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Molnar, Michael R. "Firmicus Maternus and the Star of Bethlehem." Culture and Cosmos 03, no. 01 (June 1999): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.0103.0203.
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The Mathesis of Julius Firmicus Maternus describes astrological aspects responsible for bestowing divinity and immortality. These conditions have been identified as the major astrological components of the Star of Bethlehem. Moreover, closer examination reveals that Firmicus juxtaposed pagan and Christian themes, which suggests he was a pagan making the transition to Christianity.
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CHAPOT, Frédéric. "Prière et sentiment religieux chez Firmicus Maternus." Revue d'Etudes Augustiniennes et Patristiques 47, no. 1 (January 2001): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.rea.5.104831.
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Mancini, Alessio, and Tommaso Mari. "FIRE AND ITS ASIAN WORSHIPPERS: A NOTE ON FIRMICUS MATERNUS’DE ERRORE PROFANARVM RELIGIONVM5.1." Classical Quarterly 67, no. 2 (October 12, 2017): 662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838817000647.
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Persae et Magi omnes qui Persicae regionis incolunt fines ignem praeferunt et omnibus elementis ignem putant debere praeponi. (Firm. Mat.Err. prof. rel.5.1)The Persians and all the Magi who dwell in the confines of the Persian land give their preference to fire and think it ought to be ranked above all the other elements.Iulius Firmicus Maternus was a Latin writer who lived in the fourth centurya.d. In the 340s, following his conversion to Christianity, he wrote theDe errore profanarum religionum, which has been preserved only in the tenth-century manuscript Vaticanus Palatinus Latinus 165. In this work he argues against the pagan cults, calling for the emperors to suppress them. The first sections are dedicated to the pagan worship of the natural elements: objects of a cult are water among the Egyptians, earth among the Phrygians, air among the Assyrians. The chapter we are dealing with, the fifth, is dedicated to fire, a central element of the Zoroastrian religion. Greek and Roman writers, pagans and Christians alike, were aware of this, and references to some sort of fire-cult among Persians are numerous in literature and are found as early as Herodotus (1.131, 3.16). Just like Firmicus Maternus, some authors also state that the Magi worship fire as a god or divine element and that they conduct fire-related rituals. In Greek and Latin authors there is a view that the Magi, these specialists of the rituals of the Persian religion, were originally a Median tribe. As shown by the passages of Ammianus and Basil, such knowledge was also available to Firmicus Maternus’ contemporaries, and there do not appear to be particular differences in the way in which Greek and Latin authors viewed the Magi in Achaemenid and Sassanid times. Regrettably, one cannot know for certain which of these sources Firmicus Maternus knew.
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Sánchez Manzano, María Asunción. "Lexicon and style in the works attributed to Firmicus Maternus." Pallas, no. 103 (April 6, 2017): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/pallas.4140.
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Harries, Jill. "A Good Working Edition of Firmicus - Robert Turcan: Firmicus Maternus, L'Erreur des Religions Païennes. (Collection Budé.) Pp. 368 (text double). Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1982." Classical Review 35, no. 1 (April 1985): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00107309.
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Saffrey, Henri D. "Florence, 1492: The Reappearance of Plotinus*." Renaissance Quarterly 49, no. 3 (1996): 488–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2863364.
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In the western world, Plotinus was only a name until 1492. None of his treatises had been translated during the Middle Ages, and the translations dating back to antiquity had been lost. He was not totally unknown, however, thanks to scholars like Firmicus Maternus, Saint Augustine, Macrobius, and to those parts of the works of Proclus translated in the thirteenth century by William of Moerbeke. But Plotinus's own writings remained completely unknown,and as Vespasiano da Bisticci observed in his Vite, “senza i libri non si poteva fare nulla” (“without the books, nothing can be done”). This fact was to change completely only with the publication by Marsilio Ficino of his Latin translation of the Enneads.
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Schubert, Paul. "Le papyrus de Genève inv. 268 : Un nouveau fragment du poème astrologique d’Anoubion, précurseur de Firmicus Maternus." Comptes-rendus des séances de l année - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 153, no. 1 (2009): 399–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/crai.2009.92484.
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Von Büren, Veronika. "Un lecteur de Firmicus Maternus au XVe siècle, Hermannus de Bure et le manuscrit Montpellier BIUM 180." Scriptorium 57, no. 2 (2003): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/scrip.2003.1996.
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Reese, Bettina. ""Polluit sanguis iste, non redemit" – Beobachtungen zum Motiv des Blutes in Firmicus Maternus, De errore profanarum religionum." Graeco-Latina Brunensia, no. 1 (2021): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/glb2021-1-10.
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Bastiaensen, A. A. R. "R. TURCAN, Firmicus Maternus, L'erreur des religions païennes. Texte établi, traduit et commenté. Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1982, 367 pp." Mnemosyne 39, no. 1-2 (1986): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852586x00284.
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Puttero, Giorgia. "Veronika von Büren, Un lecteur de Firmicus Maternus au XVe siècle. Hermannus de Bure et le manuscrit Montpellier BIUM 180." Studi Francesi, no. 147 (XLX | III) (December 1, 2005): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.32852.
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Opelt, Ilona. "Firmico Materno." Augustinianum 27, no. 1 (1987): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/agstm1987271/26.
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Tosetti, Giovanni. "Firmico Materno, L'errore delle religioni pagane." Revue de l'histoire des religions, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rhr.7238.
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Gaj, Beata. "Styl łacińskich traktatów Firmicusa Maternusa i Filastra z Brescii (IV w. n.e.)." Stylistyka 29 (December 20, 2020): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/stylistyka29.2020.24.
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Han, Cliff S., Melanie Ann Martin, Armand E. K. Dichosa, Ashlynn R. Daughton, Seth Frietze, Hillard Kaplan, Michael D. Gurven, and Joe Alcock. "Salivary microbiomes of indigenous Tsimane mothers and infants are distinct despite frequent premastication." PeerJ 4 (November 3, 2016): e2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2660.
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BackgroundPremastication, the transfer of pre-chewed food, is a common infant and young child feeding practice among the Tsimane, forager-horticulturalists living in the Bolivian Amazon. Research conducted primarily with Western populations has shown that infants harbor distinct oral microbiota from their mothers. Premastication, which is less common in these populations, may influence the colonization and maturation of infant oral microbiota, including via transmission of oral pathogens. We collected premasticated food and saliva samples from Tsimane mothers and infants (9–24 months of age) to test for evidence of bacterial transmission in premasticated foods and overlap in maternal and infant salivary microbiota. We extracted bacterial DNA from two premasticated food samples and 12 matched salivary samples from maternal-infant pairs. DNA sequencing was performed with MiSeq (Illumina). We evaluated maternal and infant microbial composition in terms of relative abundance of specific taxa, alpha and beta diversity, and dissimilarity distances.ResultsThe bacteria in saliva and premasticated food were mapped to 19 phyla and 400 genera and were dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The oral microbial communities of Tsimane mothers and infants who frequently share premasticated food were well-separated in a non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination (NMDS) plot. Infant microbiotas clustered together, with weighted Unifrac distances significantly differing between mothers and infants. Infant saliva contained more Firmicutes (p < 0.01) and fewer Proteobacteria (p < 0.05) than did maternal saliva. Many genera previously associated with dental and periodontal infections, e.g. Neisseria,Gemella,Rothia,Actinomyces,Fusobacterium, andLeptotrichia, were more abundant in mothers than in infants.ConclusionsSalivary microbiota of Tsimane infants and young children up to two years of age do not appear closely related to those of their mothers, despite frequent premastication and preliminary evidence that maternal bacteria is transmitted to premasticated foods. Infant physiology and diet may constrain colonization by maternal bacteria, including several oral pathogens.
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Guttilla, Giuseppe. "Il De errore profanarum religionum di Firmico Materno nel Carm. 19 di Paolino di Nola." Revue d'Etudes Augustiniennes et Patristiques 52, no. 2 (July 2006): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.rea.5.100942.
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Dreisbach, Caitlin, Stephanie Prescott, and Jeanne Alhusen. "Influence of Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity and Excessive Gestational Weight Gain on Maternal and Child Gastrointestinal Microbiome Composition: A Systematic Review." Biological Research For Nursing 22, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800419880615.
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Background: Maternal obesity is a well-known risk factor for significant obstetric and neonatal complications. The influence of the gastrointestinal microbiome in the setting of maternal obesity during pregnancy is less understood. The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize the literature on the relationships between maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG) and the composition of maternal and child gastrointestinal microbiomes. Method: We searched CINHAL, OVID Medline, Web of Science, and PubMed for relevant literature using medical subject heading terms related to obesity, pregnancy, and the gastrointestinal microbiome. We assessed 249 articles for potential inclusion using the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses framework and deemed 11 articles as relevant for this review. Results: Maternal obesity was associated with significant microbial changes in both maternal and infant fecal microbiome biospecimens including increases in Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and the Actinobacteria phyla and decreases in Bifidobacteria. However, inconsistencies in uniform taxonomic results across all studies mean that evidence of specific microbial associations with obesity and EGWG is inconclusive. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that both maternal and child gastrointestinal microbiome composition is altered in the setting of maternal obesity and EGWG during pregnancy. Future microbiome studies should concentrate on the investigation of metagenomic sequencing to elucidate microbial function rather than solely taxonomic composition. More diverse populations of mothers should be sampled to address health disparities and adverse outcomes of underrepresented populations. Finally, analytic pipelines should be standardized across studies to aid in reproducibility.
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Ricks, Nitasha, Alexis Panzer, Amber Mccoy, M. Azcarate-Peril, Temitope Keku, Kim Boggess, and Marcela Smid. "Maternal Gut Microbiome Biodiversity in Pregnancy." American Journal of Perinatology 35, no. 01 (July 27, 2017): 024–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604412.
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Objective To measure maternal gut microbiome biodiversity in pregnancy. Materials and Methods In phase 1, maternal fecal samples were collected by rectal swab in 20 healthy pregnant women (14–28 weeks gestation) to measure bacterial abundance. In phase 2, fecal samples were collected from 31 women at enrollment (<20 weeks gestation, baseline) and at 36 to 39 weeks of gestation (follow-up). We assessed cluster analysis to assess bacterial community profiles at the phylum level longitudinally through pregnancy. DNA was extracted from swabs, followed by PCR of the bacterial 16s rRNA gene and multiplex high-throughput sequencing (Ion Torrent). Results In phase 1, 16 of 20 samples yielded usable data. White women (n = 10) had greater abundance of Firmicutes (23 ± 0.15 vs. 16% ± 0.75, p = 0.007) and Bacteroidetes (24 ± 0.14 vs. 19% ± 0.68, p = 0.015) compared with non-White women (n = 6). In the 11 paired specimens, Bacteroidetes increased in abundance from baseline to follow-up. Compared with women who gained weight below the median gestational weight gain (GWG, <15.4 kg), those who gained above the median GWG had increased abundance of Bacteroidetes (p = 0.02) and other phyla (p = 0.04). Conclusion Maternal microbiome biodiversity changes as pregnancy progresses and correlates with GWG.
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Tanabe, Hiromi, Kenichi Sakurai, Yumiko Nakanishi, Tamotsu Kato, Yohei Kawasaki, Taiji Nakano, Fumiya Yamaide, et al. "Association of the Maternal Gut Microbiota/Metabolome with Cord Blood CCL17." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 2837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082837.
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Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) is a pro-allergic factor: high CCL17 levels in cord blood (CB) precede later allergic predisposition. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) treatment during pregnancy has been shown to protect mouse pups against allergic diseases. The maternal microbial metabolome during pregnancy may affect fetal allergic immune responses. We therefore examined the associations between CB CCL17 and gut SCFA levels in healthy pregnant Japanese women. CB CCL17 serum levels at birth, and maternal non-specific IgE levels in maternal sera at 32 weeks of gestation were measured. Maternal stool samples were collected at 12 (n = 59) and 32 (n = 58) weeks of gestation for gut microbiota analysis, based on barcoded 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolite levels. The CB CCL17 levels correlated negatively with butyrate concentrations and positively with isobutyrate at 12 weeks; CB CCL17 correlated positively with valerate and lactate at 32 weeks. Similarly, butyrate levels correlated negatively with maternal non-specific IgE levels, whereas the lactate concentration correlated positively with IgE levels. At 32 weeks, the Shannon diversity index (SDI) of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria correlated negatively with CB CCL17 levels, while those of the total microbiota correlated positively with the CB CCL17 levels. These metabolites may alter fetal immune responses. This study provides the first link between maternal metabolites during pregnancy and the risk of allergic diseases in human offspring.
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Jeon, Julie, Xi Fang, Jeferson Lourenco, Srujana Rayalam, Michael Rothrock, Todd Callaway, and Hea Jin Park. "Fecal Microbiota Composition of a Mother-Infant Dyad in a Pig Model." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_087.
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Abstract Objectives Microbial programming in early life is associated with gut health and overall well-being in adulthood. The establishment of the nascent gut microbiome is substantially influenced by both maternal nutrition and the native maternal microbiome. Pig is recognized as a valuable model in gastrointestinal track research due to its remarkable similarity to humans in gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, immunology, and pathology. This study examined the characteristics of the gut microflora in the sow-piglet dyad. Methods Fecal samples were collected from sows (n = 6) and piglets (n = 24) at weaning. Bacterial DNA was isolated from the feces and the V3-V4 region of 16 s rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform and analyzed by QIIME pipeline. Results Sows had a twice higher abundance of Firmicutes than piglets (84.28% vs 40.19%, P < 0.0001), although Firmicutes was the most abundant phyla in both sows and piglets. Instead, piglets had higher abundances of Bacteroidetes (36.41% vs 9.61%, P < 0.0001) and Proteobacteria (11.31% vs 0.87%, P = 0.005) than sows. Early colonization of Proteobacteria has been suggested to be important for development of neonatal immunity. Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio was higher in sows than in piglets (16.32 vs 1.36, P < 0.0001), which is consistent with previous reports in humans. The five most abundant families in sows were Clostridiaceae (30.43%), Turicibacteraceae (17.13%), Ruminococcaceae (11.29%), Lactobacillaceae (8.27%), and Lachnospiraceae (4.99%), while those in piglets were Bacteroidaceae (23.96%), Lachnospiraceae (9.13%), Clostridiaceae (7.52%), Ruminococcaceae (6.80%), and Enterobacteriaceae (6.63%). Observed OTUs in sows were higher (P = 0.02) than those in piglets, suggesting that piglets at early stage of life have lower fecal α-diversity. Moreover, β-diversity was very different between sows and piglets (P = 0.01). Conclusions Sows and piglets showed distinctive pattern of fecal microflora, and piglets had fewer species numbers at weaning compared to that of sows. This finding will provide a valuable information for future transgenerational studies on the gut microbiome and its consequences for health using a sow-piglet dyad. Funding Sources Georgia Experimental Agricultural Station, UGA Faculty research grant, and Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging at the PCOM.
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Sanjulián, Laura, Alexandre Lamas, Rocío Barreiro, Alberto Cepeda, Cristina A. Fente, and Patricia Regal. "Bacterial Diversity of Breast Milk in Healthy Spanish Women: Evolution from Birth to Five Years Postpartum." Nutrients 13, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072414.
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The objective of this work was to characterize the microbiota of breast milk in healthy Spanish mothers and to investigate the effects of lactation time on its diversity. A total of ninety-nine human milk samples were collected from healthy Spanish women and were assessed by means of next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons and by qPCR. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Accordingly, Streptococcus was the most abundant genus. Lactation time showed a strong influence in milk microbiota, positively correlating with Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, while Firmicutes was relatively constant over lactation. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that the highest alpha-diversity was found in samples of prolonged lactation, along with wider differences between individuals. As for milk nutrients, calcium, magnesium, and selenium levels were potentially associated with Streptococcus and Staphylococcus abundance. Additionally, Proteobacteria was positively correlated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in breast milk, and Staphylococcus with conjugated linoleic acid. Conversely, Streptococcus and trans-palmitoleic acid showed a negative association. Other factors such as maternal body mass index or diet also showed an influence on the structure of these microbial communities. Overall, human milk in Spanish mothers appeared to be a complex niche shaped by host factors and by its own nutrients, increasing in diversity over time.
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Carey, Hannah V., William A. Walters, and Rob Knight. "Seasonal restructuring of the ground squirrel gut microbiota over the annual hibernation cycle." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 304, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): R33—R42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00387.2012.
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Many hibernating mammals suspend food intake during winter, relying solely on stored lipids to fuel metabolism. Winter fasting in these species eliminates a major source of degradable substrates to support growth of gut microbes, which may affect microbial community structure and host-microbial interactions. We explored the effect of the annual hibernation cycle on gut microbiotas using deep sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from ground squirrel cecal contents. Squirrel microbiotas were dominated by members of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia. UniFrac analysis showed that microbiotas clustered strongly by season, and maternal influences, diet history, host age, and host body temperature had minimal effects. Phylogenetic diversity and numbers of operational taxonomic units were lowest in late winter and highest in the spring after a 2-wk period of refeeding. Hibernation increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia, phyla that contain species capable of surviving on host-derived substrates such as mucins, and reduced relative abundance of Firmicutes, many of which prefer dietary polysaccharides. Hibernation reduced cecal short-chain fatty acid and ammonia concentrations, and increased and decreased concentrations of acetate and butyrate, respectively. These results indicate that the ground squirrel microbiota is restructured each year in a manner that reflects differences in microbial preferences for dietary vs. host-derived substrates, and thus the competitive abilities of different taxa to survive in the altered environment in the hibernator gut.
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Hsu, Chien-Ning, Chih-Yao Hou, Chien-Te Lee, Julie Y. H. Chan, and You-Lin Tain. "The Interplay between Maternal and Post-Weaning High-Fat Diet and Gut Microbiota in the Developmental Programming of Hypertension." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11091982.
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Excessive intake of saturated fat has been linked to hypertension. Gut microbiota and their metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are known to be involved in the development of hypertension. We examined whether maternal and post-weaning high-fat (HF) diet-induced hypertension in adult male offspring is related to alterations of gut microbiota, mediation of SCFAs and their receptors, and downregulation of nutrient-sensing signals. Female Sprague–Dawley rats received either a normal diet (ND) or HF diet (D12331, Research Diets) during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring were put on either the ND or HF diet from weaning to 16 weeks of age, and designated to four groups (maternal diet/post-weaning diet; n = 8/group): ND/ND, HF/ND, ND/HF, and HF/HF. Rats were sacrificed at 16 weeks of age. Combined HF/HF diets induced elevated blood pressure (BP) and increased body weight and kidney damage in male adult offspring. The rise in BP is related to a downregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)–peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) pathway. Additionally, HF/HF diets decreased fecal concentrations of propionate and butyrate and decreased G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41), but increased olfactory receptor 78 (Oflr78) expression. Maternal HF diet has differential programming effects on the offspring’s microbiota at 3 and 16 weeks of age. Combined HF/HF diet induced BP elevation was associated with an increased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, increased abundance of genus Akkermansia and phylum Verrucomicrobia, and reduced abundance in genus Lactobacillus. Maternal gut microbiota-targeted dietary interventions might be reprogramming strategies to protect against programmed hypertension in children and their mothers on consumption of a fat-rich diet.
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Sililas, Palin, Lingling Huang, Chanisa Thonusin, Suchaya Luewan, Nipon Chattipakorn, Siriporn Chattipakorn, and Theera Tongsong. "Association between Gut Microbiota and Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081686.
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Background: It is well known that women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have gut dysbiosis. However, the dynamic alterations of gut microbiota in GDM are unclear. Additionally, the effects of maternal gut microbiota on the gut microbiota of their newborns remains controversial. The primary objective of this study is to determine the association between types and amounts of gut microbiota and development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Eighty-eight pregnant women, including 39 non-GDM and 49 GDM, and their 88 offspring were enrolled. Maternal feces were collected at the time of GDM diagnosis (24–28 weeks of gestation) and at before delivery (≥37 weeks of gestation). Meconium and the first feces of their newborns were also obtained. Results: from quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that maternal Lactobacillales was decreased from baseline to the time before delivery in both non-GDM and GDM. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio at before delivery was higher in the GDM group. However, there was no difference of neonatal gut microbiota between groups. Conclusions: Although we found only few gut microbiota that demonstrated the difference between GDM and non-GDM, gut microbiota may play a more important role in the development of severer GDM. Therefore, a further study comparing the gut microbiota composition among non-GDM, GDM with diet modification only, GDM with insulin therapy, GDM with successful treatment, and GDM with failure of treatment is needed.
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Des Places, Édouard. "Chronique de la philosophie religieuse des Grecs (1999) [John M. Dillon, Theological Tradition, Further Studies in the Development of Platonism on Early Christianity ; Dominic O'Meara, The Structure of Being and the Search for the Good ; Alain Martin-Oliver Primavesi, L'Empédocle de Strasbourg (gr. Inv. 1665- 1666) ; Plato, Symposium edited with an introduction, translation and commentary by C. J. Rowe ; Myles Burnyeat, Introduction au Théétète de Platon ; Aratos, Phénomènes, texte établi et traduit par Jean Martin ; Marc-Aurèle, Écrits pour lui-même, Introduction générale, Livre I. Texte établi et traduit par P. Hadot avec la collaboration de Concetta Luna ; Aelius Théon, Progymnasmata, texte établi et traduit par Michel Patillon, avec l'assistance pour l'arménien de Giancarlo Bolognesi ; Firmicus Maternus, Mathésis, texte établi et traduit par P. Monat]." Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé 1, no. 3 (1999): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bude.1999.1964.
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Hsu, Chien-Ning, Chih-Yao Hou, Julie Y. H. Chan, Chien-Te Lee, and You-Lin Tain. "Hypertension Programmed by Perinatal High-Fat Diet: Effect of Maternal Gut Microbiota-Targeted Therapy." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 2908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122908.
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Hypertension can originate in early life caused by perinatal high-fat (HF) consumption. Gut microbiota and their metabolites short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine (TMA), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are involved in the development of hypertension. Despite the beneficial effects of prebiotic/probiotic on human health, little is known whether maternal use of prebiotics/probiotics could protect offspring against the development of hypertension in adulthood. We investigated whether perinatal HF diet-induced programmed hypertension in adult offspring can be prevented by therapeutic uses of prebiotic inulin or probiotic Lactobacillus casei during gestation and lactation. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats received regular chow or HF diet (D12331, Research Diets), with 5% w/w long chain inulin (PRE), or 2 × 108 CFU/day Lactobacillus casei via oral gavage (PRO) during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring (n = 8/group) were assigned to four groups: control, HF, PRE, and PRO. Rats were sacrificed at 16 weeks of age. Maternal prebiotic or probiotic therapy prevents elevated blood pressure (BP) programmed by perinatal HF consumption. Both prebiotic and probiotic therapies decreased the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and renal mRNA expression of Ace, but increased abundance of genus Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Additionally, prebiotic treatment prevents HF-induced elevation of BP is associated with reduced fecal propionate and acetate levels, while probiotic therapy restored several Lactobacillus species. Maternal probiotic or prebiotic therapy caused a reduction in plasma TMAO level and TMAO-to-TMA ratio. The beneficial effects of prebiotic or probiotic therapy on elevated BP programmed by perinatal HF diet are relevant to alterations of microbial populations, modulation of microbial-derived metabolites, and mediation of the renin-angiotensin system. Our results cast a new light on the use of maternal prebiotic/probiotic therapy to prevent hypertension programmed by perinatal HF consumption. The possibility of applying gut microbiota-targeted therapies as a reprogramming strategy for hypertension warrants further clinical translation.
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Hsu, Chien-Ning, Chih-Yao Hou, Guo-Ping Chang-Chien, Sufan Lin, Hung-Wei Yang, and You-Lin Tain. "Perinatal Resveratrol Therapy Prevents Hypertension Programmed by Maternal Chronic Kidney Disease in Adult Male Offspring: Implications of the Gut Microbiome and Their Metabolites." Biomedicines 8, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8120567.
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The gut microbiota plays a critical role in kidney disease and hypertension; however, whether maternal chronic kidney disease (CKD)-induced offspring hypertension is associated with alterations of the microbiota and microbial metabolites remains elusive. Using rat as an animal model, we conducted a maternal adenine-induced CKD model to examine whether adult male offspring develop hypertension and kidney disease. As resveratrol has antioxidant and prebiotic properties, we also aimed to elucidate whether its use in pregnancy and lactation can benefit hypertension programmed by maternal CKD via mediation of the gut microbiota and oxidative stress. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received regular chow (C) or chow supplemented with 0.5% adenine (CKD) from 3 weeks before pregnancy until lactation. One group of the adenine-induced CKD pregnant rats received resveratrol (R; 50 mg/L) in drinking water during gestation and lactation. Male offspring were divided into three groups: C, CKD, and CKD+R. The microbial metabolites analyzed were short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces and trimethylamine (TMA)/trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in plasma. We found perinatal resveratrol therapy protected against maternal CKD-induced hypertension in adult male offspring. The overall microbial compositions and diversity of bacterial community in the three groups were different. Resveratrol therapy increased α-diversity, decreased the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, and increased the abundance of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Perinatal resveratrol therapy increased plasma TMA levels but decreased the plasma TMAO-to-TMA ratio. Although resveratrol had negligible effect on fecal concentrations of SCFAs, it increased G-protein coupled receptor-41 (GPR41) protein levels in the offspring’s kidneys. Additionally, resveratrol therapy increased plasma levels of L-arginine and the L-arginine-to-ADMA ratio (AAR), and decreased oxidative stress. Overall, the protective effects of resveratrol against programmed hypertension are related to gut microbiome remodeling, including an increased abundance of beneficial microbes, mediation of the TMA-TMAO pathway, and alterations of SCFA receptors. Our results highlighted that targeting the microbiome and their metabolites might be potential therapeutic strategies to prevent maternal CKD-induced adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes.
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Wang, Kai, Xiangfeng Kong, Md Abul Kalam Azad, Qian Zhu, Liang Xiong, Yuzhong Zheng, Zhangli Hu, Yulong Yin, and Qinghua He. "Maternal Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation Modulates Jejunal and Colonic Antioxidant Capacity, Mitochondrial Function, and Microbial Abundance in Bama Mini-piglets." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (May 4, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6618874.
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The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation during gestation and lactation on antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function, and intestinal microbiota abundance in offspring weaned piglets. A total of 64 pregnant Bama mini-sows were randomly allocated into the control group (basal diet), antibiotic group ( basal diet + 50 g/t virginiamycin), probiotic group ( basal diet + 200 mL/d probiotics per pig), or synbiotic group ( basal diet + 200 mL/d probiotics per pig + 500 g/t xylo-oligosaccharides). On day 30 of post-weaning, eight piglets per group with average body weight were selected for sample collection. The results showed that maternal probiotic supplementation increased the catalase (CAT) activity in plasma and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in plasma, jejunum, and colon of piglets while decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 concentrations in plasma compared with the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Moreover, maternal synbiotic supplementation increased the plasma CAT activity, jejunal glutathione and GSH-Px activities, jejunal and colonic total antioxidant capacity activity, and plasma and colonic SOD activity while decreased the colonic MDA concentration of offspring piglets compared with the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The mRNA levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and mitochondrial-related genes (adenosine triphosphate synthase alpha subunit, adenosine triphosphate synthase β, and mitochondrial transcription factor A) in the jejunal mucosa were significantly upregulated, while the level of colonic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α was downregulated by maternal synbiotic supplementation ( P < 0.05 ). Maternal probiotic supplementation increased ( P < 0.05 ) the Bacteroidetes abundance in the jejunum and Bifidobacterium abundance in the jejunum and colon, and synbiotic supplementation increased ( P < 0.05 ) the abundances of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus in the jejunum of piglets. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that intestinal microbiota abundances were significantly correlated with antioxidant enzyme activities and mitochondrial-related indexes. These findings indicated that maternal probiotic or synbiotic supplementation might be a promising strategy to improve the antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function of offspring weaned piglets by altering the intestinal microbiota.
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Hsu, Chien-Ning, Chih-Yao Hou, Chien-Te Lee, Guo-Ping Chang-Chien, Sufan Lin, and You-Lin Tain. "Maternal 3,3-Dimethyl-1-Butanol Therapy Protects Adult Male Rat Offspring against Hypertension Programmed by Perinatal TCDD Exposure." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093041.
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Maternal exposure to environmental pollutants affects fetal development, which can result in hypertension in adulthood. Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been associated with hypertension. We tested a hypothesis that maternal 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB, a TMA inhibitor) therapy prevents 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure-induced hypertension in adult offspring relevant to alterations of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, the mediation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given weekly oral dose of TCDD 200 ng/kg for four doses (T), 1% DMB in drinking water (D), TCDD + DMB (TD), or vehicle (C) in pregnancy and lactation periods. Male progeny (n = 8/group) were sacrificed at the age of 12 weeks. Perinatal TCDD exposure caused hypertension in adult male offspring coinciding with reduced α-diversity, increased the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, less abundant beneficial bacteria, impaired SCFA receptors’ expression, the activation of AHR signaling, and the aberrant activation of the RAS. Treatment with DMB during pregnancy and lactation rescued hypertension induced by perinatal TCDD exposure. This was accompanied by reshaping gut microbiota, mediating TMA-TMAO metabolic pathway, increasing acetic acid and its receptors, and restoring the AHR and RAS pathway. Our data provide new insights into the therapeutic potential of DMB, a microbiome-based metabolite treatment, for the prevention of hypertension of developmental origins.
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Mattioli, Simona, Alessandro Dal Bosco, Sylvie Combes, Livia Moscati, Silvia Crotti, Alice Cartoni Mancinelli, Elisa Cotozzolo, and Cesare Castellini. "Dehydrated Alfalfa and Fresh Grass Supply in Young Rabbits: Effect on Performance and Caecal Microbiota Biodiversity." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060341.
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The improvement of rabbit gut microbiota by modifying nutritional components of the feed or favoring its early intake of feed has been previously investigated. The early administration of dehydrated alfalfa (A) or fresh grass (G) for rabbits, during the peri-weaning period (30 and 45 days of age), and their effect on performance and caecal microbiota compared to a standard diet (C) were evaluated. Until 15 days of age, nine litters/group were housed in the maternal cage and milked once per day. From 15 to 30 days, the young rabbits could consume both milk and solid feed (pelleted for C or supplemental feed for A and G). At 30 days of age, the rabbits were weaned and, until 45 days, were kept in single cages following the same dietary protocol. No significant changes were found in the milk intake or the individual weight of young rabbits at 30 and 45 days. The caecal Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (bacterial phyla ratio) increased with age (from 2.43 to 6.05 on average, at 30 and 45 days). The Ruminococcaceae/Lachinospiraceae (bacterial family ratio) was highest in the A group at both ages, followed by G then C. The early administration of dehydrated alfalfa is a promising solution to improve health status by favoring an appropriate digestive microbiota.
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Virgínio Júnior, Gercino F., Cristiane Tomaluski, Ana Paula Silva, Sophia Dondé, Horácio Montenegro, Luiz Coutinho, and Carla Maris M. Bittar. "PSIX-1 Fecal microbiome of dairy calves fed with fresh or frozen maternal colostrum or colostrum powder." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.730.
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Abstract Besides the importance for passive immune transfer, the supply of colostrum accelerates the bacterial colonization of the calf small intestine by providing nutrients, that will function as bacteria growth substrate, as well being a microorganism inoculum source. However, it is not known whether the effect is maintained when the calves are fed with frozen colostrum or colostrum powder. The present work evaluated 15 Holstein calves housed in tropical shelters, fed one of the colostrum sources: I – fresh colostrum from the dam (n = 5), II – frozen colostrum and III – colostrum powder, a dose of 150g of IgG (n = 5). Animals fed with fresh or frozen colostrum received a corresponding volume 10% of its birth weight of high-quality colostrum (IgG > 50g / L). All animals were fed within 4h after birth. From the second meal, calves received 6 L of liquid diet, divided into two meals, being weaned at the 8th week of age. After weaning, calves were grouped housed, and fed with starter and coast-cross hay ad libitum. To evaluate the microbiome, fecal samples were collected at birth and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10. The microbial community was determined by sequencing V3 and V4 region amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene that was amplified by PCR and sequenced by the Illumina MiSeq platform. There was no treatment effect for the diversity indices, evenness and richness. Simpson’s diversity and evenness had no effect for weeks. Weeks 1 and 2 had less Shannon’ diversity. Richness was higher for week 0. Analyzing the relative abundance, 31 phyla were identified in the fecal samples, the most abundant being Bacteriodota, Firmicutes_A, Proteobacterias, Fusobacteriota and Firmicutes. Different sources of colostrum can be used to feed dairy calves, without affecting the diversity in the colonization of the intestinal tract.
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Dubois, Nancy E., and Katherine E. Gregory. "Characterizing the Intestinal Microbiome in Infantile Colic." Biological Research For Nursing 18, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800415620840.
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Approximately 20% of newborns will develop symptoms of infantile colic starting around 2 weeks of age. While health care providers have a greater understanding of the impact that inconsolable crying has on family dynamics, maternal–infant bonding, and health care resources, opportunities for study still exist in the area of intestinal microbiome research. Advances in molecular technologies utilizing 16S ribosomal RNA and ribosomal DNA created the opportunity for researchers to index the intestinal microbial composition to better understand its association with infantile colic. This integrative review provides a synopsis of the findings from five recent studies that utilized nonculture-based approaches to characterize the intestinal microbiome of infants with colic. Articles were identified through PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar using the search terms colic, crying, fussiness, microbiome, and microbiota. The general aim of the research studies was to better understand the potential association of intestinal dysbiosis with the development of colic symptoms. The research found that infants who expressed symptoms of colic were colonized with significantly higher levels of Proteobacteria and exhibited lower bacterial diversity when compared to their unaffected counterparts. Additionally, colonization levels of Actinobacteria Bifidobacterium and Firmicute Lactobacilli were inversely related to the amount of crying and fussiness in newborns. The observed association of an imbalanced colonization of the intestines by noncommensal bacteria with the expression of infantile colic symptoms warrants further exploration.
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Ishimwe, Jeanne A., Adesanya Akinleye, Ashley C. Johnson, Michael R. Garrett, and Jennifer M. Sasser. "Gestational gut microbial remodeling is impaired in a rat model of preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension." Physiological Genomics 53, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00121.2020.
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Preeclampsia is a progressive hypertensive disorder of pregnancy affecting 2%–8% of pregnancies globally. Preexisting chronic hypertension is a major risk factor associated with developing preeclampsia, and growing evidence suggests a role for the gut microbiome in the development of preeclampsia. However, neither alterations in the gut microbiome associated with preeclampsia nor the mechanisms involved are fully understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that normal gestational maternal gut microbiome remodeling is impaired in the Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rat model of superimposed preeclampsia. Gut microbiome profiles of pregnant Dahl S, normal pregnant Sprague–Dawley (SD), and matched virgin controls were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing at baseline; during early, middle, and late pregnancy; and 1-wk postpartum. Dahl S rats had significantly higher abundance in Proteobacteria, and multiple genera were significantly different from SD rats at baseline. The pregnant SD displayed a significant increase in Proteobacteria and genera such as Helicobacter, but these were not different between pregnant and virgin Dahl S rats. By late pregnancy, Dahl S rats had significantly lower α-diversity and Firmicutes compared with their virgin Dahl S controls. β-diversity was significantly different among groups ( P < 0.001). KEGG metabolic pathways including those associated with short-chain fatty acids were different in Dahl S pregnancy but not in SD pregnancy. These results reveal an association between chronic hypertension and gut microbiome dysbiosis which may hinder pregnancy-specific remodeling in the gut microbial composition during superimposed preeclampsia.
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Lee, Jimmy Kok-Foo, Loh Teng Hern Tan, Amutha Ramadas, Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib, and Learn-Han Lee. "Exploring the Role of Gut Bacteria in Health and Disease in Preterm Neonates." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 6963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196963.
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The mortality rate of very preterm infants with birth weight <1500 g is as high as 15%. The survivors till discharge have a high incidence of significant morbidity, which includes necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) and late-onset neonatal sepsis (LONS). More than 25% of preterm births are associated with microbial invasion of amniotic cavity. The preterm gut microbiome subsequently undergoes an early disruption before achieving bacterial maturation. It is postulated that bacterial gut colonisation at birth and postnatal intestinal dysbacteriosis precede the development of NEC and LONS in very preterm infants. In fact, bacterial colonization patterns in preterm infants greatly differ from term infants due to maternal chorioamnionitis, gestational age, delivery method, feeding type, antibiotic exposure and the environment factor in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In this regard, this review provides an overview on the gut bacteria in preterm neonates’ meconium and stool. More than 50% of preterm meconium contains bacteria and the proportion increases with lower gestational age. Researchers revealed that the gut bacterial diversity is reduced in preterm infants at risk for LONS and NEC. Nevertheless, the association between gut dysbacteriosis and NEC is inconclusive with regards to relative bacteria abundance and between-sample beta diversity indices. With most studies show a disruption of the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes preceding the NEC. Hence, this review sheds light on whether gut bacteria at birth either alone or in combination with postnatal gut dysbacteriosis are associated with mortality and the morbidity of LONS and NEC in very preterm infants.
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Mousquer, Mariana Andrade, Tatiane Leite Almeida, Rafaela Pinto de Souza, Vitória Müller, Eliza Moreira Piemolini, Bruna da Rosa Curcio, and Carlos Eduardo Wayne Nogueira. "Factors influencing the composition and balance of foals’ microbiota." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (July 22, 2021): e12810917778. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.17778.
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Horses are extremely dependent on the correct functioning of the digestive system for energy production and the performance of their physiological functions. The intestinal microbiota plays a key role in maintaining health, being related to the modulation of the immune system, protection against pathogenic microorganisms and also for obtaining nutrients. Due to the importance of the microbiota in maintaining health from the beginning of life, this review aims to address the early composition, development and factors that influence the intestinal microbiota in foals. A qualitative review was carried out in the main research databases. Data referring to the early microbial colonization suggest that it occurs since intrauterine life, despite the fact that at birth, the foals acquire a large part of the microorganisms that will form its microbiota. The main phyla involved in this process are Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, which are aquired from a combination of bacteria present in the feces, vagina and other maternal environments. From birth until the first weeks of life, the microbiota gradually changes due to several factors, which include the composition of food, coprophagy, exposure to different environments and medications. The foal's microbiota becomes more stable in the first and second months of life. It is suggested that changes in the composition (dysbiosis) and diversity of the different phyla are a risk factor for the development of diseases, since the microbiota directly influences the immune system. From advances in sequencing technologies it was possible to investigate the components and factors associated with early colonization of microbiota in horses as well as factors related to the development of dysbiosis and disease. Nevertheless, many facts are still unclear and should be adressed in the future.
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Hannah, Robert. "Praevolante nescio qua ingenti humana specie … a reassessment of the Winged Genius on the base of the Antonine Column." Papers of the British School at Rome 57 (November 1989): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200009107.
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PRAEVOLANTE NESCIO QUA INGENTI HUMANA SPECIE… UNA RICONSIDERAZIONE DEL GENIO ALATO ALLA BASE DELLA COLONNA ANTONINASulla base della colonna eretta in onore di Antonino Pio dopo la sua morte, nel 161 d.C, è scolpita una scena che rappresenta l'apoteosi dell'imperatore defunto e di sua moglie Faustina I, morta venti anni prima. Mentre Roma e il Campo Marzio stanno a guardare e acclamano i nuovi divi la coppia imperiale è trasportata in cielo da una grande figura alata maschile. Tale figura è ora interpretata generalmente come Aion, personificazione del tempo inteso nella sua infinita continuità, nella forma greco-romana piuttosto che in quella mitraica; secondo un'altra opinione si tratterebbe invece del Saeculum Aureum, personificazione della età dell'oro. In questo studio entrambe le interpretazioni sono prese in considerazione dal punto di vista iconografico e particolare attenzione è rivolta al significato dei tre segni zodiacali (dei Pesci, Ariete e Toro) raffigurati sul globo tenuto in mano dal genio alato. Viene respinta l'ipotesi di Turcan, per la quale questi segni zodiacali starebbero a rappresentare l'oroscopo corrispondente alia nascita del mondo, il thema mundi così come presentato da Firmico Materno e viene di conseguenza rigettata l'associazione di questo oroscopo con Aion. Al contrario si cerca qui di dimostrare come i tre simboli rappresentino la stagione primaverile e che insieme ad altri elementi relativi al genio alato essi sono intesi a rappresentare l'idea di un rinnovamento. Pur senza arrivare alia identificazione del giovane alato in se stesso con una stagione, viene però proposta una connessione tra quest'ultimo e le rappresentazioni delle stagioni su sarcofagi romani di età più tarda. L'idea di rinnovamento presente negli attributi della figura è inoltre vista come connessa con le opinioni relative alia vita dopo la morte, espresse dall'imperatore e co-dedicante della Colonna, Marco Aurelio. Questo potrebbe far pensare che un certo grado di influenza da parte imperiale abbia agito sulla committenza ed il contenuto del rilievo.
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Costantini, Leonardo. "PSEUDO-APULEIUS’ DE FATO." Classical Quarterly, March 23, 2021, 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838821000550.
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Abstract The note presents the discovery of a spurious Apuleian work entitled De fato from MS n° 1040 at the Bibliothèque patrimoniale Villon in Rouen. This work is, in fact, a series of excerpts from Firmicus Maternus, Mathesis Book 1.
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Zhou, Haimei, Huadong Wu, Yixin Chen, Wanjie Zou, Wei Lu, and Yuyong He. "Administration of All-Trans Retinoic Acid to Pregnant Sows Alters Gut Bacterial Community of Neonatal Piglets With Different Hoxa1 Genotypes." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (July 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.712212.
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Administration of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to pregnant sows improves developmental defects of Hoxa1–/– fetal pigs, and this study aimed to explore the influence of maternal ATRA administration during pregnancy on gut microbiota of neonatal piglets. Samples of jejunal and ileal meconium of neonatal piglets before suckling were collected including 5 Hoxa1–/– and 20 non-Hoxa1–/– (Hoxa1+/+ and Hoxa1+/−) neonatal piglets from the control group and 5 Hoxa1–/– and 7 non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets from the experimental group. Results indicated that Hoxa1 mutation shaped the bacterial composition of the jejunum and ileum of neonatal piglets and Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets had significantly higher diversity and species richness, higher relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes, lower relative abundances of phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus, and lower ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes than non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets. After maternal ATRA administration, Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets had significantly higher diversity and species richness, higher relative abundances of two bacterial phyla (Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria), and lower relative abundances of phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus in the jejunum than non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets. Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets delivered by sows with maternal ATRA administration had lower diversity and species richness and higher relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes in the jejunum than Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets born by sows with no maternal ATRA administration. Non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets delivered by sows with maternal ATRA administration had higher diversity and species richness and significantly lower relative abundances of phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and genus Lactobacillus in the ileum than non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets born by sows with no maternal ATRA administration. Hoxa1 mutation decreased the expression of bacterial genes involved in ABC transporters, purine metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and increased the expression of bacterial genes involved in two-component system, starch and sucrose metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. Maternal ATRA administration decreased the expression of bacterial genes involved in arginine and proline metabolism, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Hoxa1 mutation resulted in bacterial dysbiosis of the small intestine of Hoaxa1–/– neonatal piglets, and maternal ATRA administration restored the bacterial dysbiosis of Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets and altered the bacterial composition of the small intestine of non-Hoxa1–/– neonatal piglets.
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He, Qin, Tiande Zou, Jun Chen, Jia He, Li Jian, Fei Xie, Jinming You, and Zirui Wang. "Methyl-Donor Micronutrient for Gestating Sows: Effects on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome in Offspring Piglets." Frontiers in Nutrition 8 (June 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.675640.
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal methyl-donor micronutrient supplementation during gestation on gut microbiota and the fecal metabolic profile in offspring piglets. Forty-three Duroc × Erhualian gilts were assigned to two dietary groups during gestation: control diet (CON) and CON diet supplemented with MET (folic acid, methionine, choline, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12). The body weights of offspring piglets were recorded at birth and weaning. Besides this, fresh fecal samples of offspring piglets were collected at 7, 14, and 21 days. The gut microbiota composition, metabolic profile, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles in the fecal samples were determined using 16S rDNA sequencing, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics, and gas chromatography methods, respectively. The results showed that maternal methyl-donor micronutrient supplementation increased the microbiota diversity and uniformity in feces of offspring piglets as indicated by increased Shannon and Simpson indices at 7 days, and greater Simpson, ACE, Chao1 and observed species indices at 21 days. Specifically, at the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio were elevated by maternal treatment. At the genus level, the relative abundance of SCFA-producing Dialister, Megasphaera, and Turicibacter, and lactate-producing Sharpea as well as Akkermansia, Weissella, and Pediococcus were increased in the MET group. The metabolic analyses show that maternal methyl-donor micronutrient addition increased the concentrations of individual and total SCFAs of 21-day piglets and increased metabolism mainly involving amino acids, pyrimidine, and purine biosynthesis. Collectively, maternal methyl-donor micronutrient addition altered gut microbiota and the fecal metabolic profile, resulting in an improved weaning weight of offspring piglets.
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Li, Hao, Longteng Ma, Longlin Zhang, Nian Liu, Zhiqing Li, Fan Zhang, Xiang Liu, and Xiaokang Ma. "Dietary Inulin Regulated Gut Microbiota and Improved Neonatal Health in a Pregnant Sow Model." Frontiers in Nutrition 8 (August 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.716723.
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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal dietary fiber intake and piglet health. Multiparous sows were randomly assigned to two groups and fed diets without inulin (control group, n = 20) or 1.6% inulin (1.6IN group, n = 20). The results indicate that 1.6IN prevented the prolonged farrowing duration of sows (P < 0.05) and shortened the average piglet birth interval (P < 0.1). In addition, 1.6IN decreased the percentage of the piglet born weak and the percentage of the piglet with hyperthermia after birth (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the 1.6IN group had a lower concentration of urea nitrogen in the colostrum, and also prevented diarrhea, increased litter gain, survival rate, and average daily gain for suckling piglets (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 1.6IN decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Streptococcus; increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Desulfovibrio, Paludibacter, CF231, and Prevotella. Overall, this study showed that maternal fiber nutrition during pregnancy regulated the health of offspring, and the response of the maternal intestinal microbes played an important role in intervening in the phenotype of sows and neonatal piglets.
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Chen, Ting, Yufeng Qin, Minjian Chen, Yuqing Zhang, Xu Wang, Tianyu Dong, Guanglin Chen, et al. "Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with the neonatal gut microbiota and metabolome." BMC Medicine 19, no. 1 (May 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-01991-w.
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Abstract Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disease that occurs in pregnant women and increases the risk for the development of diabetes. The relationship between GDM and meconium microbiota and metabolome remains incompletely understood. Methods Four hundred eighteen mothers (147 women with GDM and 271 normal pregnant women) and their neonates from the GDM Mother and Child Study were included in this study. Meconium microbiota were profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Meconium and maternal serum metabolome were examined by UPLC-QE. Results Microbial communities in meconium were significantly altered in neonates from the GDM mothers. A reduction in alpha diversity was observed in neonates of GDM mothers. At the phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria changed significantly in neonates of GDM mothers. Metabolomic analysis of meconium showed that metabolic pathways including taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis were altered in GDM subjects. Several changed metabolites varying by the similar trend across the maternal serum and neonatal meconium were observed. Conclusion Altogether, these findings suggest that GDM could alter the serum metabolome and is associated with the neonatal meconium microbiota and metabolome, highlighting the importance of maternal factors on early-life metabolism.
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Chen, Baolin, Shu Liu, Di Feng, Lu Xiao, Ting Yang, Tingyu Li, Wuqing Sun, and Jie Chen. "Vitamin A Deficiency in the Early-Life Periods Alters a Diversity of the Colonic Mucosal Microbiota in Rats." Frontiers in Nutrition 7 (December 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.580780.
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Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) remains a public health issue worldwide, affecting pregnant women and children. The early-life microbiota is a potentially effective intervention target for modulating immune and metabolic development of the host. This paper investigates the effects of VAD during different life periods on the structure of the colonic mucosa microbiota in adolescent rats. The results showed that the concentrations of serum retinol were > ~1.05 μmol/L in maternal VA normal (VAN)rats and < 0.7 μmol/L in maternal VAD rats, while the serum retinol levels were higher than 0.7 μmol/L in the pups of the VAN group and below 0.5 μmol/L in the pups of the VAD group. Compared to the offspring persistent with VAN from embryonic stage (group A), all the remaining groups exhibited an increased ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes abundance. A metagenome analysis (LEfSe) and a differentially abundant features approach using Metastats for genus abundances revealed that Diaphorobacter and Psychrobacter were increased in the offspring persistent with VAD from embryonic stage (group B);Bifidobacterium was decreased and Staphylococcus was increased in the offspring with VAD after weaning (group C); Propionibacterium and Enterobacter were increased significantly in the offspring with VAD during gestation(group E); and Ochrobactrum was increased in group B and the offspring with VAD during gestation and lactation(group D). Faecalibacterium abundance was significantly and positively related to serum retinol levels, while that of Staphylococcus was significantly and negatively correlated with serum retinol levels. VAD in different life periods can alter the gut microbiome in rats, but VAD in the early-life periods (especially gestation and/or lactation) leads to a diversity of the colonic mucosal microbiota in adolescent rats as well as an imbalance of the ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The early-life period may become a time window of VA intervention to improve intestinal microbiota caused by VA deficiency, but the specific mechanism requires more in-depth research.
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Chen, Chung-Ming, Hsiu-Chu Chou, and Yu-Chen S. H. Yang. "Maternal Antibiotic Treatment Disrupts the Intestinal Microbiota and Intestinal Development in Neonatal Mice." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (June 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.684233.
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Maternal antibiotic treatment (MAT) during prenatal and intrapartum periods alters the bacterial composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota of the offspring. The effect of MAT during pregnancy on the intestinal microbiota and its relationship with intestinal development remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of MAT during pregnancy on intestinal microbiota, injury and inflammation, vascularization, cellular proliferation, and the intestinal barrier in neonatal mice. At timed intervals, we fed pregnant C57BL/6N mice sterile drinking water containing antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, and vancomycin; all 1 mg/ml) from gestational day 15 to delivery. The control dams were fed sterile drinking water. Antibiotic administration was halted immediately after birth. On postnatal day 7, the intestinal microbiota was sampled from the lower gastrointestinal tract and the ileum was harvested for histology, Western blot, and cytokines analyses. MAT significantly reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the intestine compared with their abundances in the control group. MAT also significantly increased intestinal injury score and cytokine levels, reduced the number of intestinal goblet cells and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells, and reduced the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and tight junction proteins. Therefore, we proposed that maternal antibiotic exposure during pregnancy disrupts the intestinal microbiota and intestinal development in neonatal mice.
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Brosseau, Carole, Amandine Selle, Angeline Duval, Barbara Misme-Aucouturier, Melanie Chesneau, Sophie Brouard, Claire Cherbuy, et al. "Prebiotic Supplementation During Pregnancy Modifies the Gut Microbiota and Increases Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Driving a Tolerogenic Environment In Utero." Frontiers in Immunology 12 (July 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.712614.
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The gut microbiota is influenced by environmental factors such as food. Maternal diet during pregnancy modifies the gut microbiota composition and function, leading to the production of specific compounds that are transferred to the fetus and enhance the ontogeny and maturation of the immune system. Prebiotics are fermented by gut bacteria, leading to the release of short-chain fatty acids that can specifically interact with the immune system, inducing a switch toward tolerogenic populations and therefore conferring health benefits. In this study, pregnant BALB/cJRj mice were fed either a control diet or a diet enriched in prebiotics (Galacto-oligosaccharides/Inulin). We hypothesized that galacto-oligosaccharides/inulin supplementation during gestation could modify the maternal microbiota, favoring healthy immune imprinting in the fetus. Galacto-oligosaccharides/inulin supplementation during gestation increases the abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreases that of Firmicutes in the gut microbiota, leading to increased production of fecal acetate, which was found for the first time in amniotic fluid. Prebiotic supplementation increased the abundance of regulatory B and T cells in gestational tissues and in the fetus. Interestingly, these regulatory cells remained later in life. In conclusion, prebiotic supplementation during pregnancy leads to the transmission of specific microbial and immune factors from mother to child, allowing the establishment of tolerogenic immune imprinting in the fetus that may be beneficial for infant health outcomes.
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Li, Fei, Ding Fu, Danying Tao, Xiping Feng, May Chun Mei Wong, Wei Xu, and Haixia Lu. "Dynamic Observation of the Effect of Maternal Caries on the Oral Microbiota of Infants Aged 12–24 Months." Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 11 (May 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.637394.
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AimTo provide a dynamic description of the oral microbial composition in mothers with and without dental caries and their children aging 12-24 months.MethodologyA total of 20 pairs of mothers and their children aged 12 months were included and followed up at 18 and 24 months of age. Ten mothers with dental caries(MEG) and their children(CEG) were in the exposure group, and ten caries-free mothers(MCG) and their children(CCG)in control group. Supragingival plaque biofilm samples were collected and DNA was extracted for bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing.ResultsA total of 18 pairs completed follow-ups. At a 3% divergence level, the number of common operational taxonomic units found between the mothers and children increased as the children aged. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria accounted for more than 80% phyla of each group. A microbial community structure analysis showed that the differences between mothers and children were significant in all groups except for the MEG24 and CEG24 groups.ConclusionsOral microbiota of children was more like their mothers’ with increasing age, regardless of whether the mothers had dental caries. Mothers with dental caries may have a greater influence on the oral microbiota of children’s than those without dental caries as children age.
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Li, Xiaohua, Jun Luo, Chuan Nie, Qingxia Li, Xiaofeng Sun, Hongping Li, and Yong Zhang. "Altered vaginal microbiome and relative co-abundance network in pregnant women with penicillin allergy." Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 16, no. 1 (September 9, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13223-020-00475-5.
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Abstract Background Penicillin allergy is frequently reported in adults and children. Recent studies suggest that microbiota plays a key role in the development and progression of allergy. In this study, the relationship between vaginal microbiome and pregnant women with penicillin allergy was investigated. Methods Vaginal samples before labor from 12 pregnant women with penicillin allergy and 15 non-allergic pregnant women were collected. Bacterial community structure of all study subjects and the discrepancies between the two groups were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing based on Illumina Hiseq 2500 platform. Results The abundant phyla among all participants were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The predominant genus was Lactobacillus. Compared to non-allergic pregnant women, Actinobacteria, Coriobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Paraprevotella and Anoxybacillus significantly decreased, whereas Deltaproteobacteria, Peptostreptococcaceae, Enterococcus and Megamonas were more abundant in penicillin allergic women. Additionally, obvious discrepancies were observed in the co-abundance network at the genus level between the two groups. Conclusions There were differences in the microbial community structure and composition of reproduction tract between penicillin allergic and non-allergic pregnant women. These shifts may be related to maternal and neonatal health.
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Wang, Kui, Qi Liu, Chunqin Liu, Lili Geng, Guirong Wang, Jie Zhang, and Changlong Shu. "Dominant egg surface bacteria of Holotrichia oblita (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) inhibit the multiplication of Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (May 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89009-6.
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AbstractHolotrichia oblita (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and some other scarab beetles are the main soil-dwelling pests in China. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb) are entomopathogens that have been used as biocontrol agents of various pests. However, scarab larvae especially H. oblita exhibited strong adaptability to these pathogens. Compared to other scarabs, H. oblita could form a specific soil egg case (SEC) structure surrounding its eggs, and young larvae complete the initial development process inside this structure. In this study, we investigated the role of SEC structure and microorganisms from SEC and egg surface in pathogen adaptability. 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed low bacterial richness and high community unevenness in egg surface, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria dominating. In terms of OTUs composition analysis, the data show that the egg surface contains a large number of unique bacteria, indicating that the egg bacterial community may be derived from maternal transmission. Furthermore, we found that all culturable bacteria isolated from egg surface possessed antimicrobial activity against both Bt and Bb. The Pseudomonas bacteria with a significantly higher abundance in egg surface showed strong Bt- and Bb antagonistic ability. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a unique and antimicrobial bacterial community of H. oblita egg surface, which may contribute to its adaptability. Furthermore, the specific SEC structure surrounding the H. oblita eggs will provide a stable microenvironment for the eggs and egg surface bacteria, which probably provides more advantages for H. oblita adaptation ability.
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Husso, Aleksi, Leen Lietaer, Tiina Pessa-Morikawa, Thomas Grönthal, Jan Govaere, Ann Van Soom, Antti Iivanainen, Geert Opsomer, and Mikael Niku. "The Composition of the Microbiota in the Full-Term Fetal Gut and Amniotic Fluid: A Bovine Cesarean Section Study." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (April 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.626421.
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The development of a healthy intestinal immune system requires early microbial exposure. However, it remains unclear whether microbial exposure already begins at the prenatal stage. Analysis of such low microbial biomass environments are challenging due to contamination issues. The aims of the current study were to assess the bacterial load and characterize the bacterial composition of the amniotic fluid and meconium of full-term calves, leading to a better knowledge of prenatal bacterial seeding of the fetal intestine. Amniotic fluid and rectal meconium samples were collected during and immediately after elective cesarean section, performed in 25 Belgian Blue cow-calf couples. The samples were analyzed by qPCR, bacterial culture using GAM agar and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. To minimize the effects of contaminants, we included multiple technical controls and stringently filtered the 16S rRNA gene sequencing data to exclude putative contaminant sequences. The meconium samples contained a significantly higher amount of bacterial DNA than the negative controls and 5 of 24 samples contained culturable bacteria. In the amniotic fluid, the amount of bacterial DNA was not significantly different from the negative controls and all samples were culture negative. Bacterial sequences were identified in both sample types and were primarily of phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, with some individual variation. We conclude that most calves encounter in utero maternal-fetal transmission of bacterial DNA, but the amount of bacterial DNA is low and viable bacteria are rare.
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Tang, Minghua, Daniel Frank, Audrey Hendricks, Adrien Lokangaka, Sangappa Dhaded, Jennifer Kemp, Diana Ir, Michael Hambidge, and Nancy Krebs. "Different Gut Microbial Profiles in African and South Asian Women of Childbearing Age in the Women First (WF) Trial (FS07-05-19)." Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz040.fs07-05-19.
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Abstract Objectives To characterize and compare the gut microbial structures in women of childbearing age from Africa (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) and South Asia (India) Methods Women of childbearing age were recruited from rural DRC and India as part of the WF preconception maternal nutrition trial. Findings presented include the gut microbiota (16S rRNA sequencing) of women at the time of randomization prior to conception in the WF trial and represented participants from two of the WF sites, with distinctive ethnicity, diet, culture and geographical locations. Women were recruited from 12 villages in rural DRC and 9 villages from rural India. 24-h dietary recalls were conducted on half of the participants during the first trimester of pregnancy. Results Stool samples were collected from n = 217 women (DRC n = 117; India n = 100). Alpha diversity of the gut microbiota was higher in DRC than in India using Chao1 (91 ± 11 vs. 82 ± 12, P < 0.001). At Phylum level, the three most abundant phyla were Bacteroidetes (51%), Firmicutes (33%) and Proteobacteria (7%) with no difference between sites. At Genus level, Prevotella remained the only strain that was over 10% abundance (DRC: 27 ± 11%; India: 29 ± 13%; P = 0.32). Some fiber fermenting strains Succinivibrio (DRC: 3.2 ± 0.8%; India: 3.2 ± 0.6%; P = 0.11) and Roseburia (DRC: 2.0 ± 0.3%; India: 2.1 ± 0.4%; P = 0.31) remained at relatively high abundance without differences between sites. Bifidobacterium was higher in India (4.95 ± 1.0%) than DRC (0.3 ± 0.1%; P = 1.4E-28), and so was Lactobacillus (DRC: 0.2 ± 0.0%; India: 1.2 ± 0.1%; P = 3.0E-14) and Faeclibacterium (DRC: 6.0 ± 1.7%; India: 8.4 ± 2.9%; P = 2E-7). Ruminococcus was higher in DRC (2.3 ± 0.7%) than in India (1.8 ± 0.4%; P = 1.3E-5). These observations were consistent with dietary intakes of high plant-based foods for both countries; India being primarily vegetarian with regular fermented dairy consumption and DRC consumes animal-based foods regularly. The gut microbiota was not affected by any demographical variables. Conclusions Consumption of plant-based foods, animal-flesh foods and fermented dairy foods all had independent effects on the gut microbiota, and the effects of diet apparently overrides other potential factors such as socioeconomic status. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; NIH, NICHD & ODS.
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Wang, Yibing, Yang Wang, Xiajing Lin, Zhongyong Gou, Qiuli Fan, and Shouqun Jiang. "Effects of Clostridium butyricum, Sodium Butyrate, and Butyric Acid Glycerides on the Reproductive Performance, Egg Quality, Intestinal Health, and Offspring Performance of Yellow-Feathered Breeder Hens." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (September 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.657542.
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Butyrate has been reported to promote the performance and growth of chickens. The specific roles and efficacy of different sources of butyrate remained unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of Clostridium butyricum (CB), sodium butyrate (SB), and butyric acid glycerides (tributyrin, BAG) on the reproductive performance, egg quality, intestinal health, and offspring performance of yellow-feathered breeder hens. A total of 300 Lingnan yellow-feathered breeder hens were assigned to five treatment groups: control (CL), 1×108CFU/kg CB (CBL), 1×109CFU/kg CB (CBH), 500mg/kg SB, and 300mg/kg BAG. Results showed that the laying performance and egg quality were increased by CBL, CBH, and BAG. Both CB treatments increased the hatchability of fertilized eggs. Maternal supplementation with both levels of CB significantly elevated the growth performance of offspring. Treatment with CBL, CBH, SB, and BAG all improved the oviduct-related variables and reduced the plasmal antioxidant variables. The CBH, CBL, and BAG treatments also improved the intestinal morphology to different degrees. Jejunal contents of IL-6 were decreased by CBH and BAG, while those of IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, and IgY were decreased by SB. Transcripts of nutrient transporters in jejunal mucosa were also upregulated by CBH, CBL, and SB treatments and expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein was decreased by CBL, CBH, and BAG. In cecal contents, CBL increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacillus, while CBH decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria. Also, the co-occurrence networks of intestinal microbes were regulated by CBH and BAG. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of CB and BAG improved the reproductive parameters, egg quality, and intestinal morphology of breeders. CB also influenced the hatching performance of breeders and growth performance of the offspring, while SB improved the oviduct-related variables. These beneficial effects may result from the regulation of cytokines, nutrient transporters, apoptosis, and gut microbiota; high-level CB had more obvious impact. Further study is needed to explore and understand the correlation between the altered gut microbiota induced by butyrate and the performance, egg quality, intestinal health, and also offspring performance.