events.
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Belval, Erin J., Christopher D. O’Connor, Matthew P. Thompson, and Michael S. Hand. "The Role of Previous Fires in the Management and Expenditures of Subsequent Large Wildfires." Fire 2, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2040057.
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Previously burned areas can influence the occurrence, extent, and severity of subsequent wildfires, which may influence expenditures on large fires. We develop a conceptual model of how interactions of fires with previously burned areas may influence fire management, fire behavior, expenditures, and test hypotheses using regression models of wildfire size and suppression expenditures. Using a sample of 722 large fires from the western United States, we observe whether a fire interacted with a previous fire, the percent area of fires burned by previous fires, and the percent perimeter overlap with previous fires. Fires that interact with previous fires are likely to be larger and have lower total expenditures on average. Conditional on a fire encountering a previous fire, a greater extent of interaction with previous fires is associated with reduced fire size but higher expenditures, although the expenditure effect is small and imprecisely estimated. Subsequent analysis suggests that fires that interact with previous fires may be systematically different from other fires along several dimensions. We do not find evidence that interactions with previous fires reduce suppression expenditures for subsequent fires. Results suggest that previous fires may allow suppression opportunities that otherwise might not exist, possibly reducing fire size but increasing total expenditures.
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Moura, A. S., A. T. M. Oliveira, L. B. Rosa, and A. P. Machado Neto. "Use of fire in the hidden settlement, Mato Grosso-Brazil." Scientific Electronic Archives 14, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/14220211230.
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The practice of using fire by human populations is characterized as a production strategy in rural settlements, being used for several purposes, such as pasture cleaning, pest control, and to eliminate production waste. The study was conducted at the Federal Settlement Project Gleba do Escondido (PA Escondido), located in the municipality of Juara, in the northern region of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. In this context, we aim with the present work, to diagnose the previous knowledge of settled farmers on forest fires prevention and control strategies. To accomplish this, we applied a semi-structured questionnaire, with questions related to the use of fire, in addition to the approach on prevention techniques. In addition, we sought to know the social aspects, introducing questions regarding the social and cultural conditions of the interviewees. We applied the interviews to 42 settlers, involving individuals of both genders. The results show that part of the settlers still handle the fire inappropriately, in addition to little knowledge about the potential environmental effects of the fires. Thus, we verified that the socio-environmental profile of the settlers reflects the assistance policies employed in these communities. Therefore, the emergency tangent for maintaining a healthy environment would be the implementation of environmental education programs, with the objective of sensitizing the community about fire’s proper use and management, together with environmental conservation
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Vazquez, A., and JM Moreno. "Patterns of Lightning-, and People-Caused Fires in Peninsular Spain." International Journal of Wildland Fire 8, no. 2 (1998): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9980103.
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A comparative study of lightning-, and people-caused fires is presented for peninsular Spain, for the period 1974-1994. Based on records of fire reports, yearly trends for fires started by the two causes were compared. Fire reports assign each fire to one 10 × 10 km grid-cell within the country. This information, together with data on the cause and date of fire, elevation, size of fire, type of vegetation burned, and meteorological conditions at the time of fire initiation, was incorporated to a raster-based geographic information system for further analysis and mapping. Additional information incorporated to the GIS for each grid-cell was the phytogeographic sector to which it belonged and the main land-use types. The study shows that the number of fires has increased recently and, particularly, that of lightning fires. Annual fire occurrence of the two causes was significantly correlated. People-caused fires were widespread throughout most of the country, whereas lightning-caused fires, although also widely dispersed throughout Spain, were more clustered together in certain areas, mainly in the eastern part of the country and along certain mountain ranges. The difference between the geographic distribution of the fires started by the two causes was statistically significant. Additionally, lightning-caused fires occurred at upper elevations and were more clustered towards the summer than people-caused fires. Furthermore, in those grid-cells where fires of both causes occurred, lightning fires tended to occur at upper elevations, affected more woodlands, produced smaller maximum fire-sizes, and were started under different meteorological conditions than people-caused fi-es. Fire frequencies were small, and fire rotation periods high, in most phytogeographic sectors of the country for fires caused by lightning, not so for fires caused by people. In general, fire temporal-, and geographic-patterns, and fire characteristics of lightning-caused fires were different from those of people-caused fires.
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Riva, Fabiano, and Christophe Champod. "Automatic Comparison and Evaluation of Impressions Left by a Firearm on Fired Cartridge Cases." Journal of Forensic Sciences 59, no. 3 (February 6, 2014): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12382.
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Yanti, Nur, Fathur Zaini Rahman, and Taufik Nur. "RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PENDETEKSI KEBAKARAN DINI BERBASIS LOGIKA FUZZY MENGGUNAKAN MULTISENSOR." Journal of Industrial Engineering Management 4, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33536/jiem.v4i2.452.
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At Indonesia, cases of residential house fires are still rampant. This resulted in considerable losses for the population of Indonesia. If there is no prevention or countermeasure, it is possible that the danger of a house fires will continue. Therefore, this system exists to create a condition where the system is able to detect the potential that will bring a fire hazard. In this system using a method that is the application of a multisensory system in detecting the presence of fire, smoke and temperature in the room. The sensors used include KY-026 fire sensor, MQ-9 smoke sensor and DS18B20 temperature sensor.
Then the system also implements an intelligent system that is fuzzy logic to process sensor reading data. The three sensor inputs will be processed through the fuzzification stage, rule evaluation and the deffuzification. The output of this system is in the form of firm values, namely the values 1 to 5 from the results of the multisensory defuzzification in each module. So the error of the defuzzification average is 0.99% after being compared with the MATLAB output. This system is expected to be able to provide early warning of the threat of fire, reduce the risk of casualties, and be able to be implemented to a wider scale or scope.
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Roos, Christopher I., and Andrew C. Scott. "A comparison of charcoal reflectance between crown and surface fire contexts in dry south-west USA forests." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 6 (2018): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17139.
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The historical and modern importance of crown fires in ponderosa pine and dry mixed-conifer forests of the south-west USA has been much debated. The microscopic reflectance of charcoal in polished blocks under oil shows promise as a semiquantitative proxy for fire severity using charcoal from post-fire landscapes. We measured the reflectance of 33 modern charcoal samples to evaluate (1) whether charcoal reflectance can distinguish between crown fires and surface fires in these forests; and (2) whether surface fires with masticated fuels burn with severities similar to surface fires in grass, litter and duff fuels. The charcoal analysed was primarily collected after wildland fires under two different conditions: (l) wildfires with moderate to high severity and crown fire behaviour (n = 17), and (2) prescribed fires with low to moderate severity but no crown fire behaviour (n = 16). Statistical analysis indicates that charcoal reflectance produced in crown fires significantly differs from surface fire charcoal, particularly surface fire charcoal formed in grass, duff and litter fuels. However, charcoal produced from surface fires in masticated fuels is indistinguishable from crown fire charcoal, suggesting that fires in areas that have experienced in situ mastication may have soil impacts similar to crown fires.
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Ghali, Rafik, Moulay A. Akhloufi, Marwa Jmal, Wided Souidene Mseddi, and Rabah Attia. "Wildfire Segmentation Using Deep Vision Transformers." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (September 5, 2021): 3527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173527.
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In this paper, we address the problem of forest fires’ early detection and segmentation in order to predict their spread and help with fire fighting. Techniques based on Convolutional Networks are the most used and have proven to be efficient at solving such a problem. However, they remain limited in modeling the long-range relationship between objects in the image, due to the intrinsic locality of convolution operators. In order to overcome this drawback, Transformers, designed for sequence-to-sequence prediction, have emerged as alternative architectures. They have recently been used to determine the global dependencies between input and output sequences using the self-attention mechanism. In this context, we present in this work the very first study, which explores the potential of vision Transformers in the context of forest fire segmentation. Two vision-based Transformers are used, TransUNet and MedT. Thus, we design two frameworks based on the former image Transformers adapted to our complex, non-structured environment, which we evaluate using varying backbones and we optimize for forest fires’ segmentation. Extensive evaluations of both frameworks revealed a performance superior to current methods. The proposed approaches achieved a state-of-the-art performance with an F1-score of 97.7% for TransUNet architecture and 96.0% for MedT architecture. The analysis of the results showed that these models reduce fire pixels mis-classifications thanks to the extraction of both global and local features, which provide finer detection of the fire’s shape.
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Patil, Adarsh, and Vijaykumar P. Bhusare. "Structural Analysis of Multi-Storey Steel Frames Exposed to Travelling Fire & Traditional Design Fires." Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/15/56868.
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McRae, R. H. D., J. J. Sharples, and M. Fromm. "Linking local wildfire dynamics to pyroCb development." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 3 (March 5, 2015): 417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-417-2015.
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Abstract. Extreme wildfires are global phenomena that consistently result in loss of life and property and further impact the cultural, economic and political stability of communities. In their most severe form they cause widespread devastation of environmental assets and are capable of impacting the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere through the formation of a thunderstorm within the plume. Such fires are now often observed by a range of remote-sensing technologies, which together allow a greater understanding of a fire's complex dynamics. This paper considers one such fire that burnt in the Blue Mountains region of Australia in late November 2006, which is known to have generated significant pyrocumulonimbus clouds in a series of blow-up events. Observations of this fire are analysed in detail to investigate the localised processes contributing to extreme fire development. In particular, it has been possible to demonstrate for the first time that the most violent instances of pyroconvection were driven by, and not just associated with, atypical local fire dynamics, especially the fire channelling phenomenon, which arises due to an interaction between an active fire, local terrain attributes and critical fire weather and causes the fire to rapidly transition from a frontal to an areal burning pattern. The impacts of local variations in fire weather and of the atmospheric profile are also discussed, and the ability to predict extreme fire development with state-of-the-art tools is explored.
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McRae, R. H. D., J. J. Sharples, and M. Fromm. "Linking local wildfire dynamics to pyroCb development." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 12 (December 2, 2014): 7269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-7269-2014.
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Abstract. Extreme wildfires are global phenomena that consistently result in loss of life and property, and further impact the cultural, economic and political stability of communities. In their most extreme form they cause widespread devastation of environmental assets and are capable of impacting the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere through the formation of a thunderstorm within the plume. Such fires are now often observed by a range of remote sensing technologies, which together allow a greater understanding of a fire's complex dynamics. This paper considers one such fire that burnt in the Blue Mountains region of Australia in late-November 2006, that is known to have generated significant pyrocumulonimbus clouds in a series of blow-up events. Observations of this fire are analysed in detail to investigate the localised processes contributing to extreme fire development. In particular, it has been possible to demonstrate for the first time that the most severe instances of pyroconvection were driven by, and not just associated with, extreme local fire dynamics, especially the fire channelling phenomenon, which arises due to an interaction between an active fire, local terrain attributes and critical fire weather, and causes the fire to rapidly transition from a frontal to an areal burning pattern. The impacts of local variations in fire weather and of the atmospheric profile are also discussed, and the ability to predict extreme fire development with state-of-the-art tools is explored.
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Fulé, Peter Z., Thomas A. Heinlein, W. Wallace Covington, and Margaret M. Moore. "Assessing fire regimes on Grand Canyon landscapes with fire-scar and fire-record data." International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, no. 2 (2003): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf02060.
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Fire regimes were reconstructed from fire-scarred trees on five large forested study sites (135–810 ha) on the North and South Rims at Grand Canyon National Park. Adequacy of sampling was tested with cumulative sample curves, effectiveness of fire recording on individual trees, tree age data, and the occurrence of 20th Century fires which permitted comparison of fire-scar data with fire-record data, a form of modern calibration for the interpretation of fire-scar results. Fire scars identified all 13 recorded fires >8 ha on the study sites since 1924, when record keeping started. Records of fire season and size corresponded well with fire-scar data. We concluded that the sampling and analysis methods were appropriate and accurate for this area, in contrast to the suggestion that these methods are highly uncertain in ponderosa pine forests. Prior to 1880, fires were most frequent on low-elevation ‘islands’ of ponderosa pine forest formed by plateaus or points (Weibull Median Probability Intervals [WMPI] 3.0–3.9 years for all fires, 6.3–8.6 years for ‘large’ fires scarring 25% or more of the sampled trees). Fires were less frequent on a higher-elevation ‘mainland’ site located further to the interior of the North Rim (WMPI 5.1 years all fires, 8.7 years large fires), but fires tended to occur in relatively drier years and individual fires were more likely to burn larger portions of the study site. In contrast to the North Rim pattern of declining fire frequency with elevation, a low-elevation ‘mainland’ site on the South Rim had the longest fire-free intervals prior to European settlement (WMPI 6.5 years all fires, 8.9 years large fires). As in much of western North America, surface fire regimes were interrupted around European settlement, 1879 on the North Rim and 1887 on the South Rim. However, either two or three large surface fires have burned across each of the geographically remote point and plateau study sites of the western North Rim since settlement. To some extent, these sites may be rare representatives of nearly-natural conditions due to the relatively undisrupted fire regimes in a never-harvested forest setting.
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Son, Kwang Ik, Gyo Chang Son, Hyung Joon Kim, and Jung Woo Kim. "Transition of Land Cover Characteristics at Wild-Fired Watershed." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.249.
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Wild fires in a mountain area cause severe runoff. The runoff causes secondary mal-effects such as soil erosion and environmental contamination. Korea had suffered from serious soil yield problems at Imha reservoir in 2003. The muddy flow in the reservoir lasts for an years at that time and the water resources problem had prevailed around the watershed. But there was no reliable method in predicting the amount of soil yield and developing count measures against soil erosion. The goal of this research is to find the sustainability transition of land cover characteristics in a wild-fired watershed. For the success of this research, experimental watershed which had suffered from wild-fires was operated last five years. With the collected field data, the transition of land cover characteristics of watershed was analyzed. It was found that the land cover factor was increased about one hundred times at first year after the wild fire. Then it decreases constantly until it remains stable condition which is reached at fourth year after wild-fires.
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Bednar, Larry F., Romain Mees, and David Strauss. "Fire Suppression Effectiveness for Simultaneous Fires: An Examination of Fire Histories." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/5.1.16.
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Abstract We examined fire and weather records for areas of the western United States for the period 1970-1984 to determine the effects of simultaneous wildfire occurrence on fire suppression efforts. Burning conditions were accounted for by use of short strings of fires which involved simultaneous suppression efforts. These strings were matched with closely preceding isolated fires to form matched sets, which were used to examine the relative effects of simultaneous fire occurrence. Fires were predominantly lightning-caused, and within matched sets they showed little difference in burning conditions. The first-occurring fires in the strings showed significantly longer suppression times than the preceding isolated fires, and travel times to the sixth-occurring fires were significantly greater than times to the first-occurring fire. These effects are not entirely consistent with expectations of fire personnel, perhaps because of shortcomings in the fire history records, which are particularly deficient in reporting force allocation, fire progress, and fire location. West. J. Appl. For. 5(1):16-19.
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Gebert, Krista M., David E. Calkin, and Jonathan Yoder. "Estimating Suppression Expenditures for Individual Large Wildland Fires." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.3.188.
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Abstract The extreme cost of fighting wildland fires has brought fire suppression expenditures to the forefront of budgetary and policy debate in the United States. Inasmuch as large fires are responsible for the bulk of fire suppression expenditures, understanding fire characteristics that influence expenditures is important for both strategic fire planning and onsite fire management decisions. These characteristics then can be used to produce estimates of suppression expenditures for large wildland fires for use in wildland fire decision support or after-fire reviews. The primary objective of this research was to develop regression models that could be used to estimate expenditures on large wildland fires based on area burned, variables representing the fire environment, values at risk, resource availability, detection time, and National Forest System region. Variables having the largest influence on cost included fire intensity level, area burned, and total housing value within 20 mi of ignition. These equations were then used to predict suppression expenditures on a set of fiscal year 2005 Forest Service fires for the purpose of detecting “extreme” cost fires—those fires falling more than 1 or 2 SDs above or below their expected value.
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Andela, Niels, Douglas C. Morton, Louis Giglio, Ronan Paugam, Yang Chen, Stijn Hantson, Guido R. van der Werf, and James T. Randerson. "The Global Fire Atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed and direction." Earth System Science Data 11, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 529–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-529-2019.
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Abstract. Natural and human-ignited fires affect all major biomes, altering ecosystem structure, biogeochemical cycles and atmospheric composition. Satellite observations provide global data on spatiotemporal patterns of biomass burning and evidence for the rapid changes in global fire activity in response to land management and climate. Satellite imagery also provides detailed information on the daily or sub-daily position of fires that can be used to understand the dynamics of individual fires. The Global Fire Atlas is a new global dataset that tracks the dynamics of individual fires to determine the timing and location of ignitions, fire size and duration, and daily expansion, fire line length, speed, and direction of spread. Here, we present the underlying methodology and Global Fire Atlas results for 2003–2016 derived from daily moderate-resolution (500 m) Collection 6 MCD64A1 burned-area data. The algorithm identified 13.3 million individual fires over the study period, and estimated fire perimeters were in good agreement with independent data for the continental United States. A small number of large fires dominated sparsely populated arid and boreal ecosystems, while burned area in agricultural and other human-dominated landscapes was driven by high ignition densities that resulted in numerous smaller fires. Long-duration fires in boreal regions and natural landscapes in the humid tropics suggest that fire season length exerts a strong control on fire size and total burned area in these areas. In arid ecosystems with low fuel densities, high fire spread rates resulted in large, short-duration fires that quickly consumed available fuels. Importantly, multiday fires contributed the majority of burned area in all biomass burning regions. A first analysis of the largest, longest and fastest fires that occurred around the world revealed coherent regional patterns of extreme fires driven by large-scale climate forcing. Global Fire Atlas data are publicly available through http://www.globalfiredata.org (last access: 9 August 2018) and https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1642, and individual fire information and summary data products provide new information for benchmarking fire models within ecosystem and Earth system models, understanding vegetation–fire feedbacks, improving global emissions estimates, and characterizing the changing role of fire in the Earth system.
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Bohatá, Marie, and Alena Zemplinerová. "Outward direct investment by czech companies." Politická ekonomie 52, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.448.
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Zemplinerová, Alena. "Innovation Activity of Firms and Competition." Politická ekonomie 58, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 747–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.760.
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Machek, Ondřej, and Tomáš Pokorný. "Rate of Failure of Czech Family Firms." Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 24, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.534.
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Hanes, Chelene C., Xianli Wang, Piyush Jain, Marc-André Parisien, John M. Little, and Mike D. Flannigan. "Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 3 (March 2019): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0293.
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Contemporary fire regimes of Canadian forests have been well documented based on forest fire records between the late 1950s to 1990s. Due to known limitations of fire datasets, an analysis of changes in fire-regime characteristics could not be easily undertaken. This paper presents fire-regime trends nationally and within two zonation systems, the homogeneous fire-regime zones and ecozones, for two time periods, 1959–2015 and 1980–2015. Nationally, trends in both area burned and number of large fires (≥200 ha) have increased significantly since 1959, which might be due to increases in lightning-caused fires. Human-caused fires, in contrast, have shown a decline. Results suggest that large fires have been getting larger over the last 57 years and that the fire season has been starting approximately one week earlier and ending one week later. At the regional level, trends in fire regimes are variable across the country, with fewer significant trends. Area burned, number of large fires, and lightning-caused fires are increasing in most of western Canada, whereas human-caused fires are either stable or declining throughout the country. Overall, Canadian forests appear to have been engaged in a trajectory towards more active fire regimes over the last half century.
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Mehta, Sonya P., Sanjay M. Bhananker, Karen L. Posner, and Karen B. Domino. "Operating Room Fires." Anesthesiology 118, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 1133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31828afa7b.
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Abstract Background: To assess patterns of injury and liability associated with operating room (OR) fires, closed malpractice claims in the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Database since 1985 were reviewed. Methods: All claims related to fires in the OR were compared with nonfire-related surgical anesthesia claims. An analysis of fire-related claims was performed to identify causative factors. Results: There were 103 OR fire claims (1.9% of 5,297 surgical claims). Electrocautery was the ignition source in 90% of fire claims. OR fire claims more frequently involved older outpatients compared with other surgical anesthesia claims (P < 0.01). Payments to patients were more often made in fire claims (P < 0.01), but payment amounts were lower (median $120,166) compared to nonfire surgical claims (median $250,000, P < 0.01). Electrocautery-induced fires (n = 93) increased over time (P < 0.01) to 4.4% claims between 2000 and 2009. Most (85%) electrocautery fires occurred during head, neck, or upper chest procedures (high-fire-risk procedures). Oxygen served as the oxidizer in 95% of electrocautery-induced OR fires (84% with open delivery system). Most electrocautery-induced fires (n = 75, 81%) occurred during monitored anesthesia care. Oxygen was administered via an open delivery system in all high-risk procedures during monitored anesthesia care. In contrast, alcohol-containing prep solutions and volatile compounds were present in only 15% of OR fires during monitored anesthesia care. Conclusions: Electrocautery-induced fires during monitored anesthesia care were the most common cause of OR fires claims. Recognition of the fire triad (oxidizer, fuel, and ignition source), particularly the critical role of supplemental oxygen by an open delivery system during use of the electrocautery, is crucial to prevent OR fires. Continuing education and communication among OR personnel along with fire prevention protocols in high-fire-risk procedures may reduce the occurrence of OR fires.
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Ingalsbee, Timothy. "Whither the paradigm shift? Large wildland fires and the wildfire paradox offer opportunities for a new paradigm of ecological fire management." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 7 (2017): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17062.
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The growing frequency of large wildland fires has raised awareness of the ‘wildfire paradox’ and the ‘firefighting trap’ that are both rooted in the fire exclusion paradigm. However, a paradigm shift has been unfolding in the wildland fire community that seeks to restore fire ecology processes across broad landscapes. This would involve managing rather than aggressively suppressing large fires. Examples of recent fire science publications demonstrating ‘new paradigm’ thinking or critical questioning of ‘old paradigm’ assumptions are offered as evidence of this shift in thinking. However, integration of fire ecology science is lagging in fire-related policies and legislation, media representations of wildland fires, and conventional management responses to most wildland fires. Sociocultural, political and economic factors are functioning as barriers to change in fire management policies and practices. However, the growing risks, costs and impacts of large wildland fires will continue to highlight the crisis of the dominant fire exclusion paradigm. The general inability to prevent and effectively suppress large wildland fires may be the means to break through these institutional and societal barriers and propel efforts to shift philosophy and practice to a new paradigm of ecological fire management.
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Storaunet, Ken Olaf, Jørund Rolstad, Målfrid Toeneiet, and Ylva-li Blanck. "Strong anthropogenic signals in historic forest fire regime: a detailed spatiotemporal case study from south-central Norway." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 9 (September 2013): 836–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0462.
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To better understand the historic range of variability in the fire regime of Fennoscandian boreal forests we cross-dated 736 fire scars of remnant Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood samples in a 3.6 km2 section of the Trillemarka-Rollagsfjell Reserve of south-central Norway. Using a kernel range application in GIS we spatially delineated 57 individual forest fires between 1350 and the present. We found a strong anthropogenic signal in the fire regime from 1600 and onwards: (i) infrequent variably sized fires prior to 1600 shifted to frequent fires gradually decreasing in size during the 1600s and 1700s, with only a few small fires after 1800; (ii) time intervals between fires and the hazard of burning showed substantial differences pre- and post-1600; (iii) fire seasonality changed from late- to early-season fires from the 1626 fire and onwards; and (iv) fire severity decreased gradually over time. Written sources corroborated our results, narrating a history where anthropogenic forest fires and slash-and-burn cultivation expanded with the increasing population from the late 1500s. Concurrently, timber resources increased in value, gradually forcing slash-and-burn cultivators to abandon fires on forest land. Our results strengthen and expand previous Fennoscandian findings on the anthropogenic influence of historic fire regimes.
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Amiro, B. D., K. A. Logan, B. M. Wotton, M. D. Flannigan, J. B. Todd, B. J. Stocks, and D. L. Martell. "Fire weather index system components for large fires in the Canadian boreal forest." International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, no. 4 (2004): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03066.
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Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System components and head fire intensities were calculated for fires greater than 2 km2 in size for the boreal and taiga ecozones of Canada from 1959 to 1999. The highest noon-hour values were analysed that occurred during the first 21 days of each of 9333 fires. Depending on ecozone, the means of the FWI System parameters ranged from: fine fuel moisture code (FFMC), 90 to 92 (82 to 96 for individual fires); duff moisture code (DMC), 38 to 78 (10 to 140 for individual fires); drought code (DC), 210 to 372 (50 to 600 for individual fires); and fire weather index, 20 to 33 (5 to 60 for individual fires). Fine fuel moisture code decreased, DMC had a mid-season peak, and DC increased through the fire season. Mean head fire intensities ranged from 10 to 28 MW m−1 in the boreal spruce fuel type, showing that most large fires exhibit crown fire behaviour. Intensities of individual fires can exceed 60 MW m−1. Most FWI System parameters did not show trends over the 41-year period because of large inter-annual variability. A changing climate is expected to create future weather conditions more conducive to fire throughout much of Canada but clear changes have not yet occurred.
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Buechling, Arne, and William L. Baker. "A fire history from tree rings in a high-elevation forest of Rocky Mountain National Park." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-012.
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Historical fire patterns in a subalpine forest of Rocky Mountain National Park were quantified from an analysis of forest stand ages and fire-scarred trees. A comparatively detailed sample of 3461 tree cores and 212 fire scars was collected from a 9200-ha study area north of Estes Park, Colorado. A total of 41 fire events were identified in the record. Annually precise fire dates, beginning in 1533, include 22 high-severity crown fires, 7 low-severity surface fires, and 8 mixed-severity events with both surface and crown fire components. Fire rotation was estimated for both surface fires (7587 years) and crown fires (346 years). Fire rotation did not appear to vary with fuel characteristics associated with topographical differences in the study area. Fires larger than 300 ha were few, but they determined a large proportion of the area burned since 1700 and were significantly correlated with a reconstructed index of summer drought. Low fire activity in the 20th century was associated with decreased severity and frequency of drought episodes. Long fire rotations preclude definitive conclusions regarding the effects of fire suppression in the 20th century, but relationships between high-severity fires, fuels, and drought suggest that climatic variability remains the primary influence on fire cycles in high-elevation ecosystems of the southern Rocky Mountains.
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Wu, Wen Zhong. "On Fire-Proof Paint Thickness for Steel under Transient Fire." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1916.
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Fire-proof paint thickness is of importance to steel structure fire safety, and the common programme iteratively solves its heat conduction equation in fire-insistence test, while by dimensional analysis in the equation, this paper constructs a function of steel structure section-material grouped parameter, and also a similarity form is employed to form a relationship between any two different transient fires, then solves the grouped parameters in two other transient fires. Parameter comparisons among these 3 fires conclude: with the same fire time, fire-proof paint and size, fire-proof paint thickness is necessary to be the biggest in fire-insistence test, and smaller in site fire, and the smallest in t-square fire. The key factor to decide the thickness is surface temperature outside fire-paint. The common programme is with some redundance, and more reasonable guard should add to the steel structure in t-square fire. The foregoing analysis to fire-proof paint thickness by the function of steel structure section-material grouped parameter and the similarity form between any two different transient fires, broadens the common programme to any transient fires.